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Nazarenko Y, Pal D, Ariya PA. Air quality standards for the concentration of particulate matter 2.5, global descriptive analysis. Bull World Health Organ 2021; 99:125-137D. [PMID: 33551506 PMCID: PMC7856362 DOI: 10.2471/blt.19.245704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare ambient air quality standards for the mass concentration of aerosol particles smaller than approximately 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and exposure to these particles in national and regional jurisdictions worldwide. METHODS We did a review of government documents and literature on air quality standards. We extracted and summarized the PM2.5 concentration limits effective before July 2020, noting whether standards were enforced, voluntary or target. We compared averaging methods and permitted periods of time that standards may be exceeded. We made a descriptive analysis of PM2.5 standards by population, total area and population density of jurisdictions. We also compared data on actual PM2.5 air quality against the standards. FINDINGS We obtained data on standards from 62 jurisdictions worldwide, including 58 countries. Of the world's 136.06 million km2 land under national jurisdictions, 71.70 million km2 (52.7%) lack an official PM2.5 air quality standard, and 3.17 billion people live in areas without a standard. The existing standards ranged from 8 to 75 µg/m3, mostly higher than the World Health Organization guideline annual limit of < 10 µg/m3. The weakest PM2.5 standards were often exceeded, while the more stringent standards were often met. Several jurisdictions with the highest population density demonstrated compliance with relatively stringent standards. CONCLUSION The metrics used in PM2.5 ambient air quality standards should be harmonized worldwide to facilitate accurate assessment of risks associated with PM2.5 exposure. Population density alone does not preclude stringent PM2.5 standards. Modernization of standards can also include short-term standards to unmask PM2.5 fluctuations in high-pollution areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Nazarenko
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Devendra Pal
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
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Shupler M, Hystad P, Birch A, Miller-Lionberg D, Jeronimo M, Arku RE, Chu YL, Mushtaha M, Heenan L, Rangarajan S, Seron P, Lanas F, Cazor F, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Camacho PA, Perez M, Yeates K, West N, Ncube T, Ncube B, Chifamba J, Yusuf R, Khan A, Hu B, Liu X, Wei L, Tse LA, Mohan D, Kumar P, Gupta R, Mohan I, Jayachitra KG, Mony PK, Rammohan K, Nair S, Lakshmi PVM, Sagar V, Khawaja R, Iqbal R, Kazmi K, Yusuf S, Brauer M. Household and personal air pollution exposure measurements from 120 communities in eight countries: results from the PURE-AIR study. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4:e451-e462. [PMID: 33038319 PMCID: PMC7591267 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 2·8 billion people are exposed to household air pollution from cooking with polluting fuels. Few monitoring studies have systematically measured health-damaging air pollutant (ie, fine particulate matter [PM2·5] and black carbon) concentrations from a wide range of cooking fuels across diverse populations. This multinational study aimed to assess the magnitude of kitchen concentrations and personal exposures to PM2·5 and black carbon in rural communities with a wide range of cooking environments. METHODS As part of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) cohort, the PURE-AIR study was done in 120 rural communities in eight countries (Bangladesh, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe). Data were collected from 2541 households and from 998 individuals (442 men and 556 women). Gravimetric (or filter-based) 48 h kitchen and personal PM2·5 measurements were collected. Light absorbance (10-5m-1) of the PM2·5 filters, a proxy for black carbon concentrations, was calculated via an image-based reflectance method. Surveys of household characteristics and cooking patterns were collected before and after the 48 h monitoring period. FINDINGS Monitoring of household air pollution for the PURE-AIR study was done from June, 2017, to September, 2019. A mean PM2·5 kitchen concentration gradient emerged across primary cooking fuels: gas (45 μg/m3 [95% CI 43-48]), electricity (53 μg/m3 [47-60]), coal (68 μg/m3 [61-77]), charcoal (92 μg/m3 [58-146]), agricultural or crop waste (106 μg/m3 [91-125]), wood (109 μg/m3 [102-118]), animal dung (224 μg/m3 [197-254]), and shrubs or grass (276 μg/m3 [223-342]). Among households cooking primarily with wood, average PM2·5 concentrations varied ten-fold (range: 40-380 μg/m3). Fuel stacking was prevalent (981 [39%] of 2541 households); using wood as a primary cooking fuel with clean secondary cooking fuels (eg, gas) was associated with 50% lower PM2·5 and black carbon concentrations than using only wood as a primary cooking fuel. Similar average PM2·5 personal exposures between women (67 μg/m3 [95% CI 62-72]) and men (62 [58-67]) were observed. Nearly equivalent average personal exposure to kitchen exposure ratios were observed for PM2·5 (0·79 [95% 0·71-0·88] for men and 0·82 [0·74-0·91] for women) and black carbon (0·64 [0·45-0·92] for men and 0·68 [0·46-1·02] for women). INTERPRETATION Using clean primary fuels substantially lowers kitchen PM2·5 concentrations. Importantly, average kitchen and personal PM2·5 measurements for all primary fuel types exceeded WHO's Interim Target-1 (35 μg/m3 annual average), highlighting the need for comprehensive pollution mitigation strategies. FUNDING Canadian Institutes for Health Research, National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Shupler
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Aaron Birch
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Jeronimo
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Raphael E Arku
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yen Li Chu
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maha Mushtaha
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Heenan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen Yeates
- Pamoja Tunaweza Research Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Nicola West
- Pamoja Tunaweza Research Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tatenda Ncube
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brian Ncube
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jephat Chifamba
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rita Yusuf
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afreen Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bo Hu
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wei
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lap Ah Tse
- Jockey Club School of Public health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Deepa Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
| | - Indu Mohan
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - K G Jayachitra
- St John's Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Prem K Mony
- St John's Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Kamala Rammohan
- Health Action By People, Thiruvananthapuram and Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - Sanjeev Nair
- Health Action By People, Thiruvananthapuram and Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - P V M Lakshmi
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivek Sagar
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rehman Khawaja
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khawar Kazmi
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Frey HC, Adams PJ, Adgate JL, Allen GA, Balmes J, Boyle K, Chow JC, Dockery DW, Felton HD, Gordon T, Harkema JR, Kinney P, Kleinman MT, McConnell R, Poirot RL, Sarnat JA, Sheppard L, Turpin B, Wyzga R. The Need for a Tighter Particulate-Matter Air-Quality Standard. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:680-683. [PMID: 32521130 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsb2011009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Christopher Frey
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Peter J Adams
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - John L Adgate
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - George A Allen
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - John Balmes
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Kevin Boyle
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Judith C Chow
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Douglas W Dockery
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Henry D Felton
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Terry Gordon
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Jack R Harkema
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Patrick Kinney
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Rob McConnell
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Richard L Poirot
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Jeremy A Sarnat
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Barbara Turpin
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
| | - Ron Wyzga
- The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: North Carolina State University, Raleigh (H.C.F.), and the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill (B.T.); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (P.J.A.); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora (J.L.A.); Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (G.A.A.), Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health (D.W.D.), and Boston University (P.K.) - all in Boston; Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (J.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (M.T.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (R.M.), and retired, Palo Alto (R.W.) - all in California; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (K.B.); Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV (J.C.C.); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany (H.D.F.), and New York University Langone Health, New York (T.G.); Michigan State University, East Lansing (J.R.H.); independent consultant, Burlington, VT (R.L.P.); Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta (J.A.S.); and University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.)
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5
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Langille SE. Visible Particulate Contamination Control for Injectable Products: A Life-Cycle Approach. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2020; 74:359-366. [PMID: 31732691 DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2019.010462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Visible particulate matter contamination is responsible for the rejection or recall of numerous batches of injectable product each year. The result is wasted time, effort, money, product and the limited availability of medically necessary drug and biologic products. Recently published compendial standards have alleviated some of the confusion surrounding suitable test methods and acceptance criteria for visible particulates; however, the complexities of visual inspection methods across a wide range of injectable product types packaged in diverse and sometimes complex container systems has complicated the approach to visible particulate control in injectable products. The solution is a life-cycle approach to visible particulate contamination control that addresses the prevention, inspection, identification, and remediation of visible particulate contamination. More importantly, the life-cycle approach to visible particulate control is aligned with current United States Food and Drug Administration's good manufacturing practices and can serve as an effective tool for demonstrating regulatory compliance for inspections, audits, and regulatory submissions.
