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Logsdon NT, Gallo CM, Pires RS, Sampaio FJ, Favorito LA. Prostate and testicular growth analysis in human fetuses during the second gestational trimester. Prostate 2021; 81:214-219. [PMID: 33393689 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The second gestational trimester is a very important period for male genital development. We analyzed the testicular and prostatic volume growth and compared them to the biometric parameters in human fetuses. METHODS We studied 64 testes and 32 prostates from 32 fetuses, aged 10-22 weeks postconception. Fetuses were evaluated regarding total length, crown-rump length, and bodyweight. The same observer performed all the measurements. After testicular and prostatic dissection, the prostate and testicular length, width and thickness were recorded with the aid of computer programs (Image Pro and ImageJ software, version 1.46r). Testicular volume (TV) and prostatic volume (PV) were calculated using the ellipsoid formula. Statistical analysis was performed with the GraphPad Prism program (version 6.01). RESULTS The fetuses presented PV between 6.1 and 297.18 mm2 (mean = 77.98 mm3 ). Linear regression analysis indicated that the PV in these fetuses increased significantly and positively with fetal age (r2 = .3120; p < .0001). We did not observe significant differences between the TV (right testis: 0.39-63.94 mm3 ; mean = 19.84 mm3 ; left testis: 0.52-55.37 mm3 , mean = 17.25 mm3 ). Linear regression analysis also indicated that the right and left TV (right: r2 = .6649; p < .0001 and left: r2 = .6792; p < .001) increased significantly and positively with fetal age. CONCLUSION The prostatic growth was slower during the second gestational trimester, with significant correlations with fetal biometric parameters. The testicular growth was moderate and showed a significant correlation with fetal parameters during the studied period in human fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T Logsdon
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla M Gallo
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Pires
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Sampaio
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciano A Favorito
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Maldarine JS, Sanches BDA, Santos VA, Amaro GM, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Low-dose in utero exposure to finasteride promotes developmental changes in both male and female gerbil prostates. Environ Toxicol 2020; 35:15-26. [PMID: 31454150 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The prostate is an accessory reproductive gland that is sensitive to the action of exogenous compounds known as endocrine disrupters that alter normal hormonal function. Finasteride is a widely used chemical that acts to inhibit the conversion of testosterone in its most active form, dihydrotestosterone. It is known that intrauterine exposure to finasteride causes changes in the male prostate even at low dosages; however, it is not known whether these dosages are capable of causing changes in the female prostate, which is present in a large number of mammalian species, including humans. In the present study, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, serological dosages, and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques were employed to evaluate the effects of intrauterine exposure to a low dose of finasteride (100 μg.BW/d) on postnatal prostate development in male and female Mongolian gerbils. The results indicate that the gerbil female prostate also undergoes alterations following intrauterine exposure to finasteride, exhibiting a thickening of periductal smooth muscle and increased stromal proliferation. There are also intersex differences in the impact of exposure on the expression of the androgen receptor, which was increased in males, and of the estrogen-α receptor, which was decreased in the male prostate but unchanged in females. Altogether, this study indicates there are sex differences in the effects of finasteride exposure even at low dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitória A Santos
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Amaro
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília F Calmon
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Abstract
The prostate is a male exocrine gland that secretes components of the seminal fluid. In men, prostate tumors are one of the most prevalent cancers. Studies on the development of the prostate have given a better understanding of the processes and genes that are important in the formation of this organ and have provided insights into the mechanisms of prostate tumorigenesis. These developmental studies have provided evidence that some of the genes and signaling pathways involved in development are reactivated or deregulated during prostate cancer. The prostate goes through a number of different stages during organogenesis, which include organ specification, epithelial budding, branching morphogenesis, canalization, and cytodifferentiation. During development, these processes are tightly regulated, many of which are controlled by the male hormone androgens. The majority of prostate tumors remain hormone regulated, and antiandrogen therapy is a first-line therapy, highlighting the important link between prostate organogenesis and cancer. In this review, we describe some of the data on genes that have important roles during prostate development that also have strong evidence linking them to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Francis
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Swain
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
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4
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Zhang H, Wang L, Shen S, Wang C, Xiang Z, Han X, Li D. Toxic effects of microcystin-LR on the development of prostate in mice. Toxicology 2017; 380:50-61. [PMID: 28189720 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well known that microcystin-LR (MC-LR) may cause male reproductive toxicity, less is known on its potential impact on the development of prostate. In this study, from the 12th day in the embryonic period to the 21st day after birth, 4 randomly assigned groups of pregnant mice were exposed to 0, 1, 10, and 50μg/L of MC-LR through drinking water followed by the analyses of their 30- and 90-day-old male offspring. The result showed that MC-LR could enter and be accumulated in the offsprings prostate. Using serological, morphological, and immunohistochemical analysis, we explored the effect of perinatal MC-LR exposure on the prostate development of male offspring. With increasing MC-LR concentrations, the 30 day-old male offspring experienced decreased prostate index, increased serum testosterone levels, decreased serum estradiol levels, and increased the serum androgen/estrogen ratio. Morphological findings showed a significant acini branching defect in both the10 and 50μg/L group and increasing MC-LR exposures induced augmented expression of androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor α (ERα). For the 90-day group, MC-LR exposure resulted in decreased physiological indexes including prostate index and the serum androgen/estrogen ratio. Pathological changes could be observed in prostate tissues of mice treated with MC-LR. Increased expression of AR and ERα was also observed. Taken together, our results demonstrated that perinatal MC-LR exposure interfered with the development of the prostate in the offspring, evidenced by prostatic necrosis, hyperplasia, inflammation, and fibrosis, anddisordered hormone conversion of androgen to estrogen inducing imbalance of androgen and estrogen in the prostate may be one of the potential mechanisms of MC-LR disrupting prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Song Shen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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5
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Rodríguez DAO, de Lima RF, Campos MS, Costa JR, Biancardi MF, Marques MR, Taboga SR, Santos FCA. Intrauterine exposure to bisphenol A promotes different effects in both neonatal and adult prostate of male and female gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:1740-1750. [PMID: 26443714 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Substances that mimic endogenous hormones may alter the cell signaling that govern prostate development and predispose it to developing lesions in adult and senile life. Bisphenol A is able to mimic estrogens, and studies have demonstrated that low levels of exposure to this compound have caused alterations during prostate development. The aim of this study was to describe the prostate development in both male and female neonatal gerbils in normal conditions and under exposure to BPA during intrauterine life, and also to analyze whether the effects of intrauterine exposure to BPA remain in adulthood. Morphological, stereological, three-dimensional reconstruction, and immunohistochemical methods were employed. The results demonstrated that in 1-day-old normal gerbils, the female paraurethral glands and the male ventral lobe are morphologically similar, although its tissue components-epithelial buds (EB), periurethral mesenchyme (PeM), paraurethral mesenchyme (PaM) or ventral mesenchymal pad (VMP), and smooth muscle (SM)-have presented different immunolabeling pattern for androgen receptor (AR), and for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Moreover, we observed a differential response of male and female prostate to intrauterine BPA exposure. In 1-day-old males, the intrauterine exposure to BPA caused a decrease of AR-positive cells in the PeM and SM, and a decrease of the proliferative status in the EB. In contrast, no morphological alterations were observed in ventral prostate of adult males. In 1-day-old females, BPA exposure promoted an increase of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positive cells in PeM and PaM, a decrease of AR-positive cells in EB and PeM, besides a reduction of cell proliferation in EB. Additionally, the adult female prostate of BPA-exposed animals presented an increase of AR- and PCNA-positive cells. These results suggest that the prostate of female gerbils were more susceptible to the intrauterine BPA effects, since they became more proliferative in adult life. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1740-1750, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A O Rodríguez
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus II Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74001970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F de Lima
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus II Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74001970, Brazil
| | - Mônica S Campos
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, University Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054000, Brazil
| | - Janaína R Costa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus II Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74001970, Brazil
| | - Manoel F Biancardi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus II Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74001970, Brazil
| | - Mara R Marques
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus II Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74001970, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, University Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C A Santos
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus II Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74001970, Brazil
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Santana VP, Salles ÉS, Correa DE, Gonçalves BF, Campos SG, Justulin LA, Godinho AF, Scarano WR. Long-term effects of perinatal exposure to low doses of cadmium on the prostate of adult male rats. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:310-316. [PMID: 27469444 PMCID: PMC5061764 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental toxicity caused by environmental exposure to heavy metals during the perinatal period has raised questions about offspring health. Cadmium (Cd) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical with the potential to interfere with morphogenesis and susceptibility to diseases in reproductive organs. Taking into account that in the rat prostate morphogenesis occurs during the perinatal period, and that pregnant females absorb and retain more dietary Cd than their non-pregnant counterparts, it is important to understand the effects of perinatal Cd exposure on the adult rat prostate. Therefore this study investigated the effects of gestational and lactational Cd exposure on adult offspring rat prostate histopathology. Pregnant rats (n = 20) were divided into two groups: Control (treated with aqueous solution of sodium acetate 10 mg/l) and treated (treated with aqueous solution of cadmium acetate 10 mg/l) administered in the drinking water. After weaning, male offspring from different litters (n = 10) received food and water 'ad libitum'. The animals were euthanized at postnatal day 90 (PND90), the ventral prostates (VPs) were removed, weighed and examined histopathologically. Blood was collected for the measurement of testosterone (T) levels. Immunohistochemistry for androgen receptor (AR) and Ki67, and a TUNEL assay were performed. There were no differences in T levels, cell proliferation and apoptosis indexes, or AR immunostaining between the experimental groups. Stromal inflammatory foci and multifocal inflammation increased significantly in the treated group. These changes were associated with inflammatory reactive epithelial atypia and stromal fibrillar rearrangement. In conclusion, VP was permanently affected by perinatal Cd exposition, with increased incidence of inflammatory disorders with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Évila S Salles
- Federal University of Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvana G Campos
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Justulin
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Lokody IB, Francis JC, Gardiner JR, Erler JT, Swain A. Pten Regulates Epithelial Cytodifferentiation during Prostate Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129470. [PMID: 26076167 PMCID: PMC4468205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression and functional studies have indicated that the molecular programmes involved in prostate development are also active in prostate cancer. PTEN has been implicated in human prostate cancer and is frequently mutated in this disease. Here, using the Nkx3.1:Cre mouse strain and a genetic deletion approach, we investigate the role of Pten specifically in the developing mouse prostate epithelia. In contrast to its role in other developing organs, this gene is dispensable for the initial developmental processes such as budding and branching. However, as cytodifferentiation progresses, abnormal luminal cells fill the ductal lumens together with augmented epithelial proliferation. This phenotype resembles the hyperplasia seen in postnatal Pten deletion models that develop neoplasia at later stages. Consistent with this, gene expression analysis showed a number of genes affected that are shared with Pten mutant prostate cancer models, including a decrease in androgen receptor regulated genes. In depth analysis of the phenotype of these mice during development revealed that loss of Pten leads to the precocious differentiation of epithelial cells towards a luminal cell fate. This study provides novel insight into the role of Pten in prostate development as part of the process of coordinating the differentiation and proliferation of cell types in time and space to form a functional organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel B. Lokody
