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Patra SK, Samaddar S, Sinha N, Ghosh S. Reactive nitrogen species induced catalases promote a novel nitrosative stress tolerance mechanism in Vibrio cholerae. Nitric Oxide 2019; 88:35-44. [PMID: 30981896 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae faces nitrosative stress during successful colonization in intestine. Very little information is available on the nitrosative stress protective mechanisms of V. cholerae. Reports show that NorR regulon control two genes hmpA and nnrS responsible for nitric oxide (NO) detoxification in V. cholerae. In the present study we first time report a novel role of V. cholerae catalases under nitrosative stress. Using zymogram analysis of catalase we showed that KatB and KatG activity were induced within 30 min in V. cholerae in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor compound. Surprisingly, V. cholerae cell survival was found to be decreased under nitrosative stress if catalase activities were blocked by ATz, a catalase inhibitor. Flow cytometry study was conducted to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) using DHE and DHR123, fluorescent probes respectively. Short exposure of SNP to V. cholerae did not generate ROS but RNS was detectable within 30 min. Total glutathione content was increased in V. cholerae cells under nitrosative stress. Furthermore, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione reductase (GR) activities remained unchanged under nitrosative stress in V. cholerae indicated antioxidant role of NO which could produce peroxynitrite. To investigate the role of catalase induction under nitrosative stress in V. cholerae, we conducted peroxynitrite reductase assay using cell lysates. Interestingly, SNP treated V. cholerae cell lysates showed lowest DHR123 oxidation compared to the control set. The extent of DHR123 oxidation was more in V. cholerae cell lysate when catalases were blocked by ATz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Kumar Patra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourabh Samaddar
- Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Road Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700 054, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilanjan Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjay Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India.
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Finkler M, Lichtenberg D, Pinchuk I. The relationship between oxidative stress and exercise. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 25:1-11. [PMID: 23959662 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise has many benefits, but it might also have a negative impact on the body, depending on the training level, length of workout, gender, age and fitness. The negative effects of physical exercise are commonly attributed to an imbalance between the levels of antioxidants (both low molecular weight antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes) and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species due to excessive production of free radicals during physical exercise. In this critical review, we look for answers for three specific questions regarding the interrelationship between physical exercise and oxidative stress (OS), namely, (i) the dependence of the steady-state level of OS on fitness, (ii) the effect of intensive exercise on the OS and (iii) the dependence of the effect of the intense exercise on the individual fitness. All these questions have been raised, investigated and answered, but the answers given on the basis of different studies are different. In the present review, we try to explain the reason(s) for the inconsistencies between the conclusions of different investigations, commonly based on the concentrations of specific biomarkers in body fluids. We think that most of the inconsistencies can be attributed to the difference between the criteria of the ill-defined term denoted OS, the methods used to test them and in some cases, between the qualities of the applied assays. On the basis of our interpretation of the differences between different criteria of OS, we consider possible answers to three well-defined questions. Possible partial answers are given, all of which lend strong support to the conclusion that the network responsible for homeostasis of the redox status is very effective. However, much more data are required to address the association between exercise and OS and its dependence on various relevant factors.
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Araniciu C, Pârvu AE, Palage MD, Oniga SD, Benedec D, Oniga I, Oniga O. The effect of some 4,2 and 5,2 bisthiazole derivatives on nitro-oxidative stress and phagocytosis in acute experimental inflammation. Molecules 2014; 19:9240-56. [PMID: 24991757 PMCID: PMC6271331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nineteen bisthiazoles were tested in order to assess their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. First, we evaluated the in vitro direct antioxidant capacity of the bisthiazoles using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Then, the anti-inflammatory effect was tested in acute rat experimental inflammation by measuring the acute phase bone marrow response, the phagocytic capacity and the serum nitro-oxidative stress status. Although none of the substances showed significant direct antioxidant potential in the DPPH assay, most of them improved serum oxidative status, when administered to rats with inflammation. Four of the bisthiazoles proved to have good anti-inflammatory properties, similar or superior to that of equal doses meloxicam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Araniciu
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alina Elena Pârvu
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2-4 Victor Babes Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Mariana Doina Palage
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Smaranda Dafina Oniga
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Daniela Benedec
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ilioara Oniga
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ovidiu Oniga
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Song Y, Yu Q, Zhang J, Huang W, Liu Y, Pei H, Liu J, Sun L, Yang L, Li C, Li Y, Zhang F, Qu Y, Tao L. Increased myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in renal failure involves cardiac adiponectin signal deficiency. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1055-64. [PMID: 24595307 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00428.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of adiponectin (APN) are significantly increased in patients with renal dysfunction and are inversely related to the risk of cardiovascular mortality. The present study was designed to determine the role of APN in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury in mice with renal failure and delineate the underlying mechanisms. Renal failure was induced by subtotal nephrectomy (SN). Human recombinant globular domain of adiponectin (gAd) or full-length adiponectin (fAd) was administered via intraperitoneal injection once daily for 7 consecutive days after SN, and in vivo MI/R was introduced 3 wk later. Both plasma and urinary levels of APN increased significantly in SN mice. Compared with sham-operated mice, cardiac function was significantly depressed, and myocardial infarct size and apoptosis increased in SN mice following MI/R. The aggravated MI/R injury was further intensified in APN-knockout mice and markedly ameliorated by treatment with gAd but not fAd. Moreover, SN increased myocardial NO metabolites, superoxide, and their cytotoxic reaction product peroxynitrite, upregulated inducible NO synthase expression, and decreased endothelial NOS phosphorylation. In addition, SN mice also exhibited reduced APN receptor-1 (AdipoR1) expression and AMPK activation. All these changes were further amplified in the absence of APN but reversed by gAd treatment. The present study demonstrates that renal dysfunction increases cardiac susceptibility to ischemic-reperfusion injury, which is associated with downregulated APN/AdipoR1/AMPK signaling and increased oxidative/nitrative stress in local myocardium, and provides the first evidence for the protective role of exogenous supplement of gAd on MI/R outcomes in renal failure.