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6
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Ou Y, West JJ, Smith SJ, Nolte CG, Loughlin DH. Air pollution control strategies directly limiting national health damages in the US. Nat Commun 2020; 11:957. [PMID: 32075975 PMCID: PMC7031358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from fuel combustion significantly contributes to global and US mortality. Traditional control strategies typically reduce emissions for specific air pollutants and sectors to maintain pollutant concentrations below standards. Here we directly set national PM2.5 mortality cost reduction targets within a global human-earth system model with US state-level energy systems, in scenarios to 2050, to identify endogenously the control actions, sectors, and locations that most cost-effectively reduce PM2.5 mortality. We show that substantial health benefits can be cost-effectively achieved by electrifying sources with high primary PM2.5 emission intensities, including industrial coal, building biomass, and industrial liquids. More stringent PM2.5 reduction targets expedite the phaseout of high emission intensity sources, leading to larger declines in major pollutant emissions, but very limited co-benefits in reducing CO2 emissions. Control strategies limiting health damages achieve the greatest emission reductions in the East North Central and Middle Atlantic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- ORISE Participant at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - J Jason West
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Christopher G Nolte
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Daniel H Loughlin
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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7
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Qi J, Ruan Z, Qian Z(M, Yin P, Yang Y, Acharya BK, Wang L, Lin H. Potential gains in life expectancy by attaining daily ambient fine particulate matter pollution standards in mainland China: A modeling study based on nationwide data. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003027. [PMID: 31951613 PMCID: PMC6968855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) is one leading cause of disease burden, but no study has quantified the association between daily PM2.5 exposure and life expectancy. We aimed to assess the potential benefits in life expectancy by attaining the daily PM2.5 standards in 72 cities of China during 2013-2016. METHODS AND FINDINGS We applied a two-stage approach for the analysis. At the first stage, we used a generalized additive model (GAM) with a Gaussian link to examine the city-specific short-term association between daily PM2.5 and years of life lost (YLL); at the second stage, a random-effects meta-analysis was used to generate the regional and national estimations. We further estimated the potential gains in life expectancy (PGLE) by assuming that ambient PM2.5 has met the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS, 75 μg/m3) or the ambient air quality guideline (AQG) of the World Health Organization (WHO) (25 μg/m3). We also calculated the attributable fraction (AF), which denoted the proportion of YLL attributable to a higher-than-standards daily mean PM2.5 concentration. During the period from January 18, 2013 to December 31, 2016, we recorded 1,226,849 nonaccidental deaths in the study area. We observed significant associations between daily PM2.5 and YLL: each 10 μg/m3 increase in three-day-averaged (lag02) PM2.5 concentrations corresponded to an increment of 0.43 years of life lost (95% CI: 0.29-0.57). We estimated that 168,065.18 (95% CI: 114,144.91-221,985.45) and 68,684.95 (95% CI: 46,648.79-90,721.11) years of life lost can be avoided by achieving WHO's AQG and Chinese NAAQS in the study area, which corresponded to 0.14 (95% CI: 0.09-0.18) and 0.06 (95% CI: 0.04-0.07) years of gain in life expectancy for each death in these cities. We observed differential regional estimates across the 7 regions, with the highest gains in the Northwest region (0.28 years of gain [95% CI: 0.06-0.49]) and the lowest in the North region (0.08 [95% CI: 0.02-0.15]). Furthermore, using WHO's AQG and Chinese NAAQS as the references, we estimated that 1.00% (95% CI: 0.68%-1.32%) and 0.41% (95% CI: 0.28%-0.54%) of YLL could be attributable to the PM2.5 exposure at the national level. Findings from this study were mainly limited by the unavailability of data on individual PM2.5 exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that significantly longer life expectancy could be achieved by a reduction in the ambient PM2.5 concentrations. It also highlights the need to formulate a stricter ambient PM2.5 standard at both national and regional levels of China to protect the population's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Qi
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zengliang Ruan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengmin (Min) Qian
- College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Peng Yin
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bipin Kumar Acharya
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (HL)
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (HL)
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8
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Pantelic J, Dawe M, Licina D. Use of IoT sensing and occupant surveys for determining the resilience of buildings to forest fire generated PM2.5. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223136. [PMID: 31618240 PMCID: PMC6795448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfires and associated emissions of particulate matter pose significant environmental and health concerns. In this study we propose tools to evaluate building resilience to extreme episodes of outdoor particulate matter using a combination of indoor and outdoor IoT measurements, coupled with survey-based information of occupants' perception and behaviour. We demonstrated the application of the tools on two buildings with different modes of ventilation during the Chico Camp fire event. We characterized the resilience of the buildings on different temporal and spatial scales using the well-established I/O ratio and a newly proposed E-index that evaluates indoor concentration in the context of adopted 24-hour exposure thresholds. Indoor PM2.5 concentration during the entire Chico Camp Fire event was 21 μg/m3 for 4th Street (Mechanically Ventilated) and 36 μg/m3 for Wurster Hall (Naturally Ventilated). The cumulative median I/O ratio during the fire event was 0.27 for 4th Street and 0.67 for Wurster Hall. Overall E-index for 4th Street was 0.82, suggesting that the whole building was resilient to outdoor air pollution while overall E-index was 1.69 for Wurster Hall suggesting that interventions are necessary. The survey revealed that occupant perception of workplace air quality aligns with measured PM2.5 in the two buildings. The results also highlight that a large portion of occupants wore face masks, even though the PM2.5 concentration was below WHO threshold level. The results of our study demonstrate the utility of the proposed IoT-enabled and survey tools to assess the degree of protection from air pollution of outdoor origin for a single building or across a portfolio of buildings. The proposed survey tool also provides direct links between the PM2.5 levels and occupants' perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Pantelic
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Megan Dawe
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Grover D, Chaudhry S. Ambient air quality changes after stubble burning in rice-wheat system in an agricultural state of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:20550-20559. [PMID: 31102215 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ground-based ambient air monitoring was conducted to assess the contribution of crop residue burning of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oriza sativa) at different locations in three districts (Kaithal, Kurukshetra, and Karnal) of the agricultural state of Haryana in India for two successive years (2016 and 2017). The Air Quality Index (AQI) and concentration of primary pollutants (SOx, NOx, and PM2.5) were determined in rice and wheat crop season, for burning and non-burning periods. During crop residue burning periods, concentrations of SOx, NOx, and PM2.5 were exceeded the NAAQS values by 78%, 71%, and 53%, respectively. A significant increase in SOx (4.5 times), NOx (3.8 times), and PM2.5 concentration (3.5 times) was observed in stubble burning periods as compared to pre-burning (p < 0.05). A positive and significant correlation among the three pollutant concentrations was observed (p < 0.01). The AQI of KA site in Karnal district fell in severely polluted category during 2016 for rice as well as wheat residue burning period, and of KK site in Kaithal during wheat residue burning in year 2017. Results of present study indicate a remarkable increase in pollutant concentration (SOx, NOx, and PM2.5) during the crop residue burning periods. To the best of our knowledge, the outcomes of present study in this region have not been reported in earlier reports. Hence, there is an urgent need to curb air pollution by adopting sustainable harvesting technologies and management of residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Grover
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Smita Chaudhry
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
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10
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Ruan Z, Qian ZM, Xu Y, Wu J, Kan H, Yang Y, Acharya BK, Jiang C, Syberg KM, Iwelunmor J, Ma W, Lin H. Applying the concept of "number needed to treat" to the formulation of daily ambient air quality standards. Chemosphere 2019; 222:665-670. [PMID: 30735966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization sets up the Ambient Air Quality Guidelines mainly based on short-term and long-term health effects of air pollution. Previous studies, however, have generally revealed a non-threshold concentration-response relationship between air pollution and health, making it difficult to determine a concentration, below which no obvious health effects can be observed. Here we proposed a novel approach based on the concept of "number needed to treat", specifically, we calculated the reduction in air pollution concentrations needed to avoid one death corresponding to different hypothetical concentration standards; the one with the smallest value would be the most practical concentration standard. As an example, we applied this approach to the daily standard of ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) in four Chinese cities. The calculation was based on the association between daily mortality and ambient PM2.5, which was examined by a generalized additive model with adjustment of important covariates. Significant associations were observed between PM2.5 and mortality. Our analyses suggested that it is appropriate to have 50 μg/m3 as the daily standard of ambient PM2.5 for the study area, compared to the current standard of which were directly adopted from the national standard of 75 μg/m3. This novel approach should be considered when planning and/or revising the ambient air quality guidelines/standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengliang Ruan
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhengmin Min Qian
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bipin Kumar Acharya
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chengsheng Jiang
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, United States
| | - Kevin M Syberg
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Juliet Iwelunmor
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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11
