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Symanzik C, John SM. [Skin cancer from solar ultraviolet radiation exposure at work]. Dermatologie (Heidelb) 2024; 75:104-111. [PMID: 37964134 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to their professional activities, outdoor workers are exposed to an increased risk of developing occupational skin cancer caused by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation as defined by occupational disease (OD) number 5103. Since the amendment to the Occupational Diseases Ordinance ("Berufskrankheitenverordnung", BKV) in 2015, squamous cell carcinomas or multiple actinic keratoses of the skin caused by natural UV radiation in outdoor workers in Germany can be recognized as occupational disease in the sense of OD number 5103. The main cause of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is solar UV radiation; it is the most relevant occupational carcinogen in terms of the number of exposed workers (i.e., outdoor workers). Circumstances associated with climate change include increased terrestrial UV radiation, an increase in the number of cloudless days and therefore the number of hours of direct sunshine, adverse meteorological effects to the stratospheric ozone layer, and so-called low ozone events and associated more intense UV radiation. In the future, comprehensive considerations will have to be made as to how prevention concepts can be effectively designed to avoid the development of occupational skin cancer in outdoor workers. The treatment of future cases of skin cancer will be a particular challenge due to their high number and only a limited number of dermatologists available. Hopefully, prevention of skin cancer will become even more important in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Symanzik
- Institut für interdisziplinäre Dermatologische Prävention und Rehabilitation (iDerm), an der Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland
- Abteilung Dermatologie, Umweltmedizin und Gesundheitstheorie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland
| | - Swen Malte John
- Institut für interdisziplinäre Dermatologische Prävention und Rehabilitation (iDerm), an der Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland.
- Abteilung Dermatologie, Umweltmedizin und Gesundheitstheorie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland.
- Niedersächsisches Institut für Berufsdermatologie (NIB), Osnabrück, Deutschland.
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2
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The ozone layer's comeback brings a chill to Antarctica's ocean. Nature 2023; 622:11. [PMID: 37770660 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
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3
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An M, Western LM, Hu J, Yao B, Mühle J, Ganesan AL, Prinn RG, Krummel PB, Hossaini R, Fang X, O'Doherty S, Weiss RF, Young D, Rigby M. Anthropogenic Chloroform Emissions from China Drive Changes in Global Emissions. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:13925-13936. [PMID: 37656597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of chloroform (CHCl3), a short-lived halogenated substance not currently controlled under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, are offsetting some of the achievements of the Montreal Protocol. In this study, emissions of CHCl3 from China were derived by atmospheric measurement-based "top-down" inverse modeling and a sector-based "bottom-up" inventory method. Top-down CHCl3 emissions grew from 78 (72-83) Gg yr-1 in 2011 to a maximum of 193 (178-204) Gg yr-1 in 2017, followed by a decrease to 147 (138-154) Gg yr-1 in 2018, after which emissions remained relatively constant through 2020. The changes in emissions from China could explain all of the global changes during the study period. The CHCl3 emissions in China were dominated by anthropogenic sources, such as byproduct emissions during disinfection and leakage from chloromethane industries. Had emissions continued to grow at the rate observed up to 2017, a delay of several years in Antarctic ozone layer recovery could have occurred. However, this delay will be largely avoided if global CHCl3 emissions remain relatively constant in the future, as they have between 2018 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minde An
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Luke M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anita L Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, U.K
| | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul B Krummel
- Climate, Atmosphere and Oceans Interactions, CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Simon O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dickon Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Matthew Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Woodcock
- From Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and University of Manchester - both in Manchester, United Kingdom
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Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Longstreth JD, Schikowski T, Andersen MPS, Solomon KR, Wilson SR. Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1129-1176. [PMID: 37310641 PMCID: PMC10262938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation drives the net production of tropospheric ozone (O3) and a large fraction of particulate matter (PM) including sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols. Ground-level O3 and PM are detrimental to human health, leading to several million premature deaths per year globally, and have adverse effects on plants and the yields of crops. The Montreal Protocol has prevented large increases in UV radiation that would have had major impacts on air quality. Future scenarios in which stratospheric O3 returns to 1980 values or even exceeds them (the so-called super-recovery) will tend to ameliorate urban ground-level O3 slightly but worsen it in rural areas. Furthermore, recovery of stratospheric O3 is expected to increase the amount of O3 transported into the troposphere by meteorological processes that are sensitive to climate change. UV radiation also generates hydroxyl radicals (OH) that control the amounts of many environmentally important chemicals in the atmosphere including some greenhouse gases, e.g., methane (CH4), and some short-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Recent modeling studies have shown that the increases in UV radiation associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone over 1980-2020 have contributed a small increase (~ 3%) to the globally averaged concentrations of OH. Replacements for ODSs include chemicals that react with OH radicals, hence preventing the transport of these chemicals to the stratosphere. Some of these chemicals, e.g., hydrofluorocarbons that are currently being phased out, and hydrofluoroolefins now used increasingly, decompose into products whose fate in the environment warrants further investigation. One such product, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), has no obvious pathway of degradation and might accumulate in some water bodies, but is unlikely to cause adverse effects out to 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA.
- USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest after retirement from Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J D Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, USA
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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Vaunted treaty to protect the ozone layer has a hole. Nature 2023; 617:655. [PMID: 37202459 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Pandey KK, Bruckman LS, White CC, Zhu M, Zhu L. Effects of UV radiation on natural and synthetic materials. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1177-1202. [PMID: 37039962 PMCID: PMC10088630 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on construction materials, especially wood and plastics, and the consequent impacts on their useful lifetimes, are well documented in scientific literature. Any future increase in solar UV radiation and ambient temperature due to climate change will therefore shorten service lifetimes of materials, which will require higher levels of stabilisation or other interventions to maintain their lifetimes at the present levels. The implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments on substances that deplete the ozone layer, controls the solar UV-B radiation received on Earth. This current quadrennial assessment provides a comprehensive update on the deleterious effects of solar UV radiation on the durability of natural and synthetic materials, as well as recent innovations in better stabilising of materials against solar UV radiation-induced damage. Pertinent emerging technologies for wood and plastics used in construction, composite materials used in construction, textile fibres, comfort fabric, and photovoltaic materials, are addressed in detail. Also addressed are the trends in technology designed to increase sustainability via replacing toxic, unsustainable, legacy additives with 'greener' benign substitutes that may indirectly affect the UV stability of the redesigned materials. An emerging class of efficient photostabilisers are the nanoscale particles that include oxide fillers and nanocarbons used in high-performance composites, which provide good UV stability to materials. They also allow the design of UV-shielding fabric materials with impressive UV protection factors. An emerging environmental issue related to the photodegradation of plastics is the generation of ubiquitous micro-scale particles from plastic litter exposed to solar UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | | | - K. K. Pandey
- Indian Academy of Wood Science, Bangalore, India
| | - L. S. Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | | | - M. Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - L. Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibres and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Li C, Wei Z, Yang P, Shan J, Yan X. Conversion from rice fields to vegetable fields alters product stoichiometry of denitrification and increases N 2O emission. Environ Res 2022; 215:114279. [PMID: 36126691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Information about effects of conversion from rice fields to vegetable fields on denitrification process is still limited. In this study, denitrification rate and product ratio (i.e., N2O/(N2O + N2) ratio) were investigated by soil-core incubation based N2/Ar technique in one rice paddy field (RP) and two vegetable fields (VF4 and VF7, 4 and 7 years vegetable cultivating after conversion from rice fields, respectively). Genes related to denitrification and bacterial community composition were quantified to investigate the microbial mechanisms behind the effects of land-use conversion. The results showed that conversion of rice fields to vegetable fields did not significantly change denitrification rate although the abundance of denitrification related genes was significantly reduced by 79.22%-99.84% in the vegetable soils. Whereas, compared with the RP soil, N2O emission rate was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 53.5 and 1.6 times in the VF4 and VF7 soils, respectively. Correspondingly, the N2O/(N2O + N2) ratio increased from 0.18% (RP soil) to 5.65% and 0.65% in the VF4 and VF7 soils, respectively. These changes were mainly attributed to the lower pH, higher nitrate content, and the altered bacterial community composition in the vegetable soils. Overall, our results showed that conversion of rice fields to vegetable fields increased the N2O emission rate and altered the product ratio of denitrification. This may increase the contribution of land-use conversion to global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhijun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Pinpin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jun Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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10
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Sidorov VV, Mingazova EN, Bushmanov AY, Yusupova MM, Mingazov RN. [THE ISSUE OF THE IMPACT OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR RADIATION EXPOSURE AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM]. Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med 2022; 30:771-775. [PMID: 36282645 DOI: 10.32687/0869-866x-2022-30-5-771-775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use in today's world of radioactive sources d in energy, medicine, engineering and construction, for contaminant tracking and food sterilization increases the likelihood of accidental exposure. The use of ionizing radiation and radioactive elements can directly or indirectly cause life-threatening complications, such as oncopathology, radiation burns, and impaired immunity. Pollution of the environment with radioactive elements and depletion of the ozone layer also contribute to an increase in the level of radiation exposure. To protect the health of the population living in contaminated areas and consuming locally produced products, it is necessary to organize a system for monitoring radioactive damage, as well as special anti-radiation protective measures in the field of agriculture and forestry, hunting and fishing, and providing the population with food. The purpose of the study is to analyze modern scientific data on the effect of ionizing radiation on reproductive function and modern approaches aimed at correcting its violations. Bibliographic, information-analytical methods and methods of comparative analysis were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Sidorov