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Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a subset of free oxygen radicals called reactive oxygen species (ROS). Physiological levels of ROS are necessary to maintain the reproductive functions such as cell signaling, tight junction regulation, production of hormones, capacitation, acrosomal reaction, sperm motility, and zona pellucida binding. However, an excess of RNS can adversely affect reproductive potential by causing testicular dysfunction, decreased gonadotropin secretion, and abnormal semen parameters. Because such levels of RNS have been demonstrated in males with fertility problems and routine semen analysis has not been able to accurately predict IVF outcomes, it is imperative that novel strategies be developed in order to both assess and treat oxidative stress. This article describes both physiological and pathological roles of this unique subset of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal B Doshi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Machida K, McNamara G, Cheng KTH, Huang J, Wang CH, Comai L, Ou JHJ, Lai MMC. Hepatitis C virus inhibits DNA damage repair through reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and by interfering with the ATM-NBS1/Mre11/Rad50 DNA repair pathway in monocytes and hepatocytes. J Immunol 2010; 185:6985-98. [PMID: 20974981 PMCID: PMC3101474 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and putatively also non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma. In this study, we demonstrated that PBMCs obtained from HCV-infected patients showed frequent chromosomal aberrations and that HCV infection of B cells in vitro induced enhanced chromosomal breaks and sister chromatid exchanges. HCV infection hypersensitized cells to ionizing radiation and bleomycin and inhibited nonhomologous end-joining repair. The viral core and nonstructural protein 3 proteins were shown to be responsible for the inhibition of DNA repair, mediated by NO and reactive oxygen species. Stable expression of core protein induced frequent chromosome translocations in cultured cells and in transgenic mice. HCV core protein binds to the NBS1 protein and inhibits the formation of the Mre11/NBS1/Rad50 complex, thereby affecting ATM activation and inhibiting DNA binding of repair enzymes. Taken together, these data indicate that HCV infection inhibits multiple DNA repair processes to potentiate chromosome instability in both monocytes and hepatocytes. These effects may explain the oncogenicity and immunological perturbation of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Abstract
Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species have generally been considered as being highly reactive and cytotoxic molecules. Besides their noxious effects, ROS participate in physiological processes in a carefully regulated manner. By way of example, microbicidal ROS are produced in professional phagocytes, ROS function as short-lived messengers having a role in signal transduction and, among other processes, participate in the synthesis of the iodothyronine hormones, reproduction, apoptosis and necrosis. Because of their ability to mediate a crosstalk between key molecules, their role might be dual (at least in some cases). The levels of ROS increase from a certain age, being associated with various diseases typical of senescence. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the physiological role of ROS. Other issues addressed are an increase in ROS levels during ageing, and the possibility of the physiological nature of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pourova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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8
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Weiner D, Khankin EV, Levy Y, Reznick AZ. Effects of cigarette smoke borne reactive nitrogen species on salivary alpha-amylase activity and protein modifications. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60 Suppl 5:127-32. [PMID: 20134053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is associated with a variety of human pathologies including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the head and neck. The major inducer of OSCC is exposure to tobacco. Recent studies demonstrated that oxidative and nitrosative stress contributes to the development of oral carcinogenesis through DNA damage. All salivary reactive nitrogen species (RNS) analyzed from OSCC patients are significantly higher in comparison with healthy subjects. Our findings show that CS and external RNS addition induced reduction in alpha-amylase activity and produced some excited carbonyl formation, but to a much less extant than CS. The addition of epigallocatechine-3-gallate (EGCG) to saliva produced no protective effect against damage to alpha-amylase activity. Our proposed mechanism for the decrease in alpha-amylase activity is the formation of adducts at SH groups of the alpha-amylase active site. In this case, EGCG was unable to counteract this phenomenon, as it does not reduce the concentration of disulfides, and does not alter the amount of protein-SH moieties. However, EGCG did reduce the levels of excited carbonyl formation. Our results indicate that although RNS are abundant in CS, a significant decrease in amylase activity is due to other components in CS, probably aldehydes, reacting with the thiol group of proteins by the Michael addition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weiner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Hofseth LJ. Nitric oxide as a target of complementary and alternative medicines to prevent and treat inflammation and cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 268:10-30. [PMID: 18440130 PMCID: PMC2680023 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and associated reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved in many physiological functions. There has been an ongoing debate to whether RNS can inhibit or perpetuate chronic inflammation and associated carcinogenesis. Although the final outcome depends on the genetic make-up of its target, the surrounding microenvironment, the activity and localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, and overall levels of NO/RNS, evidence is accumulating that in general, RNS drive inflammation and cancers associated with inflammation. To this end, many complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) that work in chemoprevention associated with chronic inflammation, are inhibitors of excessive NO observed in inflammatory conditions. Here, we review recent literature outlining a role of NO/RNS in chronic inflammation and cancer, and point toward NO as one of several targets for the success of CAMs in treating chronic inflammation and cancer associated with this inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 770 Sumter Street, Coker Life Sciences, Room 513C, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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10
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Maes M. The cytokine hypothesis of depression: inflammation, oxidative & nitrosative stress (IO&NS) and leaky gut as new targets for adjunctive treatments in depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2008; 29:287-291. [PMID: 18580840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper hypothesizes that inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative (IO&NS) pathways, and an increased translocation of LPS from gram-negative bacteria are causally related to depression following external (psychological) and internal (organic) stressors and that IO&NS pathways are novel targets for antidepressant development. We review that depression is accompanied by an inflammatory reaction as indicated by an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN)-gamma. These cytokines are stress-sensitive and may cause depressive behaviors. The latter may be induced by an increased catabolism of tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, to neurotoxic TRYCATs (tryptophan catabolites along the indoleamine oxidase pathway). Inflammatory biomarkers are detected in animal models of depression. Newly developed animal models of depression are based on induced inflammation. Most if not all antidepressants have specific anti-inflammatory effects. Anti-inflammatory compounds may augment the clinical efficacy of antidepressants. Depression is also accompanied by an IgM-related (auto)immune response directed against disrupted lipid membrane components, such as phosphatidyl-inositol, by-products of lipid peroxidation, e.g. azelaic acid and malondialdehyde, and NO-modified amino-acids, which are normally not detected by the immune system but due to damage caused by O&NS have become immunogenic. Increased translocation of lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria, which may be induced by internal and external stressors, may further aggravate the induced IO&NS pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Clinical Research Center for mental Health, Olmenlaan 9, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Abstract
A severe burn is associated with release of inflammatory mediators which ultimately cause local and distant pathophysiological effects. Mediators including Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) are increased in affected tissue, which are implicated in pathophysiological events observed in burn patients. The purpose of this article is to understand the role of oxidative stress in burns, in order to develop therapeutic strategies. All peer-reviewed, original and review articles published in the English language literature relevant to the topic of oxidative stress in burns in animals and human subjects were selected for this review and the possible roles of ROS and RNS in the pathophysiology of burns are discussed. Both increased xanthine oxidase and neutrophil activation appear to be the oxidant sources in burns. Free radicals have been found to have beneficial effects on antimicrobial action and wound healing. However following a burn, there is an enormous production of ROS which is harmful and implicated in inflammation, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, immunosuppression, infection and sepsis, tissue damage and multiple organ failure. Thus clinical response to burn is dependent on the balance between production of free radicals and its detoxification. Supplementation of antioxidants in human and animal models has proven benefit in decreasing distant organ failure suggesting a cause and effect relationship. We conclude that oxidative damage is one of the mechanisms responsible for the local and distant pathophysiological events observed after burn, and therefore anti-oxidant therapy might be beneficial in minimizing injury in burned patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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Abstract