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Román-Collado R, Jiménez de Reyna J. The economic benefits of fulfilling the World Health Organization's limits for particulates: A case study in Algeciras Bay (Spain). J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2019; 69:438-449. [PMID: 30395782 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1544178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Algeciras Bay is an important industrial and port zone in the south of Spain whose pollution by particulate matter surpasses the threshold levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its 2005 Guide on Air Quality. This study analyses the mortality avoided and the economic benefit which would be derived from a reduction of the pollution of PM2.5 and PM10 to the levels recommended by the WHO in Algeciras Bay in the period 2005-2015. The analysis carried out shows that the industrial zones, such as Los Barrios and San Roque, are those which have greater levels of pollution and in which the relative risk is greater. The calculations for Algeciras Bay between 2000 and 2015 show 182 deaths which would be avoided if the particulate matter pollution were reduced to the levels recommended by the WHO. Likewise, the economic valuation which this impact has on health is carried out through two concepts: the cost of illness and the Value of Statistical Life (VSL). The result shows that the economic benefit that would come out with the cost of illness valuation is 5,329,110€ and from the VSL is 414,787,113€. Implications: PM2.5 has a greater concentration in industrial localities and is linked to the industrial activity. When the particulate matter pollution is reduced to the levels recommended by the WHO in an industrialised area such as Algeciras (Spain), 182 deaths which would be avoided. The result shows that the economic benefit that would come out with the cost of illness valuation is 5,329,110€ and from the value of statistical life is 414,787,113€.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Román-Collado
- a Departamento de Análisis Económico y Economía Política , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
- b Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Santiago , Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Postgrado , Chile
| | - Juan Jiménez de Reyna
- a Departamento de Análisis Económico y Economía Política , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
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12
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Zeng Q, Ni Y, Li G, Wang D, Li P, Zheng W, Wang X, Jiang G. The quantitative assessment of the public excess disease burden advanced by inhalable particulate matter under different air quality standard targets in Tianjin, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:6931-6938. [PMID: 30637523 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the quantitative assessment of the public excess risk for the update of the air quality guidelines only considered the mortality and morbidity without disease burden indicators. To provide evidences for the update of air quality guidelines and the policy analysis of air control, a simple framework to identify the excess disease burden of PM10 was used in this study. Daily data on PM10, meteorological factors, and deaths were collected in this 10-year (2001-2010) time series study in Tianjin, China. The excess disease burden advanced by PM10 was assessed when the PM10 levels exceeded the expected levels. Generalized additive model was used to estimate the associations of PM10 with mortality and years of life lost (YLL). Our study found that the exposure of PM10 was associated with the increasing of mortality and YLL in different diseases. The excess deaths and YLL of different diseases advanced by PM10 when the PM10 levels exceeded the expected levels were high and showed a decreasing trend from 2001 to 2010. The annual deaths and YLL standardized per million population advanced by PM10 when the annual PM10 levels exceeded the China national ambient air quality secondary standard targets (70 μg/m3) and WHO guideline (20 μg/m3) were 126 persons, 2670 person years and 260 persons, 5449 person years, respectively. This study may provide a simple framework to identify the excess disease burden of PM and provide basic and intuitive evidences to update the air quality guidelines. Furthermore, these findings may also provide decisionmakers with intuitive quantitative information for policymaking and emphasize health considerations in air quality policy discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Ni
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezheng Wang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Li
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Zheng
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohong Jiang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Limaye VS, Schöpp W, Amann M. Applying Integrated Exposure-Response Functions to PM 2.5 Pollution in India. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 16:E60. [PMID: 30587830 PMCID: PMC6339055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5, diameter ≤2.5 μm) is implicated as the most health-damaging air pollutant. Large cohort studies of chronic exposure to PM2.5 and mortality risk are largely confined to areas with low to moderate ambient PM2.5 concentrations and posit log-linear exposure-response functions. However, levels of PM2.5 in developing countries such as India are typically much higher, causing unknown health effects. Integrated exposure-response functions for high PM2.5 exposures encompassing risk estimates from ambient air, secondhand smoke, and active smoking exposures have been posited. We apply these functions to estimate the future cause-specific mortality risks associated with population-weighted ambient PM2.5 exposures in India in 2030 using Greenhouse Gas-Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model projections. The loss in statistical life expectancy (SLE) is calculated based on risk estimates and baseline mortality rates. Losses in SLE are aggregated and weighted using national age-adjusted, cause-specific mortality rates. 2030 PM2.5 pollution in India reaches an annual mean of 74 μg/m³, nearly eight times the corresponding World Health Organization air quality guideline. The national average loss in SLE is 32.5 months (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 29.7⁻35.2, regional range: 8.5⁻42.0), compared to an average of 53.7 months (95% CI: 46.3⁻61.1) using methods currently applied in GAINS. Results indicate wide regional variation in health impacts, and these methods may still underestimate the total health burden caused by PM2.5 exposures due to model assumptions on minimum age thresholds of pollution effects and a limited subset of health endpoints analyzed. Application of the revised exposure-response functions suggests that the most polluted areas in India will reap major health benefits only with substantial improvements in air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S Limaye
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Amann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
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14
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O'Dowd A. Almost 2500 GP practices and hospitals are in areas with dangerous air pollution levels. BMJ 2018; 363:k4521. [PMID: 30361272 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Wu R, Song X, Bai Y, Chen J, Zhao Q, Liu S, Xu H, Wang T, Feng B, Zhang Y, Zhong L, Wang X, Wu F, Huang W. Are current Chinese national ambient air quality standards on 24-hour averages for particulate matter sufficient to protect public health? J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 71:67-75. [PMID: 30195691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With rapid economic development and urbanization in recent decades, China has experienced the worsening of ambient air quality. For better air quality management to protect human health, Chinese government revised national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for particulate matter (PM) in 2012 (GB3095-2012). To assess the effectiveness of current NAAQS for PM on public health in Chinese population, we conducted a meta-analysis on published studies examining the mortality risk of short-term exposure to PM with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 and 2.5μm (PM10 and PM2.5) in China. The reported 24-hour concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in studies ranged from 43.5 to 150.1μg/m3 and 37.5 to 176.7μg/m3. In the pooled excess, mortality risk estimates of short-term exposure to PM. In specific, per 10μg/m3 increase in PM10, we observed increases of 0.40% (95%CI: 0.33%, 0.47%), 0.57% (95%CI: 0.44%, 0.70%) and 0.49% (95%CI: 0.40%, 0.58%) in total, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, per 10μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, we observed increases of 0.51% (95%CI: 0.38%, 0.63%), 0.62% (95%CI: 0.52%, 0.73%) and 0.75% (95%CI: 0.54%, 0.95%) in total, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. Finally, we derived 125μg/m3 for PM10 and 62.5μg/m3 for PM2.5 as 24-hour recommendation values based on the pooled estimates. Our results indicated that current Chinese NAAQS for PM could be sufficient in mitigating the excess mortality risk from short-term exposure to ambient PM. However, future research on long-term exposure cohort studies in Chinese population is also essential in revising annual averages for PM in Chinese NAAQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongshan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongbing Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Baihuan Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liuju Zhong
- Guangdong Polytechnic of Environmental Protection Engineering, Foshan 528216, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Wang Q, Zhang Q, Dzakpasu M, Lian B, Wu Y, Wang XC. Development of an indicator for characterizing particle size distribution and quality of stormwater runoff. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:7991-8001. [PMID: 29302912 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater particles washed from road-deposited sediments (RDS) are traditionally characterized as either turbidity or total suspended solids (TSS). Although these parameters are influenced by particle sizes, neither of them characterizes the particle size distribution (PSD), which is of great importance in pollutant entrainment and treatment performance. Therefore, the ratio of turbidity to TSS (Tur/TSS) is proposed and validated as a potential surrogate for the bulk PSD and quality of stormwater runoff. The results show an increasing trend of Tur/TSS with finer sizes of both RDS and stormwater runoff. Taking heavy metals (HMs, including Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni) as typical pollutants in stormwater runoff, the concentrations (mg/kg) were found to vary significantly during rainfall events and tended to increase significantly with Tur/TSS. Therefore, Tur/TSS is a valid parameter to characterize the PSD and quality of stormwater. The high negative correlations between Tur/TSS and rainfall intensity demonstrate that stormwater with higher Tur/TSS generates under low intensity and, thus, characterizes small volume, finer sizes, weak settleability, greater mobility, and bioavailability. Conversely, stormwater with lower Tur/TSS generates under high intensity and, thus, characterizes large volume, coarser sizes, good settleability, low mobility, and bioavailability. These results highlight the need to control stormwater with high Tur/TSS. Moreover, Tur/TSS can aid the selection of stormwater control measures with appropriate detention storage, pollution loading, and removal effectiveness of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Qionghua Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Bin Lian
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yaketon Wu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an, 710055, China.
