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Nafees M, Ali MA, Qiu L, Yin Y, Xu M, Wang G, Ali S, Guo H. Mechanistic approach of tannery wastewater and sulfadiazine mutual toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and mitigation through exogenous application of gallic acid. Chemosphere 2024; 358:142203. [PMID: 38697571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Excessive release of chromium (Cr) from the tanning industry and antibiotics from livestock caused severe hazards to humans. Gallic acid (GA 10 mM) alleviated alone/combined SDZ 30 mg kg-1 and TWW 40, 60, and 100% stress in wheat. GA (10 mM) decreased the TSP 12 and 13%, TFAA 8 and 10%, TSS 14 and 16%, RS 18 and 16%, and NRS 11 and 9% in shoots and grains under SDZ + TWW (30 mg kg-1+100%), compared without foliar. GA (10 mM) declined the MDA 20 and 31, EL 13 and 36%, H2O2 17 and 15%, O2•- 10 and 11% in leaves and roots, under combined SDZ + TWW (30 mg kg-1+100%), compared without foliar. GA (10 mM) improved the POD 106 and 30%, SOD 145 and 31%, CAT 78, and 35%, APX 100 and 25% in leaves and roots under combined SDZ + TWW (30 mg kg-1+100%), compared without foliar application. Considerably GA (10 mM) reduced total Cr 18, CrIII 20, and CrVI 50% in roots and shoots 19, 41, and 48%, and grains 15, 27, and 29% respectively, under combined SDZ + TWW (30 mg kg-1+100%) stress, compared without foliar. Overall, GA boosted the wheat growth, physiology, and defence system by inhibiting the combined SDZ + Cr toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nafees
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Muhammad Azhar Ali
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Linlin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Meiling Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Guobing Wang
- Institute of Geography, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environment Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Beifeng Road, 362000, Quanzhou, China.
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2
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Chakraborty P, Ghosh S, Banerjee S, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharyya P. Evaluating the efficacy of vermicomposted products in rain-fed wetland rice and predicting potential hazards from metal-contaminated tannery sludge using novel machine learning tactic. Chemosphere 2024; 358:142272. [PMID: 38719128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The study assessed the ecotoxicity and bioavailability of potential metals (PMs) from tannery waste sludge, alongside addressing the environmental concerns of overuse of chemical fertilizers, by comparing the impacts of organic vermicomposted tannery waste, chemical fertilizers, and sole application of tannery waste on soil and rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. The results revealed that T3, which received high-quality vermicomposted tannery waste as an amendment, exhibited superior enzymatic characteristics compared to tannery sludge amended (TWS) treatments (T8, T9). After harvesting, vermicomposted tannery waste treatment (T3) showed a more significant decrease in PMs bioavailability. Accumulation of PMs in rice was minimal across all treatments except T8 and T9, where toxic tannery waste was present, resulting in a high-risk classification (class 5 < 0.01) according to the SAMOE risk assessment. Results from Fuzzy-TOPSIS, ANN, and Sobol sensitivity analyses (SSA) further indicated that elevated concentrations of PMs (Ni, Pb, Cr, Cu) adversely impacted soil-plant health synergy, with T3 showing a minimal risk in comparison to T8 and T9. According to SSA, microbial biomass carbon and acid phosphatase activity were the most sensitive factors affected by PMs concentrations in TWS. The results from the ANN assay revealed that the primary contributing factor of toxicity on the TWS was the exchangeable fraction of Cr. Correlation statistics underscored the significant detrimental effect of PMs' bioavailability on microbial and enzymatic parameters. Overall, the findings suggest that vermicomposting of tannery sludge waste shows potential as a viable organic amendment option in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chakraborty
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, 815301, Jharkhand, India
| | - Saibal Ghosh
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, 815301, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sonali Banerjee
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, 815301, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, 700108, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradip Bhattacharyya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, 815301, Jharkhand, India.
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3
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Alam MS, Hasan MJ, Haque P, Rahman MM. Sustainable leather tanning: Enhanced properties and pollution reduction through crude protease enzyme treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131858. [PMID: 38670203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, proteolytic bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain SM4 (OQ349573), were isolated from tannery solid waste dumping yard soil and employed to produce extracellular protease enzymes. The bacteria exhibited optimal growth after 30 h of incubation at 37 °C and pH 7. Under conditions of 55 °C, pH 8, and a substrate concentration of 2 %, the crude enzyme displayed its highest activity at 105 UmL-1. Notably, the produced crude enzyme showed no discernible inhibitory effects on detergents, metal salts, or organic solvents. Application of the crude protease at concentrations of 3 % and 2 % in chrome tanning of goatskins (GS) and cowhides (CH), respectively, yielded significant reductions of 35 % and 30 % in chromium and other post-tanning chemicals compared to conventional processes. Despite the 30 to 35 % reduction in tanning and post-tanning chemicals, the uptake of chrome and associated chemicals by crust leather was higher than observed in conventional processes. Chromium content analysis of the effluent revealed an 81 % reduction during piloting in real industrial operations, accompanied by reductions of about 46 % in BOD and COD pollution loads. The finished leather obtained from the enzymatic process exhibited superior mechanical properties, including higher tensile strengths (210 and 195 kg cm-2), stitch tear (92 and 165 kg cm-1), grain crack load (28 and 32 kg), and distension (73 and 62 mm) for GS and CH, respectively, surpassing or closely aligning with standard values and those obtained in conventional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Samaul Alam
- Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jawad Hasan
- Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Papia Haque
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Mizanur Rahman
- Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh; Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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Akhtar MA, Butt MQS, Afroz A, Rasul F, Irfan M, Sajjad M, Zeeshan N. Approach towards sustainable leather: Characterization and effective industrial application of proteases from Bacillus sps. for ecofriendly dehairing of leather hide. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131154. [PMID: 38547938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Tanneries are one of the most polluted industries known for production of massive amount of solid and liquid wastes without proper management and disposal. In this project we demonstrated the ecofriendly single step dehairing of leather hides with minimum pollution load. In this study, Bacillus species (Bacillus paralicheniformis strain BL.HK, Bacillus cereus strain BS.P) capable of producing proteases was successfully isolated by employing the new optimized selective media named M9-PEA as confirmed by 16sRNA genes sequencing. Sequence of 1493 bp long 16S rRNA genes of Bacillus paralicheniformis strain BL.HK and Bacillus cereus strain BS. P was submitted to GenBank under the accession number OP612692.1, OP612721.1 respectively The Bacillus paralicheniformis strain BL.HK, Bacillus cereus strain BS.P produced extracellur proteases of 28 and 37 KDa as resolved by SDS-PAGE respectively. The enzymes showed temperature optima at 50 °C and 55 °C and pH optima at 8.5, 9.5 respectively. The Proteases of Bacillus paralicheniformis strain BL.HK, Bacillus cereus strain BS.P were employed for dehairing of animal hides. The process resulted in significant removal of interfibriller substances without damage to collagen layer after one hour treatment, which was confirmed by histology, scanning electron microscopy. The quantification of various skin constituents (collagen, uronic acid, hexosamines, and GAGs) and pollution load parameters revealed that enzymatic treatment are more reliable. The results of skin application trials at industrial level with complete elimination of chemicals remark the biotechnological potential of these proteases for ecofriendly dehairing of animal hides without affecting the quality of the leathers produced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amber Afroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Rasul
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School. Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Zeeshan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan.
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5
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Bastanian M, Olad A, Ghorbani M. Tuning a green carboxymethyl cellulose-based pre- tanning agent via peroxide oxidation for high chrome exhaustion in leather industry. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131133. [PMID: 38537851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The low chrome uptake by collagen in the conventional tanning process leads to the pollution of the wastewater. Due to environmental concerns, leather scientists are already searching for innovative ways to produce pre-tanning agents as a high exhaustion chrome tanning auxiliary. Herein, a novel kind of pre-tanning agent is engineered by converting carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose (OCMC) via the hydrogen peroxide process. FT-IR and carboxyl content analysis demonstrated the increase in carboxyl content after oxidation. After that, the obtained OCMC was utilized as a pre-tanning agent, resulting in a high exhaustion of chrome (92.76 %) which is 27.76 % more than conventional chrome tanning (65 %), and the amount of chrome in wastewater reduced to 7.24 %. The hydrothermal stability of wet-blue increased by increasing the uptake of chrome (Ts = 118 °C). The obtained crust leather represented excellent mechanical properties (Tensile strength: 305.68 kg/cm2; tear strength: 50 kg/cm) and desirable organoleptic properties. The environmental analysis signifies a significant step towards a cleaner and sustainable tanning process (COD = 1600, BOD5 = 560 mg/L) compared to the conventional chrome tanning process. Consequently, the obtained results offer a green pre-tanning agent to meet the requirements of the sustainable development of the leather industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bastanian
- Polymer Composite Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Olad
- Polymer Composite Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Marjan Ghorbani
- Iran polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
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Srinivasan P, Rajagopal V, Shanmugam G, Madhan B. Development of masked silica tanning system for sustainable leather production. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:26567-26579. [PMID: 38446300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Amid mounting pressure on the long-term recyclability of chromium in tanned leather and the associated environmental hazards, the quest for an alternative, cleaner tanning system has gained tremendous momentum. In this context, our study explores the remarkable potential of silicates as a versatile platform for skin/hide tanning, circumventing the inherent risks and ecological threats posed by chromium exposure and leaching. We present an alternative approach of using a silica-based tanning system, employing a Taguchi model, to optimize a masked silica (MaSil) tanning product/process for achieving effective collagen stabilization. Our results demonstrate the significant advancements made in hydrothermal denaturation temperature, reaching an impressive 79 °C through precise Taguchi parameters-5% SiO2, masked with 0.3 mole of citrate salt, and a tanning process fixation pH of 4.5. Notably, the mechanical strength analysis reveals compliance with the stringent upper leather recommendation standards, validating the practicality and quality of MaSil crust leather. Moreover, our research highlights the unprecedented environmental benefits of the first reported application of Taguchi's approach to the MaSil tanning system. The developed tanning system remarkably reduces total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and overall water load by 68.4%, 25.4%, 59.5%, and 33.7%, respectively, heralding a promising era of water and environmental sustainability in the leather sector. This study holds the potential to transform leather production, wherein the envisioned future on the use of the Taguchi model and optimized MaSil tanning system could find a place in shaping a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable leather industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Srinivasan
- Biochemistry & Biotechnology Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
- Department of Leather Technology, Alagappa College of Technology (Housed at CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute), Anna University, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Vedayokesh Rajagopal
- Department of Leather Technology, Alagappa College of Technology (Housed at CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute), Anna University, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Ganesh Shanmugam
- Department of Leather Technology, Alagappa College of Technology (Housed at CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute), Anna University, Chennai, 600020, India
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Balaraman Madhan
- Biochemistry & Biotechnology Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India.