In the United States stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability. Brain injury following stroke results from the complex interplay of multiple pathways including excitotoxicity, acidotoxicity, ionic imbalance, peri-infarct depolarization, oxidative and nitrative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. There are very few treatments for stroke and the development of new treatments requires a comprehensive understanding of the diverse mechanisms of ischemic brain damage that are responsible for neuronal death. Here, we discuss the underlying pathophysiology of this devastating disease and reveal the intertwined pathways that are the target of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Chanana V, Ray P, Rishi DB, Rishi P. Reactive nitrogen intermediates and monokines induce caspase-3 mediated macrophage apoptosis by anaerobically stressed Salmonella typhi. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:368-74. [PMID: 17888027 PMCID: PMC2219343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A successful pathogen manipulates its host for its own benefit. After ingestion, on reaching the intestine Salmonella encounters the resident tissue macrophages. Rather than being destroyed by these professional phagocytes after internalization, Salmonella survives intracellularly. Invasive Salmonella has been reported to induce apoptosis of macrophages as a part of its infection process, which may allow it to avoid detection by the innate immune system. However, the induction of apoptosis under different host environments, including the anaerobic stress encountered by the pathogen in the gut, remains to be examined. The present study is aimed at investigating the apoptotic potential of S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) grown under anaerobic conditions simulating the in vivo situation encountered by the pathogen. Apoptotic cell death was determined by assessment of nucleosomal DNA and flow cytometric analysis. Evaluation of the data revealed that anaerobically grown S. typhi could induce apoptosis in significantly more number of macrophages compared to the bacterial cells grown under aerobic conditions. A significantly enhanced generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates and caspase-3 activity during macrophage apoptosis induced by anaerobic S. typhi correlated with the increased generation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1alpha and IL-6. The results indicate that reactive nitrogen intermediates and monokines induce caspase-3 mediated apoptosis of macrophages by S. typhi under anaerobic conditions. These findings may be relevant for clearer understanding of the Salmonella-macrophage interactions and may be of clinical importance in the development of preventive intervention against the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chanana
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
Given the increasing population of long-term cancer survivors, the need to mitigate or treat late effects has emerged as a primary area of radiation biology research. Once thought to be irreversible, radiation-induced late effects are now viewed as dynamic multicellular interactions between multiple cell types within a particular program that can be modulated. The molecular, cellular and biochemical pathways responsible for radiation-induced late morbidity remain ill-defined. This review provides data in support of the hypothesis that these late effects are driven, in part, by a chronic oxidative stress. Irradiating late responding normal tissues leads to chronic increases in reactive oxygen/reactive nitrogen oxide species that serve as intracellular signaling species to alter cell function/phenotype, resulting in chronic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and ultimate fibrosis and/or necrosis. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of renin-angiotensin system blockers in preventing or mitigating the severity of radiation-induced late effects reflects, in part, inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation and the resultant chronic oxidative stress. These findings provide a robust rationale for anti-inflammatory-based interventional therapies in the treatment of late normal tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Saeed SA, Shad KF, Saleem T, Javed F, Khan MU. Some new prospects in the understanding of the molecular basis of the pathogenesis of stroke. Exp Brain Res 2007; 182:1-10. [PMID: 17665180 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-1050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in advanced countries of the world. Despite the fact that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are the by-products of normal metabolic processes and mediate important physiological processes, they can inflict damage to the cell if produced in excess due to oxidative stress. In the present review, we focus on the cellular and molecular aspects of ROS and RNS generation and its role in the pathogenesis of stroke produced by hypoxia-reperfusion (H-R) phenomena that elicit oxidative stress. We outline the reasons for the vulnerability of the brain to ischaemic insult, chronic infection and inflammation as well as the natural defence mechanisms against radical mediated injury. We deal with the effect of ROS and RNS on intracellular signaling pathways together with the phenomena of apoptosis, mitochondrial injury and survival associated with these pathways. The intracellular signaling mechanisms influenced by reactive species can have significant effects on the outcome of the condition. Future studies should focus on understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the action of anti-radicals agents, and their mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Arshad Saeed
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Abstract
Recent reports devoted to the field of oxygen sensing outline that signalling molecules such as nitric oxide/nitric oxide derived species as well as cytokines and other inflammatory mediators participate in hypoxic signal transduction. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the role of nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) derived from it in hypoxic signal transduction and particularly in accumulation/de-accumulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein, which is critical not only for cellular adaptation to low oxygen availability but also for generation of inflammatory and innate immune responses. After brief description of nitric oxide and other RNS as multifunctional messengers we analyse and discuss the RNS-dependent accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein under normoxia followed by discussion of the mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO)-dependent enzyme-regulated degradation of HIF-1alpha protein under low oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Sumbayev
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich, Kent, UK.
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17
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Landar A, Darley-Usmar VM. Is the soluble guanylate cyclase pathway the only one available for nitric oxide (NO) signaling? IUBMB Life 2007; 59:110-2. [PMID: 17454303 DOI: 10.1080/15216540600941697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Landar
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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18
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Pall ML, Bedient SA. The NO/ONOO- cycle as the etiological mechanism of tinnitus. Int Tinnitus J 2007; 13:99-104. [PMID: 18229788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral tinnitus is a good candidate for inclusion under the NO/ONOO cycle etiological mechanism, fitting each of the five principles of this mechanism. Cases of tinnitus are initiated by at least 11 short-term stressors increasing nitric oxide or other cycle mechanisms. Such cycle elements as N-methyl-D-aspartate activity; oxidative stress; nitric oxide; peroxynitrite; vanilloid activity; NF-kappaB activity; and intracellular calcium levels are all reported to be elevated in tinnitus. Tinnitus is comorbid with some putative NO/ONOO- cycle diseases. Most important, multiple agents that down-regulate NO/ONOO- cycle biochemistry are reported to be helpful in the treatment of tinnitus and related diseases. Previous studies suggested that NO/ONOO cycle diseases may be best treated with complex combinations of agents predicted to lower NO/ONOO- cycle biochemistry, and such combinations may be helpful in tinnitus treatment. Other inner-ear-related defects, such as acute or progressive hearing loss, vertigo, and dizziness, may also be NO/ONOO cycle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4234, USA.
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic molecule critical to a number of physiological and pathological processes. The last decade has witnessed major advances in dissecting NO biology and its role in cancer pathogenesis. However, the complexity of the interactions between different levels of NO and several aspects of tumor development/progression has led to apparently conflicting findings. Furthermore, both anti-NO and NO-based anticancer strategies appear effective in several preclinical models. This paradoxical dichotomy is leaving investigators with a double challenge: to determine the net impact of NO on cancer behavior and to define the therapeutic role of NO-centered anticancer strategies. Only a comprehensive and dynamic view of the cascade of molecular and cellular events underlying tumor biology and affected by NO will allow investigators to exploit the potential antitumor properties of drugs interfering with NO metabolism. Available data suggest that NO should be considered neither a universal target nor a magic bullet, but rather a signal transducer to be modulated according to the molecular makeup of each individual cancer and the interplay with conventional antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mocellin
- Department of Oncological and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
There is evidence that reactive nitrogen species are implicated in diabetic vascular complications, but their sources and targets remain largely unidentified. In the present study, we aimed to study the roles of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in diabetes. Exposure of isolated bovine coronary arteries to high glucose (30 mmol/l d-glucose) but not to osmotic control mannitol (30 mmol/l) switched angiotensin II-stimulated prostacyclin (PGI(2))-dependent relaxation into a persistent vasoconstriction that was sensitive to either indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, or SQ29548, a selective thromboxane receptor antagonist. In parallel, high glucose, but not mannitol, significantly increased superoxide and 3-nitrotyrosine in PGI(2) synthase (PGIS). Concurrent administration of polyethylene-glycolated superoxide dismutase (SOD), l-nitroarginine methyl ester, or sepiapterin not only reversed the effects of high glucose on both angiotensin II-induced relaxation and PGI(2) release but also abolished high-glucose-enhanced PGIS nitration, as well as its association with eNOS. Furthermore, diabetes significantly suppressed PGIS activity in parallel with increased superoxide and PGIS nitration in the aortas of diabetic C57BL6 mice but had less effect in diabetic mice either lacking eNOS or overexpressing human SOD (hSOD(+/+)), suggesting an eNOS-dependent PGIS nitration in vivo. We conclude that diabetes increases PGIS nitration in vivo, likely via dysfunctional eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nie