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17
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Chang MCO, Shields JE. Evaluation of solid particle number and black carbon for very low particulate matter emissions standards in light-duty vehicles. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2017; 67:677-693. [PMID: 28045606 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1268548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To reliably measure at the low particulate matter (PM) levels needed to meet California's Low Emission Vehicle (LEV III) 3- and 1-mg/mile particulate matter (PM) standards, various approaches other than gravimetric measurement have been suggested for testing purposes. In this work, a feasibility study of solid particle number (SPN, d50 = 23 nm) and black carbon (BC) as alternatives to gravimetric PM mass was conducted, based on the relationship of these two metrics to gravimetric PM mass, as well as the variability of each of these metrics. More than 150 Federal Test Procedure (FTP-75) or Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (US06) tests were conducted on 46 light-duty vehicles, including port-fuel-injected and direct-injected gasoline vehicles, as well as several light-duty diesel vehicles equipped with diesel particle filters (LDD/DPF). For FTP tests, emission variability of gravimetric PM mass was found to be slightly less than that of either SPN or BC, whereas the opposite was observed for US06 tests. Emission variability of PM mass for LDD/DPF was higher than that of both SPN and BC, primarily because of higher PM mass measurement uncertainties (background and precision) near or below 0.1 mg/mile. While strong correlations were observed from both SPN and BC to PM mass, the slopes are dependent on engine technologies and driving cycles, and the proportionality between the metrics can vary over the course of the test. Replacement of the LEV III PM mass emission standard with one other measurement metric may imperil the effectiveness of emission reduction, as a correlation-based relationship may evolve over future technologies for meeting stringent greenhouse standards. IMPLICATIONS Solid particle number and black carbon were suggested in place of PM mass for the California LEV III 1-mg/mile FTP standard. Their equivalence, proportionality, and emission variability in comparison to PM mass, based on a large light-duty vehicle fleet examined, are dependent on engine technologies and driving cycles. Such empirical derived correlations exhibit the limitation of using these metrics for enforcement and certification standards as vehicle combustion and after-treatment technologies advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Oliver Chang
- a Chemical Analysis and Emissions Research Branch , California Air Resources Board , El Monte , CA , USA
| | - J Erin Shields
- a Chemical Analysis and Emissions Research Branch , California Air Resources Board , El Monte , CA , USA
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18
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Milford JB, Knight D. Increasing the Use of Earth Science Data and Models in Air Quality Management. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2017; 67:431-444. [PMID: 28282284 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1248303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In 2010, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) initiated the Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST) as a 5-year, $17.5-million award with 19 principal investigators. AQAST aims to increase the use of Earth science products in air quality-related research and to help meet air quality managers' information needs. We conducted a Web-based survey and a limited number of follow-up interviews to investigate federal, state, tribal, and local air quality managers' perspectives on usefulness of Earth science data and models, and on the impact AQAST has had. The air quality managers we surveyed identified meeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone and particulate matter, emissions from mobile sources, and interstate air pollution transport as top challenges in need of improved information. Most survey respondents viewed inadequate coverage or frequency of satellite observations, data uncertainty, and lack of staff time or resources as barriers to increased use of satellite data by their organizations. Managers who have been involved with AQAST indicated that the program has helped build awareness of NASA Earth science products, and assisted their organizations with retrieval and interpretation of satellite data and with application of global chemistry and climate models. AQAST has also helped build a network between researchers and air quality managers with potential for further collaborations. IMPLICATIONS NASA's Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST) aims to increase the use of satellite data and global chemistry and climate models for air quality management purposes, by supporting research and tool development projects of interest to both groups. Our survey and interviews of air quality managers indicate they found value in many AQAST projects and particularly appreciated the connections to the research community that the program facilitated. Managers expressed interest in receiving continued support for their organizations' use of satellite data, including assistance in retrieving and interpreting data from future geostationary platforms meant to provide more frequent coverage for air quality and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana B Milford
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Daniel Knight
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
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19
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Beccaceci S, Brown RJC, Butterfield DM, Harris PM, Otjes RP, van Hoek C, Makkonen U, Catrambone M, Patier RF, Houtzager MMG, Putaud JP. Standardisation of a European measurement method for the determination of anions and cations in PM 2.5: results of field trial campaign and determination of measurement uncertainty. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2016; 18:1561-1571. [PMID: 27886312 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00549g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) Technical Committee 264 'Air Quality' has recently produced a standard method for the measurements of anions and cations in PM2.5 within its Working Group 34 in response to the requirements of European Directive 2008/50/EC. It is expected that this method will be used in future by all Member States making measurements of the ionic content of PM2.5. This paper details the results of a field measurement campaign and the statistical analysis performed to validate this method, assess its uncertainty and define its working range to provide clarity and confidence in the underpinning science for future users of the method. The statistical analysis showed that, except for the lowest range of concentrations, the expanded combined uncertainty is expected to be below 30% at the 95% confidence interval for all ions except Cl-. However, if the analysis is carried out on the lower concentrations found at rural sites the uncertainty can be in excess of 50% for Cl-, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. An estimation of the detection limit for all ions was also calculated and found to be 0.03 μg m-3 or below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Beccaceci
- Environment Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - Richard J C Brown
- Environment Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - David M Butterfield
- Environment Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - Peter M Harris
- Environment Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - René P Otjes
- Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, 1755 LE Petten, Netherlands
| | | | - Ulla Makkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Catrambone
- CNR IIA, CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marc M G Houtzager
- TNO, Netherlands Organization of Applied Science Research, Princetonlaan 6, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Philippe Putaud
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
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20
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Giannadaki D, Lelieveld J, Pozzer A. Implementing the US air quality standard for PM2.5 worldwide can prevent millions of premature deaths per year. Environ Health 2016; 15:88. [PMID: 27552859 PMCID: PMC4994265 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution by fine aerosol particles is among the leading causes of poor health and premature mortality worldwide. The growing awareness of this issue has led several countries to implement air pollution legislation. However, populations in large parts of the world are still exposed to high levels of ambient particulate pollution. The main aim of this work is to evaluate the potential impact of implementing current air quality standards for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the European Union (EU), United States (US) and other countries where PM2.5 levels are high. METHODS We use a high-resolution global atmospheric chemistry model combined with epidemiological concentration response functions to investigate premature mortality attributable to PM2.5 in adults ≥30 years and children <5 years. We perform sensitivity studies to estimate the reductions in mortality that could be achieved if the PM2.5 air quality standards of the EU and US and other national standards would be implemented worldwide. RESULTS We estimate the global premature mortality by PM2.5 at 3.15 million/year in 2010. China is the leading country with about 1.33 million, followed by India with 575 thousand and Pakistan with 105 thousand per year. For the 28 EU member states we estimate 173 thousand and for the United States 52 thousand premature deaths in 2010. Based on sensitivity analysis, applying worldwide the EU annual mean standard of 25 μg/m(3) for PM2.5 could reduce global premature mortality due to PM2.5 exposure by 17 %; while within the EU the effect is negligible. With the 2012 revised US standard of 12 μg/m(3) premature mortality by PM2.5 could drop by 46 % worldwide; 4 % in the US and 20 % in the EU, 69 % in China, 49 % in India and 36 % in Pakistan. These estimates take into consideration that about 22 % of the global PM2.5 related mortality cannot be avoided due to the contribution of natural PM2.5 sources, mainly airborne desert dust and PM2.5 from wild fires. CONCLUSIONS Our results reflect the need to adopt stricter limits for annual mean PM2.5 levels globally, like the US standard of 12 μg/m(3) or an even lower limit to substantially reduce premature mortality in most of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- The Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitnerweg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitnerweg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Matthews S. Preventing harm from surgical plume. Nurs N Z 2016; 22:26-27. [PMID: 30351717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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22