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of Minzdrav of Russia, 119991, Moscow, Russia,
| | - E N Mingazova
- N. A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health, 105064, Moscow, Russia,
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of Minzdrav of Russia, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Kazan State Medical University of Minzdrav of Russia, 420012, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - A Yu Bushmanov
- A. I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the FMBA of Russia, 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - M M Yusupova
- A. I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the FMBA of Russia, 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - R N Mingazov
- N. A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health, 105064, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Barnes PW, Robson TM, Neale PJ, Williamson CE, Zepp RG, Madronich S, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Bernhard GH, Bais AF, Neale RE, Bornman JF, Jansen MAK, Klekociuk AR, Martinez-Abaigar J, Robinson SA, Wang QW, Banaszak AT, Häder DP, Hylander S, Rose KC, Wängberg SÅ, Foereid B, Hou WC, Ossola R, Paul ND, Ukpebor JE, Andersen MPS, Longstreth J, Schikowski T, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Bruckman LS, Pandey KK, White CC, Zhu L, Zhu M, Aucamp PJ, Liley JB, McKenzie RL, Berwick M, Byrne SN, Hollestein LM, Lucas RM, Olsen CM, Rhodes LE, Yazar S, Young AR. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:275-301. [PMID: 35191005 PMCID: PMC8860140 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme evaluates effects on the environment and human health that arise from changes in the stratospheric ozone layer and concomitant variations in ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface. The current update is based on scientific advances that have accumulated since our last assessment (Photochem and Photobiol Sci 20(1):1–67, 2021). We also discuss how climate change affects stratospheric ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation, and how stratospheric ozone depletion affects climate change. The resulting interlinking effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change are assessed in terms of air quality, carbon sinks, ecosystems, human health, and natural and synthetic materials. We further highlight potential impacts on the biosphere from extreme climate events that are occurring with increasing frequency as a consequence of climate change. These and other interactive effects are examined with respect to the benefits that the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments are providing to life on Earth by controlling the production of various substances that contribute to both stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, USA
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, USA
| | | | - R G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - A L Andrady
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Apex, USA
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - A F Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | | | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J Martinez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - S A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Global Challenges Program and School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, China
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica De Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - D-P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems-EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - K C Rose
- Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA
| | - S-Å Wängberg
- Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Foereid
- Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - W-C Hou
- Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - R Ossola
- Environmental System Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - J E Ukpebor
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - M P S Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- Research Group of Environmental Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - L S Bruckman
- Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - K K Pandey
- Wood Processing Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - C C White
- Polymer Science and Materials Chemistry (PSMC), Exponent, Bethesda, USA
| | - L Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Alexandra, New Zealand
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Alexandra, New Zealand
| | - M Berwick
- Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - S N Byrne
- Applied Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L M Hollestein
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - C M Olsen
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - L E Rhodes
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (KCL), London, UK
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Barnes PW, Bornman JF, Pandey KK, Bernhard GH, Bais AF, Neale RE, Robson TM, Neale PJ, Williamson CE, Zepp RG, Madronich S, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Robinson SA. The success of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on the environment. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:5681-5683. [PMID: 34392574 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments have been highly effective in protecting the stratospheric ozone layer, preventing global increases in solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-315 nm) at Earth's surface, and reducing global warming. While ongoing and projected changes in UV-B radiation and climate still pose a threat to human health, food security, air and water quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and construction materials and fabrics, the Montreal Protocol continues to play a critical role in protecting Earth's inhabitants and ecosystems by addressing many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Janet F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Krishna K Pandey