- BSEB 325, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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21
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Calabrese V, Guagliano E, Sapienza M, Mancuso C, Butterfield DA, Stella AMG. Redox regulation of cellular stress response in neurodegenerative disorders. Ital J Biochem 2006; 55:263-82. [PMID: 17274531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only toxic but play an important role in cellular signaling and in the regulation of gene expression. A number of biochemical and physiologic stimuli, such as perturbation in redox status, expression of misfolded proteins, altered glyc(osyl)ation and glucose deprivation, overloading of products of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation (Hydroxynonenals, HNE) or cholesterol oxidation and decomposition, can disrupt redox homeostasis, impose stress and subsequently lead to accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in brain cells. Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyothrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) are major neurological disorders associated with production of abnormal proteins and, as such, belong to the so called "protein conformational diseases". The Central Nervous System has evolved highly specific signaling pathways called the unfolded protein response to cope with the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins. Recent discoveries of the mechanisms of cellular stress signaling have led to major new insights into the diverse processes that are regulated by cellular stress response. Thus, the pathogenic dysfunctional aggregation of proteins in non-native conformations is associated with metabolic derangements and excessive production of ROS. The brain response to detect and control metabolic or oxidative stress is accomplished by a complex network of "longevity assurance processes" integrated to the expression of genes termed vitagenes. Heat shock proteins are a highly conserved system responsible for the preservation and repair of correct protein conformation. Heme oxygenase-1, a inducible and redox-regulated enzyme, is currently considered as having an important role in cellular antioxidant defense. A neuroprotective effect, due to its heme degrading activity, and tissue-specific antioxidant effects due to its products CO and biliverdin, this latter being further reduced by biliverdin reductase in bilirubin is an emerging concept. There is a current interest in dietary compounds that can inhibit, retard or reverse the multi-stage pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease, with a chronic inflammatory response, brain injury and beta-amyloid associated pathology. Curcumin and ferulic acid, two powerful antioxidants, the first from the curry spice turmeric and the second a major constituent of fruit and vegetables, have emerged as strong inducers of the heat shock response. Food supplementation with curcumin and ferulic acid is considered a nutritional approach to reduce oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer disease. This review summarizes the complex regulation of cellular stress signaling and its relevance to human physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Mol. Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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22
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Bove PF, van der Vliet A. Nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species in airway epithelial signaling and inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:515-27. [PMID: 16863984 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO(.-)) is produced by many diverse cell types as a cellular or intracellular signaling molecule, by the activation of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs). All three known NOS isoforms are expressed within the respiratory tract and mediate various airway functional properties such as airway smooth muscle tone, ciliary function, epithelial electrolyte transport, and innate host defense. The respiratory epithelium is a major source of NO(.-), in which it regulates normal epithelial cell function and signaling as well as signaling pathways involved in airway inflammation. In addition to its normal physiological properties, increased airway NO(.-) production in inflammatory respiratory tract diseases such as asthma may activate additional signaling mechanisms to regulate inflammatory-immune pathways, and epithelial barrier (dys)function or repair. The biological actions of NO(.-) are controlled at various levels, including mechanisms that regulate NOS localization and activation, and variable oxidative metabolism of NO(.-), resulting in generation of bioactive reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Moreover, in addition to altered production of NO(.-) or RNS, the presence of various target enzymes and/or metabolic regulators of NO(.-)/RNS can be dramatically altered during airway inflammatory conditions, and contribute to alterations in NO(.-)-mediated signaling pathways in disease. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding NO(.-)-mediated epithelial signaling, as well as disease-related changes in airway NOS biology and target enzymes that affect NO(.-)/RNS signaling mechanisms. A detailed understanding of these various changes and their impact on NO(.-) signaling pathways are needed to fully appreciate the contributions of NO(.-)/RNS to airway inflammation and to develop suitable therapeutic approaches based on regulating NO(.-) function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Bove
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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YOSHINAGA KEIKO, FUJIMOTO MASARU, ARIMURA SHINICHI, TSUTSUMI NOBUHIRO, UCHIMIYA HIROFUMI, KAWAI-YAMADA MAKI. The mitochondrial fission regulator DRP3B does not regulate cell death in plants. Ann Bot 2006; 97:1145-9. [PMID: 16533833 PMCID: PMC2803389 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent reports have described dramatic alterations in mitochondrial morphology during metazoan apoptosis. A dynamin-related protein (DRP) associated with mitochondrial outer membrane fission is known to be involved in the regulation of apoptosis. This study analysed the relationship between mitochondrial fission and regulation of plant cell death. METHODS Transgenic plants were generated possessing Arabidopsis DRP3B (K56A), the dominant-negative form of Arabidopsis DRP, mitochondrial-targeted green fluorescent protein and mouse Bax. KEY RESULTS Arabidopsis plants over-expressing DRP3B (K56A) exhibited long tubular mitochondria. In these plants, mitochondria appeared as a string-of-beads during cell death. This indicates that DRP3B (K56A) prevented mitochondrial fission during plant cell death. However, in contrast to results for mammalian cells and yeast, Bax-induced cell death was not inhibited in DRP3B (K56A)-expressing plant cells. Similarly, hydrogen peroxide-, menadione-, darkness- and salicylic acid-induced cell death was not inhibited by DRP3B (K56A) expression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the systems controlling cell death in animals and plants are not common in terms of mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- KEIKO YOSHINAGA
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan and Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - MASARU FUJIMOTO
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan and Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - SHIN-ICHI ARIMURA
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan and Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - NOBUHIRO TSUTSUMI
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan and Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - HIROFUMI UCHIMIYA
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan and Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - MAKI KAWAI-YAMADA
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences and Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan and Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Abstract
Accumulation of altered proteins is the most common molecular symptom of ageing. Altered proteins are also associated with many age-related pathologies. Altered proteins are continuously produced but are normally selectively degraded by cellular proteases; their accumulation during ageing may be explained by either or both increased production or decreased elimination. Sources of altered proteins include erroneous synthesis by cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ribosomes, spontaneous deamidation, isomerization and racemization of unstable amino acids residues, damage inflicted by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and glycation and cross-linking by glucose and more reactive metabolites. Glycated proteins may damage mitochondria to increase production of reactive oxygen species, while highly oxidised/cross-linked polypeptides may resist proteolysis, inhibit proteasome function and induce a permanent stress response. Other possible explanations for the age-related changes in the defence systems, enzymatic and non-enzymatic, which normally counter generation of altered proteins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Barts' and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Shen HM, Liu ZG. JNK signaling pathway is a key modulator in cell death mediated by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:928-39. [PMID: 16540388 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), or stress-activated protein kinase, is an important member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily, the members of which are readily activated by many environmental stimuli. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are important groups of free radicals that are capable of eliciting direct damaging effects or acting as critical intermediate signaling molecules, leading to oxidative and nitrosative stress and a series of biological consequences. Recently there has been an increasing amount of research interest focusing on the regulatory role of JNK activation in ROS-and RNS-induced cellular responses. In this review we will first summarize and discuss some recent findings regarding the signaling mechanisms of ROS-or RNS-mediated JNK activation. Second, we will talk about the role of JNK in ROS-or RNS-mediated cell death (both apoptosis and necrosis). Finally, we will analyze the emerging evidence for the involvement of ROS and RNS as mediators in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis. Taken together, the accumulating knowledge about the ROS/RNS-induced JNK signaling pathway has greatly advanced our understanding of the complex processes deciding the cellular responses to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore.
