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Sudan: Urgent action is needed to avoid famine, warn agencies. BMJ 2024; 385:q1105. [PMID: 38754920 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
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Starvation as a weapon of war must stop. Lancet 2024; 403:1309. [PMID: 38582552 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
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Fleeing mass starvation: what we (do not) know about the famine-migration nexus. DISASTERS 2021; 45:255-277. [PMID: 31664742 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between famine and migration has not been studied adequately to date. A systematic review of scholarship centred on famine and its demographic, political, and socioeconomic effects demonstrates the paucity of academic attention to the issue. This paper surveys the dominant hypotheses and findings regarding the connection between famine and migration. It delineates key questions that an interdisciplinary and case-based exploration of the subject should address, highlighting gaps in the literature with respect to population-level analyses. Primary observations about the literature reviewed include tenuous generalisations about the linkage between famine and migration and partial examination of the role of politics in enabling or prohibiting mobility during hunger-related crises. In addition, disciplinary silos influence which particular aspects of a famine are scrutinised and which are not appraised. In view of these concerns, international legal and humanitarian norms governing migration also need to pay closer attention to its association with famine.
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[FORCE-FEEDING OR LIFE-SAVING? - DEALING WITH HUNGER STRIKES IN ISRAEL]. HAREFUAH 2018; 157:38-41. [PMID: 29374872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Force feeding of fasting hunger-striking prisoners is the subject of considerable controversy in Israel and elsewhere, posing a direct conflict between two basic ethical values: that of human life and respect for autonomy. The Israel Medical Association, as well as the World Medical Association, has taken the position that force feeding of such prisoners is an act of torture and is therefore unethical. However this paper presents an opposing view, which recently became the law in Israel, that, whereas the rights of prisoners to decree a hunger strike as a form of protest should be respected, if the prolongation of the strike reaches a stage of clear and present danger to the life and health of a prisoner, the saving of the prisoner's life must take precedence over considerations of autonomy. The paper present the steps that should be taken, including extensive and empathic efforts to persuade the prisoner to end his/her fast; gaining the approval of a hospital's ethics committee; and gaining the approval of a district court judge; the feeding is to be carried out in the most humane and sensitive manner as befitting a lifesaving procedure for any patient. This position is consistent with Israel's Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty, Israel's Patient Rights Law, Israel's "Do not stand idly by your fellow man's blood" Law, with several Israeli court decisions and in keeping with the dominant Israeli culture. Finally, instructions for physicians who object to such measures are discussed, ascertaining the freedom of conscience as well as preserving the life of the hunger-strikers.
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[Force-feeding of hunger-striking prisoners]. HAREFUAH 2014; 153:554-556. [PMID: 25417495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the position of the World Medical Association and the Ethics Council of the Israel Medical Association, the author argues for forced-feeding of hunger-striking prisoners when their condition reaches a stage of danger of death or permanent injury. This position is based on the priority of human life over autonomy, and of a communitarian ethic. This position is supported by a District Court decision ordering the feeding of a hunger-striking prisoner, by a Supreme Court decision imposing surgery on a non-consenting prisoner, and in line with Israel's Patient's Right Law.
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[Letter: Once again The Oostvaardersplassen]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2014; 139:48. [PMID: 24701793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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[Welfare large domestic animals between morale and biology]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2013; 138:48-49. [PMID: 24319804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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A situational analysis of priority disaster hazards in Uganda: findings from a hazard and vulnerability analysis. EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:380-386. [PMID: 25130017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa have not conducted a disaster risk analysis. Hazards and vulnerability analyses provide vital information that can be used for development of risk reduction and disaster response plans. The purpose of this study was to rank disaster hazards for Uganda, as a basis for identifying the priority hazards to guide disaster management planning. METHODS The study as conducted in Uganda, as part of a multi-country assessment. A hazard, vulnerability and capacity analysis was conducted in a focus group discussion of 7 experts representing key stakeholder agencies in disaster management in Uganda. A simple ranking method was used to rank the probability of occurance of 11 top hazards, their potential impact and the level vulnerability of people and infrastructure. RESULTS In-terms of likelihood of occurance and potential impact, the top ranked disaster hazards in Uganda are: 1) Epidemics of infectious diseases, 2) Drought/famine, 3) Conflict and environmental degradation in that order. In terms of vulnerability, the top priority hazards to which people and infrastructure were vulnerable were: 1) Conflicts, 2) Epidemics, 3) Drought/famine and, 4) Environmental degradation in that order. Poverty, gender, lack of information, and lack of resilience measures were some of the factors promoting vulnerability to disasters. CONCLUSION As Uganda develops a disaster risk reduction and response plan, it ought to prioritize epidemics of infectious diseases, drought/famine, conflics and environmental degradation as the priority disaster hazards.