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Nance E, King D, Wright B, Bullard RD. Ambient air concentrations exceeded health-based standards for fine particulate matter and benzene during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2016; 66:224-36. [PMID: 26565439 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1114044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is considered one of the largest marine oil spills in the history of the United States. Air emissions associated with the oil spill caused concern among residents of Southeast Louisiana. The purpose of this study was to assess ambient concentrations of benzene (n=3,887) and fine particulate matter (n=102,682) during the oil spill and to evaluate potential exposure disparities in the region. Benzene and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in the targeted parishes were generally higher following the oil spill, as expected. Benzene concentrations reached 2 to 19 times higher than background, and daily exceedances of PM2.5 were 10 to 45 times higher than background. Both benzene and PM2.5 concentrations were considered high enough to exceed public health criteria, with measurable exposure disparities in the coastal areas closer to the spill and clean-up activities. These findings raise questions about public disclosure of environmental health risks associated with the oil spill. The findings also provide a science-based rationale for establishing health-based action levels in future disasters. IMPLICATIONS Benzene and particulate matter monitoring during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill revealed that ambient air quality was a likely threat to public health and that residents in coastal Louisiana experienced significantly greater exposures than urban residents. Threshold air pollution levels established for the oil spill apparently were not used as a basis for informing the public about these potential health impacts. Also, despite carrying out the most comprehensive air monitoring ever conducted in the region, none of the agencies involved provided integrated analysis of the data or conclusive statements about public health risk. Better information about real-time risk is needed in future environmental disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earthea Nance
- a Texas Southern University , Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Denae King
- a Texas Southern University , Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Beverly Wright
- b Dillard University , Deep South Center for Environmental Justice , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Robert D Bullard
- a Texas Southern University , Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs , Houston , TX , USA
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Vijayaraghavan K, Lindhjem C, Koo B, DenBleyker A, Tai E, Shah T, Alvarez Y, Yarwood G. Source apportionment of emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles and other sources in the United States for ozone and particulate matter. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2016; 66:98-119. [PMID: 26563640 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1112316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Federal Tier 3 motor vehicle emission and fuel sulfur standards have been promulgated in the United States to help attain air quality standards for ozone and PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm). The authors modeled a standard similar to Tier 3 (a hypothetical nationwide implementation of the California Low Emission Vehicle [LEV] III standards) and prior Tier 2 standards for on-road gasoline-fueled light-duty vehicles (gLDVs) to assess incremental air quality benefits in the United States (U.S.) and the relative contributions of gLDVs and other major source categories to ozone and PM2.5 in 2030. Strengthening Tier 2 to a Tier 3-like (LEV III) standard reduces the summertime monthly mean of daily maximum 8-hr average (MDA8) ozone in the eastern U.S. by up to 1.5 ppb (or 2%) and the maximum MDA8 ozone by up to 3.4 ppb (or 3%). Reducing gasoline sulfur content from 30 to 10 ppm is responsible for up to 0.3 ppb of the improvement in the monthly mean ozone and up to 0.8 ppb of the improvement in maximum ozone. Across four major urban areas-Atlanta, Detroit, Philadelphia, and St. Louis-gLDV contributions range from 5% to 9% and 3% to 6% of the summertime mean MDA8 ozone under Tier 2 and Tier 3, respectively, and from 7% to 11% and 3% to 7% of the maximum MDA8 ozone under Tier 2 and Tier 3, respectively. Monthly mean 24-hr PM2.5 decreases by up to 0.5 μg/m(3) (or 3%) in the eastern U.S. from Tier 2 to Tier 3, with about 0.1 μg/m(3) of the reduction due to the lower gasoline sulfur content. At the four urban areas under the Tier 3 program, gLDV emissions contribute 3.4-5.0% and 1.7-2.4% of the winter and summer mean 24-hr PM2.5, respectively, and 3.8-4.6% and 1.5-2.0% of the mean 24-hr PM2.5 on days with elevated PM2.5 in winter and summer, respectively. IMPLICATIONS Following U.S. Tier 3 emissions and fuel sulfur standards for gasoline-fueled passenger cars and light trucks, these vehicles are expected to contribute less than 6% of the summertime mean daily maximum 8-hr ozone and less than 7% and 4% of the winter and summer mean 24-hr PM2.5 in the eastern U.S. in 2030. On days with elevated ozone or PM2.5 at four major urban areas, these vehicles contribute less than 7% of ozone and less than 5% of PM2.5, with sources outside North America and U.S. area source emissions constituting some of the main contributors to ozone and PM2.5, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bonyoung Koo
- a Ramboll Environ US Corporation , Novato , CA , USA
| | | | - Edward Tai
- a Ramboll Environ US Corporation , Novato , CA , USA
| | - Tejas Shah
- a Ramboll Environ US Corporation , Novato , CA , USA
| | | | - Greg Yarwood
- a Ramboll Environ US Corporation , Novato , CA , USA
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Künzli N, Kutlar Joss M, Gintowt E. Global standards for global health in a globalized economy! Int J Public Health 2015; 60:757-9. [PMID: 26292652 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-015-0729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nino Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel Switzerland and University of Basel, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Meltem Kutlar Joss
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel Switzerland and University of Basel, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emily Gintowt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel Switzerland and University of Basel, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Walters K, Jacobson J, Kroening Z, Pierce C. PM 2.5 Airborne Particulates Near Frac Sand Operations. J Environ Health 2015; 78:8-12. [PMID: 26638669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas extraction in the U.S. has led to 135 active "frac" sand mines, processing plants, and rail transfer stations in Wisconsin. Potential environmental health risks include increased truck traffic, noise, ecosystem loss, and groundwater, light, and air pollution. Emitted air contaminants include fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and respirable crystalline silica. Inhalation of fine dust particles causes increased mortality, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and lung cancer. In the authors' pilot study, use of a filter-based ambient particulate monitor found PM2.5 levels of 5.82-50.8 µg/m3 in six 24-hour samples around frac sand mines and processing sites. Enforcement of the existing U.S. Environmental Protection Agency annual PM2.5 standard of 12 µg/m3 is likely to protect the public from silica exposure risks as well. PM2.5 monitoring around frac sand sites is needed to ensure regulatory compliance, inform nearby communities, and protect public health.
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Dacunto PJ, Klepeis NE, Cheng KC, Acevedo-Bolton V, Jiang RT, Repace JL, Ott WR, Hildemann LM. Determining PM2.5 calibration curves for a low-cost particle monitor: common indoor residential aerosols. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2015; 17:1959-66. [PMID: 26487426 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00365b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Real-time particle monitors are essential for accurately estimating exposure to fine particles indoors. However, many such monitors tend to be prohibitively expensive for some applications, such as a tenant or homeowner curious about the quality of the air in their home. A lower cost version (the Dylos Air Quality Monitor) has recently been introduced, but it requires appropriate calibration to reflect the mass concentration units required for exposure assessment. We conducted a total of 64 experiments with a suite of instruments including a Dylos DC1100, another real-time laser photometer (TSI SidePak™ Model AM-510 Personal Aerosol Monitor), and a gravimetric sampling apparatus to estimate Dylos calibration factors for emissions from 17 different common indoor sources including cigarettes, incense, fried bacon, chicken, and hamburger. Comparison of minute-by-minute data from the Dylos with the gravimetrically calibrated SidePak yielded relationships that enable the conversion of the raw Dylos particle counts less than 2.5 μm (in #/0.01 ft(3)) to estimated PM2.5 mass concentration (e.g. μg m(-3)). The relationship between the exponentially-decaying Dylos particle counts and PM2.5 mass concentration can be described by a theoretically-derived power law with source-specific empirical parameters. A linear relationship (calibration factor) is applicable to fresh or quickly decaying emissions (i.e., before the aerosol has aged and differential decay rates introduce curvature into the relationship). The empirical parameters for the power-law relationships vary greatly both between and within source types, although linear factors appear to have lower uncertainty. The Dylos Air Quality Monitor is likely most useful for providing instantaneous feedback and context on mass particle levels in home and work situations for field-survey or personal awareness applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Dacunto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA and Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy, 745 Brewerton Rd, 6th Floor, West Point, NY, 10996 USA.