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey C. Francis
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer R. Gardiner
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janine T. Erler
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amanda Swain
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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8
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Liu H, Cadaneanu RM, Lai K, Zhang B, Huo L, An DS, Li X, Lewis MS, Garraway IP. Differential gene expression profiling of functionally and developmentally distinct human prostate epithelial populations. Prostate 2015; 75:764-76. [PMID: 25663004 PMCID: PMC4409819 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human fetal prostate buds appear in the 10th gestational week as solid cords, which branch and form lumens in response to androgen 1. Previous in vivo analysis of prostate epithelia isolated from benign prostatectomy specimens indicated that Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ CD49f(Hi) basal cells possess efficient tubule initiation capability relative to other subpopulations 2. Stromal interactions and branching morphogenesis displayed by adult tubule-initiating cells (TIC) are reminiscent of fetal prostate development. In the current study, we evaluated in vivo tubule initiation by human fetal prostate cells and determined expression profiles of fetal and adult epithelial subpopulations in an effort to identify pathways used by TIC. METHODS Immunostaining and FACS analysis based on Epcam, CD44, and CD49f expression demonstrated the majority (99.9%) of fetal prostate epithelial cells (FC) were Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ with variable levels of CD49f expression. Fetal populations isolated via cell sorting were implanted into immunocompromised mice. Total RNA isolation from Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ CD49f(Hi) FC, adult Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ CD49f(Hi) TIC, Epcam⁺ CD44⁺ CD49f(Hi) basal cells (BC), and Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ CD49f(Lo) luminal cells (LC) was performed, followed by microarray analysis of 19 samples using the Affymetrix Gene Chip Human U133 Plus 2.0 Array. Data was analyzed using Partek Genomics Suite Version 6.4. Genes selected showed >2-fold difference in expression and P < 5.00E-2. Results were validated with RT-PCR. RESULTS Grafts retrieved from Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ fetal cell implants displayed tubule formation with differentiation into basal and luminal compartments, while only stromal outgrowths were recovered from Epcam- fetal cell implants. Hierarchical clustering revealed four distinct groups determined by antigenic profile (TIC, BC, LC) and developmental stage (FC). TIC and BC displayed basal gene expression profiles, while LC expressed secretory genes. FC had a unique profile with the most similarities to adult TIC. Functional, network, and canonical pathway identification using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Version 7.6 compiled genes with the highest differential expression (TIC relative to BC or LC). Many of these genes were found to be significantly associated with prostate tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate clustering gene expression profiles of FC and adult TIC. Pathways associated with TIC are known to be deregulated in cancer, suggesting a cell-of-origin role for TIC versus re-emergence of pathways common to these cells in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Radu M Cadaneanu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Kevin Lai
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Baohui Zhang
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Lihong Huo
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Dong Sun An
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
- UCLA School of NursingLos Angeles, California
- Broad Stem Cell Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Xinmin Li
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David
Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Michael S Lewis
- West Los Angeles VA Hospital, Greater Los Angeles
Veterans Affairs Healthcare SystemLos Angeles, California
| | - Isla P Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
- Broad Stem Cell Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
- West Los Angeles VA Hospital, Greater Los Angeles
Veterans Affairs Healthcare SystemLos Angeles, California
- *Correspondence to: Isla P. Garraway, Department of Urology, David Geffen
School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. E-mail:
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common disease in older men. Rodent models have demonstrated that an early and later-life exposure to estrogen can lead to cancerous lesions and implicated hormonal dysregulation as an avenue for developing future prostate neoplasia. This study utilizes a human fetal prostate xenograft model to study the role of estrogen in the progression of human disease. Histopathological lesions were assessed in 7-, 30-, 90-, 200-, and 400-day human prostate xenografts. Gene expression for cell cycle, tumor suppressors, and apoptosis-related genes (ie, CDKN1A, CASP9, ESR2, PTEN, and TP53) was performed for 200-day estrogen-treated xenografts. Glandular hyperplasia was observed in xenografts given both an initial and secondary exposure to estradiol in both 200- and 400-day xenografts. Persistent estrogenic effects were verified using immunohistochemical markers for cytokeratin 10, p63, and estrogen receptor α. This model provides data on the histopathological state of the human prostate following estrogenic treatment, which can be utilized in understanding the complicated pathology associated with prostatic disease and early and later-life estrogenic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia M Saffarini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Ali Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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10
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Saffarini CM, McDonnell EV, Amin A, Spade DJ, Huse SM, Kostadinov S, Hall SJ, Boekelheide K. Maturation of the developing human fetal prostate in a rodent xenograft model. Prostate 2013; 73:1761-75. [PMID: 24038131 PMCID: PMC4306740 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin cancer in men. The etiology of prostate cancer is unknown, although both animal and epidemiologic data suggest that early life exposures to various toxicants, may impact DNA methylation status during development, playing an important role. METHODS We have developed a xenograft model to characterize the growth and differentiation of human fetal prostate implants (gestational age 12-24 weeks) that can provide new data on the potential role of early life stressors on prostate cancer. The expression of key immunohistochemical markers responsible for prostate maturation was evaluated, including p63, cytokeratin 18, α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, caldesmon, Ki-67, prostate-specific antigen, estrogen receptor-α, and androgen receptor. Xenografts were separated into epithelial and stromal compartments using laser capture microdissection (LCM), and the DNA methylation status was assessed in >480,000 CpG sites throughout the genome. RESULTS Xenografts demonstrated growth and maturation throughout the 200 days of post-implantation evaluation. DNA methylation profiles of laser capture microdissected tissue demonstrated tissue-specific markers clustered by their location in either the epithelium or stroma of human prostate tissue. Differential methylated promoter region CpG-associated gene analysis revealed significantly more stromal than epithelial DNA methylation in the 30- and 90-day xenografts. Functional classification analysis identified CpG-related gene clusters in methylated epithelial and stromal human xenografts. CONCLUSION This study of human fetal prostate tissue establishes a xenograft model that demonstrates dynamic growth and maturation, allowing for future mechanistic studies of the developmental origins of later life proliferative prostate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia M. Saffarini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
| | - Elizabeth V. McDonnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
| | - Ali Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02903
| | - Daniel J. Spade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
| | - Susan M. Huse
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
| | - Stefan Kostadinov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02903
| | - Susan J. Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
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Rajagopalan K, Qiu R, Mooney SM, Rao S, Shiraishi T, Sacho E, Huang H, Shapiro E, Weninger KR, Kulkarni P. The Stress-response protein prostate-associated gene 4, interacts with c-Jun and potentiates its transactivation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:154-63. [PMID: 24263171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Cancer/Testis Antigen (CTA), Prostate-associated Gene 4 (PAGE4), is a stress-response protein that is upregulated in prostate cancer (PCa) especially in precursor lesions that result from inflammatory stress. In cells under stress, translocation of PAGE4 to mitochondria increases while production of reactive oxygen species decreases. Furthermore, PAGE4 is also upregulated in human fetal prostate, underscoring its potential role in development. However, the proteins that interact with PAGE4 and the mechanisms underlying its pleiotropic functions in prostatic development and disease remain unknown. Here, we identified c-Jun as a PAGE4 interacting partner. We show that both PAGE4 and c-Jun are overexpressed in the human fetal prostate; and in cell-based assays, PAGE4 robustly potentiates c-Jun transactivation. Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer experiments indicate that upon binding to c-Jun, PAGE4 undergoes conformational changes. However, no interaction is observed in presence of BSA or unilamellar vesicles containing the mitochondrial inner membrane diphosphatidylglycerol lipid marker cardiolipin. Together, our data indicate that PAGE4 specifically interacts with c-Jun and that, conformational dynamics may account for its observed pleiotropic functions. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating crosstalk between a CTA and a proto-oncogene. Disrupting PAGE4/c-Jun interactions using small molecules may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Rajagopalan
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ruoyi Qiu
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Steven M Mooney
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Shweta Rao
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Takumi Shiraishi
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sacho
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hongying Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ellen Shapiro
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Keith R Weninger
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Many organs of higher organisms are heavily branched structures and arise by an apparently similar process of branching morphogenesis. Yet the regulatory components and local interactions that have been identified differ greatly in these organs. It is an open question whether the regulatory processes work according to a common principle and how far physical and geometrical constraints determine the branching process. Here, we review the known regulatory factors and physical constraints in lung, kidney, pancreas, prostate, mammary gland and salivary gland branching morphogenesis, and describe the models that have been formulated to analyse their impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Menshykau
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Gupta A, Yu X, Case T, Paul M, Shen MM, Kaestner KH, Matusik RJ. Mash1 expression is induced in neuroendocrine prostate cancer upon the loss of Foxa2. Prostate 2013; 73:582-9. [PMID: 23060003 PMCID: PMC3714015 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) prostate tumors and neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in prostatic adenocarcinomas have been associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we used the TRAMP mouse model that develops NE prostate tumors to identify key factors that can lead to NED. We have previously reported that NE tumors express the forkhead transcription factor, Foxa2, Mash1 (mouse achaete scute homolog-1), as well as Synaptophysin. In TRAMP, the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) first expresses Foxa2 and Synaptophysin, which then progresses to NE cancer. In order to determine if Foxa2 is dispensable for development or maintenance of NE cancer, a conditional knock-out of Foxa2 in TRAMP mice was generated by breeding mice with two floxed alleles of Foxa2 and one copy of Nkx3.1-Cre. Nkx3.1-Cre/Foxa2(loxP/loxP) mice showed loss of Foxa2 expression in embryonic prostatic buds. No expression of Foxa2 was seen in the adult prostate in either conditional null or control mice. Foxa2 is universally expressed in all wild type TRAMP NE tumors, but Mash1 expression is seen only in a few samples in a few cells. With the loss of Foxa2 in the NE tumors of the TRAMP/Nkx3.1-Cre/Foxa2(loxP/loxP) mice, the expression of the pro-neuronal gene Mash1 is upregulated. NE tumors from both the TRAMP control and Foxa2-deficient TRAMP prostate express Synaptophysin and SV40 Large T-antigen, and both show a loss of androgen receptor expression in NE cells. These studies suggest that the TRAMP NE tumors can form in the absence of Foxa2 by an up regulation of Mash1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Gupta
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tom Case
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Manik Paul
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael M. Shen
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Klaus H. Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J. Matusik
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Correspondence to: Robert J. Matusik, Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.