- Department of Leather Technology, Alagappa College of Technology (Housed at CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute), Anna University, Chennai, 600020, India.
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Facchin M, Gatto V, Samiolo R, Conca S, Santandrea D, Beghetto V. May 1,3,5-Triazine derivatives be the future of leather tanning? A critical review. Environ Pollut 2024; 345:123472. [PMID: 38320686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Leather is produced by a multi-step process among which the tanning phase is the most relevant, transforming animal skin collagen into a stable, non-putrescible material used to produce a variety of different goods, for the footwear, automotive, garments, and sports industry. Most of the leather produced today is tanned with chromium (III) salts or alternatively with aldehydes or synthetic tannins, generating high environmental concern. Over the years, high exhaustion tanning systems have been developed to reduce the environmental impact of chromium salts, which nevertheless do not avoid the use of metals. Chrome-free alternatives such as aldehydes and phenol based synthetic tannins, are suffering from Reach restrictions due to their toxicity. Thus, the need for environmentally benign and economically sustainable tanning agents is increasingly urgent. In this review, the synthesis, use and tanning mechanism of a new class of tanning agents, 1,3,5-triazines derivatives, have been reported together with organoleptic, physical mechanical characteristics of tanned leather produced. Additionally environmental performance and economic data available for 1,3,5-triazines have been compared with those of a standard basic chromium sulphate tanning process, evidencing the high potentiality for sustainable, metal, aldehyde, and phenol free leather manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Facchin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre, Italy
| | - Vanessa Gatto
- Crossing S.r.l., Viale della Repubblica 193/b, 31100, Treviso, Italy
| | - Riccardo Samiolo
- Crossing S.r.l., Viale della Repubblica 193/b, 31100, Treviso, Italy
| | - Silvia Conca
- Crossing S.r.l., Viale della Repubblica 193/b, 31100, Treviso, Italy
| | - Domenico Santandrea
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre, Italy
| | - Valentina Beghetto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre, Italy; Crossing S.r.l., Viale della Repubblica 193/b, 31100, Treviso, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e La Catalisi (CIRCC), Via C. Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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8
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Pérez-Aguilar H, Lacruz-Asaro MA, Arán-Aís F. Bioprocess to valorise fleshing produced in the tanning industry. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:17718-17731. [PMID: 37440139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on circular bioeconomy and how to reduce the management of solid by-products in tannery facilities. To achieve this, double enzymatic hydrolysis has been developed, which allows the integrated management of both limed and fresh fleshing that are classified as category 3 animal by-products (ABPs). Fleshing has an average content of 15% fat, 20% protein and 65% water. To process these components independently, the fat fraction is separated from the protein and liquid protein fractions. This bioprocess has been developed from fleshing, yielding up to 78% mass recovery as biostimulants that are suitable for formulation and use in the fertiliser market. The efficacy of the protein fraction as a biostimulant was validated through laboratory tests, specifically by cabbage germination, which exhibited a notable improvement by 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henoc Pérez-Aguilar
- INESCOP, Footwear Technology Centre, Pol. Ind. Campo Alto. C/ Alemania, 102, 03600, Elda Alicante, Spain.
| | | | - Francisca Arán-Aís
- INESCOP, Footwear Technology Centre, Pol. Ind. Campo Alto. C/ Alemania, 102, 03600, Elda Alicante, Spain
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Li R, Ren L, Chen L, Liu H, Qiang T. New materials-based on gelatin coordinated with zirconium or aluminum for ecological re tanning. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129922. [PMID: 38309403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Ecological retanning agent is an effective way to solve the pollution source of leather manufacturing industry. In this study, the gelatin from chrome-containing leather shavings in the leather industry was used to realize sustainable leather post-tanning. The gelatin hydrolysate (GH) coordinated with Zr4+ or Al3+ to prepare eco-friendly retanning agents GH-Zr and GH-Al. The successful coordination between GH and metal ions was characterized by FTIR and XPS. The retanning agents were characterized by FTIR curve-fitting and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results showed that the conformation of the secondary structure of the polypeptide became ordered and stable after coordinating with the metal ions. The particle size and weight average molecular weight of the retanning agents were ~1700 nm and ~2100, respectively, measured by nanoparticle size analyzer and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The retanning agents were applied to retanning of chrome tanned leather and glutaraldehyde tanned leather. The abundant free amino from retanning agents can consume the free formaldehyde. Meanwhile, retanning agents can effectively improve the multiple binding sites, resulting in favorable thickening rate (>110 %) and excellent dye and fatliquor absorption rate with ~99.91 % and ~93.18 %. Thus, this strategy can provide a viable choice for solid leather waste and sustainable development of the leather industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Longfang Ren
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Huaqing Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Taotao Qiang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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Ge R, E T, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Yu J, Li Y, Yang S. NaH 2PO 4 synergizes with organic matter to stabilize chromium in tannery sludge. J Environ Manage 2024; 351:119843. [PMID: 38128209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal stabilization is an effective method to treat chromium in tannery sludge. Here we show that mainly investigated NaH2PO4 (MSP) and organic matter (OM) to stabilize chromium in tannery sludge. The experimental investigation revealed that the addition of montmorillonite (MMT) and MSP samples showed a significant increase in the percentage of reducible and oxidizable Cr in the former compared to the samples with the addition of MMT. This is attributed to the formation of Cr-O bond, which allows the MSP to undergo an inner-sphere complexation reaction with the metal oxide of Cr via ligand exchange. Significantly, the MSP moiety adsorbs on the surface of OM through monodentate, which increases the adsorption sites of OM for Cr6+ and promotes the reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+. Moreover, PO43- reacts with Cr3+ to produce CrPO4 precipitation, thus reducing the free Cr3+ content. Finally, DFT calculations confirmed that a ternary system is formed between PO43-, OM, and Cr, and the binding energy is negative, which indicated that PO43- could co-stabilize Cr with OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Ge
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Chemical Clean Production, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Surface Functionalization of Titanium Dioxide Powder, Institute of Ocean Research, Institute Environmental Research, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao E
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Chemical Clean Production, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Surface Functionalization of Titanium Dioxide Powder, Institute of Ocean Research, Institute Environmental Research, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Chemical Clean Production, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Surface Functionalization of Titanium Dioxide Powder, Institute of Ocean Research, Institute Environmental Research, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- Liaoning Huadian Environmental Testing Co., LTD, Jinzhou, 121013, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Environmental Protection Monitoring Station of Haining, Haining, 330481, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Li
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering of College Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, China.
| | - Shuyi Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Chemical Clean Production, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Surface Functionalization of Titanium Dioxide Powder, Institute of Ocean Research, Institute Environmental Research, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, Liaoning, China.
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Mozhiarasi V, Natarajan TS, Karthik V, Anburajan P. Potential of biofuel production from leather solid wastes: Indian scenario. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:125214-125237. [PMID: 37488387 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
India is one among the major leather-producing countries in the world which shares close to one-fourth of the world's leather solid wastes and most of these wastes are not effectively utilized. These wastes are rich in protein and lipids that could be a potential feedstock for biofuel production, i.e., biogas, biodiesel, etc. Among the 150,000 tons of daily leather solid wastes in India, approximately 87,150 tons are shared by pre-tanning operations (i.e., raw trimmings, fleshing, and hair wastes) while the rest of the 62,850 tons are shared by tanning, post-tanning, and finishing operations (i.e., wet blue trimmings, chrome splits, shavings, buffing dust, crust trimming wastes). This review article shows that there is considerable bioenergy potential for the use of leather solid wastes as a green fuel. The biogas potential of leather solid wastes is estimated to be 40,532.9 m3/day whereas the biodiesel potential is estimated as 15,452.6 L/day. The bio-oil and bio-char potential of leather solid wastes is estimated to be 80,513.0 L/day and 45.8 tons/day, respectively. Several factors influence the biofuel process efficacy, which needs to be taken into consideration while setting up a biofuel recovery plant. The overall biofuel potential of leather solid wastes shows that this feedstock is an untapped resource for energy recovery to add commercial benefits to India's energy supply. Furthermore, in addition to the economic benefits for investors, the use of leather solid wastes for biofuel production will yield a positive environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velusamy Mozhiarasi
- CLRI Regional Centre Jalandhar, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Jalandhar, Punjab, 144021, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Thillai Sivakumar Natarajan
- Environmental Science Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijayarangan Karthik
- CLRI Regional Centre Jalandhar, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Jalandhar, Punjab, 144021, India
| | - Parthiban Anburajan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Arathanaikotti D, Ramesh RR, Ponnuvel M, Rathinam A. Synthesis and crosslinking of collagen using 4-3,4,5-tris(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)benzamido)benzenesulfonic acid for the development of robust metal-free leather. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:115310-115321. [PMID: 37884713 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The leather manufacturing sector is actively pursuing organic alternatives to replace the utilization of inorganic tanning chemicals such as chromium, zirconium, and aluminum due to concerns over their environmental impact. Although glutaraldehyde has been considered a feasible alternative, it still falls short in providing the leather with greater tensile properties and is also considered to be toxic. In this study, we report the synthesis of a sulfonated gallic acid-based epoxide (GSE) and evaluate its performance as a metal-free tanning compound. The synthesized compound was subjected to comprehensive characterization using FTIR (functional group), ESI-MS (molecular weight), and NMR (chemical environment) spectroscopy. Furthermore, the leather treated with GSE demonstrated organoleptic and physical properties that were comparable to those achieved with glutaraldehyde tanning systems. SEM analysis of the GSE-tanned leather exhibited a homogeneous distribution pattern, confirming the stability of the collagen. In addition, the hydrothermal stability temperature of leather crosslinked with epoxide was found to be 83 ± 2 °C. The wastewater generated from the GSE tanning process exhibited a BOD to COD ratio of 0.35 ± 0.04, indicating its high treatability. The results showed that the GSE tanning system provided better tanning efficiency and improved crosslinking and thermal stability without the use of metal salts. Furthermore, the use of GSE as a tanning agent offers several advantages, such as easy availability, biodegradability, and low toxicity, making it a sustainable and environment-friendly option for the leather industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Arathanaikotti
- Leather Process Technology Department, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600020, India
- Department of Leather Technology, A.C. Tech (Housed at CSIR-CLRI, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - Renganath Rao Ramesh
- Leather Process Technology Department, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600020, India
- Department of Leather Technology, A.C. Tech (Housed at CSIR-CLRI, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - Muthukumaran Ponnuvel
- Leather Process Technology Department, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600020, India
| | - Aravindhan Rathinam
- Leather Process Technology Department, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600020, India.