| | - Neil E Klepeis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA and Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University Research Foundation, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 230, San Diego, CA, 92123 USA
| | - Kai-Chung Cheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Viviana Acevedo-Bolton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Ruo-Ting Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - James L Repace
- Repace Associates, 6701 Felicia Lane, Bowie, MD, 20720 USA
| | - Wayne R Ott
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Lynn M Hildemann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
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Fischer A, Ljungström E, Hägerhed Engman L, Langer S. Ventilation strategies and indoor particulate matter in a classroom. Indoor Air 2015; 25:168-175. [PMID: 24920172 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Particle mass and number concentrations were measured in a mechanically ventilated classroom as part of a study of ventilation strategies for energy conservation. The ventilation system was operated either continuously, intermittently, or shut down during nights while it was on during workdays. It appears that the nighttime ventilation scheme is not important for indoor particle concentrations the following day if fans are operated to give five air exchanges in advance of the workday. The highest concentrations of PM10 were found during and after workdays and were due to human activity in the classroom. The average workday PM10 concentration was 14 μg/m(3) , well below the WHO guideline values. The number concentration of particles with diameter <0.750 μm was typically between 0.5 × 10(3) and 3.5 × 10(3) particle/cm(3) . These concentrations were largely independent of the occupants. Transient formation of small particles was observed when ventilation was shut down. Then remaining ozone reacted with terpenes emitted by indoor sources and gave up to 8 × 10(3) particle/cm(3) before formation stopped due to lack of ozone. The intermittent ventilation regime was found least favorable for the indoor air quality in the classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fischer
- Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
Vehicle emissions are responsible for a considerable share of urban air pollution concentrations. The traffic air quality index (TAQI) is proposed as a useful tool for evaluating air quality near roadways. The TAQI associates air quality with the equivalent emission from traffic sources and with street structure (roadway structure) as anthropogenic factors. The paper presents a method of determining the TAQI and defines the degrees of harmfulness of emitted pollution. It proposes a classification specifying a potential threat to human health based on the TAQI value and shows an example of calculating the TAQI value for real urban streets. It also considers the role that car traffic plays in creating a local UHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Bagieński
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
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29
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Kuempel ED, Sweeney LM, Morris JB, Jarabek AM. Advances in Inhalation Dosimetry Models and Methods for Occupational Risk Assessment and Exposure Limit Derivation. J Occup Environ Hyg 2015; 12 Suppl 1:S18-40. [PMID: 26551218 PMCID: PMC4685615 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview and practical guide to occupational health professionals concerning the derivation and use of dose estimates in risk assessment for development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for inhaled substances. Dosimetry is the study and practice of measuring or estimating the internal dose of a substance in individuals or a population. Dosimetry thus provides an essential link to understanding the relationship between an external exposure and a biological response. Use of dosimetry principles and tools can improve the accuracy of risk assessment, and reduce the uncertainty, by providing reliable estimates of the internal dose at the target tissue. This is accomplished through specific measurement data or predictive models, when available, or the use of basic dosimetry principles for broad classes of materials. Accurate dose estimation is essential not only for dose-response assessment, but also for interspecies extrapolation and for risk characterization at given exposures. Inhalation dosimetry is the focus of this paper since it is a major route of exposure in the workplace. Practical examples of dose estimation and OEL derivation are provided for inhaled gases and particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen D. Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Education and Information Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lisa M. Sweeney
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
| | - John B. Morris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Annie M. Jarabek
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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van den Elshout S, Léger K, Heich H. CAQI Common Air Quality Index--update with PM(2.5) and sensitivity analysis. Sci Total Environ 2014; 488-489:461-468. [PMID: 24238948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The CAQI or Common Air Quality Index was proposed to facilitate the comparison of air quality in European cities in real-time. There are many air quality indices in use in the world. All are somewhat different in concept and presentation and comparing air quality presentations of cities on the internet was virtually impossible. The CAQI and the accompanying website www.airqualitynow.eu and app were proposed to overcome this problem in Europe. This paper describes the logic of making an index, in particular the CAQI and its update with a grid for PM2.5. To assure a smooth transition to the new calculation scheme we studied the behaviour of the index before and after the changes. We used 2006 Airbase data from 31 urban background and 27 street stations all across Europe (that were monitoring PM2.5 in 2006). The CAQI characterises a city by a roadside and urban background situation. It also insists on a minimum number of pollutants to be included in the calculation. Both were deemed necessary to improve the basis for comparing one city to another. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates the comparative behaviour of the street and urban background stations and presents the sensitivity of the CAQI outcome to the pollutants included in its calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sef van den Elshout
- DCMR Environmental Protection Agency Rijnmond, PO Box 843, 3100AV Schiedam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Pope R, Wu J. A multi-objective assessment of an air quality monitoring network using environmental, economic, and social indicators and GIS-based models. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2014; 64:721-737. [PMID: 25039205 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.888378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the United States, air pollution is primarily measured by Air Quality Monitoring Networks (AQMN). These AQMNs have multiple objectives, including characterizing pollution patterns, protecting the public health, and determining compliance with air quality standards. In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued a directive that air pollution agencies assess the performance of their AQMNs. Although various methods to design and assess AQMNs exist, here we demonstrate a geographic information system (GIS)-based approach that combines environmental, economic, and social indicators through the assessment of the ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM10) networks in Maricopa County, Arizona. The assessment was conducted in three phases: (1) to evaluate the performance of the existing networks, (2) to identify areas that would benefit from the addition of new monitoring stations, and (3) to recommend changes to the AQMN. A comprehensive set of indicators was created for evaluating differing aspects of the AQMNs' objectives, and weights were applied to emphasize important indicators. Indicators were also classified according to their sustainable development goal. Our results showed that O3 was well represented in the county with some redundancy in terms of the urban monitors. The addition of weights to the indicators only had a minimal effect on the results. For O3, urban monitors had greater social scores, while rural monitors had greater environmental scores. The results did not suggest a need for adding more O3 monitoring sites. For PM10, clustered urban monitors were redundant, and weights also had a minimal effect on the results. The clustered urban monitors had overall low scores; sites near point sources had high environmental scores. Several areas were identified as needing additional PM10 monitors. This study demonstrates the usefulness of a multi-indicator approach to assess AQMNs. Network managers and planners may use this method to assess the performance of air quality monitoring networks in urban regions. IMPLICATIONS The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued a directive in 2006 that air pollution agencies assess the performance of their AQMNs; as a result, we developed a GIS-based, multi-objective assessment approach that integrates environmental, economic, and social indicators, and demonstrates its use through assessing the O3 and PM10 monitoring networks in the Phoenix metropolitan area. We exhibit a method of assessing network performance and identifying areas that would benefit from new monitoring stations; also, we demonstrate the effect of adding weights to the indicators. Our study shows that using a multi-indicator approach gave detailed assessment results for the Phoenix AQMN.
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Bischoff M. [Fine particle dust. Killer particles - more dangerous than malaria]. MMW Fortschr Med 2014; 156:22. [PMID: 24908874 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-014-3011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Jiang JK, Deng JG, Li Z, Li XH, Duan L, Hao JM. [Sampling methods for PM2.5 from stationary sources: a review]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2014; 35:2018-2024. [PMID: 25055701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The new China national ambient air quality standard has been published in 2012 and will be implemented in 2016. To meet the requirements in this new standard, monitoring and controlling PM2,,5 emission from stationary sources are very important. However, so far there is no national standard method on sampling PM2.5 from stationary sources. Different sampling methods for PM2.5 from stationary sources and relevant international standards were reviewed in this study. It includes the methods for PM2.5 sampling in flue gas and the methods for PM2.5 sampling after dilution. Both advantages and disadvantages of these sampling methods were discussed. For environmental management, the method for PM2.5 sampling in flue gas such as impactor and virtual impactor was suggested as a standard to determine filterable PM2.5. To evaluate environmental and health effects of PM2.5 from stationary sources, standard dilution method for sampling of total PM2.5 should be established.
