1
|
Dyer O. US stops funding United Nations Population Fund. BMJ 2017; 357:j1742. [PMID: 28381593 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
2
|
Lohr CA, Cox LJ, Lepczyk CA. Costs and benefits of trap-neuter-release and euthanasia for removal of urban cats in Oahu, Hawaii. Conserv Biol 2013; 27:64-73. [PMID: 23009077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to determine whether it is more cost-effective to control feral cat abundance with trap-neuter-release programs or trap and euthanize programs. Using STELLA 7, systems modeling software, we modeled changes over 30 years in abundance of cats in a feral colony in response to each management method and the costs and benefits associated with each method . We included costs associated with providing food, veterinary care, and microchips to the colony cats and the cost of euthanasia, wages, and trapping equipment in the model. Due to a lack of data on predation rates and disease transmission by feral cats the only benefits incorporated into the analyses were reduced predation on Wedge-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). When no additional domestic cats were abandoned by owners and the trap and euthanize program removed 30,000 cats in the first year, the colony was extirpated in at least 75% of model simulations within the second year. It took 30 years for trap-neuter-release to extirpate the colony. When the cat population was supplemented with 10% of the initial population size per year, the colony returned to carrying capacity within 6 years and the trap and euthanize program had to be repeated, whereas trap-neuter-release never reduced the number of cats to near zero within the 30-year time frame of the model. The abandonment of domestic cats reduced the cost effectiveness of both trap-neuter-release and trap and euthanize. Trap-neuter-release was approximately twice as expensive to implement as a trap and euthanize program. Results of sensitivity analyses suggested trap-neuter-release programs that employ volunteers are still less cost-effective than trap and euthanize programs that employ paid professionals and that trap-neuter-release was only effective when the total number of colony cats in an area was below 1000. Reducing the rate of abandonment of domestic cats appears to be a more effective solution for reducing the abundance of feral cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Lohr
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, 1910 East-West Road Sherman Laboratory, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
This article examines the construction of a "population problem" among public health officials in India during the inter-war period. British colonial officials came to focus on India's population through their concern with high Indian infant and maternal mortality rates. They raised the problem of population as one way in which to highlight the importance of dealing with public health at an all-India basis, in a context of constitutional devolution of power to Indians where they feared such matters would be relegated to relative local unimportance. While they failed to significantly shape government policy, their arguments in support of India's 'population problem' nevertheless found a receptive audience in the colonial public sphere among Indian intellectuals, economists, eugenicists, women social reformers and birth controllers. The article contributes to the history of population control by situating its pre-history in British colonial public health and development policy and outside the logic of USA's Cold War strategic planning for Asia.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rottenberg J. More on the economics behind feral cat control. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 237:899. [PMID: 20957834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
|
5
|
Abstract
Tehran after the Second World War experienced a modernization drive and rapid population growth. In 1972, the Greek planner, Constantinos Doxiadis, who had already undertaken major housing and planning projects in Iran, was invited to prepare an action plan for the city, to guide the future investment for easing the city's problems. Doxiadis saw cities as nightmares, but advocated that a holistic scientific analysis and a naturalist approach to urban growth management could address their problems. In applying his ideas to Tehran, however, the limits of his ideas of scientific planning became evident, not only through contextual pressures, such as lack of time and data, but also through the planning consultant's approach, in which commercial considerations and the application of readymade solutions could shape the outcome. Rather than working with the context, Doxiadis followed the modernist tenet of breaking with the past, proposing the creation of West Tehran, an alternative to the city where all future growth should take place on a utopian basis. The radical nature of his proposals, his death, and a turbulent revolution aborted the impact of his action plan on Tehran, while faith in modernist scientific planning was widely being abandoned.