- Department of Wood Properties and Uses, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Alkiviadis F Bais
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Matthew Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Sciences Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Richard G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sasha Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephen R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sharon A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Global Challenges Program & School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Gómez-Consarnau L, Klein NJ, Cutter LS, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA. Growth rate-dependent synthesis of halomethanes in marine heterotrophic bacteria and its implications for the ozone layer recovery. Environ Microbiol Rep 2021; 13:77-85. [PMID: 33185965 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halomethanes (e.g., CH3 Cl, CH3 Br, CH3 I and CHBr3 ) are ozone-depleting compounds that, in contrast to the human-made chlorofluorocarbons, marine organisms synthesize naturally. Therefore, their production cannot be totally controlled by human action. However, identifying all their natural sources and understanding their synthesis regulation can help to predict their production rates and their impact on the future recovery of the Earth's ozone layer. Here we show that the synthesis of mono-halogenated halocarbons CH3 Cl, CH3 Br, and CH3 I is a generalized process in representatives of the major marine heterotrophic bacteria groups. Furthermore, halomethane production was growth rate dependent in all the strains we studied, implying uniform synthesis regulation patterns among bacterioplankton. Using these experimental observations and in situ halomethane concentrations, we further evaluated the potential production rates associated with higher bacterial growth rates in response to global warming in a coastal environment within the Southern California Bight. Our estimates show that a 3°C temperature rise would translate into a 35%-84% increase in halomethane production rate by 2100. Overall, these data suggest that marine heterotrophic bacteria are significant producers of these climate-relevant gases and that their contribution to the atmospheric halogen budget could increase in the future, impacting the ozone layer recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Consarnau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
| | - Nick J Klein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Lynda S Cutter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Sergio A Sañudo-Wilhelmy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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14
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Solomon S. Risks to the stratospheric ozone shield in the Anthropocene : This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Ozone Layer. Ambio 2021; 50:44-48. [PMID: 33219941 PMCID: PMC7708556 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crutzen (1974) and Crutzen and Ehhalt (1977) presented two key papers in Ambio that in Ambioexemplify how science first revealed to humankind the potential for damage to our ozone shield in the Anthropocene. Crutzen's (1974) review is a sweeping summary of the risks to the ozone layer from supersonic aircraft, chlorofluorocarbons, as well as nuclear weapons testing and nuclear war. Crutzen and Ehhalt (1977) described how the nitrous oxide produced from fertilizers could pose another threat to the stability of the stratospheric ozone layer. The two papers are part of a body of influential scientific work that led to the pioneering Montreal Protocol to Protect the Earth's Ozone Layer to phase out production of chlorofluorocarbons (in 1987), as well as national decisions that slowed or stopped production of supersonic planes (in the 1970s). They remain guideposts today for ongoing international negotiations regarding reducing emissions from fertilizer and limiting nuclear testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Solomon
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, 54-1720, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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15
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Nielsen OJ, Bilde M. Reflection on two Ambio papers by P. J. Crutzen on ozone in the upper atmosphere : This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Ozone Layer. Ambio 2021; 50:40-43. [PMID: 33219940 PMCID: PMC7708584 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We here reflect on two important articles on stratospheric ozone depletion written by P. J. Crutzen (1974) and P. J. Crutzen and D. H. Ehhalt (1977) in the early 1970s. These articles provide a clear description of the stratosphere and the most important chemical reactions involved in stratospheric ozone depletion. They present modeling results and provide recommendations for future research on stratospheric ozone depletion caused by chloro-fluoro-carbons, supersonic transport, nitrous oxide, and nuclear explosions. These two articles represent the beginning of a scientific era, which led to discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole and political action in the form of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole John Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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16
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Müller R. The impact of the rise in atmospheric nitrous oxide on stratospheric ozone : This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Ozone Layer. Ambio 2021; 50:35-39. [PMID: 33222088 PMCID: PMC7708589 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Müller