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14
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Duan Z, Zou JX, Yang P, Wang Y, Borowsky AD, Gao AC, Chen HW. Developmental and androgenic regulation of chromatin regulators EZH2 and ANCCA/ATAD2 in the prostate Via MLL histone methylase complex. Prostate 2013; 73:455-66. [PMID: 23038103 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromatin regulators ANCCA and EZH2 are overexpressed in prostate cancer and play crucial roles in androgen-stimulated and castration-refractory prostate tumor growth and survival. However, how their expression is regulated in the tumors and whether they play a role in prostate development remains unclear. METHODS Prostate tissue from different developmental stages of mouse and human were examined by IHC, qRT-PCR and Western for expression of ANCCA, EZH2, and Ki-67. Animals were castrated and T-implanted for the expression response in normal prostate and tumors. siRNA knockdown and ChIP were performed for the mechanism of ANCCA regulation of EZH2. RESULTS In contrast to their very low level expression in adult prostate, ANCCA and EZH2 are strongly expressed in the epithelium and mesenchyme of mouse and human UGS. Their expression becomes more restricted to epithelial cells during later development and displays a second peak during puberty, which correlates with the proliferative status of the epithelium. Importantly, their expression in normal prostate and tumors is strongly suppressed by castration and markedly induced by testosterone replacement. While androgen suppresses EZH2 in CRPC cells, in LNCaP cells, physiological concentrations of androgen stimulate expression of PRC2 genes (EZH2, SUZ12, and EED), which is mediated by androgen-induced ANCCA and involves E2F and histone H3K4me3 methylase MLL1 complex. CONCLUSION EZH2 and ANCCA are androgen regulated and strongly expressed in early prostate morphogenesis and during puberty, suggesting their important role in prostate development. Regulation of EZH2 by ANCCA emphasizes bromodomain protein ANCCA as a potential therapeutic target against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Duan
- Cancer Center/Basic Sciences, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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15
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Usovich AK, Tolstaia SD, Krasnobaev VA, Pet'ko IA. [Structural organization of microvascular complexes of muscular fascicles and prostatic glands in human during ontogenesis]. Urologiia 2013:52-55. [PMID: 23789364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The article presents the results of evaluation of features of the structural organization of microvascular complexes of muscular fascicles and glands in the prostate of men of different ages. Autopsy material of 103 human prostate was used for examination. The data on the structural transformation of glands, muscle cells and connective tissue components in human prostate suggests that at different age periods the growth and differentiation of various structures occur unevenly, constantly changing relationships between components of organ and parts of its circulatory bed. Circulatory bed of prostate is developed and transformed according to the needs of structures perfused. Age involution processes in the prostate and circulatory bed develop irrespective of man's age and are individual in nature. The general trend of involutional changes of prostate histology suggests that the involution begins within paravasal zones. It seems that the reason is increase the hydrodynamic pressure on the venous bed of prostate.
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16
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Keil KP, Mehta V, Abler LL, Joshi PS, Schmitz CT, Vezina CM. Visualization and quantification of mouse prostate development by in situ hybridization. Differentiation 2012; 84:232-9. [PMID: 22898663 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to validate a combined in situ hybridization (ISH)/immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining method for visualizing and quantifying mouse prostatic buds. To refine animal usage in prostate development studies, we also determined whether a comparable number of prostatic buds were formed in male and female mouse urogenital sinus (UGS) explants grown in vitro in the presence of androgen. We used IHC to label UGS epithelium and ISH to label prostatic buds with one of three different prostatic bud marking riboprobes: a previously identified prostatic bud marker, NK-3 transcription factor, locus 1 (Nkx3-1), and two newly identified prostatic bud markers, wingless-related MMTV integration site 10b (Wnt10b) and ectodysplasin-A receptor (Edar). We calculated total buds formed per UGS and the proportion marked by each mRNA after male UGS development in vivo and male and female UGS development in vitro. Nkx3-1 was first to mark the prostate field during UGS development in vivo but all three mRNAs marked prostatic buds during later developmental stages. The mRNAs localized to different domains: Nkx3-1 was present along about half the prostatic bud length while Edar and Wnt10b were restricted to distal bud tips. None of the mRNAs marked all buds formed in vitro and the proportion marked was developmental stage- and gender-dependent. Nkx3-1 marked the highest proportion of prostatic buds during in vitro UGS development. Together, our results reveal that ISH staining of mouse UGS can be used to quantify prostatic bud number, Nkx3-1 is currently the best suited riboprobe for this method, and female UGSs cannot be used interchangeably with male UGSs when conducting prostate development studies in vitro. We also found that Nkx3-1, Edar, and Wnt10b mark different prostatic bud regions and are likely to be useful in future studies of regional differences in prostatic bud gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Keil
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1656 Linden Dr. Madison, WI 53706, USA
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17
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Henke A, Grace OC, Ashley GR, Stewart GD, Riddick ACP, Yeun H, O’Donnell M, Anderson RA, Thomson AA. Stromal expression of decorin, Semaphorin6D, SPARC, Sprouty1 and Tsukushi in developing prostate and decreased levels of decorin in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42516. [PMID: 22880013 PMCID: PMC3411755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim During prostate development, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions regulate organ growth and differentiation. In adult prostate, stromal-epithelial interactions are important for tissue homeostasis and also play a significant role in prostate cancer. In this study we have identified molecules that show a mesenchymal expression pattern in the developing prostate, and one of these showed reduced expression in prostate cancer stroma. Methodology and Principal Findings Five candidate molecules identified by transcript profiling of developmental prostate mesenchyme were selected using a wholemount in situ hybridisation screen and studied Decorin (Dcn), Semaphorin6D (Sema6D), SPARC/Osteonectin (SPARC), Sprouty1 (Spry-1) and Tsukushi (Tsku). Expression in rat tissues was evaluated using wholemount in situ hybridisation (postnatal day (P) 0.5) and immunohistochemistry (embryonic day (E) E17.5, E19.5; P0.5; P6; 28 & adult). Four candidates (Decorin, SPARC, Spry-1, Tsukushi) were immunolocalised in human foetal prostate (weeks 14, 16, 19) and expression of Decorin was evaluated on a human prostate cancer tissue microarray. In embryonic and perinatal rats Decorin, Semaphorin6D, SPARC, Spry-1 and Tsukushi were expressed with varying distribution patterns throughout the mesenchyme at E17.5, E19.5, P0.5 and P6.5. In P28 and adult prostates there was either a decrease in the expression (Semaphorin6D) or a switch to epithelial expression of SPARC, and Spry-1, whereas Decorin and Tsukushi were specific to mesenchyme/stroma at all ages. Expression of Decorin, SPARC, Spry-1 and Tsukushi in human foetal prostates paralleled that in rat. Decorin showed mesenchymal and stromal-specific expression at all ages and was further examined in prostate cancer, where stromal expression was significantly reduced compared with non-malignant prostate. Conclusion and Significance We describe the spatio-temporal expression of Decorin, Semaphorin6D, SPARC, Spry-1 and Tsukushi in developing prostate and observed similar mesenchymal expression patterns in rat and human. Additionally, Decorin showed reduced expression in prostate cancer stroma compared to non-malignant prostate stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Henke
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AH); (AAT)
| | - O. Cathal Grace
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - George R. Ashley
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Grant D. Stewart
- Edinburgh Urological Cancer Group, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Antony C. P. Riddick
- Edinburgh Urological Cancer Group, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Yeun
- Edinburgh Urological Cancer Group, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marie O’Donnell
- Edinburgh Urological Cancer Group, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Axel A. Thomson
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AH); (AAT)
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18
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Yu S, Yeh CR, Niu Y, Chang HC, Tsai YC, Moses HL, Shyr CR, Chang C, Yeh S. Altered prostate epithelial development in mice lacking the androgen receptor in stromal fibroblasts. Prostate 2012; 72:437-49. [PMID: 21739465 PMCID: PMC4402036 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play important roles in the development of male urogenital organs. We previously found that mice with total AR knockout (ARKO) and epithelial ARKO failed to develop normal prostate with loss of differentiation. We have recently knocked out AR gene in smooth muscle cells and found the reduced luminal infolding and IGF-1 production in the mouse prostate. However, AR roles of stromal fibroblasts in prostate development remain unclear. METHODS To further probe the stromal fibroblast AR roles in prostate development, we generated tissue-selective knockout mice with the AR gene deleted in stromal fibroblasts (FSP-ARKO). We also used primary culture stromal cells to confirm the in vivo data and investigate mechanisms related to prostate development. RESULTS The results showed cellular alterations in the FSP-ARKO mouse prostate with decreased epithelial proliferation, increased apoptosis, and decreased collagen composition. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that FSP-ARKO mice have defects in the expression of prostate stromal growth factors. To further confirm these in vivo findings, we prepared primary cultured mouse prostate stromal cells and found knocking down the stromal AR could result in growth retardation of prostate stromal cells and co-cultured prostate epithelial cells, as well as decrease of some stromal growth factors. CONCLUSIONS Our FSP-ARKO mice not only provide the first in vivo evidence in Cre-loxP knockout system for the requirement of stromal fibroblast AR to maintain the normal development of the prostate, but may also suggest the selective knockdown of stromal AR might become a potential therapeutic approach to battle prostate hyperplasia and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Yu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Chiuan-Ren Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The 2 nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Chiang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Departments of Urology and Oncology, National Taiwan University/Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Tsai
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The 2 nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Harold L Moses
- Department of Cancer Biology and Urology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chih-Rong Shyr
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Correspondence to: Chawnshang Chang and Shuyuan Yeh, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642. ,
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Correspondence to: Chawnshang Chang and Shuyuan Yeh, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642. ,
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19
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Koochekpour S, Hu S, Vellasco-Gonzalez C, Bernardo R, Azabdaftari G, Zhu G, Zhau HE, Chung LWK, Vessella RL. Serum prosaposin levels are increased in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 2012; 72:253-69. [PMID: 21630292 PMCID: PMC3406735 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously cloned prosaposin (PSAP) from metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPCa) cells and demonstrated its genomic amplification and/or overexpression in metastatic PCa cell lines, xenografts, and lymph node metastases. The clinicohistopathological significance of serum PSAP levels and its tissue expression and association with predictive or prognostic variable in primary or advanced PCa are not known. METHODS We examined PSAP expression by immunohistochemical staining during early embryogenic development of the prostate and within a large tissue microarray which included 266 benign and malignant prostate tissues. In addition, serum PSAP levels in the age-adjusted normal male population and in 154 normal individuals and patients with primary or mCRPCa were measured by an ELISA assay. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed a significant and inverse association between PSAP expression and clinical stages II and III tumors, dominant Gleason patterns 3 and 4, and seminal vesicle invasion. In the normal male population, the lowest serum PSAP level was detected before puberty, peaked at the most reproductive age group (20- to 39-year old), and then, decreased to a range between the two groups for men above 40-year old. Regardless of age and when compared with normal individuals, serum PSAP levels significantly decreased in primary organ-confined PCa, but increased in those with mCRPCa. CONCLUSION Our results show that PSAP has the potential to differentiate between primary and advanced PCa. Additional large-scale studies are needed to define the usefulness of tissue expression or serum PSAP levels as a diagnostic or prognostic marker or as a therapeutic target in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Urology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function of Pax2 results in severe defects of the male reproductive system, and Pax2 expression is detected in mouse prostate lobes and human prostatic cancers. However, the role for Pax2 in prostate development remains poorly understood. METHODS The expression of Pax2 was examined by in situ hybridization at various developmental stages. Urogenital sinuses were dissected out at E18.5 from mouse Pax2 mutants and controls, cultured in vitro or grafted under the renal capsule of CD1 nude mice. The expression of prostate developmental regulatory factors was analyzed by semi-quantitative real-time PCR or immuohistochemistry. RESULTS Pax2 is expressed in the epithelial cells of prostate buds. Loss-of-function of Pax2 does not affect the initiation of prostatic buds, but in vitro culture assays show that the prostates of Pax2 mutants are hypomorphic and branching is severely disrupted compared to controls. RT-PCR data from Pax2 mutant prostates demonstrate increased expression levels of dorsolateral prostate marker MSMB and ventral prostate marker SBP and dramatically reduced expression levels of anterior prostate marker TGM4. CONCLUSIONS Pax2 is essential for mouse prostate development and regulates prostatic ductal growth, branching, and lobe-specific identity. These findings are important for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms in prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics
| | - Arun Hariharan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics
| | - Sabita Rakshit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics
| | - Gregory R. Dressler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Deneen M. Wellik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
- Corresponding Author: Deneen M. Wellik, , University of Michigan Medical Center, 109 Zina Pitcher, 2053 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, Phone: 734-936-8902, FAX: 734-763-2162
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21
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Abstract
Androgens are involved in every aspect of prostate development, growth, and function from early in male embryogenesis to prostatic hyperplasia in aging men and dogs. Likewise, androgen deprivation at any phase of life causes a decrease in prostate cell number and DNA content. The process by which the circulating androgen testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone in the tissue and dihydrotestosterone in turn gains access to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression, largely via interaction with a receptor protein, is understood, but the downstream control mechanisms by which hormonal signals are translated into differentiation, growth, and function are being unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean D Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8857, USA.