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Kopprio GA, Kattner G, Freije RH, de Paggi SJ, Lara RJ. Seasonal baseline of nutrients and stable isotopes in a saline lake of Argentina: biogeochemical processes and river runoff effects. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186:3139-3148. [PMID: 24415133 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal variability of inorganic and organic nutrients and stable isotopes and their relations with plankton and environmental conditions were monitored in Lake Chasicó. Principal component analysis evidenced the strong influence of the river runoff on several biogeochemical variables. Silicate concentrations were controlled by diatom biomass and river discharge. Higher values of nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) indicated agricultural uses in the river basin. Elevated pH values (∼ 9) inhibiting nitrification in the lake explained partially the dominance of ammonium: ∼ 83 % of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). The low DIN/SRP ratio inferred nitrogen limitation, although the hypotheses of iron and CO2 limitation are relevant in alkaline lakes. Particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) were mainly of autochthonous origin. The main allochthonous input was imported by the river as POM owning to the arid conditions. Dissolved organic carbon was likely top-down regulated by the bacterioplankton grazer Brachionus plicatilis. The δ(13)C signature was a good indicator of primary production and its values were influenced probably by CO2 limitation. The δ(15)N did not evidence nitrogen fixation and suggested the effects of anthropogenic activities. The preservation of a good water quality in the lake is crucial for resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán A Kopprio
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Florida 4750, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina,
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35
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Wang S, Ding JN, Wang RB, Li JJ, Meng XY, Yang B, Lin H. [Form of the particulate matter ambient air standards in China]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2014; 35:401-410. [PMID: 24812926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on the principles from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States, an analysis was conducted to study the form of 24-hour standard of particulate matter in China by methods of statistical regression, proportional rollback and controlling contrast maps, using the monitoring data of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) from 120 cities in China during year 2005 to 2012. It was found that for cities in China, when the annual arithmetic mean of PM10 was equal to the national standard, the non-exceedance rates of daily average PM10 in most cities were higher than 95.0% , and the average rate for all cities was 97.1%. The average non-exceedance rate was 96.3% for cities in North China and Northwest China, 96.6% for Northeast China, 97.2% for East China and Central South China, and 98.1% for Southwest China. When the 97th percentile was chosen as the form of 24-hour standard of particulate matter for China, the 24-hour standard had an equal controlling strength with the annual standard. The 24-hour standard will become the controlling standard when larger percentiles were chosen, otherwise the contrary. By considering together the statistical characteristics of PM10 level in China, the robustness of the percentiles and protection of human health, the 95th percentile was suitable as the preferred form of the 24-hour standard of PM10 and PM2.5 in China.
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Abstract
The present article provides an overview of the chemical and physical features of haze in China, focusing on the relationship between haze and atmospheric fine particles, and the formation mechanism of haze. It also summarizes several of control technologies and strategies to mitigate the occurrence of haze. The development of instruments and the analysis of measurements of ambient particles and precursor concentrations have provided important information about haze formation. Indeed, the use of new instruments has greatly facilitated current haze research in China. Examples of insightful results include the relationship between fine particles and haze, the chemical compositions and sources of particles, the impacts of the aging process on haze formation, and the application of technologies that control the formation of haze. Based on these results, two relevant issues need to be addressed: understanding the relationship between haze and fine particles and understanding how to control PM2.5.
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Chai F, Gao J, Chen Z, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Yun Y, Ren C. Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:75-82. [PMID: 24649693 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
O3 and PM2.5 were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors (SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5 and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2 and PM10 were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5 were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2 and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3 and NO2, however, there was no significant difference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5 (57.5 microg/m3) and PM10 (91.2 microg/m3) were much higher than the values (PM2.5: 11.2 microg/m3; PM10: 35.6 microg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more efforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.
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38
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Lai HK, Hedley AJ, Thach TQ, Wong CM. A method to derive the relationship between the annual and short-term air quality limits--analysis using the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for health protection. Environ Int 2013; 59:86-91. [PMID: 23792417 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) were launched in 2006, but gaps remain in evidence on health impacts and relationships between short-term and annual AQG needed for health protection. We tested whether relationships between WHO short-term and annual AQG for particulates (PM10 and PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are concordant worldwide and derived the annual limits for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) based on the short-term AQG. We obtained air pollutant data over seven years (2004-2010) in seven cities from Asia-Pacific, North America and Europe. Based on probability distribution concept using maximum as the short-term limit and arithmetic mean as the annual limit, we developed a new method to derive limit value one from another in each paired limits for each pollutant with capability to account for allowable exceedances. We averaged the limit derived each year for each city, then used meta-analysis to pool the limit values in all cities. Pooled mean short-term limit for NO2 (140.5μg/m(3) [130.6-150.4]) was significantly lower than the WHO AQG of 200μg/m(3) while for PM10 (46.4μg/m(3) [95CI:42.1-50.7]) and PM2.5 (28.6μg/m(3) [24.5-32.6]) were not significantly different from the WHO AQG of 50 and 25μg/m(3) respectively. Pooled mean annual limits for SO2 and O3 were 4.6μg/m(3) [3.7-5.5] and 27.0μg/m(3) [21.7-32.2] respectively. Results were robust in various sensitivity analyses. The distribution relationships between the current WHO short-term and annual AQG are supported by empirical data from seven cities for PM10 and PM2.5, but not for NO2. The short-term AQG for NO2 should be lowered for concordance with the selected annual AQG for health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Kan Lai
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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39
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Cropper PM, Hansen JC, Eatough DJ. Measurement of light scattering in an urban area with a nephelometer and PM2.5 FDMS TEOM monitor: accounting for the effect of water. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2013; 63:1004-1011. [PMID: 24151675 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.770421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed a new secondary standard based on visibility in urban areas. The proposed standard will be based on light extinction, calculated from 24-hr averaged measurements. It would be desirable to base the standard on a shorter averaging time to better represent human perception of visibility This could be accomplished by either an estimation of extinction from semicontinuous particulate matter (PM) data or direct measurement of scattering and absorption. To this end we have compared 1-hr measurements of fine plus coarse particulate scattering using a nephelometer along with an estimate of absorption from aethalometer measurements. The study took place in Lindon, UT, during February and March 2012. The nephelometer measurements were corrected for coarse particle scattering and compared to the Filter Dynamic Measurement System (FDMS) tapered element oscillating microbalance monitor (TEOM) PM2.5 measurements. The two measurements agreed with a mass scattering coefficient of 3.3 +/- 0.3 m2/g at relative humidity below 80%. However at higher humidity, the nephelometer gave higher scattering results due to water absorbed by ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate in the particles. This particle-associated water is not measured by the FDMS TEOM. The FDMS TEOM data could be corrected for this difference using appropriate IMPROVE protocols if the particle composition is known. However a better approach may be to use a particle measurement system that allows for semicontinuous measurements but also measures particle bound water Data are presented from a 2003 study in Rubidoux, CA, showing how this could be accomplished using a Grimm model 1100 aerosol spectrometer or comparable instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Cropper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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40
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Moller PW. Revoke PM₁₀ regulations. N Z Med J 2013; 126:109. [PMID: 24045361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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41
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Dacunto PJ, Cheng KC, Acevedo-Bolton V, Jiang RT, Klepeis NE, Repace JL, Ott WR, Hildemann LM. Real-time particle monitor calibration factors and PM2.5 emission factors for multiple indoor sources. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2013; 15:1511-1519. [PMID: 23784066 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00209h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoor sources can greatly contribute to personal exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). To accurately assess PM2.5 mass emission factors and concentrations, real-time particle monitors must be calibrated for individual sources. Sixty-six experiments were conducted with a common, real-time laser photometer (TSI SidePak™ Model AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor) and a filter-based PM2.5 gravimetric sampler to quantify the monitor calibration factors (CFs), and to estimate emission factors for common indoor sources including cigarettes, incense, cooking, candles, and fireplaces. Calibration factors for these indoor sources were all significantly less than the factory-set CF of 1.0, ranging from 0.32 (cigarette smoke) to 0.70 (hamburger). Stick incense had a CF of 0.35, while fireplace emissions ranged from 0.44-0.47. Cooking source CFs ranged from 0.41 (fried bacon) to 0.65-0.70 (fried pork chops, salmon, and hamburger). The CFs of combined sources (e.g., cooking and cigarette emissions mixed) were linear combinations of the CFs of the component sources. The highest PM2.5 emission factors per time period were from burned foods and fireplaces (15-16 mg min(-1)), and the lowest from cooking foods such as pizza and ground beef (0.1-0.2 mg min(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Dacunto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Rm M-4, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
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42