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung (IEK-7), 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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17
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Mohr C. When science and politics come together: From depletion to recovery of the stratospheric ozone hole : This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Ozone Layer. Ambio 2021; 50:31-34. [PMID: 33222089 PMCID: PMC7680069 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mohr
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Estrela R, Palit S, Valio A. Surface and Oceanic Habitability of Trappist-1 Planets under the Impact of Flares. Astrobiology 2020; 20:1465-1475. [PMID: 33320780 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of potentially habitable planets around the ultracool dwarf star Trappist-1 naturally poses the question: could Trappist-1 planets be home to life? These planets orbit very close to the host star and are most susceptible to the UV radiation emitted by the intense and frequent flares of Trappist-1. Here, we calculate the UV spectra (100-450 nm) of a superflare observed on Trappist-1 with the K2 mission. We couple radiative transfer models to this spectra to estimate the UV surface flux on planets in the habitable zone of Trappist-1 (planets e, f, and g), assuming atmospheric scenarios based on a prebiotic and an oxygenic atmosphere. We quantify the impact of the UV radiation on living organisms on the surface and on a hypothetical planet ocean. Finally, we find that for non-oxygenic planets, UV-resistant life-forms would survive on the surface of planets f and g. Nevertheless, more fragile organisms (i.e., Escherichia coli) could be protected from the hazardous UV effects at ocean depths greater than 8 m. If the planets have an ozone layer, any life-forms studied here would survive in the habitable zone planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Estrela
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Center for Radioastronomy and Astrophysics Mackenzie, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sourav Palit
- Center for Radioastronomy and Astrophysics Mackenzie, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), Mumbai, India
| | - Adriana Valio
- Center for Radioastronomy and Astrophysics Mackenzie, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Bernhard GH, Neale RE, Barnes PW, Neale PJ, Zepp RG, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Bais AF, McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Young PJ, Liley JB, Lucas RM, Yazar S, Rhodes LE, Byrne SN, Hollestein LM, Olsen CM, Young AR, Robson TM, Bornman JF, Jansen MAK, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Williamson CE, Rose KC, Banaszak AT, Häder DP, Hylander S, Wängberg SÅ, Austin AT, Hou WC, Paul ND, Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Solomon KR, Li H, Schikowski T, Longstreth J, Pandey KK, Heikkilä AM, White CC. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:542-584. [PMID: 32364555 PMCID: PMC7442302 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp90011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595-828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University, New Orleans, USA
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - A L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - A F Bais
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - L E Rhodes
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - S N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L M Hollestein
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Manchester, The Netherlands
| | - C M Olsen
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College, London, London, UK
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - S A Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - C L Ballaré
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C E Williamson
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - D -P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - S -Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A T Austin
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - W -C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, China
| | - N D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - B Sulzberger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - H Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Schikowski
- Research Group of Environmental Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Longstreth
- Institute for Global Risk Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - K K Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C C White
- , 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Zhao W, Tang G, Yu H, Yang Y, Wang Y, Wang L, An J, Gao W, Hu B, Cheng M, An X, Li X, Wang Y. Evolution of boundary layer ozone in Shijiazhuang, a suburban site on the North China Plain. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 83:152-160. [PMID: 31221378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the boundary layer affects the evolution of ozone (O3), and research into this structure will provide important insights for understanding photochemical pollution. In this study, we conducted a one-month observation (from June 15 to July 14, 2016) of the boundary layer meteorological factors as well as O3 and its precursors in Luancheng County, Shijiazhuang (37°53'N, 114°38'E). Our research showed that photochemical pollution in Shijiazhuang is serious, and the mean hourly maximum and mean 8-hr maximum O3 concentrations are 97.9 ± 26.1 and 84.4 ± 22.4 ppbV, respectively. Meteorological factors play a significant role in the formation of O3. High temperatures and southeasterly winds lead to elevated O3 values, and at moderate relative humidity (40%-50%) and medium boundary layer heights (1200-1500 m), O3 production sensitivity occurred in the transitional region between volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) limitations, and the O3 concentration was the highest. The vertical profiles of O3 were also measured by a tethered balloon. The results showed that a large amount of O3 was stored in the residual layer, and the concentration was positively correlated with the O3 concentration measured the previous day. During the daytime of the following day, the contribution of O3 stored in the residual layer to the boundary layer reached 27% ± 7% on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huan Yu