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22
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Cunha GR, Ricke WA. A historical perspective on the role of stroma in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:168-72. [PMID: 21723032 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the concept that the neo-formation of ductal-acinar architecture in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is due to the reactivation of embryonic inductive activity by BPH stroma, an idea enunciated by John McNeal. The concept is the synthesis of McNeal's astute pathological inference based upon developmental biology and supported by the mesenchymal-epithelial interaction studies. In a broader context, McNeal's concept of framing epithelial pathogenesis in terms of developmental biological principals has been extended more recently into the field of carcinogenesis under the umbrella of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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23
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Zhou JC, Zhu GD, Wu KJ, Zeng J, Zhang D, Xue Y, Chen YL, Wang XY, He DL. [Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and human fetal prostate development]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2011; 17:146-150. [PMID: 21404713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role and significance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its transcriptional regulator Twist1 in the development of the human fetal prostate. METHODS Twenty-five human fetal prostate specimens at various developmental stages (16-39 weeks) were included in this study. EMT markers, such as E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin and Vimentin, and EMT transcriptional regulator Twist1 were determined by immunohistochemistry, and their relationship with the development of the human fetal prostate was analyzed. RESULTS E-Cadherin was expressed in the fetal prostate epithelium only, while Vimentin, N-Cadherin and Twist1 in both the epithelium and the stroma. The expression of E-Cadherin gradually increased, but those of Vimentin, N-Cadherin and Twist1 gradually decreased with the gestation stages. No significant changes were observed in the staining patterns of Vimentin, N-Cadherin and Twist1 in the stroma during the whole developmental process. CONCLUSION EMT is involved in the development of the human fetal prostate, which may promote epithelial cell motility to form prostatic bud tubules in early gestation stages and boost the differentiation of prostate epithelia in later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-cheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital ofXi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Blum R, Gupta R, Burger PE, Ontiveros CS, Salm SN, Xiong X, Kamb A, Wesche H, Marshall L, Cutler G, Wang X, Zavadil J, Moscatelli D, Wilson EL. Molecular signatures of the primitive prostate stem cell niche reveal novel mesenchymal-epithelial signaling pathways. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20941365 PMCID: PMC2948007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Signals between stem cells and stroma are important in establishing the stem cell niche. However, very little is known about the regulation of any mammalian stem cell niche as pure isolates of stem cells and their adjacent mesenchyme are not readily available. The prostate offers a unique model to study signals between stem cells and their adjacent stroma as in the embryonic prostate stem cell niche, the urogenital sinus mesenchyme is easily separated from the epithelial stem cells. Here we investigate the distinctive molecular signals of these two stem cell compartments in a mammalian system. Methodology/Principal Findings We isolated fetal murine urogenital sinus epithelium and urogenital sinus mesenchyme and determined their differentially expressed genes. To distinguish transcripts that are shared by other developing epithelial/mesenchymal compartments from those that pertain to the prostate stem cell niche, we also determined the global gene expression of epidermis and dermis of the same embryos. Our analysis indicates that several of the key transcriptional components that are predicted to be active in the embryonic prostate stem cell niche regulate processes such as self-renewal (e.g., E2f and Ap2), lipid metabolism (e.g., Srebp1) and cell migration (e.g., Areb6 and Rreb1). Several of the enriched promoter binding motifs are shared between the prostate epithelial/mesenchymal compartments and their epidermis/dermis counterparts, indicating their likely relevance in epithelial/mesenchymal signaling in primitive cellular compartments. Based on differential gene expression we also defined ligand-receptor interactions that may be part of the molecular interplay of the embryonic prostate stem cell niche. Conclusions/Significance We provide a comprehensive description of the transcriptional program of the major regulators that are likely to control the cellular interactions in the embryonic prostatic stem cell niche, many of which may be common to mammalian niches in general. This study provides a comprehensive source for further studies of mesenchymal/epithelial interactions in the prostate stem cell niche. The elucidation of pathways in the normal primitive niche may provide greater insight into mechanisms subverted during abnormal proliferative and oncogenic processes. Understanding these events may result in the development of specific targeted therapies for prostatic diseases such as benign prostatic hypertrophy and carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Blum
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia E. Burger
- Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher S. Ontiveros
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah N. Salm
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College/City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhong Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander Kamb
- Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Holger Wesche
- Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Marshall
- Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gene Cutler
- Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Moscatelli
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - E. Lynette Wilson
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Knox S, Lombaert I, Reed X, Vitale-Cross L, Gutkind J, Hoffman M. Parasympathetic innervation maintains epithelial progenitor cells during salivary organogenesis. Science 2010; 329:1645-7. [PMID: 20929848 PMCID: PMC3376907 DOI: 10.1126/science.1192046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of a progenitor cell population as a reservoir of undifferentiated cells is required for organ development and regeneration. However, the mechanisms by which epithelial progenitor cells are maintained during organogenesis are poorly understood. We report that removal of the parasympathetic ganglion in mouse explant organ culture decreased the number and morphogenesis of keratin 5-positive epithelial progenitor cells. These effects were rescued with an acetylcholine analog. We demonstrate that acetylcholine signaling, via the muscarinic M1 receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor, increased epithelial morphogenesis and proliferation of the keratin 5-positive progenitor cells. Parasympathetic innervation maintained the epithelial progenitor cell population in an undifferentiated state, which was required for organogenesis. This mechanism for epithelial progenitor cell maintenance may be targeted for organ repair or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - X. Reed
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Unit, LCDB
| | - L Vitale-Cross
- OPCB, NIDCR, NIH, 30 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J.S. Gutkind
- OPCB, NIDCR, NIH, 30 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Gao S, Wu H, Wang F, Wang Z. Altered differentiation and proliferation of prostate epithelium in mice lacking the androgen receptor cofactor p44/WDR77. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3941-53. [PMID: 20519372 PMCID: PMC2940529 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been observed that various cofactors modulate activity of the androgen receptor (AR), the specific relationship between AR cofactors and prostate development and functions has not been well studied. To determine whether AR cofactor p44/WDR77 is important in prostate growth and development, we examined prostate architecture in p44/WDR77-null mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. Prostate glands from p44/WDR77-deficient animals were not only smaller than those from WT mice but also had fewer branches and terminal duct tips and were deficient in production of secretory proteins. The p44/WDR77-null prostate tissue was less differentiated and hyperproliferative relative to WT littermates. In addition, the altered expression of androgen-regulated genes was observed in the p44/WDR77-null prostate. Thus, these results suggest that the AR cofactor p44/WDR77 plays important roles in prostate growth and differentiation by modulating AR-target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Gao
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA