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Candiani G, Carnevale C, Finzi G, Pisoni E, Volta M. A comparison of reanalysis techniques: applying optimal interpolation and Ensemble Kalman Filtering to improve air quality monitoring at mesoscale. Sci Total Environ 2013; 458-460:7-14. [PMID: 23639906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To fulfill the requirements of the 2008/50 Directive, which allows member states and regional authorities to use a combination of measurement and modeling to monitor air pollution concentration, a key approach to be properly developed and tested is the data assimilation one. In this paper, with a focus on regional domains, a comparison between optimal interpolation and Ensemble Kalman Filter is shown, to stress pros and drawbacks of the two techniques. These approaches can be used to implement a more accurate monitoring of the long-term pollution trends on a geographical domain, through an optimal combination of all the available sources of data. The two approaches are formalized and applied for a regional domain located in Northern Italy, where the PM10 level which is often higher than EU standard limits is measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Candiani
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
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43
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Capobianco T, Hildebrand SM, Honeycutt M, Lee JS, McCant D, Grant RL. Impact of three interactive Texas state regulatory programs to decrease ambient air toxic levels. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2013; 63:507-520. [PMID: 23786142 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.763868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Federal Clean Air Act (FCAA) framework envisions a federal-state partnership whereby the development of regulations may be at the federal level or state level with federal oversight. The US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes National Ambient Air Quality Standards to describe "safe" ambient levels of criteria pollutants. For air toxics, the EPA establishes control technology standards for the 187 listed hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) but does not establish ambient standards for HAPs or other air toxics. Thus, states must ensure that ambient concentrations are not at harmful levels. The Texas Clean Air Act authorizes the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), the Texas state environmental agency, to control air pollution and protect public health and welfare. The TCEQ employs three interactive programs to ensure that concentrations of air toxics do not exceed levels of potential health concern (LOCs): air permitting, ambient air monitoring, and the Air Pollutant Watch List (APWL). Comprehensive air permit reviews involve the application of best available control technology for new and modified equipment and ensure that permits protect public health and welfare. Protectiveness may be demonstrated by a number of means, including a demonstration that the predicted ground-level concentrations for the permitted emissions, evaluated on a case-by-case and chemical-by-chemical basis, do not cause or contribute to a LOC. The TCEQ's ambient air monitoring program is extensive and provides data to help assess the potential for adverse effects from all operational equipment in an area. If air toxics are persistently monitored at a LOC, an APWL area is established. The purpose of the APWL is to reduce ambient air toxic concentrations below LOCs by focusing TCEQ resources and heightening awareness. This paper will discuss examples of decreases in air toxic levels in Houston and Corpus Christi, Texas, resulting from the interactive nature of these programs. IMPLICATIONS Texas recognized through the collection of ambient monitoring data that additional measures beyond federal regulations must be taken to ensure that public health is protected. Texas integrates comprehensive air permitting, extensive ambient air monitoring, and the Air Pollutant Watch List (APWL) to protect the public from hazardous air toxics. Texas issues air permits that are protective of public health and also assesses ambient air to verify that concentrations remain below levels of concern in heavily industrialized areas. Texas developed the APWL to improve air quality in those areas where monitoring indicates a potential concern. This paper illustrates how Texas engaged its three interactive programs to successfully address elevated air toxic levels in Houston and Corpus Christi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Capobianco
- Office of Air, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX 78711-3087, USA
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Chen R, Wang X, Meng X, Hua J, Zhou Z, Chen B, Kan H. Communicating air pollution-related health risks to the public: an application of the Air Quality Health Index in Shanghai, China. Environ Int 2013; 51:168-73. [PMID: 23246721 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) was originally developed in Canada. However, little is known about its validity in communicating morbidity risks. We aimed to establish the AQHI in Shanghai, China, and to compare the associations of AQHI and existing Air Pollution Index (API) with daily mortality and morbidity. We constructed the AQHI as the sum of excess total mortality associated with individual air pollutants, and then adjusted it to an arbitrary scale (0-10), according to a time-series analysis of air pollution and mortality in Shanghai from 2001 to 2008. We examined the associations of AQHI with daily mortality and morbidity, and compared these associations with API from 2005 to 2008. The coefficients of short-term associations of total mortality with particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM(10)), PM(2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) were used in the establishment of AQHI. During 2005-2008, the AQHI showed linear non-threshold positive associations with daily mortality and morbidity. A unit increase of the PM(10)-AQHI was associated with a 0.90% [95% (confidence interval, CI), 0.43 to 1.37], 1.04% (95%CI, 0.04 to 2.04), 1.62% (95%CI, 0.39 to 2.85) and 0.51% (95%CI, 0.09 to 0.93) increase of current-day total mortality, hospital admissions, outpatient visits and emergency room visits, respectively. The PM(2.5)-AQHI showed quite similar effect estimates with the PM(10)-AQHI. In contrast, the associations for API were much weaker and generally statistically insignificant. The AQHI, compared with the existing API, provided a more effective tool to communicate the air pollution-related health risks to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Recently various countries have adopted the new standards for PM(2.5) (particulate matter <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter), but Taiwan still maintains an old set of air quality guidelines for particulate matter; therefore, the authors quantified the public health impact of long-term exposure to PM(2.5) in terms of attributable number of deaths and the potential gain in life expectancy by reducing PM(2.5) annual levels to 25, 20, 15, and 10 μg/m(3). When the guideline for PM(2.5) long-term exposure was set at 25 μg/m(3), 3.3% of all-cause mortality or 4,500 deaths in 2009 could be prevented. The potential gain in life expectancy at age 30 of this reduction would increase by a range between 1 and 7 months in Taiwan. This study shows that guidelines for PM(2.5), especially for long-term exposure, should be adopted in Taiwan as soon as possible to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Yang
- Department of Transportation Technology and Management, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Wang Y, Hopke PK, Rattigan OV. A new indicator of fireworks emissions in Rochester, New York. Environ Monit Assess 2012; 184:7293-7297. [PMID: 22222633 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In ambient particle source apportionment studies, data for holidays such as July 4 (US Independence Day) are normally removed because of the high concentrations of chemical species and unusually high particle mass concentrations that are due to fireworks. Many cultures celebrate events with fireworks. A near real-time measurement that could indicate fireworks would be useful in indicating their impact on air quality. Commonly monitored ambient pollutants include PM(2.5), CO, SO(2), O(3), 10-500-nm particle number, and black carbon (BC). Using a two-wavelength aethalometer, another parameter, delta-C (UVBC(370 nm)-BC(880 nm), aethalometer), can be calculated. These variables were continuously monitored during July 1-7, 2005-2010, in Rochester, New York. High delta-C values are normally associated with biomass combustion particles. However, statistically higher delta-C values were observed on Independence Day compared to the other period. Back trajectory analysis showed transport of local fireworks smoke to the sampling site on the night of July 4. An enhanced correlation between delta-C and BC during the fireworks episodes suggests changes from the usual BC sources. Fireworks emissions changed the ambient carbonaceous particulate species during these intervals. The delta-C value was found to be a readily measured indicator of fireworks emissions during periods when wood combustion was not likely to be present and provides a tool for monitoring such emissions where they might be more common such as amusement parks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungang Wang
- Center for Air Resource Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA
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Vicente AB, Sanfeliu T, Jordan MM. Assesment of PM10 pollution episodes in a ceramic cluster (NE Spain): proposal of a new quality index for PM10, As, Cd, Ni and Pb. J Environ Manage 2012; 108:92-101. [PMID: 22659604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution control is one of the most important goals in pollution risk assessment today. In this sense, modern and precise tools that allow scientists to evaluate, quantify and predict air pollution are of particular interest. Monitoring atmospheric particulate matter is a challenge faced by the European Union. Specific rules on this subject are being developed (Directive 2004/107/EC, Directive 2008/50/EC) in order to reduce the potential adverse effects on human health caused by air pollution. Air pollution has two sources: natural and anthropogenic. Contributions from natural sources can be assessed but cannot be controlled, while emissions from anthropogenic sources can be controlled; monitoring to reduce this latter type of pollution should therefore be carried out. In this paper, we describe an air quality evaluation in terms of levels of atmospheric particles (PM10), as outlined by European Union legislation, carried out in an industrialised Spanish coastal area over a five-year period with the purpose of comparing these values with those of other areas in the Mediterranean Basin with different weather conditions from North of Europe. The study area is in the province of Castellón. This province is a strategic area in the frame work of European Union (EU) pollution control. Approximately 80% of European ceramic tiles and ceramic frit manufacturers are concentrated in two areas, forming the so-called "ceramics clusters"; ones in Modena (Italy) and the other in Castellón. In this kind of areas, there are a lot of air pollutants from this industry then it is difficult to fulfill de European limits of PM10 so it is necessary to control the air quality in them. The seasonal differences in the number of days in which pollutant level limits were exceeded were evaluated and the sources of contamination were identified. Air quality indexes for each pollutant have been established to determine easily and clearly the quality of air breathed. Furthermore, in accordance with Directive 2008/50/EC, an Air Quality Plan is proposed to protect human health, and the environment as a whole, in the study area. General and specific corrective measures of main emission sources are provided. A strategy for air pollution management is thus presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Vicente
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Department, Jaume I University, Campus Riu Sec s/n 12071 Castellón, Spain.
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Kan HD. [A review of standard value of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) ruled by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB3095-2012) in China]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012; 46:396-398. [PMID: 22883723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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