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Weather Modification Office of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junlin An
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengtian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xingqin An
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Fang X, Ravishankara AR, Velders GJM, Molina MJ, Su S, Zhang J, Hu J, Prinn RG. Changes in Emissions of Ozone-Depleting Substances from China Due to Implementation of the Montreal Protocol. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:11359-11366. [PMID: 30130965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ozone layer depletion and its recovery, as well as the climate influence of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and their substitutes that influence climate, are of interest to both the scientific community and the public. Here we report on the emissions of ODSs and their substitute from China, which is currently the largest consumer (and emitter) of these substances. We provide, for the first time, comprehensive information on ODSs and replacement hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions in China starting from 1980 based on reported production and usage. We also assess the impacts (and costs) of controls on ODS consumption and emissions on the ozone layer (in terms of CFC-11-equivalent) and climate (in CO2-equivalent). In addition, we show that while China's future ODS emissions are likely to be defined as long as there is full compliance with the Montreal Protocol; its HFC emissions through 2050 are very uncertain. Our findings imply that HFC controls over the next decades that are more stringent than those under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol would be beneficial in mitigating global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekun Fang
- Center for Global Change Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Guus J M Velders
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven , The Netherlands
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU) , Utrecht University , 3508 TC Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Mario J Molina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Shenshen Su
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
- Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute , Beijing 100120 , China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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22
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Grandi C, Borra M, Militello A, Polichetti A. Impact of climate change on occupational exposure to solar radiation. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2016; 52:343-356. [PMID: 27698293 DOI: 10.4415/ann_16_03_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to solar radiation may induce both acute and long-term effects on skin and eyes. Personal exposure is very difficult to assess accurately, as it depends on environmental, organisational and individual factors. The ongoing climate change interacting with stratospheric ozone dynamics may affect occupational exposure to solar radiation. In addition, tropospheric levels of environmental pollutants interacting with solar radiation may be altered by climate dynamics, so introducing another variable affecting the overall exposure to solar radiation. Given the uncertainties regarding the direction of changes in exposure to solar radiation due to climate change, compliance of outdoor workers with protective measures and a proper health surveillance are crucial. At the same time, education and training, along with the promotion of healthier lifestyles, are of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Grandi
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Epidemiologia, Igiene del Lavoro e Ambientale, Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy
| | - Massimo Borra
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Epidemiologia, Igiene del Lavoro e Ambientale, Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy
| | - Andrea Militello
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Epidemiologia, Igiene del Lavoro e Ambientale, Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy
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23
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Palmer G, Johnsen S. Downwelling spectral irradiance during evening twilight as a function of the lunar phase. Appl Opt 2015; 54:B85-B92. [PMID: 25967843 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.000b85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We measured downwelling spectral vector irradiance (from 350 to 800 nm) during evening civil and nautical twilight (solar elevation down to -12°). Nine sets of measurements were taken to cover the first half of the lunar cycle (from the new to full moon) and were also used to calculate chromaticity (CIE 1976 u'v'). The lunar phase had no consistent effect on downwelling irradiance until solar elevation was less than -8°. For lower solar elevations, the effect of the moon increased with the fraction of the illuminated lunar disk until the fraction was approximately 50%. For fractions greater than 50%, the brightness and chromaticity of the downwelling irradiance were approximately independent of the fraction illuminated, likely because the greater brightness of a fuller moon was offset by its lower elevation during twilight. Given the importance of crepuscular periods to animal activity, including predation, reproductive cycles, and color vision in dim light, these results may have significant implications for animal ecology.