- Department of Leather Technology, A.C. Tech (Housed at CSIR-CLRI, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India.
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13
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Martínez-Pérez CB, Gamiño-Arroyo Z, Gómez-Castro FI, Hernández S, Rodríguez-Alejandro DA, Sánchez-Cadena LE, Tadeo-Chávez A, Uribe-Ramírez AR. A continuous process in mixers-settlers for the removal/recovery of chromium in effluents from the tanning industry. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1258. [PMID: 37777690 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the main environmental issues caused by the tanning industry is given by the high concentration of chromium contained on its effluents. The removal of this pollutant has become a technological challenge. To solve this issue, this work proposes a continuous process based on mixers-settlers for the removal of the chromium present in effluents from the tanning industry. The process involves the use of liquid-liquid extraction systems. The study includes the development of isotherms for the removal and stripping, which are further represented through a mathematical model to determine the number of theoretical extraction stages and other operational variables. The results show that a better extraction is achieved in a system with two theoretical stages using Cyanex 272 as extractant, reaching more than 94% of removal of chromium with an extractant concentration of 0.32 mol/L. For stripping, sulfuric acid is used, obtaining a maximum recovery of 94%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeferino Gamiño-Arroyo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | | | - Salvador Hernández
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | | | - Alejandro Tadeo-Chávez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato, Gto, 36821, Irapuato, Mexico
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14
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Mehra R. Analysis of heavy metals and toxicity level in the tannery effluent and the environs. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:554. [PMID: 37041261 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals have found a large number of applications in the recent times. These heavy metals are being continuously added to our environment through various natural and anthropogenic activities. Industries employ heavy metals to process raw materials into final products. Effluents from these industries carry heavy metals. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer and ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer) are of great help in detecting various elements in the effluent. They have been extensively applied to solve problems related to environmental monitoring and assessment. Heavy metals like Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr can be easily detected using both the techniques. Some of these heavy metals are toxic to both humans and animals. They can have significant related health effects. Presence of heavy metals in the industrial effluent has gained varied attention in the recent times and it has become one of the major causes of water and soil pollution. Significant contributions can be linked with the leather tanning industry. As the effluent from the tanning industry has been found to contain a large number of heavy metals in many studies. Continuous monitoring and treatment of the effluent is necessary to keep a check on the concentration of heavy metals in these effluents. This study focuses on the analysis of the various studies available on tannery effluents, methods used for heavy metal analysis, toxicity of these heavy metals, and the related major health effects. Data for heavy metals in the tannery effluent from different studies in last two decades has been collected and analysed. The data from various studies indicates that Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Ni are the most commonly found heavy metals released from the tanning industry. Proper management of the tannery effluent is thus very essential for saving the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mehra
- Department of Physics, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India.
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15
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Ding W, Remón J, Gao M, Li S, Liu H, Jiang Z, Ding Z. A novel synergistic covalence and complexation bridging strategy based on multi-functional biomass-derived aldehydes and Al(III) for engineering high-quality eco-leather. Sci Total Environ 2023; 862:160713. [PMID: 36509278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To get rid of the chrome pollution faced by the leather industry, we explored a novel engineering high-quality eco-leather technology based on the synergistic interactions between biomass-based aldehydes and Al(III). Firstly, dialdehyde xanthan gum (DXG) was prepared to covalently crosslink with the collagen fibers (CFs) via Schiff-base linkages under alkaline conditions, endowing the leather with a shrinkage temperature (Ts) of 80 °C and opening channels for the subsequent penetration of Al species (AL). Secondly, and for this latter purpose, the DXG-tanned leather was acidified to release part of the DXG from the leather according to the dynamic nature of the Schiff-base. Containing suitable oxygen-containing groups (OGs) with excellent complexation capabilities, the released DXG served as masking agents for AL, facilitating the penetration of AL into the inner CFs network for further complexation crosslinking. Consequently, a denser crosslinking network was constructed in the leather, and the crust leather exhibited higher Ts (82.2 °C), improved mechanical (tensile strength: 13.4 N/mm2, tear strength: 53.3 N/mm) and organoleptic properties than those of the DXG crust or AL crust leathers. This demonstrates that this synergistic covalence and complexation bridging strategy is a sustainable option to substitute highly restricted chrome tanning agent for eco-leather production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China.
| | - Javier Remón
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Mi Gao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Shuolin Li
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Haiteng Liu
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Zhicheng Jiang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Zhiwen Ding
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
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16
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Kanagaraj J, Panda RC, Prasanna R, Tamilselvi A. An efficient dehairing system supported by oxidative-enzymatic auxiliary towards sustainability. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:43817-43832. [PMID: 36662437 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A method of dehairing of goat skins using oxidative chemicals and protease enzymes has been attempted. The dehairing process is one of the important and essential steps in leather making, where hair is removed by lime and sodium sulphide in the conventional process. This conventional dehairing system generates a higher amount of pollution problem as compared to the other unit operations and unit processes. In this work, dehairing of the goat skins through oxidative agents namely magnesium peroxide and protease enzyme has been attempted. For this, protease has been produced from Bacillus sp. at the laboratory level and the activity was found. The dehairing of goat skins takes place for the duration of 14-16 h. The leather produced with the experimental sample showed comparable organoleptic and strength properties with the conventional sample. This method paved the way for the reduction of pollution loads especially BOD, COD, and TDS to the level of 59, 27, and 77%, respectively, in comparison with the control sample. The reaction kinetics for the formation of the ligand-macromolecular complex is found in the isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiment and a mathematical model has been formulated. The dyed crust leather showed comparable colour properties. In addition to that, there is a reduction in processing time for leather making through skipping reliming and deliming processes which are said to be another advantage of this method. The physical strength properties of the experimental leather were also comparable with conventionally produced leather.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kanagaraj
- Department of Leather Processing Technology, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 20, India.
| | - Rames Chandra Panda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Ramakrishna Prasanna
- Department of Leather Processing Technology, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 20, India
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17
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Mikula K, Konieczka M, Taf R, Skrzypczak D, Izydorczyk G, Moustakas K, Kułażyński M, Chojnacka K, Witek-Krowiak A. Tannery waste as a renewable source of nitrogen for production of multicomponent fertilizers with biostimulating properties. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:8759-8777. [PMID: 35589903 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The studies presented in this work show that solid tannery waste-like shavings can be used as high-protein materials for fertilizer production following the concept of the circular economy. To select appropriate process parameters (mass ratio of shavings meal to the hydrolyzing agent (S:L), hydrolysis medium concentration, temperature) and to ensure the highest possible hydrolysis efficiency, it is useful to apply the well-known response surface methodology (RSM). The analyses revealed that chromium shavings (SCr) were most preferably treated with 10% KOH in a ratio of S:L 1:1 with the process being carried out at 160 °C (6.59% N). The optimal hydrolysis conditions for non-chromium (S) shavings were: S:L ratio 1:2, 10% H2SO4, and temperature 160 °C (4.08% N). Chromium concentrations in hydrolysates from S and SCr shavings obtained under optimal conditions were 15.2 mg/kg and 9483 mg/kg, respectively. Hydrolysate samples were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) that revealed that the type of hydrolysis (acidic/alkaline) affects the amino acid profile. Approximately 4.5 times more amino acids were extracted in the KOH environment than during acidic treatment. The hydrolysates contained mainly glycine, alanine, and proline, which are primarily responsible for stimulating plant growth by supporting chlorophyll synthesis, chelating micronutrients, improving pollen fertility, or resistance to low temperatures. The conversion of tannery waste into fertilizer requires the control of contaminant levels, especially chromium, which can oxidize to the carcinogenic form Cr(VI) that is hazardous to humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mikula
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lower Silesia, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Konieczka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lower Silesia, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Taf
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lower Silesia, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Skrzypczak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lower Silesia, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Izydorczyk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lower Silesia, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 IroonPolytechniou StrZographou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Marek Kułażyński
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lower Silesia, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lower Silesia, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lower Silesia, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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18
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Banti A, Grammenos O, Kokkinos Ε, Touni A, Sotiropoulos S, Zouboulis A. Electrochemical conversion of chromium from tannery effluents for potential reuse in industrial applications. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:8722-8731. [PMID: 35381928 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of trivalent chromium from leather tanning mud waste leachates (containing ca 6 g.L-1 Cr(III)) to its hexavalent form was carried out using a PbOx/Pb anode electrode in a prototype small (0.4 L) cylindrical batch electrochemical reactor. The PbOx/Pb anode was prepared by electrochemical anodization at constant current (75 mA cm-2 for 30 min) in a sulfuric acid solution and characterized by the cyclic voltammetry technique to investigate the effect of pH on the process. It was found that at pH = 3, Cr(III) oxidation prevails over the competing water oxidation-oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hence increasing the efficiency of the process. A detailed study of pH (0-3), current density (12-24 mA cm-2), and cell type (divided-undivided) effects on bulk electrolysis of Cr(III) leachates in the batch prototype reactor resulted in process optimization. At pH = 3, 12 mA cm-2 and a cathode inserted in a porous diaphragm envelope, nearly 70% conversion was achieved at a nearly 60% current efficiency, among the highest in the previously reported literature. The method (further optimized with an ion-selective membrane separator) could offer an attractive route for tannery Cr(III) conversion to Cr(VI) for reuse as an etchant or electroplating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Banti
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Orestis Grammenos
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Εvgenios Kokkinos
- Laboratory of Chemical & Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Touni
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotiris Sotiropoulos
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Zouboulis
- Laboratory of Chemical & Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Gu Y, Ohgami N, Al Hossain MMA, Tazaki A, Tsuchiyama T, He T, Aoki M, Ahsan N, Akhand AA, Kato M. Decreased hearing levels at frequencies for understanding speech in tannery workers exposed to a high level of trivalent chromium in Bangladesh. Chemosphere 2022; 306:135571. [PMID: 35798151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], which has a strong corrosive effect, has been reported to cause perforation of the eardrum. Trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] also has a weak corrosive effect. However, there has been no study on the effects of exposure to Cr, either Cr(VI) or Cr(III), on hearing levels in animals or humans. In this study, the effect of Cr(III) exposure on hearing levels was determined in a human study. Then the reproducibility of the results obtained in the human study and the etiology were investigated in an animal study. The mean levels of total chromium (t-Cr) in hair and toenails from 100 Bangladeshi tannery workers were >20-fold and >360-fold higher, respectively, than those in hair and toenails from 49 Bangladeshi non-tannery workers (office workers). Multivariate analysis revealed decreases of hearing levels (DHLs) at 1 k and 4 k Hz, frequencies that are crucial for understanding language, but not at 8 k and 12 k Hz, in the tannery workers. Since >99.99% of t-Cr in the wastewater that the workers were in direct contact with in the tanneries was Cr(III), the epidemiological results suggest Cr(III)-mediated DHLs in the tannery workers. The results of animal experiments in this study further showed that treatment with eardrops but not intraperitoneal injection with the same amount of Cr(III) that tannery workers might be exposed to resulted in DHL with a damaged eardrum in mice. Previous studies suggested that Cr(III) can directly reach the eardrums of tannery workers via droplets in the air. Cr(III) could also reach the eardrum via picking an ear canal with a finger contaminated with tannery wastewater including Cr(III). Taken together, the results of both human and animal studies suggest the risk of DHLs caused by damage of the eardrum through external exposure to Cr(III) via the ear canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuo Gu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Ohgami
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
| | - M M Aeorangajeb Al Hossain
- Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Akira Tazaki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Tsuchiyama
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Tingchao He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Masayo Aoki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Nazmul Ahsan
- Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Anwarul Azim Akhand
- Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
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20