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27
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Ashley GR, Grace OC, Vanpoucke G, Thomson AA. Identification of EphrinB1 expression in prostatic mesenchyme and a role for EphB-EphrinB signalling in prostate development. Differentiation 2010; 80:89-98. [PMID: 20633976 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paracrine signalling from mesenchyme to epithelium plays a key role in regulating prostate organogenesis and it is important to identify the mesenchymally expressed molecules that regulate organ growth, though currently few such molecules are known. Tyrosine kinase signalling via EphB receptors has been characterised in many developmental processes, and EphB3 mRNA expression was detected in prostate inductive mesenchyme in previous gene profiling studies. This led us to examine the expression and function of EphrinB signalling in prostate development, to determine if EphrinB ligands might function as mesenchymal paracrine regulators of prostate growth. Using PCR, wholemount in situ hybridisation, and immunohistochemistry we examined the expression of EphB receptors and EphrinB ligands in rat prostate during development to determine which showed mesenchymal expression. EphB3 and EphrinB1 transcripts and proteins were expressed in the mesenchyme of developing prostate and in female urogenital mesenchyme and smooth muscle. The function of EphrinB signalling was examined using in vitro organ culture assays of ventral prostate (VP), which were treated with EphB3-Fc and EphrinB1-Fc proteins to inhibit or augment Ephrin signalling. Addition of recombinant EphB3-Fc resulted in a significant decrease in VP organ size, while recombinant EphrinB1-Fc resulted in a significant increase in VP organ size and epithelial proliferation. Additionally, EphrinB1-Fc reduced the degree of epithelial branching in VP organs and increased ductal tip size, though without disrupting normal differentiation. We have identified expression of EphrinB1 in prostatic mesenchyme and suggest that the EphrinB signalling system acts as a regulator of prostate growth. EphrinB-EphB signalling may function as an autocrine regulator of mesenchyme and/or as a paracrine regulator of epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Ashley
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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28
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Buresh RA, Kuslak SL, Rusch MA, Vezina CM, Selleck SB, Marker PC. Sulfatase 1 is an inhibitor of ductal morphogenesis with sexually dimorphic expression in the urogenital sinus. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3420-31. [PMID: 20410206 PMCID: PMC2903932 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland develops from the urogenital sinus in response to circulating androgens. Androgens initiate and stimulate branching morphogenesis in the urogenital sinus via unknown mediators. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are important extracellular molecules that sequester many growth factors in the extracellular matrix and facilitate signaling by some growth factors as part of ternary complexes that include growth factors, receptors, and heparan sulfate chains. Several enzymes modify the chemical structure of heparan sulfate to further regulate its activity. An examination of these enzymes for sexually dimorphic expression in the urogenital sinus identified Sulfatase 1 (Sulf1) as an enzyme that was down-regulated in the male urogenital sinus coincident with the initiation of prostatic morphogenesis. Down-regulation of Sulf1 was accompanied by an increase in the most highly sulfated forms of heparan sulfate, and a similar increase was observed in female urogenital sinuses treated with testosterone. Inhibiting de novo sulfation of heparan sulfate blocked prostatic morphogenesis, supporting the importance of heparan sulfate modification for prostate development. To functionally test the specific role of Sulf1 during prostate development, Sulf1 was ectopically expressed in the urogenital sinus. It partially inhibited testosterone-stimulated ductal morphogenesis, and it reduced the activation of fibroblast growth factor receptors as well as the ERK1 and ERK2 MAPKs. These data identify sulfatase 1 as an inhibitor of prostatic branching morphogenesis and growth factor signaling that is down-regulated as part of the normal response to androgen action in the male urogenital sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Buresh
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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29
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Cowin PA, Gold E, Aleksova J, O'Bryan MK, Foster PMD, Scott HS, Risbridger GP. Vinclozolin exposure in utero induces postpubertal prostatitis and reduces sperm production via a reversible hormone-regulated mechanism. Endocrinology 2010; 151:783-92. [PMID: 20056826 PMCID: PMC2817613 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vinclozolin is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that binds with high affinity to the androgen receptor (AR) and blocks the action of gonadal hormones on male reproductive organs. An alternative mechanism of action of Vinclozolin involves transgenerational effects on the male reproductive tract. We previously reported in utero Vinclozolin exposure-induced prostatitis (prostate inflammation) in postpubertal rats concurrent with down-regulation of AR and increased nuclear factor-kappaB activation. We postulated the male reproductive abnormalities induced by in utero Vinclozolin exposure could be reversed by testosterone supplementation, in contrast to the permanent modifications involving DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) described by others. To test this hypothesis, we administered high-dose testosterone at puberty to Vinclozolin-treated rats and determined the effect on anogenital distance (AGD); testicular germ cell apoptosis, concentration of elongated spermatids, and the onset of prostatitis. Concurrently we examined Dnmt1, -3A, -3B, and -3L mRNA expression. Consistent with previous reports, in utero exposure to Vinclozolin significantly reduced AGD, increased testicular germ cell apoptosis 3-fold, reduced elongated spermatid number by 40%, and induced postpubertal prostatitis in 100% of exposed males. Administration of high-dose testosterone (25 mg/kg) at puberty normalized AGD, reduced germ cell apoptosis, and restored elongated spermatid number. Testosterone restored AR and nuclear factor-kappaB expression in the prostate and abolished Vinclozolin-induced prostatitis. Altered Dnmt expression was evident with in utero Vinclozolin exposure and was not normalized after testosterone treatment. These data demonstrate in utero Vinclozolin-induced male reproductive tract abnormalities are AR mediated and reversible and involve a mechanism independent of Dnmt expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prue A Cowin
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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30
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Griend DJV, Konishi Y, De Marzo AM, Isaacs JT, Meeker AK. Dual-label centromere and telomere FISH identifies human, rat, and mouse cell contribution to Multispecies recombinant urogenital sinus xenografts. Prostate 2009; 69:1557-64. [PMID: 19562732 PMCID: PMC4086486 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant xenografts of human cells growing in immunocompromised rodents are widely used for studying stem cell biology, tumor biology, and epithelial to mesenchyme transitions. Of critical importance is the correct interpretation of the cellular composition of such xenografts. METHODS Here we present a rapid and robust method employing protein nucleic acid (PNA) FISH probes to dual-label centromeres and telomeres (Cen/Tel FISH). Such labeling allows unambiguous discrimination between human, mouse, and rat cells in paraffin-embedded tissue sections, providing significant advantages over current methods used to discern human versus rodent cell types. RESULTS Using an in vivo prostatic developmental system where rat embryonic urogenital sinus mesenchyme is recombined with human prostate epithelial organoids and grown in an immunocompromised mouse, Cen/Tel FISH documents that all three species contribute to the development of glandular structures. CONCLUSIONS The method is an indispensable tool to analyze xenograft/host interactions and prevent misinterpretation of data using tissue recombination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Vander Griend
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- The Brady Urological Institute,The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuko Konishi
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- The Brady Urological Institute,The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T. Isaacs
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- The Brady Urological Institute,The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan K. Meeker
- The Brady Urological Institute,The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Alan K. Meeker, PhD, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1650 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21231.