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Okada F, Tazawa H, Kobayashi T, Kobayashi M, Hosokawa M. Involvement of reactive nitrogen oxides for acquisition of metastatic properties of benign tumors in a model of inflammation-based tumor progression. Nitric Oxide 2006; 14:122-9. [PMID: 16125421 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cells of a weakly tumorigenic and non-metastatic murine fibrosarcoma (QR-32) are converted into highly malignant tumors (acquiring metastatic potential) once they have grown in vivo after being co-implanted with gelatin sponge which induces inflammation. In the present study, we examined whether nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the inflammation-based tumor progression by administrating a specific inhibitor to inducible nitric oxide synthase, aminoguanidine (AG). First, we co-implanted 1 x 10(5) QR-32 cells with gelatin sponge (10 x 5 x 3 mm piece) into a subcutaneous space in C57BL6 mice. Administration of AG in drinking water (1%) had started 2 days before the tumor implantation and continued until the termination of the experiment. The incidence of tumor formation and the tumor growth did not differ between AG-treated group and -untreated group. On day 28, we excised the arising tumors to establish culture cell lines for evaluation of their acquisition of metastatic phenotype in other normal mice. Metastasis incidence and the number of metastatic colonies were significantly reduced in the tumor cell lines obtained from AG-treated mice compared to those from non-treated mice (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in the inflamed lesion were reduced in the AG-administered mice. However, intensity of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine was not different between the groups. These results showed that nitric oxide and its reactive nitrogen oxide species cooperatively play a pivotal role in the progression of benign tumor cells in inflamed lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Okada
- Department of Biomolecular Function, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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27
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Pauly N, Pucciariello C, Mandon K, Innocenti G, Jamet A, Baudouin E, Hérouart D, Frendo P, Puppo A. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and glutathione: key players in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. J Exp Bot 2006; 57:1769-76. [PMID: 16698817 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Several reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are continuously produced in plants as by-products of aerobic metabolism or in response to stresses. Depending on the nature of the ROS and RNS, some of them are highly toxic and rapidly detoxified by various cellular enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Whereas plants have many mechanisms with which to combat increased ROS/RNS levels produced during stress conditions, under other circumstances plants appear to generate ROS/RNS as signalling molecules to control various processes encompassing the whole lifespan of the plant such as normal growth and development stages. This review aims to summarize recent studies highlighting the involvement of ROS/RNS, as well as the low molecular weight thiols, glutathione and homoglutathione, during the symbiosis between rhizobia and leguminous plants. This compatible interaction initiated by a molecular dialogue between the plant and bacterial partners, leads to the formation of a novel root organ capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen under nitrogen-limiting conditions. On the one hand, ROS/RNS detection during the symbiotic process highlights the similarity of the early response to infection by pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria, addressing the question as to which mechanism rhizobia use to counteract the plant defence response. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that ROS are needed to establish the symbiosis fully. On the other hand, GSH synthesis appears to be essential for proper development of the root nodules during the symbiotic interaction. Elucidating the mechanisms that control ROS/RNS signalling during symbiosis could therefore contribute in defining a powerful strategy to enhance the efficiency of the symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pauly
- Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes et Santé Végétale, UMR CNRS 6192/INRA 1064/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Hickman-Davis JM, McNicholas-Bevensee C, Davis IC, Ma HP, Davis GC, Bosworth CA, Matalon S. Reactive species mediate inhibition of alveolar type II sodium transport during mycoplasma infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 173:334-44. [PMID: 16254273 PMCID: PMC2662934 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200501-155oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a significant cause of pneumonia in humans. OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of mycoplasma infection and the host inflammatory response on alveolar type II (ATII) cell ion transport in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Mice were infected with M. pulmonis for measurements of alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) in vivo and isolation of ATII cells. ATII cells were infected in vivo for determination of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) total and cell surface protein levels by biotinylation and Western blot and in vitro for whole cell patch clamp recording and measurement of nitric oxide (NO) production by chemiluminescence. RESULTS Mycoplasma infection significantly inhibited AFC at 24 h and total and amiloride-sensitive AFC by 48 h postinfection (pi). In contrast, infected myeloperoxidase-deficient mice had similar basal and amiloride-sensitive AFC values to uninfected control mice at 48 h pi. Addition of forskolin restored total and amiloride-sensitive AFC to control values at 48 h pi. ATII cells isolated from infected mice demonstrated normal alpha, beta, and gamma ENaC total protein levels; however, infected whole-lung cell-surface levels of gamma ENaC were significantly decreased. Patch-clamp recordings demonstrated a significant decrease in total and amiloride-sensitive Na+ currents at 24 h pi. ATII cells demonstrated a significant increase in the production of NO at 24 h pi and inhibition of NO by ATII cells before infection reversed the decrease in total Na+ currents. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that mycoplasma infection results in decreased AFC and functional ENaC via the production of reactive oxygen nitrogen intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy M Hickman-Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205-3703, USA
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29
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Cunningham GA, McClenaghan NH, Flatt PR, Newsholme P. L-Alanine induces changes in metabolic and signal transduction gene expression in a clonal rat pancreatic β-cell line and protects from pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced apoptosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 109:447-55. [PMID: 16045439 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute effects of nutrient stimuli on pancreatic β-cell function are widely reported; however, the chronic effects of insulinotropic amino acids, such as L-alanine, on pancreatic β-cell function and integrity are unknown. In the present study, the effects of prolonged exposure (24 h) to the amino acid L-alanine on insulin secretory function, gene expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced apoptosis were studied using clonal BRIN-BD11 cells. Expression profiling of BRIN-BD11 cells chronically exposed to L-alanine was performed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis. The effect of alanine, the iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor NMA (NG-methyl-L-arginine acetate) or the iNOS and NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI (diphenylene iodonium) on apoptosis induced by a pro-inflammatory cytokine mix [IL-1β (interleukin-1β), TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α) and IFN-γ (interferon-γ)] was additionally assessed by flow cytometry. Culture for 24 h with 10 mM L-alanine resulted in desensitization to the subsequent acute insulin stimulatory effects of L-alanine. This was accompanied by substantial changes in gene expression of BRIN-BD11 cells. Sixty-six genes were up-regulated >1.8-fold, including many involved in cellular signalling, metabolism, gene regulation, protein synthesis, apoptosis and the cellular stress response. Subsequent functional experiments confirmed that L-alanine provided protection of BRIN-BD11 cells from pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced apoptosis. Protection from apoptosis was mimicked by NMA or DPI suggesting L-alanine enhances intracellular antioxidant generation. These observations indicate important long-term effects of L-alanine in regulating gene expression, secretory function and the integrity of insulin-secreting cells. Specific amino acids may therefore play a key role in β-cell function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grainne A Cunningham
- Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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30
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Szabó C. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation by reactive nitrogen species--relevance for the pathogenesis of inflammation. Nitric Oxide 2005; 14:169-79. [PMID: 16111903 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress triggers DNA strand breakage, which then activates the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Nitrogen-derived reactive oxidant species capable of involving DNA single strand breakage and PARP activation include peroxynitrite (the reaction product of nitric oxide and superoxide), but not nitric oxide per se. Activation of PARP may dramatically lower the intracellular concentration of its substrate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, thus slowing the rate of glycolysis, electron transport, and subsequently ATP formation. This process can result in cell dysfunction and cell death. Here we review the role of reactive nitrogen species in the process of PARP activation, followed by the effect of pharmacological inhibition or genetic inactivation of PARP on the course of various forms of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabó
- Department of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary.