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Annamalai S, Chandrasekaran K, Shin WS, Sundaram M, Khaleel TM. Beyond dumping: New strategies in the separation of preservative salt from tannery waste mixed salt and its reuse for tannery industrial application. Environ Res 2022; 214:113885. [PMID: 35843275 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tannery effluent treatment plants produce tonnes of waste in the form of mixed salts containing sodium chloride, sulfate, calcium, and magnesium salts. Disposal of these mixed salts may create an environmental problem. The proposed method broadly consists of the separation of sodium chloride from reverse osmosis (RO) reject and raw-hide waste salt (preservative salt) of the tannery. This study used the physicochemical method to treat waste salt from tannery industrial waste. The addition of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate improved calcium and magnesium removal efficiency in the RO reject and preservative waste salts. The optimization of the sodium salt of hydroxide and carbonate is very important to remove an unwanted substance from waste salt. The sodium chloride was recovered, and the purity was about >98% which was successfully reused as preservative salt as well as in the pickling process in the tannery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankar Annamalai
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630 003, India; School of Architecture, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Karthikeyan Chandrasekaran
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630 003, India; Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Won Sik Shin
- School of Architecture, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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21
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Araujo ASF, de Araujo Pereira AP, Mendes LW. Applications of Cr-rich composted tannery sludge in the soil decrease microbial biomass and select specific bacterial groups. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:75113-75118. [PMID: 36085223 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tannery industries generate a solid waste known as tannery sludge, which is composed of organic and inorganic compounds, mainly chromium (Cr). When Cr is not removed from the tannery sludge, this solid waste is metal-rich and its application could affect the soil microorganisms. Alternatively, the composting of the tannery sludge can contribute to decreasing the concentration of Cr in the composted tannery sludge (CTS). However, in some cases, the concentration of Cr remains high in the CTS. During the last 10 years, the Cr-rich CTS has been successively applied in the soil, and its effect on soil microbial properties was verified. Here, we discuss the effect of successive applications of Cr-rich CTS on soil microbes. Interestingly, the findings have shown that successive applications of Cr-rich CTS selected specific soil microbial groups with potential functions. In addition, the studies added a new focus to further research evaluating the potential effect of successive applications of Cr-rich CTS on the rare microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas William Mendes
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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22
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Madhu V, Sivakalai M, Kalarical Janardhanan S, Madurai SL. A new-fangled horizon in leather process to sidestep toxic chrome and formaldehyde using hyperbranched polymer. Chemosphere 2022; 304:135355. [PMID: 35714952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel chrome-free tanning and formaldehyde-free post tanning process with PEG-melamine base hyperbranched polymer by complexing aluminum (Al3+) present in aluminum sulfate for eco-friendly tanning applications. The hyperbranched polymers PEGM-400-C-Al and PEGM-600-C-Al were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, NMR, UV, and XRD. The molecular weight of polymers was assessed by GPC and subjected to the leather process. The processed crust leathers were analyzed for physical characteristics by tensile strength, tear strength, elongation, and quality assessments by hand evaluation by experts. FE-SEM analyzed collagen fibers and fiber splitting of goat skin, and COD, BOD, and total solid in spent liquor were analyzed and compared. The highlighting feature of hyperbranched polymers is (a) Improved shrinkage temperature (Ts) (85 ± 1 °C), (b) Improved physical-mechanical properties (c) Better BOD, COD, and total solids over the aluminum sulfate tanning process. This study confirmed that hyperbranched polymer is effective for tanning and post-tanning leather, which obviates the need to use toxic chromium and formaldehyde for tanning leathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Madhu
- Polymer Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India; Department of Leather Technology, (Housed at CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute), Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Mayakrishnan Sivakalai
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Sreeram Kalarical Janardhanan
- Centre for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation& Reporting Services (CATERS) Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Suguna Lakshmi Madurai
- Polymer Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India; Department of Leather Technology, (Housed at CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute), Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India.
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23
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Kurniasari F, Tazaki A, Hashimoto K, Yuan T, Al Hossain MMA, Akhand AA, Ahsan N, Ohnuma S, Kato M. Redistribution of potentially toxic elements in the hydrosphere after the relocation of a group of tanneries. Chemosphere 2022; 303:135098. [PMID: 35643165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous relocation of a group of pollutant sources in a heavily polluted area is a rare event. Such a relocation has been implemented in Hazaribagh, a tannery built-up area with heavy pollution, in Bangladesh. This provides a valuable opportunity to compare the changes in environmental conditions associated with the relocation of multiple putative sources. Our environmental monitoring for a period of 6 years at the stationary areas centered on Hazaribagh geographically revealed trivalent [Cr(III)], hexavalent [Cr(VI)] chromium, lead, iron, and manganese as tannery-related elements after the legal deadline for tannery relocation. The median Cr(III) level in canal water, into which wastewater from tanneries was directly discharged, after the relocation was 97% lower of that before the relocation, indicating a beneficial effect of the relocation. In contrast, the median Cr(VI) level in water samples just after the relocation and 2 years after the relocation were approximately 5-fold and 30-fold higher, respectively, than those before the relocation. These results indicate not only a harmful effect of the relocation but also the possibility of conversion from Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in nature. Although the health hazard indexes considering all of the tannery-related elements in all of the canal water samples before the relocation exceeded the safety thresholds, the percentages of samples in which the indexes exceeded their safety thresholds after the relocation decreased by 32.5%-45.0%. Treatment with our patented hydrotalcite-like compound consisting of magnesium and iron (MF-HT) resulted in decreases in the health hazard indexes in all of the water samples in which the indexes exceeded their safety thresholds to levels lower than their thresholds. Thus, this study shows the double-edged effects associated with the relocation and a potential solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Kurniasari
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Tazaki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Hashimoto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tian Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - M M Aeorangajeb Al Hossain
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Anwarul Azim Akhand
- Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nazmul Ahsan
- Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shoko Ohnuma
- Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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24
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Gao M, Remón J, Ding W, Jiang Z, Shi B. Green and sustainable 'Al-Zr-oligosaccharides' tanning agents from the simultaneous depolymerization and oxidation of waste paper. Sci Total Environ 2022; 837:155570. [PMID: 35504371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing chrome-free and sustainable tanning agents is extremely important to the sustainability of the leather industry. Herein, we have synthesized an Al-Zr-oligosaccharides tanning agent via a simultaneous degradation and oxidation of cellulose in waste paper. The influence of the temperature and the concentrations of AlCl3 and H2O2 during the synthesis were thoroughly investigated on the properties of the tanning agent and the leather produced. The synthesis temperature and the concentration of AlCl3 were the factors primarily affecting the effective depolymerization of cellulose. They controlled the conversion of waste paper into oligosaccharides with an appropriate molecular weight to efficiently penetrate the leather matrix. In parallel, the H2O2 concentration substantially influenced the tanning performance of the Al-Zr-oligosaccharides, diminishing the chromaticity of the tanning liquid via oxidation and promoting the conversion of C2/C3/C6-OH moieties into -CHO/-COOH. These functional groups increased the surface charge of the oligosaccharides allowing more effective coordination with Al/Zr, which facilitated the penetration of Al/Zr species into the leather matrix. Once inside the leather matrix, Al and Zr were released and reacted with the collagen fibers in leather, which resulted in effective leather tanning. The process optimization revealed that up to 57% of waste paper could be converted into a low-chromaticity (4350 AU) liquid hydrolysate with the synthesis conducted at 177 °C in a system comprising 47 mM AlCl3 and 5 vol% H2O2. The application of this liquid for tanning provided leather with a shrinkage temperature (86.5 °C) sufficiently high for commercial applications. These excellent results, combined with the intrinsic green nature of our approach, exemplify a step forward to simultaneously reduce pollution and hazards in leather industries giving a second life to waste paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Gao
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Javier Remón
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Wei Ding
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Zhicheng Jiang
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Bi Shi
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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25
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Martineli L, da Silva Berilli S, Amaro de Sales R, da Cunha M, Monaco PAVL, de Jesus Freitas S, Martineli M, Gabriel Berilli APC, Pireda S, da Silva Oliveira D, Louzada Pereira L. Influence of chromium and sodium on development, physiology, and anatomy of Conilon coffee seedlings. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:44986-44997. [PMID: 35142998 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some components found in the composition of the tannery sludge are nutrients for the plants; it can be considered an alternative source of fertilization as they have favorable agronomic characteristics. However, it is reported in some studies that the presence of chromium and sodium in this residue causes physiological and anatomical disturbances that inhibit the development of the plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of chromium and sodium on the physiology, anatomy, and development of Conilon coffee seedlings grown on substrates produced with tannery sludge and equivalent doses of chromium and sodium. The experiment was carried out in nursery using randomized block design, containing 5 treatments and 7 repetitions. The treatments consisted of the application of a 40% tannery sludge dose and equivalent doses of chromium and sodium mixed with a conventional substrate. Notably, the presence of sodium in the substrate caused greater damage to the plants, negatively influencing the physiology, anatomy, and, consequently, development of the plants, while the presence of chromium suggests that it does not influence much the evaluated characteristics. The treatment with tannery sludge, on the other hand, despite containing the same chromium and sodium contents, revealed a more pronounced negative influence on the physiology, anatomy, and development patterns of the seedlings. This shows that sodium and chromium alone are not the only factors responsible for the lowest growth indicators studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Martineli
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo - Itapina Campus, Rodovia Br-259, Km 70, IFES Campus Itapina, Colatina, ES, CEP: 29.717-000, Brazil
| | - Sávio da Silva Berilli
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo - Alegre Campus, Rodovia BR-482, Km 47, Alegre, ES, CEP: 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Ramon Amaro de Sales
- Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Maura da Cunha
- State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 875 - Parque California, Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ, CEP: 28013-600, Brazil
| | - Paola Afonsa Vieira Lo Monaco
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo - Santa Teresa Campus, Rodovia ES-080, Km 93, Santa Teresa, ES, 29660-000, Brazil
| | - Sílvio de Jesus Freitas
- State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 875 - Parque California, Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ, CEP: 28013-600, Brazil
| | - Maristella Martineli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences of the State University of Montes Claros - Janaúba Campus, Av. Reinaldo Viana, 2630, Janaúba, MG, CEP: 39.440-000, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Pireda
- State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 875 - Parque California, Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ, CEP: 28013-600, Brazil
| | - Dhiego da Silva Oliveira
- State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 875 - Parque California, Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ, CEP: 28013-600, Brazil
| | - Lucas Louzada Pereira
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo - Venda Nova Campus, Avenida Elizabeth Minete Perim, nº 500, São Rafael, Venda Nova Do Imigrante, ES, CEP 29375-000, Brazil
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26
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Ramesh RR, Ponnuvel M, Ramalingam S, Rathinam A. Compact glyoxal tanning system: a chrome-free sustainable and green approach towards tanning-cum-upgradation of low-grade raw materials in leather processing. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:35382-35395. [PMID: 35060060 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased concern over the use of metal salts such as chromium, zirconium, and aluminum for tanning of hides and skins has made the leather production industry to be constantly on the lookout for organic tanning agents in place of the inorganic system. Though glutaraldehyde has been looked at as a viable option, it still lags in imparting superior strength properties to the leather and also it has been reported to have inherent toxicity. With that concept in view, this research work focuses on the usage of glyoxal along with synthetic tanning agents as a replacement for glutaraldehyde and other inorganic tanning systems. The offer level and starting pH for the glyoxal tanning process was optimized as 6% (w/w) and 5.0, respectively, and the shrinkage temperature of the collagen was found to be around 80 °C. Additionally, the controlled shrunken grain effect of the aldehyde tanning system was explored by changing the pH of the process, which helped to improve the thickness of low-grade thinner raw materials by up to 40%. The mechanism for the shrunken grain effect has also been proposed in this work by studying the dimensional changes occurring in the leather matrix upon treating skin/hide with glyoxal at different pH levels. The mechanical and strength properties of the leather were found to be better than the glutaraldehyde tanning system. The BOD/COD ratio of wastewater generated from the glyoxal process was found to be greater than 0.3 making them easily treatable. Considering all these factors, compact glyoxal-based tanning along with synthetic tanning agents can be a game-changing technology for the leather processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renganath Rao Ramesh
- Leather Process Technology Department, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600020
| | - Muthukumaran Ponnuvel
- Leather Process Technology Department, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600020
| | - Sathya Ramalingam
- Leather Process Technology Department, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600020
| | - Aravindhan Rathinam
- Leather Process Technology Department, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600020.