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Gomes LG, Mendonça BB, Bachega TASS. [Prostate Development in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: effect of androgens intra-uterus or inappropriate postnatal hormonal control? ]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2009; 53:695-697. [PMID: 19893910 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Vezina CM, Allgeier SH, Moore RW, Lin TM, Bemis JC, Hardin HA, Gasiewicz TA, Peterson RE. Dioxin causes ventral prostate agenesis by disrupting dorsoventral patterning in developing mouse prostate. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106:488-96. [PMID: 18779384 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate ductal development is initiated by androgen-dependent signals in fetal urogenital sinus (UGS) mesenchyme that stimulate prostatic bud formation in UGS epithelium. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 5 microg/kg maternal dose) inhibited ventral and dorsolateral but not anterior prostatic budding. We sought to determine which stage of budding, specification or initiation, was inhibited. Ventral prostatic bud formation was maximally inhibited when TCDD exposure spanned E15.5-16.5 and dorsolateral prostatic bud formation when it spanned E14.5-15.5. Because ventral and dorsolateral buds are specified at these times, TCDD impaired bud specification. We hypothesized that TCDD inhibited ventral bud specification by forming a continuous smooth muscle barrier between UGS mesenchyme and epithelium in the ventral prostatic UGS region, blocking mesenchymal-epithelial signaling, but no such barrier was found. We hypothesized that increased aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling in ventral and dorsolateral UGS increased their sensitivity to TCDD, but levels of AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) protein, Ahr mRNA, and AHR-dependent gene expression were not higher than in anterior UGS where budding was unaffected. However, we identified overlapping expression of Ahr, ARNT, and AHR-induced transcripts in the periprostatic mesenchyme which intimately contacts UGS epithelium where buds are specified. This was considered the putative TCDD site of action in the UGS for inhibition of ventral and dorsolateral prostatic bud specification. Thus, hyperactivation of AHR signaling appears to disrupt dorsoventral patterning of the UGS, reprogramming where prostatic buds are specified, and prostate lobes are formed. Disrupted axial patterning provides a new paradigm for understanding how in utero TCDD exposure causes ventral prostate agenesis and may shed light on how TCDD impairs development of other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Vezina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Allgeier SH, Lin TM, Vezina CM, Moore RW, Fritz WA, Chiu SY, Zhang C, Peterson RE. WNT5A selectively inhibits mouse ventral prostate development. Dev Biol 2008; 324:10-7. [PMID: 18804104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of prostatic budding patterns occurs early in prostate development but mechanisms responsible for this event are poorly understood. We investigated the role of WNT5A in patterning prostatic buds as they emerge from the fetal mouse urogenital sinus (UGS). Wnt5a mRNA was expressed in UGS mesenchyme during budding and was focally up-regulated as buds emerged from the anterior, dorsolateral, and ventral UGS regions. We observed abnormal UGS morphology and prostatic bud patterns in Wnt5a null male fetuses, demonstrated that prostatic bud number was decreased by recombinant mouse WNT5A protein during wild type UGS morphogenesis in vitro, and showed that ventral prostate development was selectively impaired when these WNT5A-treated UGSs were grafted under under kidney capsules of immunodeficient mice and grown for 28 d. Moreover, a WNT5A inhibitory antibody, added to UGS organ culture media, rescued prostatic budding from inhibition by a ventral prostatic bud inhibitor, 2,3,8,7-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and restored ventral prostate morphogenesis when these tissues were grafted under immunodeficient mouse kidney capsules and grown for 28 d. These results suggest that WNT5A participates in prostatic bud patterning by restricting mouse ventral prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hicks Allgeier
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Bhattacharjee M, Pritchard C, Nelson P. A Bayesian framework for data and hypotheses driven fusion of high throughput data: application to mouse organogenesis. Pac Symp Biocomput 2008:178-189. [PMID: 18229685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present a framework for integrating diverse data sets under a coherent probabilistic setup. The necessity of a probabilistic modeling arises from the fact that data integration does not restrict to compiling information from data bases with data that are typically thought to be non-random. Currently wide range of experimental data is also available however rarely these data sets can be summarized in simple output data, e.g. in categorical form. Moreover it may not even be appropriate to do so. The proposed setup allows modeling not only the observed data and parameters of interest but most importantly to incorporate prior knowledge. Additionally the setup easily extends to facilitate more popular data-driven analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuchhanda Bhattacharjee
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9SS, UK
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Trompetter M, Smedts F, van der Wijk J, Schoots C, de Jong HJ, Hopman A, de la Rosette J. Keratin profiling in the developing human prostate. A different approach to understanding epithelial lineage. Anticancer Res 2008; 28:237-243. [PMID: 18383851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratin profiling studies in the developing human prostate have characterized cells thought to be stem cells and so-called intermediate cells. In a series of human prostates of various gestational ages, we extended on these studies using a comprehensive panel of keratin antibodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Autoptic tissue from 19 fetal prostates, gestational ages between 16 and 40 weeks, were immunostained with a panel of keratin antibodies: these recognize the luminal type keratins 7, 8, 18, 19, 20 and the basal/squamous type keratins 5, 6, 13, 14, 17. RESULTS Keratin8 and vimentin were important constituents of the cytoskeleton of budding tips in early gestational age fetuses. Very early in gestation, additional expression of keratins 5 and 13 was noted and, with time, increasing expression of keratins 7, 18 and 19, and also incidentally keratins 14 and 17. With differentiation into basal cell and luminal cell compartments and the formation of prostate acini, the keratin complement of basal and luminal cells became more pronounced, but only partial compartmentalization of keratin expression occurred. CONCLUSION We suggest that prostate stem cells may contain only keratin8 and not 5 or 14. The acquisition of other keratins could be indicative of the function the cells will eventually acquire.