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The paper aims to explicate those factors accountable for the continuing imbalance in the sex ratio and its further masculinization over the whole of the 20th century. Here it is contended that the traditional practice of female infanticide and the current practice of female foeticide in the contemporary period, especially in the north-west and Hindi-speaking states, have significantly contributed to the high masculinity ratio in India. In addition, increasingly higher survival ratios of male children, particularly from the 1951 census onward, have been the prime reason for a declining proportion of females in the Indian population. As the Indian value system has been imbued with a relatively higher preference for sons, improvements in health facilities have benefited males more than females, giving rise to a highly imbalanced sex ratio in the country. This scenario, however, has steadily tended to alter in favour of greater balance in sex ratio.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Human consumption is depleting the Earth's natural resources and impairing the capacity of life-supporting ecosystems. Humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively over the past 50 years than during any other period, primarily to meet increasing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fibre and fuel. Such consumption, together with world population increasing from 2.6 billion in 1950 to 6.8 billion in 2009, are major contributors to environmental damage. Strengthening family-planning services is crucial to slowing population growth, now 78 million annually, and limiting population size to 9.2 billion by 2050. Otherwise, birth rates could remain unchanged, and world population would grow to 11 billion. Of particular concern are the 80 million annual pregnancies (38% of all pregnancies) that are unintended. More than 200 million women in developing countries prefer to delay their pregnancy, or stop bearing children altogether, but rely on traditional, less-effective methods of contraception or use no method because they lack access or face other barriers to using contraception. Family-planning programmes have a successful track record of reducing unintended pregnancies, thereby slowing population growth. An estimated $15 billion per year is needed for family-planning programmes in developing countries and donors should provide at least $5 billion of the total, however, current donor assistance is less than a quarter of this funding target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Joseph Speidel
- Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 335, PO Box 0744, San Francisco, CA 94143-0744, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Petroni S. The decline in funding for family planning. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2009; 35:153-154. [PMID: 19886293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Caltabiano JA. Fighting over-population with low-cost neutering. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230:1795; author reply 1796. [PMID: 17607815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
|
11
|
Abstract
There are between 4 and 10 million dogs and cats killed annually in the United States. Although there are no accurate national estimates of the number of companion animals who are sterilized surgically. Approximately 26,000 companion animals are euthanized annually in El Paso County, Texas, located on the U.S./Mexico border. In an effort to determine if a readily available spay/neuter program would be cost effective and eventually help to lower the county's euthanasia rate, a mobile spay/neuter clinic began operation for a 5-month period in 2004, using a volunteer veterinarian and paid staff. Sterilizations performed totaled 1,108: 959 dogs (372 males and 587 females) and 149 cats (50 males and 99 females). The per companion animal sterilization cost of 15.13 dollars (27.83 dollars had the veterinarian been paid) was considerably cheaper than the rate of 57 dollars per companion animal achieved by a local voucher program contracting with private veterinarians to perform reduced-cost sterilizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Poss
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Molento CFM. Vasectomising stray dogs. Vet Rec 2004; 155:648. [PMID: 15573799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
|
14
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the time and financial costs of programs for live trapping feral cats and determine whether allowing cats to become acclimated to the traps improved trapping effectiveness. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. ANIMALS 107 feral cats in 9 colonies. PROCEDURE 15 traps were set at each colony for 5 consecutive nights, and 5 traps were then set per night until trapping was complete. In 4 colonies, traps were immediately baited and set; in the remaining 5 colonies, traps were left open and cats were fed in the traps for 3 days prior to the initiation of trapping. Costs for bait and labor were calculated, and trapping effort and efficiency were assessed. RESULTS Mean +/- SD overall trapping effort (ie, number of trap-nights until at least 90% of the cats in the colony had been captured or until no more than 1 cat remained untrapped) was 8.9 +/- 3.9 trap-nights per cat captured. Mean overall trapping efficiency (ie, percentage of cats captured per colony) was 98.0 +/- 4.0%. There were no significant differences in trapping effort or efficiency between colonies that were provided an acclimation period and colonies that were not. Overall trapping costs were significantly higher for colonies provided an acclimation period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that these live-trapping protocols were effective. Feeding cats their regular diets in the traps for 3 days prior to the initiation of trapping did not have a significant effect on trapping effort or efficiency in the present study but was associated with significant increases in trapping costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia B Nutter
- Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Minvielle S. [The long-enduring maintenance of a traditional system of population regulation: a Bearnais village at the beginning of the 19th century]. Hist Econ Soc 2002; 21:323-340. [PMID: 17387823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
|
16
|
Greenhalgh S. Fresh Winds in Beijing: Chinese Feminists Speak Out on the One-Child Policy and Women's Lives. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2001; 26:847-86. [PMID: 17607875 DOI: 10.1086/495630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
17
|
Kessler G. The passport system and state control over population flows in the Soviet Union, 1932-1940. Cah Monde Russe 2001; 42:477-503. [PMID: 20020566 DOI: 10.4000/monderusse.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
|
18
|
Haar I. [The genesis of the Final Solution in the spirit of the sciences: "folk" history and population policy in Nazism]. Z Geschichtswiss 2001; 49:13-31. [PMID: 18186167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
|
19
|
Camiscioli E. Producing citizens, reproducing the "French race": immigration, demography, and pronatalism in early twentieth-century France. Gend Hist 2001; 13:593-621. [PMID: 18198513 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This essay examines how, in the context of depopulation and mass immigration, members of the French pronatalist movement advanced a policy favouring immigrants from Italy, Spain, and Poland. Because the 'demographic crisis' created a shortage of citizens as well as workers, pronatalists held that foreign workers must also be assimilable, and able to produce French offspring. While the racial difference of colonial subjects was deemed immutable, pronatalists called for the immigration of white foreigners whose less 'modern' condition promoted fecundity, traditionalism, and gender dimorphism. Evidence is drawn from demographic studies, the press of France's largest pronatalist movement, and a pronatalist advisory committee created by the Ministry of Health in 1920.
Collapse
|
20
|
Shearer DR. Social disorder, mass repression, and the NKVD during the 1930s. Cah Monde Russe 2001; 42:505-534. [PMID: 20020567 DOI: 10.4000/monderusse.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
|
21
|
Abstract
For 20 years following 1949, average total fertility per woman in China hovered just above six children. The year 1970 marked the beginning of persistent fertility declines. By 1980, the rate had dropped to 2.75, and since 1992 it has remained under 2. While some of this transition can be accounted for by broad socioeconomic developments, the extent to which it is attributable to China's unique population policies remains controversial. This paper analyzes household data from the 1992 Household Economy and Fertility Survey (HEFS) to provide the first direct microeconomic empirical evidence on the efficacy of these policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M McElroy
- Department of Economics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yokoyama Y. [A reexamination of residency registration during the Tenpo period: from the perspective of municipal population structure]. Shigaku Zasshi 1999; 108:1-34. [PMID: 22292190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|
23
|
Abstract
Population politics in Tanzania reflect multiple understandings of the
‘problem’ of population. While Tanzania has a long history of family planning
service provision through its childspacing programmes, a national population
policy was not adopted until 1992. This work explores the ambiguity and
ambivalence reflected in the discourse surrounding the Tanzanian National
Population Policy. Although an international consensus on questions of
population and family planning may have been reached at the 1994 International
Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, when we look
at actual cases of policy formulation and implementation, the discourse reflects
ambiguity and conflict rather than consensus. The Tanzanian case suggests
that this ambiguity may be strategic. Competing ‘positive’ and ‘negative’
approaches have been articulated from the level of national policy
negotiations to that of local implementation. This enables the Tanzanian
government, promoting a ‘positive’ view of population, to ally itself with
proponents of an expanded reproductive health agenda without alienating the
elements of the population establishment that pushed for a population policy
and fund its implementation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