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Exploring audience segmentation: investigating adopter categories to diffuse an innovation to prevent famine in rural Mozambique. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2012; 18:6-19. [PMID: 23020741 PMCID: PMC3772073 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2012.688249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Audience segmentation is a useful tool for designing effective campaigns. Further, the efficiency promised in diffusion science rests to some degree on the existence of adopter categories that can be identified and used to strategically disseminate prevention innovations. This study investigates the potential to identify adopter categories in potential recipients (n = 127) of an innovation to prevent food shortages in Mozambique. A 5-class model was found using latent class analysis, but it showed important differences from existing descriptions of adopter categories. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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India's food bill will not provide the security it claims. BMJ 2012; 344:e3194. [PMID: 22569866 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Militant attacks are jeopardising famine relief in Horn of Africa. BMJ 2011; 343:d6729. [PMID: 22006958 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d6729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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[Reaction on the KNMVD standpoint about the health and welfare of the big grazers of Oostvaardersplassen]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2010; 135:926. [PMID: 21213446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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[KNMVD-standpoint on the health and welfare of large grazers in Oostvaardersplassen, the Netherlands]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2010; 135:798-804. [PMID: 21141153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Food security and dietary intake in midwest migrant farmworker children. J Pediatr Nurs 2010; 25:360-6. [PMID: 20816558 PMCID: PMC2935913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article is a descriptive cross-sectional study with Latino migrant farmworker (MFW) families in Ohio. A demographic questionnaire, the U.S. Household Food Security Survey (USHFSS), and the Food Frequency Questionnaire were self-administered. Participants (N = 50) were primarily mothers of children with ages 2 to 13 years. USHFSS was 30% high, 18% marginal, 44% low, and 8% very low. Only 22% of the children met the minimum MyPyramid daily recommended food-group servings for age and gender. Knowledge gained from these data will influence development of culturally appropriate nutrition interventions to help Latino MFW families achieve healthier nutrition and weight in their children.
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[The shock of opinions flows the truth]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2010; 135:246. [PMID: 20415022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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[Reactions Oostvaardersplassen]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2010; 135:146; discussion 146. [PMID: 20225484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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[ Oostvaardersplassen]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2009; 134:808; author reply 808. [PMID: 19891340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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[Reactions Oostvaardersplassen]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2009; 134:758. [PMID: 19911741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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[Oostvaardersplassen]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2009; 134:672. [PMID: 19757683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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[Reaction to the letter of Lumeij Oostvaardersplassen]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2009; 134:632. [PMID: 19697684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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[Large grazers 'revisited']. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2009; 134:458-459. [PMID: 19522355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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[The partnership of Russian medical community in the fight against famine in the late XIX-early XX centuries]. PROBLEMY SOTSIAL'NOI GIGIENY, ZDRAVOOKHRANENIIA I ISTORII MEDITSINY 2009:48-51. [PMID: 19711531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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[Food refusal by patients with dementia: a dilemma for care and autonomy]. PFLEGE ZEITSCHRIFT 2009; 62:72-75. [PMID: 19263716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Lives of the saints: international hardship duty in Chad. NEW YORKER (NEW YORK, N.Y. : 1925) 2009:46-59. [PMID: 19112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Stewardship: what kind of society do we want? Hastings Cent Rep 2009; Suppl:30-32. [PMID: 19891275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Identifying famines. BMJ 2008; 337:a1178. [PMID: 18832410 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hungry minds: tales from a Chelsea soup kitchen. NEW YORKER (NEW YORK, N.Y. : 1925) 2008:56-65. [PMID: 19149044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Famine and war. W INDIAN MED J 2008; 57:73-74. [PMID: 19565944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
History records that mankind has suffered at intervals from great famines. As recently as 1943, at least a million people died of famine in Bengal. In January 1943, a lot of soldiers of the Royal Hungarian Army died in Russia, at the River Don, because of the lack of food supply and insufficient healthcare. The enormous advances of science in this century have made the prevention and relief of famine technically easier. Subsequently, in many parts of the world, famine conditions have arisen, but fortunately on a smaller scale. In this work an attempt is made to set out a few general principles of famine.