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Uchida K, Kanai M, Yonemura S, Ishii K, Hirokawa Y, Sugimura Y. Proprotein convertases modulate budding and branching morphogenesis of rat ventral prostate. Int J Dev Biol 2007; 51:229-33. [PMID: 17486543 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.062139ku] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The onset of prostate morphogenesis is involved in the interaction between mesenchyme and epithelium. Proprotein convertases (PCs) activate a variety of growth and differentiation factors including mesenchymal and epithelial factors, such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which induce ductal budding and branching. In this study, we provide evidence that PCs play a critical role in prostatic budding from the urogenital sinus (UGS) and ductal branching morphogenesis of the neonatal rat ventral prostate. PCs were expressed only in the epithelial cells of neonatal rat prostate. PC activity in the ventral prostate was modulated by endogenous androgen. PC inhibition suppressed prostatic budding and branching. Taken together, our data indicates that androgen-induced PCs initiate the development of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Uchida
- Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Division of Reparative and Regenerative Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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Lunacek A, Schwentner C, Oswald J, Fritsch H, Sergi C, Thomas LN, Rittmaster RS, Klocker H, Neuwirt H, Bartsch G, Radmayr C. Fetal distribution of 5alpha-reductase 1 and 5alpha-reductase 2, and their input on human prostate development. J Urol 2007; 178:716-21. [PMID: 17574609 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human prostate development starts in the tenth week of gestation. Initial interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyma are stimulated by androgens. The transformation of circulating testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone by tissue linked 5alpha-reductase is a key event in androgen metabolism. The 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone mediates androgen effects in the urogenital sinus and external genitalia, leading to the formation of a male phenotype and androgen mediated prostate growth. Supposedly 5alpha-reductase 2 is the predominant isoenzyme in human accessory sex tissue, whereas the function of 5alpha-reductase 1 remains unclear. We focused on the detection, distribution and effects of the 2 isoenzymes during gestation and infancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serial sections from fetuses and infants were immunostained using antibodies directed against 5alpha-reductase 1 and 2. Additionally, to detect the downstream products of androgen synthesis reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses were done for 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 2, 3 and 7. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining for each isoenzyme throughout fetal development. Moreover, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for 5alpha-reductase 1 and 2 confirmed these findings on the transcription level. Additionally, the most relevant enzymatic downstream products of cellular androgen synthesis (17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, 3 and 7) were also detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this is the first study revealing the expression and distribution of each 5alpha-reductase isoenzyme as well as the potential contribution of 5alpha-reductase 1 during fetal human prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lunacek
- Department of Urology, Hanuschkrankenhaus, Vienna, Austria
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Favorito LA, Albuquerque LFP, Sampaio FJB, Costa WS. Disposition of the striated urethral sphincter and its relation to the prostate in human fetuses. Int Braz J Urol 2007; 33:414-20. [PMID: 17626660 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382007000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the arrangement of the muscle fibers of the striated urethral sphincter and its relationship with the prostate during the fetal period in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 17 prostates from well preserved fresh human fetuses ranging in age from 10 to 31 weeks postconception (WPC). Transversal sections were obtained and stained with Gomori's trichrome and immunolabeled with anti alpha-actin antibody. RESULTS We found that the urethral striated sphincter (rabdosphincter) is located on the periphery of the smooth muscle and there was no merge between striated and smooth muscle fibers in any fetal period. In the prostate apex, the striated sphincter shows a circular arrangement and covers completely the urethra externally, whereas adjacent to verumontanum, it looks like a "horseshoe" and covers only the anterior and lateral surfaces of the urethra. Near the bladder neck, in fetuses younger than 20 WPC, we have found striated muscle fibers only at the anterior surface of the prostate, while in fetuses older than 20 WPC, the striated muscle covers the anterior and lateral surfaces of the prostate. CONCLUSIONS The urethral sphincter muscle covers the anterior and lateral surfaces of the urethra in all fetuses older than 20 WPC, close to the bladder neck and at the distal prostate. In the region of the prostate apex, the urethral sphincter covers completely the urethra circularly. The knowledge of the normal anatomy of the urethral sphincter in fetuses could be important to understand its alterations in congenital anomalies involving the base of the bladder, the bladder neck and the proximal urethra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A Favorito
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Abstract
An intermediate population has been identified among prostate glands called transiently amplifying (TA) cells, which are characterized by coexpression of basal and luminal cytokeratins (CKs), high proliferation, and lack of p27 expression. These cells are rare in the normal adult prostate and increase in pretumoral conditions, but their importance in the developing gland remains unknown. We analyzed fetal prostates for the expression of CKs (5/6, 18, 19) and factors involved in proliferation and apoptosis: p63, Ki67, p27, epidermal growth factor (EGFR), Bcl2, androgen receptor (AR). Immunostaining was performed on a tissue microarray, including 40 prostates from fetuses aged 13-42 weeks and normal prostate tissue from 10 adults. In both solid buds and the basal compartment of canalized glands, cells expressed p63, CK5/6, CK19, CK18, BCL2, EGFR and were p27 negative. Luminal cells of fetal canalized glands continue to express CK19, EGFR, and BCL2, without p27 expression. In contrast, adult epithelial luminal cells showed diffuse AR and p27 expression, without CK19, BCL2, and EGFR staining. Proliferation was high and diffuse in fetal glands and rare and restricted to basal cells in adult glands. These results indicate that most fetal epithelial prostatic cells exhibit the phenotype of TA cells, suggesting their regulatory function in prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Letellier
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog signaling is thought to play an important role in rodent prostate organogenesis and morphogenesis. However, the role of this signaling pathway in human fetal prostate development has not been investigated. METHODS Twenty-five human fetal prostates at various developmental stages (10-39 weeks) were included. Fifteen specimens were processed for H&E and immunohistochemical staining of the Hedgehog signaling components: Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Desert Hedgehog (DHH), Patched-1(PTC1), Patched-2 (PTC2), Smoothened (SMO), GLI1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). SHH, DHH, and GLI1 expression was also analyzed in ten snap-frozen specimens by Western blot. RESULTS SHH, DHH, SMO, PTC1, GLI1, and PCNA expression, assessed by a semi-quantitative immunohistochemical method, was found mainly in the developing prostatic epithelial ducts, beginning at 10 weeks and peaking at 16 and 28 weeks with a dip occurring at 20 weeks, with the exception of PTC2. CONCLUSION Both SHH and DHH signaling components were detected during human fetal prostate development. Despite the high expression of PTC2 in the epithelium as well as the stroma in the early time of development, the expression of SHH, DHH, SMO, PTC1, and a SHH/DHH target transcription factor, GLI-1, were all largely restricted to epithelium in the developing prostate, suggesting that SHH/DHH signaling is primarily through an autocrine mechanism in human fetal prostate organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
Androgens are essential and sufficient for prostate gland morphogenesis; however, the downstream gene targets that mediate this action are unclear. To identify androgen-regulated genes involved in prostate development, we used short-term organ culture and examined the effect of testosterone on the expression of several critical prostate morphoregulatory genes. Rat ventral prostates (VP) and lateral prostates (LP) were collected at birth, and contralateral lobes were cultured for 18 h in the presence or absence of 10 nM testosterone with or without OH-flutamide to block residual androgens. Gene expression was quantitated using real-time RT-PCR. Although expression of Fgf10, Nkx3.1, and Ptc was increased in both prostate lobes, other genes were regulated by testosterone in a lobe-specific manner. This included up-regulation of epithelial genes FgfR2iiib, Shh, Hoxb13, and Bmp7 in the VP specifically and down-regulation of mesenchymal genes Wnt5a (VP) and Bmp4 (LP). Thus, in addition to stimulation of homeobox genes and paracrine-acting growth factors, androgens may positively regulate prostatic development through suppression of growth inhibitory genes. Because previous studies revealed a similar gene regulation pattern in response to exogenous Fgf10, experiments were performed to identify androgen-regulated genes mediated through Fgf10 signaling. Short-term VP and LP cultures with FgfR antagonist PD173074 and Mek inhibitor U0126 identified epithelial Shh and Hoxb13 up-regulation by androgens to be Fgf10-dependent. We propose that androgen regulation of prostate development is mediated through positive and negative regulation of multiple morphoregulatory genes acting in combination through complex gene networks. Lobe-specific responses may provide a developmental basis for prostate gland heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Pu
- Department of Urology, MC 955, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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42
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Abstract
PURPOSE Recent discoveries highlight the importance of the hedgehog signaling pathway in prostate growth regulation. We reviewed the role of hedgehog signaling in prostate development, adult prostate homeostasis and prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive review of all relevant literature was done. RESULTS Epithelial expression of hedgehog ligand during prostate development exerts autocrine and paracrine signaling activities that regulate growth and differentiation. Hedgehog signaling also occurs in the adult human prostate but to our knowledge the influence on epithelial proliferation and/or differentiation is unknown. Robust hedgehog signaling occurs frequently in prostate cancer, and autocrine and paracrine signaling have been shown to accelerate the growth of xenograft tumors. Autocrine signaling has been implicated in stimulating stem/progenitor cells and increased hedgehog pathway activity may be a characteristic of advanced, androgen independent cancer. The plant alkaloid cyclopamine is a specific chemical inhibitor of hedgehog signaling that produced sustained regression of established xenograft tumors. CONCLUSIONS Hedgehog signaling has an important role in prostate development and it appears to be a characteristic feature of prostate cancer. It stimulates tumor growth and may exert a specific role in the proliferation of tumor stem cells. The development of hedgehog inhibitors based on the action of cyclopamine holds promise for novel treatments to slow or arrest tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubie Shaw
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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Abstract
The urogenital sinus (UGS) is specified as prostate in mice around embryonic day 15.5 as indicated by expression of the transcription factor Nkx3.1. Shortly thereafter, growth of epithelial buds into the UGS mesenchyme initiates prostatic morphogenesis. A comparison of male and female UGSs in vivo demonstrated sexually dimorphic expression of branching morphogenesis regulatory genes coincident with epithelial budding including Bmp7, Gli1, Gli2, Fgf10, Ptch1, and Shh. A comparison of UGSs grown with or without testosterone in serum-free organ cultures showed that some, but not all sexually dimorphic differences observed during prostate bud induction, were effectively modeled in vitro. Organ cultures were then used to investigate the role of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling during prostatic induction. Blocking FGFR activation with PD173074 showed that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the UGS is dependent on FGFR signaling. Furthermore, inhibiting either FGFR activation with PD173074 or ERK1/2 activation with UO126 blocked all morphogenesis, proliferation, and gene expression changes induced by androgens in the UGS. These data reveal a previously unknown role for ERK1/2 during prostate bud induction. They also show that signaling by FGFRs through ERK1/2 is required for androgen-induced budding morphogenesis, proliferation, and gene expression during prostate bud induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Kuslak
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Yong W, Yang Z, Periyasamy S, Chen H, Yucel S, Li W, Lin LY, Wolf IM, Cohn MJ, Baskin LS, Sa Nchez ER, Shou W. Essential role for Co-chaperone Fkbp52 but not Fkbp51 in androgen receptor-mediated signaling and physiology. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:5026-5036. [PMID: 17142810 PMCID: PMC2577319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609360200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fkbp52 and Fkbp51 are tetratricopeptide repeat proteins found in steroid receptor complexes, and Fkbp51 is an androgen receptor (AR) target gene. Although in vitro studies suggest that Fkbp52 and Fkbp51 regulate hormone binding and/or subcellular trafficking of receptors, the roles of Fkbp52 and Fkbp51 in vivo have not been extensively investigated. Here, we evaluate their physiological roles in Fkbp52-deficient and Fkbp51-deficient mice. Fkbp52-deficient males developed defects in select reproductive organs (e.g. penile hypospadias and prostate dysgenesis but normal testis), pointing to a role for Fkbp52 in AR-mediated signaling and function. Surprisingly, ablation of Fkbp52 did not affect AR hormone binding or nuclear translocation in vivo and in vitro. Molecular studies in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells uncovered that Fkbp52 is critical to AR transcriptional activity. Interestingly, Fkbp51 expression was down-regulated in Fkbp52-deficient males but only in affected tissues, providing further evidence of tissue-specific loss of AR activity and suggesting that Fkbp51 is an AR target gene essential to penile and prostate development. However, Fkbp51-deficient mice were normal, showing no defects in AR-mediated reproductive function. Our work demonstrates that Fkbp52 but not Fkbp51 is essential to AR-mediated signaling and provides evidence for an unprecedented Fkbp52 function, direct control of steroid receptor transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Yong
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Zuocheng Yang
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pediatrics, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Sumudra Periyasamy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Hanying Chen
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Selcul Yucel
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143, and the
| | - Wei Li
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Leanne Y Lin
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Irene M Wolf
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Martin J Cohn
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143, and the
| | - Edwin R Sa Nchez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Weinian Shou
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.