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27
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Selvi AT, Khambhaty Y, Sugapriya S, Jayakumar GC. Vegetable wastes as a bio-additive for low-salt preservation of raw goat skin: An attempt to reduce salinity in leather manufacture. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:31374-31383. [PMID: 35001265 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Preservation or curing of hides/skins is performed as the primary step of leather processing to conserve them from putrefaction. Normally preservation is carried out using common salt (NaCl), which is discharged in the soak liquor contributing to ~ 70%, of total dissolved solids (TDS) load of entire leather manufacturing. In an attempt to reduce the TDS and chlorides, phyto-based preservation using garlic peel (Allium sativum) and white onion peel (Allium cepa) was carried out. Different concentrations of salt in combination with garlic peel and white onion peel were applied on freshly flayed goat skins based on its green weight and compared to control (40% salt). Sensory evaluation of the preserved skin was done by assessing different parameters like hair slip, putrefaction and odour. Estimation of hydroxyproline (HP) release, moisture content and microbial load were carried out at regular intervals. Skins that remained in good condition for 14 days were further processed into leather and properties were examined which were found comparable to the conventionally cured skins. Hence, this cleaner curing technique helps in reducing the TDS and chlorides in the effluent, thus controlling the pollution caused by tanneries through sustainable leather processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagumuthu Tamil Selvi
- Unit for Science Dissemination, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | - Yasmin Khambhaty
- Microbiology Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India.
| | - Samidurai Sugapriya
- Leather Process Technology, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
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28
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Hashem MA, Hasan MA, Momen MA, Payel S, Hasan M, Shaikh MZR. Bio-intervention phyto-based material for raw goatskin preservation: a cleaner-sustainable approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:31278-31292. [PMID: 35006568 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The regular practice of using sodium chloride to preserve raw animal skin triggers increasing salinity and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the surface and groundwater during rehydration soaking operations. The process disrupts the lives of animals, plants, and human beings. This paper is focused on the phyto-based short-term preservation of goatskin to reduce salinity in tannery soaking operations. The indigenous Persicaria hydropiper leaf was investigated to assess the preservation of animal skin to diminish salinity and TDS of tannery soaking wastewater. Methanol-extracted leaf was characterized by GC-MS and FTIR for chemical composition analysis and affiliated functional groups. Fresh goatskins were preserved at the preliminary, laboratory, and pilot-scale scenarios to establish the best possible mixture and monitor the moisture and nitrogen content, shrinkage temperature, microorganism analysis, and pollution load at each level. The processed leathers derived from the preserved skins with an optimal mixture of 10% leaf paste with 8% salt and conventional 50% salt were tested for their physical strength. Finally, the modification in fiber structure due to the varieties of preserving chemicals was evaluated through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and detected insignificant variation of leather fibers. The findings reported in this study can be applied to the industrial level and remove certain amounts of salinity and TDS from tannery soaking wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abul Hashem
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Anik Hasan
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Momen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sofia Payel
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zillur Rahaman Shaikh
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
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29
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Yang S, Zou H, Cheng Y, Tao E. Immobilizing chromium in tannery sludge via adding collagen protein waste: an in-depth study on mechanism. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:30337-30347. [PMID: 34997490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Owing to containing high fraction of organic matter, the tannery sludge seemed to be fit for composting. Actually, it was intensively harmful to the environment, due to containing chromium (Cr). So it might undergo a long time of storage until finding a proper way to dispose it. In the storage period, it would expose the surrounding environment a risk via releasing Cr. In this study, an approach was proposed to minimize the amount of released Cr, and reveal the mechanism on immobilizing Cr. Collagen protein waste (CPW) was adopted to immobilize Cr, and it was evaluated via leaching experiment. The lowest leaching concentration of Cr was 12 mg/L, meeting the limits of related standard in China (GB 5085.3-2007, Tcr < 15 mg/L). Moreover, the compositions and functional groups of the optimum sample (12 mg/L) were also characterized, confirming that the dominant functional groups cross-linking with Cr were hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and epoxy (-COC). Importantly, density functional theory (DFT) calculation was also employed, suggesting that Cr was restrained by accepting electrons from O atoms donating by functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Yang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Functional Compounds, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Experiment Management, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
| | - Hongtao Zou
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Functional Compounds, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Experiment Management, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
| | - E Tao
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Functional Compounds, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Experiment Management, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
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30
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Rahman MM, Hassan MR, Kabir S, Immamuzzaman M, Rahman SR, Basher MS. Health Problems of Bangladeshi Tannery Workers. Mymensingh Med J 2022; 31:421-427. [PMID: 35383761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tanners are exposed to raw hides as well as to various toxic chemicals. The study was intended to find out the health problems among tannery workers. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 among 223 workers working with raw hides and chemicals selected by stratified random sampling in ten tanneries of Leather Industry Area, Hemayetpur, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected by the principal investigator after taking informed written consent from the tanners using a pre-tested interview schedule and a check-list. Data were cross-checked for consistency and accuracy. All relevant ethical issues including approval from Institutional Review Board (IRB), and data quality assurance issues were taken into consideration. Analysis of data was carried out by using computer software SPSS version 20.0 with anonymity. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data, while Chi-square test was carried out to measure statistical association. As many as 97(43.5%) workers were in age group of 15 to 24 years with a mean age of 28.4±9.5 years. An overwhelming majority 204(91.5%) were males, three-fifths 134(60.1%) of the workers were married, while 213(95.5%) tanners had religion Islam. Majority 122(54.7%) tanners had primary level of education, whereas 56(25.1%) had secondary level and 44(19.7%) had no formal schooling. The mean monthly family income was 13744.4±3485.5 Taka. More than three-fourths 170(76.2%) workers had more than four family members with over half 114(51.1%) of the workers were smokers. Of 223, over half 124(55.6%) of the workers were affected with at least one health problem. Majority of the workers suffered from skin diseases (51.6%), musculoskeletal disorders (33.1%), gastrointestinal problems (22.6%), chronic headache (14.5%) and respiratory problems (14.5%). Only 9(4.0%) workers had pre-placement orientation, while 196(66.4%) workers did not notice the necessity for pre-placement training. Of ten tanneries, cent per cent had foul smell, 80.0% each had poor lighting and discomfort temperature, 60.0% had intolerable noise, 50.0% were with poor ventilation system, and only 30.0% had adequate waste management facilities. The tanneries did not have medical facilities even for emergency conditions. Health problems are significantly associated with job duration (p<0.01), working sections (p<0.05) and smoking status (p<0.001) of the workers. The overall environment of the tanneries is far from satisfactory. Skin diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, gastrointestinal problems, chronic headache and respiratory diseases are the common identified health problems. A considerable number of workers are unconcerned for the pre-placement orientation, and do not use Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs). As a rule, Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs) are not made available to workers by the tannery authorities, and lack of treatment facilities of the tanneries is a common place.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- Dr Mohammad Mosiur Rahman, MPH (CM) Program, Department of Community Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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31
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Tavoosi Y, Behin J. Unhairing of bovine hide using wastewater from Merox unit of oil refinery: techno-environmental aspect. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:28180-28193. [PMID: 34988824 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effluent generated by Merox unit of oil refinery was used instead of freshwater for bovine hide unhairing because of its proper composition and alkalinity. The effect of temperature, treatment period, sodium sulfide (Na2S), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dosage was investigated on unhairing efficiency using lutrom (unhairing slurry) prepared from the Merox effluent (effluent-based lutrom). Under similar operating conditions and chemicals' dosage, the effluent-based lutrom resulted in a higher efficiency (98.6%) than water-based lutrom (67.3%) indicating faster unhairing kinetics for the former lutrom. Moreover, an acceptable swelling (48%) and suitable mechanical properties were also observed. The experimental strategy can save 50 to 67% toxic chemicals and 100% of water consumption in unhairing, which is equivalent to US$ 34 per ton of hide, leading to zero discharge from Merox unit. Recycling of effluent-based lutrom after 3 consecutive runs was associated with a significant reduction in COD (55.6 kg/t hide) and BOD5 (11.6 kg/t hide) load. The effluent-based and conventional lutroms, before and after unhairing, were treated with ozone under moderate conditions. The FTIR results indicated a high-quality and low costly pelt benefits from the integration of wastewater treatment units of both industries in an environment-friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Tavoosi
- Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jamshid Behin
- Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
- Artificial Intelligence Division, Advanced Chemical Engineering Research Center, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Ding W. Bridging-induced densification strategy based on biomass-derived aldehyde tanning integrated with terminal Al(III) crosslinking towards high-performance chrome-free leather production. J Environ Manage 2022; 307:114554. [PMID: 35066203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chrome-free leather manufacturing has been acknowledged as a desirable option to eliminate potential environmental and human health risks of conventional chrome tanning. This work applied a sequential bridging-induced densification strategy to produce high-performance chrome-free leather with high crosslinking density derived from the biomass-derived aldehyde (BAT) crosslinking (BAT tanning of leather), followed by terminal Al(III) crosslinking (TAC). The TAC conditions for BAT tanned leather were optimized and the results suggested that the optimized conditions were as follows: the fixation pH was 4.2, the pre-penetration time was 180 min, the fixation temperature was 40 °C, and the dosage of the aluminum tanning agent (ATA) was 0.5% (based on Al2O3). Under the optimized conditions, the resultant BAT-TAC crust leather exhibited favorable overall performances compared with BAT crust leather in terms of higher hydrothermal stability, mechanical strengths, more pleasant uniform color, and comparable smooth grain surface. The obtained high-performance chrome-free leather is scalable, providing an avenue for designing and rationalizing other engineering technology towards high-performance eco-leather production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100015, PR China; Key Laboratory of Leather and Footwear Green Manufacturing Technology of China Light Industry, Beijing, 100015, PR China.