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The fight to eradicate hunger and poverty. MEDSURG NURSING : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSES 2007; 16:285-298. [PMID: 18072664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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[What to do to avoid death by starvation? Domestic dynamics and childhood feeding practices in a rural area of extreme poverty in Mexico]. SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO 2007; 48:490-7. [PMID: 17326345 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-36342006000600007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and compare household dynamics in terms of structure, beliefs and nutrition-related behavior in the homes of malnourished and well-nourished children less than five years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors carried out a qualitative ethnographic study using participant observation, and in depth interviews. Interviews were conducted with the child's caretaker or key informants, prior oral informed consent. Child care and childhood feeding practices at home and in the community were the focus of observations. The study included two periods of field work conducted in 2001, in three rural municipalities from the Río Balsas region, in Guerrero state, Mexico. The study's ethical and methodological aspects were approved by the National Research Commission of the Mexican Institute of Social Security. RESULTS Households were differentially characterized by number of members, composition, type of relationship, source of income, and interactions among household members and with the community. CONCLUSION Monoparental structures, in an early stage of the household cycle, give rise to conditions that render the child prone to malnutrition. Extended family structure represented more favorable household dynamics.
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Avoiding violence by technologies? Rectal feeding in German psychiatry, c. 1860-85. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY 2006; 17:259-78. [PMID: 17214428 DOI: 10.1177/0957154x06061984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
During the nineteenth century, the use of the stomach tube became the preferred method to treat the insane refusing to eat. But it was not unusual for this practice to result in violence and serious injuries. Especially around 1860, when the discussion of non-restraint in German psychiatry reached its climax, other methods of dealing with sitophobia became the focus of interest. In particular, two psychiatrists who ran a private asylum in Endenich near Bonn, Franz Richarz and Bernhard Oebeke, recommended rectal feeding as a means of avoiding violence and injury. This paper deals with this method and also outlines the different 'technologies' used to treat 'abstinent' insane patients.
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Does extra corticosterone elicit increased begging and submissiveness in subordinate booby (Sula nebouxii) chicks? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 147:297-303. [PMID: 16530762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether in two-chick broods of the blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii) elevated circulating corticosterone in the socially subordinate broodmate facilitates submissive behavior and/or enhances food solicitation. Implanting corticosterone in 17 subordinate chicks (experimental broods) produced changes in the behavior of chicks and parents over the first two days, relative to 17 matched families (control broods) where subordinate chicks were implanted with empty capsules. Experimental broods showed increased activity/wakefulness of the dominant broodmate and, consequently, increased simultaneous activity of both broodmates, but there was scant evidence that subordinates submitted more readily when attacked. Implanted subordinates increased their rate of spontaneous submission over the total observation time, but this increase was mostly explained by the additional time when both broodmates were simultaneously active. There was little sign that extra corticosterone induced more begging, except possibly by eliciting increased activity. Experimental broods increased their rate of feeding, and most if not all of the increase was due to the increased activity and increased feeding rate of dominant broodmates. On the third and fourth days after implantation all effects of implanted corticosterone disappeared, except for the elevated activity and feeding rates of dominant chicks. At the end of four days, subordinates implanted with corticosterone showed no increase in circulating corticosterone and experimental broods showed no gain in mass or body size, relative to controls. Extra corticosterone, above the high level that normally circulates in subordinate chicks, apparently does not enhance submission to aggression or food solicitation, but provokes a cascade of changes in the behavior of broodmates and parents.