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Lin Y, Liu G, Zhang Y, Hu YP, Yu K, Lin C, McKeehan K, Xuan JW, Ornitz DM, Shen MM, Greenberg N, McKeehan WL, Wang F. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 tyrosine kinase is required for prostatic morphogenesis and the acquisition of strict androgen dependency for adult tissue homeostasis. Development 2007; 134:723-34. [PMID: 17215304 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family consists of 22 members and regulates a broad spectrum of biological activities by activating diverse isotypes of FGF receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs). Among the FGFs, FGF7 and FGF10 have been implicated in the regulation of prostate development and prostate tissue homeostasis by signaling through the FGFR2 isoform. Using conditional gene ablation with the Cre-LoxP system in mice, we demonstrate a tissue-specific requirement for FGFR2 in urogenital epithelial cells--the precursors of prostatic epithelial cells--for prostatic branching morphogenesis and prostatic growth. Most Fgfr2 conditional null (Fgfr2(cn)) embryos developed only two dorsal prostatic (dp) and two lateral prostatic (lp) lobes. This contrasts to wild-type prostate, which has two anterior prostatic (ap), two dp, two lp and two ventral prostatic (vp) lobes. Unlike wild-type prostates, which are composed of well developed epithelial ductal networks, the Fgfr2(cn) prostates, despite retaining a compartmented tissue structure, exhibited a primitive epithelial architecture. Moreover, although Fgfr2(cn) prostates continued to produce secretory proteins in an androgen-dependent manner, they responded poorly to androgen with respect to tissue homeostasis. The results demonstrate that FGFR2 is important for prostate organogenesis and for the prostate to develop into a strictly androgen-dependent organ with respect to tissue homeostasis but not to the secretory function, implying that androgens may regulate tissue homeostasis and tissue function differently. Therefore, Fgfr2(cn) prostates provide a useful animal model for scrutinizing molecular mechanisms by which androgens regulate prostate growth, homeostasis and function, and may yield clues as to how advanced-tumor prostate cells escape strict androgen regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshun Lin
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030-3303, USA
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Lunacek A, Oswald J, Schwentner C, Schlenck B, Horninger W, Fritsch H, Longato S, Sergi C, Bartsch G, Radmayr C. Growth curves of the fetal prostate based on three-dimensional reconstructions: a correlation with gestational age and maternal testosterone levels. BJU Int 2007; 99:151-6. [PMID: 17034502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To create a nomogram of the fetal growth of the human prostate corresponding to gestational age, and to investigate the relationship between the expansive growth of the fetal prostate and the maternal testosterone surge during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In all, 27 fetal prostates at 11-40 weeks of gestation, and seven neonatal specimens at 1-20 weeks after birth, were analysed. Serial sections of prostates were immunostained and examined using light microscopy. After modular image acquisition the volumes were calculated using three-dimensional reconstruction. The prostate volumes were correlated with gestational age, and related to reference testosterone levels during pregnancy. RESULTS There was exponential growth of the fetal prostate with gestational age. The increasing volume of the prostate during the fetal period corresponded with maternal testosterone levels. In the second trimester there was a significant increase in prostate volume in relation to the bladder. In infants, macroscopically there was an inverse proportion between bladder size and prostate volume. CONCLUSIONS Starting from the second trimester there is distinct growth of the fetal prostate, obviously triggered by the maternal testosterone surge. In neonates there is an inversion of the dimensions between bladder and prostate. These results indicating exponential growth of the fetal prostate provide evidence of a gender-related transient infravesical obstruction in human fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lunacek
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
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Santamaría L, Ingelmo I, Alonso L, Pozuelo JM, Rodríguez R. Neuroendocrine cells and peptidergic innervation in human and rat prostate. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2007; 194:1-77. [PMID: 17595828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Santamaría
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain.
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Zhu GD, He DL, He H, Zhang LL, Wang XY, Zhau EH, Chung LWK. [Expression patterns of sonic hedgehog signaling molecules in human fetal prostate development]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2006; 12:896-9. [PMID: 17121018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway is involved in the development of human fetal prostate, and to evaluate the changing staining patterns of its molecules, sonic hedgehog (SHH), patchedl (PTC1), smoothened (SMO), and GLI1, in the human fetal prostate at various gestation stages. METHODS Fifteen human fetal prostate specimens at various developmental stages (10 - 39 weeks) were included in this study. SHH, PTC1, SMO and GLI1 were detected in all the specimens by immunohistochemical technique. All the slides were observed and assessed under the light microscope. RESULTS SHH, PTC1, SMO and GLI1 could be detected in human fetal prostate tissues, and their expression formed two surges, the former at week 16, and the latter at week 28. The staining of SHH and SMO was distributed only in the ductal epithelium but not in the stroma. The expression of PTC1 and GLI1 could be found mainly in the epithelium, with minimal staining in the stroma. CONCLUSION The sonic hedgehog signaling pathway is involved in the development of the human fetal prostate. The high expression of its molecules at early gestation stages might be associated with the induction of prostatic buds, while their abundant expression at later gestation stages might be related to the prostate ductal branching, growth, differentiation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Zhu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromal-epithelial signaling plays an important role in prostate development and cancer progression. Study of these interactions will be facilitated by the use of suitable prostate cell lines in appropriate model systems. METHODS We have isolated an immortalized prostate mesenchymal cell line from the mouse E16 urogenital sinus (UGS). We characterized its expression of stromal differentiation markers, response to androgen stimulation, ability to induce and participate in prostate morphogenesis, response to Shh stimulation, and interaction with prostate epithelial cells. RESULTS UGSM-2 cells express vimentin and smooth muscle actin, but not the mature smooth muscle markers myosin and desmin. This expression profile is consistent with a myofibroblast phenotype. Unlike other fibroblasts such as 3T3, UGSM-2 cells express androgen receptor mRNA and androgen stimulation increases proliferation. UGSM-2 cells are viable when grafted with embryonic UGS under the renal capsule and participate in glandular morphogenesis, but are not capable of inducing prostate morphogenesis of isolated UGS epithelium. Co-culture of UGSM-2 cells with human BPH-1 cells or co-grafting in vivo results in organized clusters of BPH-1 cells surrounded by a mantle of UGSM-2 cells. UGSM-2 cells are responsive to Sonic hedgehog (Shh), an important signaling factor in prostate development, and mimic the transcriptional response of the intact UGS mesenchyme. In co-cultures with BPH-1, UGSM-2 cells exhibit a robust transcriptional response to Shh secreted by BPH-1. CONCLUSIONS UGSM-2 is a urogenital sinus mesenchyme cell line that can be used to study stromal-epithelial interactions that are important in prostate biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubie Shaw
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Curtis Johnson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Wade Bushman
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Abstract
Loss of Nkx3.1 function in mice results in defects in prostate development and epithelial hyperplasia, indicating that this gene plays important roles in both the initiation and maintenance of prostate differentiation. In humans, decreased NKX3.1 expression is associated with the progression of prostate cancer. Despite these roles in prostate development and disease, the transcriptional regulation of Nkx3.1 has not been systematically addressed. A reporter gene approach in transgenic mice was used to identify regulatory regions that dictate the expression pattern of Nkx3.1. A 32-kb DNA fragment from the Nkx3.1 locus that specifies the expected expression pattern during embryogenesis and postnatal life has been identified. Deletion analyses demonstrated that cis-regulatory elements that mediate expression in distinct sites are separable. A 5-kb fragment downstream of the Nkx3.1 coding region contains elements that support expression in the prostate and bulbourethral glands, whereas an upstream fragment contains elements that direct expression in somites and testes. Reporter gene expression analyses also revealed several previously unknown sites of Nkx3.1 expression in males, including urethral glands, glandular cells in the urethral diverticulum and basal epithelial cells in the prostate. In addition, these analyses revealed Nkx3.1 expression in female urethral glands. The identification of Nkx3.1 cis-regulatory elements provides a unique starting point to dissect signaling pathways involved in prostate organogenesis and pathogenesis and provides a system to perturb gene expression throughout prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura N. Mutton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 Wood Street, M/C 955 Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles J. Bieberich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Charles J. Bieberich, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250.
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