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Carvalho Pinheiro NS, Perez-Lopez OW, Gutterres M. Solid leather wastes as adsorbents for cationic and anionic dye removal. Environ Technol 2022; 43:1285-1293. [PMID: 32941110 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1825531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The removal of anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions was investigated by different leather shavings, which are solid wastes generated in the leather industry. Wet-blue leather shavings (WB), vegetable-tanned leather shavings (VT), pickled hide (not tanned) shavings (PIC) and wet-white leather (pre-tanned) shavings (WW) were used. The cationic dye was Basic Red 2 and the anionic dye was Acid Brown 414. Point of zero charge, functional groups, shrinkage temperature and adsorbent surface area were characterized. The point of zero charge was 4.0, 6.0, 3.9 and 4.1 for WB, VT, PIC and WW, respectively. The specific surface area showed low values which was expected for this type of material. Tanning agent influence was verified through shrinkage temperature analysis of leather shavings. Main functional groups of the acid dye and the collagen structure of the solid wastes were determined. The tests with Basic Red 2 solutions showed only VT had a considerable removal for this cationic dye (96.7%). The tests with Acid Brown 414 were carried out with different contact times and adsorbent mass. Results showed high efficiency of WW and PIC, whose percentages of dye removal were above 96% at contact time of 30 min and above 90% using 20 mg of adsorbent. In this way, the final dye removal was 98.1% and 98.3% for contact time tests and 97.7% and 98% for adsorbent mass tests for WW and PIC, respectively. These results highlight the promising use of leather shavings as alternative adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater containing dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadini S Carvalho Pinheiro
- Laboratory for Leather and Environmental Studies - LACOURO, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Oscar W Perez-Lopez
- Laboratory of Catalytic Processes - PROCAT, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariliz Gutterres
- Laboratory for Leather and Environmental Studies - LACOURO, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Ramya KR, Sathish M, Madhan B, Jaisankar SN, Saravanan P. Effective utilization of tannery hair waste to develop a high-performing re- tanning agent for cleaner leather manufacturing. J Environ Manage 2022; 302:114029. [PMID: 34872177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of hair waste is a major burden to the leather industry, causing a negative impact on the industry's sustainable development. The industry is already bogged down by the usage of synthetic re-tanning agents that are not only extremely challenging for biodegradation but also release free-form of formaldehyde in the final leather stage. This research work focuses on developing a formaldehyde-free bio-based re-tanning agent from hair waste. In order to do so, hair waste is subjected to alkali hydrolysis and subsequently graft-copolymerized with methacrylic acid (MAA). These treatments were optimal using 20 % (w/w) sodium hydroxide and thermal activity at 90 °C. This resulted in effective hydrolysis of red sheep hair, which was the ideal candidate in this study. The hydrolysate was subjected to monomer in situ polymerization (using MAA) with potassium per sulfate/sodium meta-bisulphite redox system, leading to the development of keratin hydrolysate-g-methacrylic acid (KH-g-MA) copolymer (this was noted both at a laboratory level and pilot scale). The obtained KH-g-MA copolymer exhibited ideal characteristics such as increased protein content (78.3 ± 1.2), appropriate particle size (1516 nm), suitable pH (5) and required viscosity of 512 cP. The developed KH-g-MA copolymer was then applied as a re-tanning agent in the leather manufacturing process. Significant improvement in leather's mechanical strength characteristics was observed. In addition, the organoleptic properties of leather such as fullness, softness and grain tightness showed much improvement. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed an enhanced surface smoothness and filling of the voids in experimental leather in comparison to the control leather. This recycle and reuse strategy of hair waste not only helps resolve issues with handling of hair solid waste but also results in producing an eco-friendly re-tanning agent in leather manufacturing, thereby paving the way for cyclic economic utilization and cleaner environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadathur Ramachandran Ramya
- Centre for Academic and Research Excellence (CARE), CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Leather Technology, AC Tech, Anna University, Housed at CSIR- CLRI, Chennai, 600020, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Murali Sathish
- Regional Centre for Extension and Development, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Kolkata, 700046, West Bengal, India
| | - Balaraman Madhan
- Centre for Academic and Research Excellence (CARE), CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Leather Technology, AC Tech, Anna University, Housed at CSIR- CLRI, Chennai, 600020, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Sellamuthu Nagappan Jaisankar
- Department of Leather Technology, AC Tech, Anna University, Housed at CSIR- CLRI, Chennai, 600020, Tamilnadu, India; Polymer Science & Technology Division, CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palanivel Saravanan
- Department of Leather Technology, AC Tech, Anna University, Housed at CSIR- CLRI, Chennai, 600020, Tamilnadu, India; Leather Process Technology Department, CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, Tamilnadu, India
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John R, Rajan AP. A real-time investigation on public health consequences of chromium laden effluent from the leather industries. Indian J Public Health 2022; 66:27-32. [PMID: 35381710 DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_1511_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive evidence of elevated chromium (Cr) in the surface and groundwater exists. However, the importance of exposure toward Cr-associated health risks in areas with tanneries is still often neglected. These situations prompted an independent research study to investigate the views of those close-knit communities who are being directly affected by this tannery village. OBJECTIVES To establish an understanding of the local demographics and; exploratory data analysis (EDA) to discover patterns in the occurrence of diseases; measure the awareness of residents of the presence of Cr and its harmful health effects. METHODS The EDA technique was used to conduct survey studies on data to uncover patterns, identify anomalies, test hypotheses, and validate assumptions using summary statistics and graphical representations. RESULTS Out of 14 diseases directly linked to high Cr toxicity, the study reported high levels of diarrhea, epigastric pain, and moderate-to-severe cases of vertigo among those aged more than 22 years. With over 90 active tanneries and toxic Cr released to the environment in a town of <78 km2 area (1.2 tannery/km), there are only 15 hospitals (0.2 hospitals/km) for the population currently accommodating more than a quarter-million people daily (3205 people/km). CONCLUSION New mitigation strategies must be put forth to alleviate the negative impacts of the tanneries on the residents and nature most affected as well as the population as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo John
- PhD Scholar, Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Prem Rajan
- Associate Professor, Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology; Research Officer, CO2 Research and Green Technology Centre, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jia X, Tan R, Peng B. Preparation and application of polyethylene glycol triazine derivatives as a chrome-free tanning agent for wet-white leather manufacturing. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:7732-7742. [PMID: 34480312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leather manufacturing is the process of transforming animal skin into high value-added commodity. As a crucial step in the leather producing process, conventional chrome tanning could lead to discharge of chromium contaminant due to the low efficiency of chromium uptake. In this paper, a series of polyethylene glycol triazine derivatives' tanning agent (PT) with different molecule weight was synthesized with one-step method and applied in the main tanning of hide. The chemical structure of the PT was detected by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The application experimental results indicated that after 16% of PT tanning at pH of 6, the wet-white was endowed with shrinkage temperature over 80°C and thickening rate over 108%. The experimental results indicated that the PT tanning leather not only have a better physical and mechanical properties than commercial triazine derivatives tanning agent, but also the leather is endowed with the effects of outstanding thermal properties. Considering that the pickling process became unnecessary, a large number of neutral salts could be avoided, the chromium load in spent liquor decreased from 1288 mg/L to 0, and the total dissolved chlorine in spent liquor decreased from 15,360 to 9581 mg/L; no toxic and harmful substances such as chromium and aldehyde are introduced into the tanning process. Compared with the leather tanned with commercial triazine derivatives' tanning agent, the leather tanned with PT showed a similar overall tanning properties and better environmental friendliness, which makes PT matches the integral requirements of the modern sustainable leather industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinju Jia
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Tan
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyu Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
- Key Lab. of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, People's Republic of China.