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Readers' responses to "calorie transfer: a new approach to the global nutrition crisis". MEDGENMED : MEDSCAPE GENERAL MEDICINE 2006; 8:59; author reply 60. [PMID: 16926798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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Weather patterns, food security and humanitarian response in sub-Saharan Africa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 360:2169-82. [PMID: 16433102 PMCID: PMC1569582 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although considerable achievements in the global reduction of hunger and poverty have been made, progress in Africa so far has been very limited. At present, a third of the African population faces widespread hunger and chronic malnutrition and is exposed to a constant threat of acute food crisis and famine. The most affected are rural households whose livelihood is heavily dependent on traditional rainfed agriculture. Rainfall plays a major role in determining agricultural production and hence the economic and social well being of rural communities. The rainfall pattern in sub-Saharan Africa is influenced by large-scale intra-seasonal and inter-annual climate variability including occasional El Niño events in the tropical Pacific resulting in frequent extreme weather event such as droughts and floods that reduce agricultural outputs resulting in severe food shortages. Households and communities facing acute food shortages are forced to adopt coping strategies to meet the immediate food requirements of their families. These extreme responses may have adverse long-term, impacts on households' ability to have sustainable access to food as well as the environment. The HIV/AIDS crisis has also had adverse impacts on food production activities on the continent. In the absence of safety nets and appropriate financial support mechanisms, humanitarian aid is required to enable households effectively cope with emergencies and manage their limited resources more efficiently. Timely and appropriate humanitarian aid will provide households with opportunities to engage in productive and sustainable livelihood strategies. Investments in poverty reduction efforts would have better impact if complemented with timely and predictable response mechanisms that would ensure the protection of livelihoods during crisis periods whether weather or conflict-related. With an improved understanding of climate variability including El Niño, the implications of weather patterns for the food security and vulnerability of rural communities have become more predictable and can be monitored effectively. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how current advances in the understanding of climate variability, weather patterns and food security could contribute to improved humanitarian decision-making. The paper will propose new approaches for triggering humanitarian responses to weather-induced food crises.
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Calorie transfer: a new approach to the global nutrition crisis. MEDGENMED : MEDSCAPE GENERAL MEDICINE 2006; 8:57. [PMID: 16915187 PMCID: PMC1681998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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Tough U.S. steps in hunger strike in Cuba. THE NEW YORK TIMES ON THE WEB 2006:A1, A20. [PMID: 16514738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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Readers' responses to "calorie transfer: a new approach to the global nutrition crisis". MEDGENMED : MEDSCAPE GENERAL MEDICINE 2006; 8:59; author reply 60. [PMID: 17048322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Cell 2005; 122:927-39. [PMID: 16179260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2703] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are both tightly regulated biological processes that play a central role in tissue homeostasis, development, and disease. The anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, interacts with the evolutionarily conserved autophagy protein, Beclin 1. However, little is known about the functional significance of this interaction. Here, we show that wild-type Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins, but not Beclin 1 binding defective mutants of Bcl-2, inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy in yeast and mammalian cells and that cardiac Bcl-2 transgenic expression inhibits autophagy in mouse heart muscle. Furthermore, Beclin 1 mutants that cannot bind to Bcl-2 induce more autophagy than wild-type Beclin 1 and, unlike wild-type Beclin 1, promote cell death. Thus, Bcl-2 not only functions as an antiapoptotic protein, but also as an antiautophagy protein via its inhibitory interaction with Beclin 1. This antiautophagy function of Bcl-2 may help maintain autophagy at levels that are compatible with cell survival, rather than cell death.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Guidelines for managing malnutrition in adolescent eating disorders are based on limited evidence. Swenne and Engström's study explored the relationship between symptoms, signs and weight status in this patient group, towards refining clinical approaches to nutritional assessment in adolescents. CONCLUSION The need to compare findings across studies is crucial for research in nutritional assessment of adolescents
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Palliative care without borders. J Palliat Care 2005; 21:131-2. [PMID: 16334964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Are older people starving to death in a world of plenty? NESTLE NUTRITION WORKSHOP SERIES. CLINICAL & PERFORMANCE PROGRAMME 2005; 10:15-29. [PMID: 15818019 DOI: 10.1159/000083261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Could changing the ideal anthropometric values of children help prevent starvation on Earth. Med Hypotheses 2004; 64:216. [PMID: 15533645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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