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Abstract
Reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions offers the combined benefits of mitigating climate change and protecting the ozone layer. This study estimates historical and future N2O emissions and explores the mitigation potential for China's chemical industry. The results show that (1) from 1990 to 2012, industrial N2O emissions in China grew by some 37-fold from 5.07 to 174 Gg (N2O), with total accumulated emissions of 1.26 Tg, and (2) from 2012 to 2020, the projected emissions are expected to continue growing rapidly from 174 to 561 Gg under current policies and assuming no additional mitigation measures. The total accumulated mitigation potential for this forecast period is about 1.54 Tg, the equivalent of reducing all the 2011 greenhouse gases from Australia or halocarbon ozone-depleting substances from China. Adipic acid production, the major industrial emission source, contributes nearly 80% of the industrial N2O emissions, and represents about 96.2% of the industrial mitigation potential. However, the mitigation will not happen without implementing effective policies and regulatory programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, PR China
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25
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Andersen SO, Halberstadt ML, Borgford-Parnell N. Stratospheric ozone, global warming, and the principle of unintended consequences--an ongoing science and policy success story. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2013; 63:607-47. [PMID: 23858990 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.791349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In 1974, Mario Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland warned that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could destroy the stratospheric ozone layer that protects Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. In the decade after scientists documented the buildup and long lifetime of CFCs in the atmosphere; found the proof that CFCs chemically decomposed in the stratosphere and catalyzed the depletion of ozone; quantified the adverse effects; and motivated the public and policymakers to take action. In 1987, 24 nations plus the European Community signed the Montreal Protocol. Today, 25 years after the Montreal Protocol was agreed, every United Nations state is a party (universal ratification of 196 governments); all parties are in compliance with the stringent controls; 98% of almost 100 ozone-depleting chemicals have been phased out worldwide; and the stratospheric ozone layer is on its way to recovery by 2065. A growing coalition of nations supports using the Montreal Protocol to phase down hydrofluorocarbons, which are ozone safe but potent greenhouse gases. Without rigorous science and international consensus, emissions of CFCs and related ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) could have destroyed up to two-thirds of the ozone layer by 2065, increasing the risk of causing millions of cancer cases and the potential loss of half of global agricultural production. Furthermore, because most, ODSs are also greenhouse gases, CFCs and related ODSs could have had the effect of the equivalent of 24-76 gigatons per year of carbon dioxide. This critical review describes the history of the science of stratospheric ozone depletion, summarizes the evolution of control measures and compliance under the Montreal Protocol and national legislation, presents a review of six separate transformations over the last 100 years in refrigeration and air conditioning (A/C) technology, and illustrates government-industry cooperation in continually improving the environmental performance of motor vehicle A/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Andersen
- Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Eklund AG, Hidy GM, Watson JG, Chow JC. Stratospheric ozone, global warming, and the principle of unintended consequences--an ongoing science and policy success story. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2013; 63:605-606. [PMID: 23858989 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.799984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Abstract
The Montreal Protocol was signed 25 years ago. As a result, the irreversible destruction of the ozone layer was prevented. However, stratospheric ozone will not recover completely until 2060 and the consequent epidemic in skin cancer cases will persist until 2100. Many millions of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have safely switched from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-powered metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) to either hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) or DPIs. China will be the last country to phase out CFCs by 2016. HFCs are global warming gases which will be controlled in the near future. HFCs in MDIs may be phased out over the next 10-20 years.
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