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Velappan B, Gnanasekaran S, Victor JS, Alagumuthu T, Nagarajan V, Chinnaraj VK, Chellappa M. Characterization and application of dried neem leaf powder as a bio-additive for salt less animal skin preservation for tanneries. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:3763-3772. [PMID: 34392486 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is commonly used as a curing/preservative agent for raw hides and skins in tanneries and is removed through a soaking process with total dissolved solids (TDS) and other organic pollutants in effluent, causing significant pollution load to the environment. Hence, the present study evaluated to apply dried neem leaf powder (DNL) as an additive to reduce the usage of salt in skin processing and preservation. To make certain of DNL antimicrobial properties, solvent extracts were performed against proteolytic bacteria isolated from raw skins. Initial characterization of DNL revealed the presence of bioactive compounds nimbolide and dehydro salannol and acetone extract with 16.9-mm, 10-mm and 8-mm zone of inhibition against Salmonella sp., E. coli sp. and Bacillus sp. identified using phenotypic conventional biochemical screening method. Further, skin curing experiments were carried out using four different treatments of DNL (10% 15%, 20% and 25% w/w) along with 15% w/w of conventional salt to obtain an optimum concentration for pilot-scale studies. Thus, the application of optimal DNL (15%) and salt (15%) resulted in no physical changes such as smell and hair slip and was taken for further studies for hydroxyproline activity, pollution load and organoleptic properties along compared with control 40% salt. DNL-aided salt less preservation of freshly flayed goat skins at ambient condition showed no hair slip or putrefaction during the preservation period with significant reduction of TDS (86%) and chloride (71%) in soak liquors compared to conventional salt preservation and enhanced organic load requiring additional treatment. However, the application of the organoleptic, physical and hydrothermal properties of resulting leathers produced from the DNL applied skins was on par with results of leather obtained from conventional salt. Thus, our results demonstrate DNL-aided salt less preservation method is able to reduce the amount of salt for preservation of goat skins significantly, leading to reduced salinity issues during leather processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brindha Velappan
- Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Sandhiya Gnanasekaran
- Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - John Sundar Victor
- Leather Process Technology Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Tamilselvi Alagumuthu
- CHORD Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Vedaraman Nagarajan
- Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India.
| | | | - Muralidhran Chellappa
- Leather Process Technology Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
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Guo SS, Tian YQ, Wu H, Jin XD, Gan LZ, Li Y, Yang JY. Spatial distribution and morphological transformation of chromium with coexisting substances in tannery landfill. Chemosphere 2021; 285:131503. [PMID: 34265720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The prosperity and development of tannery industry have brought about rapid economic growth. However, the tannery landfill without anti-seepage measures in the early stage has generated masses of environmental hazards owing to the lack of awareness in environmental protection. Therefore, it is imperative to pay much attention to the understanding of environmental hazards from tannery waste. In this study, solid samples and groundwater samples were collected from a tannery landfill to study the effect of the characteristic pollutants produced by tanning on chromium distribution with other coexisting substances. The results showed that significant correlations were demonstrated between multiple coexisting substances (total organic carbon, total petroleum hydrocarbons, total nitrogen, Cr, F, Ca, Cu and Pb), indicating the possible same source or they coming from the same tannery production stage. The weights of positive effects and negative effects of coexisting substances on total Cr distribution in the profile decreased in the order: total nitrogen > Cu > Ca > Pb > total organic carbon > F > SO42-> Cd, and Ni > Cl > Hg, respectively. Moreover, the simulation of Visual MINTEQ showed that the cations were mainly bound to Cr as CrO42-, while the anions were bound to Cr3+. This study provided a new perspective on the selection of remediation strategies for Cr-contaminated sites to avoid secondary environmental pollution caused by the release of coexisting heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Guo
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tian
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Jin
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Long-Zhan Gan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yang Li
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Jin-Yan Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Araujo ASF, de Pereira APDA, Antunes JEL, Oliveira LMDS, de Melo WJ, Rocha SMB, do Amorim MR, Araujo FF, Melo VMM, Mendes LW. Dynamics of bacterial and archaeal communities along the composting of tannery sludge. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:64295-64306. [PMID: 34304356 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The process of composting has been proposed as a biological alternative to improve the quality of tannery sludge (TS) by the action of microbial communities. However, there is limited knowledge about the dynamic of these microbial communities during the composting process. This study assessed the responses of bacterial and archaeal communities during TS composting using the 16S rRNA sequencing. The composting process occurred within 90 days, and samples of compost were collected on day 7 (d7; mesophilic stage), 30 (d30; thermophilic stage), 60 (d60; cooling stage), and 90 (d90; maturation stage). The results showed a succession of microbial phyla during the composting with enrichment of Synergistetes, WS1, and Euryarchaeota at the mesophilic stage, while at the thermophilic stage, there was an enrichment of Hydrogenedentes, WPS-2, Chloroflexi, and Deinococcus-Thermus. At the cooling stage, there was an enrichment of Kiritimatiellaeota, and at the maturation stage, there was an enrichment of Entotheonellaeota, Dadabacteria, Nitrospirae, Dependiatiae, and Fibrobacteres. When analyzing the drivers influencing microbial communities, Cr and pH presented more negative correlations with general phyla. In contrast, S, C, K, temperature, and N presented more positive correlations, while Ni, Cd, and P showed fewer correlations. According to niche occupancy, we observed a decreased proportion of generalists with a consequently increased proportion of specialists following the composting process. This study showed that different stages of the composting present a specific microbial community structure and dynamics, which are related to some specific composting characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wanderley José de Melo
- Technology Department, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science, Campus of Descalvado, Brazil University, Descalvado, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Vania Maria Maciel Melo
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lucas William Mendes
- Cellular and Molecular Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Yuan T, Tazaki A, Hashimoto K, Al Hossain MMA, Kurniasari F, Ohgami N, Aoki M, Ahsan N, Akhand AA, Kato M. Development of an efficient remediation system with a low cost after identification of water pollutants including phenolic compounds in a tannery built-up area in Bangladesh. Chemosphere 2021; 280:130959. [PMID: 34162114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution caused by tannery wastewater is an important issue in developing countries. Most studies have focused on inorganic chemicals represented by chromium as a tannery-related main pollutant. This is the first study in which pollution of water by tannery-related organic chemicals was assessed by a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses. Our quantitative analysis showed that the maximum concentration of total phenolic compounds (phenols), consisting of phenol, bisphenol F, p-cresol and chlorocresol, in canal water in a tannery built-up area in Bangladesh was >67-fold higher than the Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) guideline value. Mapping of our results indicated tanneries as the sources of phenols pollution. Our original depurative, a hydrotalcite-like compound consisting of magnesium and iron (MF-HT), could adsorb all kinds of phenols and exhibited the highest phenol adsorption ability (115.8 mg/g) among reported hydrotalcite-like compounds. The levels of phenols in canal water samples were reduced to levels below the guideline value by using MF-HT with assistance of a photocatalytic reaction. Moreover, the mean level of chromium (112.2 mg/L) in canal water samples was decreased by 99.7% by using the depurative. Thus, the depurative has the potential for solving the problem of tannery-related water pollution by phenols and chromium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Tazaki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Hashimoto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - M M Aeorangajeb Al Hossain
- Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Fitri Kurniasari
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Ohgami
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masayo Aoki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nazmul Ahsan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Anwarul Azim Akhand
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Healthcare in Universities, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
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Kopp VV, Agustini CB, Gutterres M, Dos Santos JHZ. Nanomaterials to help eco-friendly leather processing. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:55905-55914. [PMID: 34494189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The leather industry converts the hide, a byproduct of slaughterhouses, into leather, a value-added product. This old industry generates wastes, causing environmental pollution. However, nanomaterials can help to decrease this problem. These tiny particles (1-100 nm) can replace chemicals in various steps of leather processing. This paper aims at giving an overview of the fundamentals of classical leather process and how nanomaterials can be applied in each step to obtain a more sustainable manufacturing. After a comprehensive literature review of journal articles, six steps were identified for potential for application of nanomaterials: unhairing, tanning, retanning, dyeing, fatliquoring, and finishing. With nano-oxides, polymers, and metals, it is feasible to reduce the amount of chemical products and also improve the properties of leather. Thus, it is possible to reach a more eco-friendly and effective process with the use of nanomaterials to turn hide/skins into finished leather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victória Vieira Kopp
- Laboratory for Leather and Environmental Studies - LACOURO, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Borges Agustini
- Laboratory for Leather and Environmental Studies - LACOURO, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariliz Gutterres
- Laboratory for Leather and Environmental Studies - LACOURO, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Hansen É, Monteiro de Aquim P, Gutterres M. Current technologies for post- tanning wastewater treatment: A review. J Environ Manage 2021; 294:113003. [PMID: 34111598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leather post-tanning is responsible for producing effluents that are difficult to treat due to several recalcitrant pollutants. Dyes, tannins, and fatliquoring agents are mainly related to this characteristic. This study, as the state-of-the-art, attempts to systematically review treatment technologies applied in recent years to the post-tanning effluents. The Scopus database was used to identify articles related to post-tanning pollutants removal. Through the review, Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and adsorption proved to be good alternatives to increase the effluent biodegradability when applied before biological treatment. AOPs and adsorption were also efficient for the final polishing of the effluents, to reach the regulation standards for disposal, as well as enzymatic treatment. Furthermore, Membrane Separation Processes demonstrated good applicability when the reuse of the treated effluent is aimed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éverton Hansen
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Post-graduation Program of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Leather and Environmental Studies -LACOURO, Eng. Luiz Englert Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Feevale University, Institute of Pure Sciences and Technology, 2755, RS 239, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis - UniRitter, 555 Orfanotrófio, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Chemical Engineering Department, 950 Av. Unisinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
| | - Patrice Monteiro de Aquim
- Feevale University, Institute of Pure Sciences and Technology, 2755, RS 239, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariliz Gutterres
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Post-graduation Program of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Leather and Environmental Studies -LACOURO, Eng. Luiz Englert Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Ma J, Yang N, Li Y, Gao D, Lyu B, Zhang J. A cleaner approach to tanning process of cattle hide upper suede leather: chrome-less polycarboxylate/montmorillonite nanocomposites as tanning agent. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:39014-39025. [PMID: 33743156 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a cleaner approach to a 'sandwich' chrome-less tanning for cattle hide upper suede leather based on polycarboxylate/montmorillonite nanocomposite (PCM) has been developed. The chromium was reduced both in tanning process and retanning process. Hydrothermal stability, mechanical strength, and organoleptic properties of the leather were closed to traditional chrome tanning. The important advantage of the cleaner tanning approach is that the chromium load in wastewater decreased from 2302 mg/L in tanning process and 2919 mg/L in retanning process to 131 and 257 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, SEM analyses demonstrated that the leather tanned by PCM achieved loose fiber structure and flaky montmorillonite deposition both in intra-triple and inter-triple helix. XRD results suggested that basic chromium sulfate and PCM may form more complexation with the helix chain of collagen fiber, resulting in structural distortion of collagen molecules without destroying the triple helical structure. EDS liner scanning indicated the distribution of chromium on the cross section of the leather. Trypsin degradation curves revealed the cleaner approach might increase the degradation of leather, and the economic analysis results showed that the tanning costs could be reduced and increased the economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Ma