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Sawa T, Ohshima H. Nitrative DNA damage in inflammation and its possible role in carcinogenesis. Nitric Oxide 2005; 14:91-100. [PMID: 16099698 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has long been recognized as a risk factor for human cancer at various sites. Examples include Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis for gastric cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) for colorectal cancer and chronic viral hepatitis for liver cancer. Here we review the role in carcinogenesis of nitrative damage to nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, which occurs during inflammation through the generation of reactive nitrogen species, such as peroxynitrite, nitroxyl, and nitrogen dioxide. Enhanced formation of 8-nitroguanine, representative of nitrative damage to nucleobases, has been detected in various inflammatory conditions. The biochemical nature of DNA damage mediated by reactive nitrogen species is discussed in relation to its possible involvement in mutations, genetic instability, and cell death. Better understanding of the mechanisms and role of such nitrative damage in chronic inflammation-associated human cancer is a necessary basis to develop new strategies for cancer prevention by modulating the process of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Sawa
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces a complex series of molecular pathways involving signaling mechanisms, gene transcription, and protein formation. The proteases and free radicals involved are important, both individually and in concert, at each of the steps in the injury cascade. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and serine proteases are essential in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix around cerebral blood vessels and neurons, and their action leads to opening of the blood-brain barrier, brain edema, hemorrhage, and cell death. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species affect the signaling pathways that induce the enzymes, the stability of the mRNA, and their activation processes. Mice that either lack MMP genes or overexpress free radical-removing genes exhibit diminished cerebral damage after stroke. Drugs that block MMP activity, or are free radical scavengers, significantly reduce ischemic damage. Understanding the relationship between proteases and free radicals in cerebral ischemia is critical for the design of therapeutic agents aimed at controlling cell death in ischemic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jian Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
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33
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Abstract
It is nearly 20 years that nitric oxide (NO) entered the scene to become an integral component in understanding physiological and pathophysiological processes ranging from fine-tuned signaling to promoting cell demise. Among multiple activities attributed to NO we find regulation of gene expression. Although there is no evidence for direct NO-responsive DNA elements within promotor regions of eukaryotic genes numerous signaling pathways exist to understand NO-regulated gene expression. A characteristic feature of may transcription factors is their redox sensitivity as well as their low protein abundance in unstressed cells due to efficient 26S proteasomal degradation. Examples comprise the hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and p53 (tumor suppressor p53). It became apparent that NO is able to mimic a hypoxic response by stabilizing HIF-1alpha and/or to affect viability decisions by accumulating p53. We will review recent molecular understanding how NO affects stability regulation of HIF-1alpha and p53, considering basic chemical reactions and cellular transducing pathways. Targeting HIF-1alpha and p53 by reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) may help to understand a sphere of NO-evoked transcriptional regulation ranging from cellular adaptation to death, i.e. apoptosis with important implications for medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Abstract
Specific post-translational modifications resulting from the reaction of nitric oxide or nitric oxide-derived reactive nitrogen species with selective proteins may explain the pleiotropic effects of this molecule in biological systems. Three specific reactions, binding to metal centers, nitrosation of nucleophilic centers and nitration of aromatic residues constitute a major component of the biological reactivity of nitric oxide. We postulate that the chemical reactivity of nitric oxide within biological systems allows this simple diatomic molecule to operate as an integrator of physiological homeostasis and potentially under not completely understood circumstances as a mediator of pathological phenotypes. This chapter reviews the chemistry, putative biological functions and significance of the principal nitric oxide-mediated proteins modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Ischiropoulos
- Stokes Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Rm. 416, 34th Street, Civic Center Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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35
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Lindgren H, Stenman L, Tärnvik A, Sjöstedt A. The contribution of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species to the killing of Francisella tularensis LVS by murine macrophages. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:467-75. [PMID: 15788155 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 10/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular killing of Francisella tularensis by macrophages depends on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced activation of the cells. The importance of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or NADPH phagocyte oxidase (phox) for the cidal activity was studied. Murine IFN-gamma-activated peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) produced nitric oxide (NO), measured as nitrite plus nitrate, and superoxide. When PEC were infected with the live vaccine strain, LVS, of F. tularensis, the number of viable bacteria was at least 1000-fold lower in the presence than in the absence of IFN-gamma after 48 h of incubation. PEC from iNOS-gene-deficient (iNOS-/-) mice killed F. tularensis LVS less effectively than did PEC from wild-type mice. PEC from phox gene-deficient (p47phox-/-) mice were capable of killing the bacteria, but killing was less efficient, although still significant, in the presence of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMLA), an inhibitor of iNOS. A decomposition catalyst of ONOO-, FeTPPS, completely reversed the IFN-gamma-induced killing of F. tularensis LVS. Under host cell-free conditions, F. tularensis LVS was exposed to S-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP), which generates NO, or 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1), which generates NO and superoxide, leading to formation of ONOO-. During 6 h of incubation, SNAP caused no killing of F. tularensis LVS, whereas effective killing occurred in the presence of equimolar concentrations of SIN-1. The results suggest that mechanisms dependent on iNOS and to a minor degree, phox, contribute to the IFN-gamma-induced macrophage killing of F. tularensis LVS. ONOO- is likely to be a major mediator of the killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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Zorov DB, Bannikova SY, Belousov VV, Vyssokikh MY, Zorova LD, Isaev NK, Krasnikov BF, Plotnikov EY. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: Friends or foes? Biochemistry (Moscow) 2005; 70:215-21. [PMID: 15807661 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and physiological functions of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and existing equilibrium between pools of pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants providing steady state ROS level vital for normal mitochondrial and cell functioning are reviewed. The presence of intracellular oxygen and ROS sensors is postulated and few candidates for this role are suggested. Possible involvement of ROS in the process of fragmentation of mitochondrial reticulum made of long mitochondrial filaments serving in the cell as "electric cables", as well as the role of ROS in apoptosis and programmed mitochondrial destruction (mitoptosis) are reviewed. The critical role of ROS in destructive processes under ischemia/reoxygenation and ischemic preconditioning is discussed. Mitochondrial permeability transition gets special consideration as a possible component of the apoptotic cascade, resulting in excessive "ROS-induced ROS release".