This article describes and analyses changes in the environment and related policy developments in the People's Republic over the past 50 years. When discussing the quality of China's environment it must be remembered that the population of the country has doubled over the past half century and the economy has grown rapidly, particularly over the last two decades. Pessimists argue that the current population of over 1,200 million has exceeded the number which can be supported at a good living standard. Despite such views, there has been some ground for optimism in recent years, with China's greater environmental awareness and increased openness, its realization that the environment can be a tool in international diplomacy, and the increasing importation of environmental protection techniques. Yet overall, China has not done enough to maintain environmental quality and has not chosen to make many environmentally friendly transport investments.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chernolutskaia EN. [The "passportization" of the Soviet Far Eastern population, 1933-34]. Rev Etud Slaves 1999; 71:17-33. [PMID: 22224232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|
26
|
Wetherell C, Plakans A. Borders, ethnicity, and demographic patterns in the Russian Baltic provinces in the late nineteenth century. Contin Chang 1999; 14:33-56. [PMID: 20128130 DOI: 10.1017/s0268416099003252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
|
27
|
Fijalkow Y. Hygiene, population sciences and population policy: a totalitarian menace? Contemp Eur Hist 1999; 8:451-472. [PMID: 20120563 DOI: 10.1017/s0960777399003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American
Thought 1860–1945. Nature as Model and Nature as Threat
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 348 pp., £19.95,
ISBN 0–521–57434 X.Carl Ipsen, Dictating
Demography. The Problem of Population in Fascist Italy (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996), 281 pp., £35, ISBN
0–521–15545–7.Simon Szreter, Fertility,
Class and Gender in Britain 1860–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1976, 704 pp., £50, ISBN
0–521–34343–7.Alain Desrosières, La
politique des grands nombres, histoire de la raison statistique
(Paris: La Découverte, 1993), 437 pp., FF 220; ISBN
2–707–12253–X; English translation by Camille Naish,
The Politics of Large Numbers. A History of Statistical
Reasoning (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 416 pp.,
$45, ISBN 0–674–68932–1.Paul Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and
Nazism 1870–1947 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1989), 641 pp., £22.95, ISBN 0–521–42397–X;
French translation by B. Frumer, L'Hygiène de la
race (Paris: La Découverte, 1998), 301 pp., FF 160, ISBN
2–707–12706–X.Over the last ten years a series
of social historians have published studies of the link between the
definition of scientific categories and the implementation of
demographic policies in Europe. This discussion of the classification of
populations in terms of social class, race or location (rural, urban,
underprivileged areas) has complicated the traditional theories of the
scientist and politician, Max Weber, and the student of
‘bio-power’, Michel Foucault. Now, historians of political
ideas are finding living examples to illustrate recent advances in the
sociology of science, establishing themselves at the interface between
the history of human health and that of population policies. The aim is
to throw light on the exchange between scientists and population
management: among the themes to be treated are natalism, populationism,
hygienism and eugenics.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
This paper is the first to present a Chinese general fertility model that simultaneously controls for the endogeneity of infant mortality and per capita income determination at county level. Using the 1982 Chinese population census data, comprising 2305 observational units, this analysis improves on existing studies in several ways. First, since all the underlying variables are measured at the Chinese county level, we treat both the per capita income and infant mortality rates as endogenous, as opposed to exogenous as assumed in most previous studies on Chinese fertility. Our testing results strongly reject the null hypothesis of the exogeneity of both infant mortality and income determination within our model. Secondly, concerning the hypothesis of nonlinear income effect on fertility behavior, we examine both the variable income-elasticity and constant income-elasticity models. Strong evidence is obtained in support of the variable income elasticity model, predicting a U-shaped income effect on Chinese general fertility. This suggests that a more equitable income distribution leads to a reduction in the Chinese fertility rates. Thirdly, employing the two stage least squares procedure, we find a much stronger positive replacement effect on infant mortality when the endogeneity of infant mortality and income are both controlled for simultaneously. Our results indicate that Chinese general fertility may well be shaped by optimizing behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G G Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- E Diczfalusy
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|