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Na Yang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yun Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Dangge Gao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Bin Lyu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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Jiang Z, Gao M, Ding W, Huang C, Hu C, Shi B, Tsang DCW. Selective degradation and oxidation of hemicellulose in corncob to oligosaccharides: From biomass into masking agent for sustainable leather tanning. J Hazard Mater 2021; 413:125425. [PMID: 33626472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chrome-free metal tanning agent has been considered as eco-friendly in the leather industry. However, extensive crosslinking reactions of metal species on the leather surface restrain their uniform penetration into the hierarchical nanoscale leather matrix. Thus, masking agents with appropriate coordination ability are needed. Herein, the selective degradation of hemicellulose in corncob was achieved with 92.5% of conversion in an AlCl3-H2O system, obtaining oligosaccharides masking agent with high purity and leaving cellulose and lignin in the solid residue for other valuable use. Subsequently, H2O2 oxidation was performed to introduce -CHO/-COOH into oligosaccharides and reduce their molecular weights, thereby enhancing coordination ability and reducing ligand dimension. The post-oxidized reaction fluids together with additional Zr species were subjected to leather tanning, in which the oligosaccharides could coordinate with Al/Zr species and promote the penetration of metal species into the leather matrix. By controlling the hemicellulose degradation and oligosaccharide oxidation, an appropriate concentration of oligosaccharides with proper -CHO/-COOH contents allowed the efficient masking effect of the oligosaccharides. As a result, a uniform distribution of Al/Zr species was observed on the cross section, and 83.5 °C of shrinkage temperature was obtained for the chrome-free tanned leather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jiang
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Mi Gao
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Wei Ding
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Chenjun Huang
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Bi Shi
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
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Guo SS, Xu YH, Yang JY. Simulating the migration and species distribution of Cr and inorganic ions from tanneries in the vadose zone. J Environ Manage 2021; 288:112441. [PMID: 33823454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The pollution in soils and groundwater caused by the tannery have attracted public attention. However, few studies have been done on the migration and species distribution of Cr and coexisting ions produced by tanning in the vadose zone. In this paper, an in-production tannery and a suspended tannery were selected to compare the migration of Cr and other inorganic ions from tanneries in the vadose zone. Results showed that the sewage treatment station and the temporary waste storage site had the highest concentration of pollutants. Cr exhibited a cumulative effect in the middle soil layer (100-300 cm) in the suspended tannery. However, in the in-production tannery, the cumulative effect occurred only at the temporary waste storage site. The distribution of pollutants in the soils at different depths was fixed in the suspended tannery field. But in the in-production tannery field, it was closely related to daily production. Visual MINTEQ showed that the saturation index of a species of Cr was positive or negative simultaneously in the two sites, indicating that (1) the change of saturation index of Cr had no relationship with operation of tannery. (2) the influence of Cr precipitation or dissolution was related to the source strength, the coexisting ions, and pH. This study contributed to understanding the migration of characteristic pollutants caused by tanneries in the vadose zone under different external environments, and provided a reference for the quantification calculation of the source load of pollutants caused by industrial infiltration into the groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Guo
- College of Architecture and Environment & Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yu-Hui Xu
- Soil Institute, Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin-Yan Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment & Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Hasan SMM, Akber MA, Bahar MM, Islam MA, Akbor MA, Siddique MAB, Islam MA. Chromium Contamination from Tanning Industries and Phytoremediation Potential of Native Plants: A Study of Savar Tannery Industrial Estate in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2021; 106:1024-1032. [PMID: 33991212 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tannery wastewater is a significant cause of chromium (Cr) contamination in land and water. This study assessed Cr contamination caused by the discharge of tannery wastewater in the Dhaleshwari River and identified possible native plants for phytoremediation of Cr. Water, soil and sediments samples were collected from upstream and downstream of the wastewater discharge channel of Savar tannery industrial estate situated on the bank of the river. Samples of root, stem, leaf and fruit of four selected plants (i.e., Eichhornia crassipes, Xanthium strumarium L., Cynodon dactylon, Croton bonplandianum Baill.) were also collected from those sampling points. The total Cr in acid digested samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. High concentrations of Cr were detected in the water, soil and sediment samples collected near the wastewater discharge channel. Of all the plant species, Xanthium strumarium L. exhibited high translocation factors (TF) and bioconcentration factors (BCF) for Cr. Based on the findings of this study Xanthium strumarium L. is preferable as a native species for phytoremediation of Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Ali Akber
- Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mezbaul Bahar
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Md Azharul Islam
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahedul Akbor
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Bakar Siddique
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Atikul Islam
- Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
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Urbina-Suarez NA, Machuca-Martínez F, Barajas-Solano AF. Advanced Oxidation Processes and Biotechnological Alternatives for the Treatment of Tannery Wastewater. Molecules 2021; 26:3222. [PMID: 34072101 PMCID: PMC8198592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tannery industry is one of the economic sectors that contributes to the development of different countries. Globally, Europe and Asia are the main producers of this industry, although Latin America and Africa have been growing considerably in recent years. With this growth, the negative environmental impacts towards different ecosystem resources as a result of the discharges of recalcitrated pollutants, have led to different investigations to generate alternative solutions. Worldwide, different technologies have been studied to address this problem, biological and physicochemical processes have been widely studied, presenting drawbacks with some recalcitrant compounds. This review provides a context on the different existing technologies for the treatment of tannery wastewater, analyzing the physicochemical composition of this liquid waste, the impact it generates on human health and ecosystems and the advances in the different existing technologies, focusing on advanced oxidation processes and the use of microalgae. The coupling of advanced oxidation processes with biological processes, mainly microalgae, is seen as a viable biotechnological strategy, not only for the removal of pollutants, but also to obtain value-added products with potential use in the biorefining of the biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Andrés Urbina-Suarez
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760015, Colombia;
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Av. Gran Colombia No. 12E-96, Cucuta 540003, Colombia;
| | - Fiderman Machuca-Martínez
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760015, Colombia;
- Centro de Excelencia en Nuevos Materiales–CENM, Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760015, Colombia
| | - Andrés F. Barajas-Solano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Av. Gran Colombia No. 12E-96, Cucuta 540003, Colombia;
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Abate TA, Desta AF, Love NG. Evaluating tannery wastewater treatment performance based on physicochemical and microbiological characteristics: An Ethiopian case study. Water Environ Res 2021; 93:658-669. [PMID: 32474980 PMCID: PMC8246915 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tanneries are an important industrial sector in Ethiopia; consequently, gaps in wastewater treatment process performance need to be identified as the country increases its emphasis on compliance. A case study was conducted to evaluate physicochemical and microbial water quality at a tannery near Addis Ababa. The treatment process was designed for the following: sulfide oxidation; biological oxygen demand reduction; and chromium removal. While some of Ethiopia's standards for industrial wastewater treatment were met through treatment, effluent COD, sulfide, total nitrogen, and total chromium guidelines were not. 16S rRNA gene analysis was used to evaluate the microbial community composition across the treatment train. The results show that common ruminant phyla were dominant throughout, with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes comprising 77% to 82% relative abundance. The Firmicutes Clostridium increased consistently in relative abundance with treatment, comprising 39% to 61% of the total bacterial community in the effluent. Improved treatment is needed to meet environmental and public health goals. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Case Study of tannery wastewater treatment in Ethiopia shows ineffective treatment of chemical pollutants. Microbiological pollutants from tannery wastewater systems can introduce agents of importance to public health The microbiological composition of tannery influent, mixed liquor and effluent contains mostly four bacterial phyla lead by Firmicutes. Most pathogenic bacterial genera found in the tannery wastewater treatment system became a decreasing percentage of the total population. Clostridium comprises up to 61% of the effluent bacterial population and deserves further evaluation to better understand the consequences of its dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adey F. Desta
- Molecular, Cellular and Microbial BiologyAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Nancy G. Love
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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Guo SS, Wu H, Tian YQ, Chen HX, Wang Y, Yang JY. Migration and fate of characteristic pollutants migration from an abandoned tannery in soil and groundwater by experiment and numerical simulation. Chemosphere 2021; 271:129552. [PMID: 33453488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The tannery industry is an integral part of economic development in many developing countries, and the environmental pollution caused by the tannery industry cannot be ignored. In this study, soil and groundwater samples at different depths were collected from an abandoned tannery to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of characteristic pollutants produced by tanning. The concentrations of Cr, Cl, F and NH4+-N in the soil from the sludge temporary storage area were higher than those from the liming and unhairing workshop, chrome tanning workshop, wastewater outlet, and around wastewater pond. The concentration of Cr(VI) in all sampling sites was below the detection limit. The main species of Cr in the groundwater were Cr(NH3)6Cl2+ and CrO42- based on the simulation of Visual MINTEQ. The saturation index was negative and changed with time indicating that Cr existed in the dissolved phase. The proportion of Cr(VI) to total Cr was negatively correlated with the saturation index in village 1 and village 3. The simulation results from Visual MODFLOW and MT3DMS showed that the migration of Cr, NH4+-N, Cl- and F- mainly occurred in the Quaternary system. The coverage of the pollution plume of pollutants in villages 1 and 3 was as follows: Cr > NH4+-N > Cl- > F-. Two decay rate calculation methods of pollutants with migration time and distance were put forward to provide a basis for the actual investigation of the pollution migration scope and time determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Guo
- College of Architecture and Environment & Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tian
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - He-Xiao Chen
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Sichuan Province Academy of Industrial Environmental Monitoring, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin-Yan Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment & Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Nur-A-Tomal MS, Hashem MA, Zahin MEH, Pulok MLH, Das MR, Mim S. Goatskin preservation with plant oil: significant chloride reduction in tannery wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:12889-12897. [PMID: 33094461 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of raw hide/skin is the prime technique to stop bacterial deterioration. Universally, salt curing is the most prevalent technique for hide/skin preservation. In this study, extracted oil from Aphanamixis polystachya seed was evaluated for the preservation of goatskin to reduce the chloride in tannery wastewater. The oil-induced goatskin preservation method was assessed observing diverse factors, e.g., hair slip, odor, moisture content, bacterial colony counting, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and hydrothermal stability in evaluation to the conventional salt curing method. Results indicate that 15% oil-induced preservation technique could preserve the goatskin for 30 days. A small-scale experiment was performed for the preservation of goatskins. The preserved goatskins both monitoring and study samples were processed for shoe upper leather. The leather quality was evaluated by examining physical properties and fiber structure by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollution load generated during leather making was determined in terms of total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl-), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The proposed oil-induced preservation method reduced Cl-, TDS, and BOD by 98.3%, 82.3%, and 86.8%, respectively, in the soaking liquor. The leather readied from the empirical goatskin shows the equipotential properties of leather from conventional goatskin. The oil-induced preservation method is substantiated to be favorable nonconventional preservation instead of conventional wet-salting for the contraction of pollution from soaking operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahruk Nur-A-Tomal
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abul Hashem
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Enamul Hasan Zahin
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Lutful Hossain Pulok
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
| | - Moumita Rani Das
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Mim
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
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