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Zorov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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Lindgren H, Stenmark S, Chen W, Tärnvik A, Sjöstedt A. Distinct roles of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species to control infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:7172-82. [PMID: 15557642 PMCID: PMC529105 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.7172-7182.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators of the bactericidal host response. We investigated the contribution of these two mediators to the control of infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis. When intradermally infected with the live vaccine strain F. tularensis LVS, mice deficient in production of RNS (iNOS(-/-) mice) or in production of ROS by the phagocyte oxidase (p47(phox-/-) mice) showed compromised resistance to infection. The 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) for iNOS(-/-) mice was <20 CFU, and the LD(50) for p47(phox-/-) mice was 4,400 CFU, compared to an LD(50) of >500,000 CFU for wild-type mice. The iNOS(-/-) mice survived for 26.4 +/- 1.8 days, and the p47(phox-/-) mice survived for 10.1 +/- 1.3 days. During the course of infection, the serum levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-6 were higher in iNOS(-/-) and p47(phox-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. Histological examination of livers of iNOS(-/-) mice revealed severe liver pathology. Splenocytes obtained 5 weeks after primary infection from antibiotic-treated iNOS(-/-) mice showed an in vitro recall response that was similar in magnitude and greater secretion of IFN-gamma compared to cells obtained from wild-type mice. In summary, mice lacking expression of RNS or ROS showed extreme susceptibility to infection with F. tularensis LVS. The roles of RNS and ROS seemed to be distinct since mice deficient in production of ROS showed dissemination of infection and died during the early phase of infection, whereas RNS deficiency led to severe liver pathology and a contracted course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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Obrosova IG, Mabley JG, Zsengellér Z, Charniauskaya T, Abatan OI, Groves JT, Szabó C. Role for nitrosative stress in diabetic neuropathy: evidence from studies with a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst. FASEB J 2004; 19:401-3. [PMID: 15611153 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1913fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosative stress, that is, enhanced peroxynitrite formation, has been documented in both experimental and clinical diabetic neuropathy (DN), but its pathogenetic role remains unexplored. This study evaluated the role for nitrosative stress in two animal models of type 1 diabetes: streptozotocin-diabetic mice and diabetic NOD mice. Control (C) and streptozotocin-diabetic (D) mice were treated with and without the potent peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst FP15 (5 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) for 1 wk after 8 wk without treatment. Sciatic nerve nitrotyrosine (a marker of peroxynitrite-induced injury) and poly(ADP-ribose) immunoreactivities were present in D and absent in C and D+FP15. FP15 treatment corrected sciatic motor and hind-limb digital sensory nerve conduction deficits and sciatic nerve energy state in D, without affecting those variables in C. Nerve glucose and sorbitol pathway intermediate concentrations were similarly elevated in D and D+FP15 vs C. In diabetic NOD mice, a 7-day treatment with either 1 or 3 mg kg(-1) d(-1) FP15 reversed increased tail-flick latency (a sign of reduced pain sensitivity); the effect of the higher dose was significant as early as 3 days after beginning of the treatment. In conclusion, nitrosative stress plays a major role in DN in, at least, type 1 diabetes. This provides the rationale for development of agents counteracting peroxynitrite formation and promoting peroxynitrite decomposition, and their evaluation in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Obrosova
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Sano C, Shimizu T, Sato K, Tomioka H. [Profiles of the expression of phospholipase A2 family mRNAs by macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2004; 78:503-7. [PMID: 15287478 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we found that collaboration of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) and free fatty acids (FFA) plays crucial roles in the expression of macrophage (Mphi) antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) families hydrolyze phospholipids and release FFA from their sn-2 position. In the present study, we examined profiles of the mRNA expression of PLA2 families by Mphis stimulated with MTB by using RT-PCR method, and the following results were obtained. First, the expression of type IV cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), which is highly specific to arachidnic acid moiety, was significantly up-regulated by MTB stimulation of Mphis. Second, the expression of type IIa secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) was not observed for Mphis with or without MTB stimulation. Third, the profile of mRNA expression of type V sPLA2 was nearly the same as that of type IV cPLA2 for Mphis before and after MTB stimulation. These findings suggest that type IV cPLA2 and type V sPLA2 both play important roles in the FFA-mediated Mphi Cap antimicrobial activity against MTB organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Sano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shimane University School of Medicine
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Gisone P, Dubner D, Del Pérez Rosario M, Michelin S, Puntarulo S. The role of nitric oxide in the radiation-induced effects in the developing brain. In Vivo 2004; 18:281-92. [PMID: 15341184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The immature and adult brain display clear differences in the way they respond to insults. The effects of prenatal irradiation on the developing brain are well known. Both epidemiological and experimental data indicate that ionizing radiation may disrupt developmental processes leading to deleterious effects on post-natal brain functions. A central role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) as important mediators in both neurotoxicity and neuroprotection has been demonstrated. However, data concerning the role of ROS/RNS in radiation-induced damage in the developing brain are scarce. The goal of this review was to summarize the current studies concerning the role of nitric oxide and its reactive intermediates in activation of signal transduction pathways involved in cellular radiation response, with particular focus on radiation-induced effects in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gisone
- Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Scientific Support, Radiopathology Laboratory, Libertador 8250 (C1429BNP) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
PURPOSE We review the literature addressing a potential causal role for chronic or recurrent inflammation or infection in the development of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE to identify articles on chronic inflammation as a risk factor for cancer, particularly prostate cancer. RESULTS A causal role for chronic or recurrent inflammation or infection in the development of prostate cancer has yet to be proven. Inflammation may contribute to carcinogenesis by 1 or more of several potentially interrelated mechanisms, including 1) the elaboration of cytokines and growth factors that favor tumor cell growth, 2) induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in macrophages and epithelial cells, and 3) generation of mutagenic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Chronic inflammation in the form of stromal and epithelial infiltrates of lymphocytes and histiocytes is extremely common in the peripheral zone of the prostate where most cancers arise. Although differences in histology and terminology exist for these inflammatory and atrophic lesions, as a group they often display evidence of epithelial proliferation. Heterogeneous expression of the GSTP1 gene in such lesions has been proposed as evidence for susceptibility to oxidative damage, thereby providing fertile ground for carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Although the cumulative evidence demonstrates that chronic inflammation may be a legitimate target for chemopreventive efforts, more study is needed to prove its etiological role in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Lucia
- Department of Pathology and Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Unibersity of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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Abstract
Acetaminophen (AAP) overdose can cause severe hepatotoxicity and even liver failure in experimental animals and humans. Despite substantial efforts over the last 30 years, the mechanism of AAP-induced liver cell injury is still not completely understood. It is widely accepted that the injury process is initiated by the metabolism of AAP to a reactive metabolite, which first depletes glutathione and then binds to cellular proteins including a number of mitochondrial proteins. One consequence of this process may be the observed inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, ATP depletion and mitochondrial oxidant stress. In the presence of sufficient vitamin E, reactive oxygen formation does not induce severe lipid peroxidation but the superoxide reacts with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite, a powerful oxidant and nitrating agent. Peroxynitrite can modify cellular macromolecules and may aggravate mitochondrial dysfunction and ATP depletion leading to cellular oncotic necrosis in hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells. Thus, we hypothesize that reactive metabolite formation and protein binding initiate the injury process, which may be then propagated and amplified by mitochondrial dysfunction and peroxynitrite formation. This concept also reconciles many of the controversial findings of the past and provides a viable hypothesis for the mechanism of hepatocellular injury after AAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Room 6309, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Naidu BV, Fraga C, Salzman AL, Szabo C, Verrier ED, Mulligan MS. Critical role of reactive nitrogen species in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22:784-93. [PMID: 12873547 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(02)00556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxynitrite is a potent cytotoxic free radical produced by the reaction of nitric oxide with the superoxide ion produced in conditions of oxidative stress. The purpose of the study was to examine the role of this reactive nitrogen species in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Left lungs of male Long-Evans rats were rendered ischemic for 90 minutes and reperfused for up to 4 hours. Treated animals received FP-15 (a water-soluble iron containing metalloporphyrin that acts as a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst). Injury was quantitated in terms of tissue neutrophil accumulation (myeloperoxidase content) and vascular permeability ((125)I bovine serum albumin [BSA] extravasation) and bronchoalveolar lavage cytokine, transcriptional factor and leukocyte content. Separate tissue samples were processed for immunohistology and nuclear protein analysis. RESULTS Lung vascular permeability was reduced in treated animals by 61% compared with control animals (p < 0.005). The protective effects of enhanced peroxynitrite decomposition correlated with a 72% reduction in tissue myeloperoxidase content (p < 0.001) and marked reductions in brochoalveolar lavage leukocyte accumulation. This correlated positively with the diminished expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and nuclear transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS The deleterious effects of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury are in part mediated by the formation of peroxynitrite, as enhanced decomposition of this species is protective in this model. The development of potent water-soluble decomposition catalysts represents a potentially useful therapeutic tool in the prevention of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu V Naidu
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Abstract
Both bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are recognized as inflammatory diseases, although the inflammatory process for each disease is different. In this review, I describe some inflammatory molecules that seem to be involved in the inflammatory process in each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ichinose
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Japan.
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45
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Abstract
The hypothesis that endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide has stimulated a wealth of research into the significance of this novel intriguing molecule. Given its short life, many storage forms of NO as well as targets have been postulated. Among these, a pool of derivatives of NO (S-nitrosothiols, RSNOs) covalently bound to SH groups of proteins and low molecular weight thiols (e.g., glutathione) have been identified in various biological systems. The importance of RSNOs results from the very similar biological actions exhibited by both NO and RSNOs in vivo as well as in vitro. In particular, it has been observed that in the bloodstream, these molecules are able to provoke vasodilatation with a consequent fall in blood pressure and an antithrombotic effect by inhibition of platelet aggregation. Many hypotheses have been postulated about the biochemical species and the mechanisms involved in these processes, but many aspects have not yet been clarified. In addition, some RSNOs have been recently proposed to be clinical parameters, whose levels may vary under some pathological conditions. The therapeutic utility of RSNOs as an alternative to classic NO donors has also been suggested.Here, we provide a critical analysis of the main reports about the biochemical, physiological, pathological and therapeutic properties of RSNOs in the cardiovascular system. Particular attention is addressed to conflicting results and to discrepancies in the methodologies and models utilized. The numerous unanswered questions concerning the role of RSNOs in the control of vascular tone are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, Italy
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Sano K, Sato K, Sano C, Shimizu T, Tomioka H. Comparative profiles of intramacrophage behavior of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex with different levels of virulence. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 46:483-6. [PMID: 12222934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and M. avium complex (MAC) strains with different levels of virulence in mice were examined for profiles of interaction with murine peritoneal macrophages (Mphis). Their growth rates in Mphis were in these orders: H37Ra strain (attenuated) > H37Rv strain (virulent) for MTB, and N-260 strain (moderate virulence) > MAC N-444 strain (low virulence) for MAC. MTB but not MAC caused the necrotic death of host Mphis in terms of increased release of lactate dehydrogenase from infected Mphis. The MTB H37Ra strain induced a greater production of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) by Mphis than the MTB H37Rv strain did. However, this phenomenon was not observed with MAC, implying less important roles of RNI in the expression of Mphi antimicrobial activity against MAC organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan
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Abstract
Airways are exposed to high levels of environmental oxidants, yet they also have enriched extracellular antioxidants. Airways disease such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have evidence of increased oxidative stress, suggesting that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species may overwhelm antioxidant defenses in airway diseases. Extracellular superoxide dismutase is abundant in pulmonary tissues and protects the lung from increased oxidative stress; however, its role in asthma and other airway diseases has not been fully elucidated. Proteolytic processing of extracellular superoxide dismutase decreases its affinity for the extracellular matrix and may be a mechanism to regulate its distribution during conditions of inflammation or oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Bowler
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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Janssen-Heininger YMW, Persinger RL, Korn SH, Pantano C, McElhinney B, Reynaert NL, Langen RCJ, Ckless K, Shrivastava P, Poynter ME. Reactive nitrogen species and cell signaling: implications for death or survival of lung epithelium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:S9-S16. [PMID: 12471083 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2206008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species such as nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and nitrogen dioxide have been implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammatory lung diseases. Yet, the molecular mechanisms and cell signaling events responsible for cellular injury remain to be elucidated. Two major signaling pathways, co-ordinately regulated and responsible for cell survival and cell death, involve nuclear factor kappa B and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, respectively. A review of these pathways, their modes of action, and their importance in executing oxidative stress responses in lung epithelial cells are discussed.
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Bebok Z, Varga K, Hicks JK, Venglarik CJ, Kovacs T, Chen L, Hardiman KM, Collawn JF, Sorscher EJ, Matalon S. Reactive oxygen nitrogen species decrease cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator expression and cAMP-mediated Cl- secretion in airway epithelia. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:43041-9. [PMID: 12194970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203154200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated putative mechanisms by which nitric oxide modulates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression and function in epithelial cells. Immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting, as well as immunocytochemical and cell surface biotinylation measurements, showed that incubation of both stably transduced (HeLa) and endogenous CFTR expressing (16HBE14o-, Calu-3, and mouse tracheal epithelial) cells with 100 microm diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA NONOate) for 24-96 h decreased both intracellular and apical CFTR levels. Calu-3 and mouse tracheal epithelial cells, incubated with DETA NONOate but not with 100 microm 8-bromo-cGMP for 96 h, exhibited reduced cAMP-activated short circuit currents when mounted in Ussing chambers. Exposure of Calu-3 cells to nitric oxide donors resulted in the nitration of a number of proteins including CFTR. Nitration was augmented by proteasome inhibition, suggesting a role for the proteasome in the degradation of nitrated proteins. Our studies demonstrate that levels of nitric oxide that are likely to be encountered in the vicinity of airway cells during inflammation may nitrate CFTR resulting in enhanced degradation and decreased function. Decreased levels and function of normal CFTR may account for some of the cystic fibrosis-like symptoms that occur in chronic inflammatory lung diseases associated with increased NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Bebok
- Department of Medicine, and The Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
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Abstract
NO reacts spontaneously with superoxide to produce the potent oxidant peroxynitrite. Studies were designed to examine the role of NO-derived oxidants and peroxynitrite on the regulation of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity by angiotensin II (ANG II) freshly isolated rat proximal tubules. At picomolar concentrations ANG II stimulates Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity, but at nanomolar concentrations stimulation is lost. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was used to examine the role of superoxide and deferoxamine (DFO) and uric acid (UA) were used to examine the role of peroxynitrite. SOD (200 U/mL, 5-min preincubation) restored the stimulatory effect of ANG II (1.31 +/- 0.08-fold; n = 4; P < 0.05 compared to 10(-7) M alone), suggesting a role for superoxide. DFO (100 microm, 5-min preincubation) also restored the stimulatory effect of ANG II (1.40 +/- 0.08-fold; n = 4; P < 0.05, compared to 10(-7) M alone), as did UA (1.22 +/- 0.07-fold; n = 5; P < 0.05, compared to 10(-7) M alone). The NO synthesis inhibitor, N-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 2 mM; 5-min preincubation), also unmasked a stimulatory effect of ANG II at 10(-7) M (1.4 +/- 0.1-fold; n = 7; P < 0.05, compared to 10(-7) M alone). The generation of peroxynitrite was further evidenced by the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). 3-NT increased 3.5-fold in tubules exposed to ANG II (10(-7) M) (0.0054 +/- 0.0019 3-NT/100 tyrosines for control and 0.019 +/- 0.0058 3-NT/100 tyrosines for ANG II, P < .05; n = 4) and L-NMMA prevented the increase. These data suggest that peroxynitrite signaling participates in the regulation of renal of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Mail Slot 611, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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