1
|
Zurita C, Tsushima S, Solari PL, Menut D, Dourdain S, Jeanson A, Creff G, Den Auwer C. Interaction Between the Transferrin Protein and Plutonium (and Thorium), What's New? Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300636. [PMID: 37526142 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is a glycoprotein that transports iron from the serum to the various organs. Several studies have highlighted that Tf can interact with metals other than Fe(III), including actinides that are chemical and radiological toxics. We propose here to report on the behavior of Th(IV) and Pu(IV) in comparison with Fe(III) upon Tf complexation. We considered UV-Vis and IR data of the M2 Tf complex (M=Fe, Th, Pu) and combined experimental EXAFS data with MD models. EXAFS data of the first M-O coordination sphere are consistent with the MD model considering 1 synergistic carbonate. Further EXAFS data analysis strongly suggests that contamination by Th/Pu colloids seems to occur upon Tf complexation, but it seems limited. SAXS data have also been recorded for all complexes and also after the addition of Deferoxamine-B (DFOB) in the medium. The Rg values are very close for apoTf, ThTf and PuTf, but slightly larger than for holoTf. Data suggest that the structure of the protein is more ellipsoidal than spherical, with a flattened oblate form. From this data, the following order of conformation size might be considered:holoTf
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Zurita
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Satoru Tsushima
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Internationnal Research Frontiers Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Denis Menut
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91190, Saint Aubin, France
| | | | - Aurélie Jeanson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Gaëlle Creff
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, 06108, Nice, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hasson A, Jiang W, Benabdallah N, Lu P, Longtine MS, Beattie BJ, Summer L, Zhang H, Wahl RL, Abou DS, Thorek DL. Radiochemical Quality Control Methods for Radium-223 and Thorium-227 Radiotherapies. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2023; 38:15-25. [PMID: 36149725 PMCID: PMC9940811 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2022.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The majority of radiopharmaceuticals for use in disease detection and targeted treatment undergo a single radioactive transition (decay) to reach a stable ground state. Complex emitters, which produce a series of daughter radionuclides, are emerging as novel radiopharmaceuticals. The need for validation of chemical and radiopurity with such agents using common quality control instrumentation is an area of active investigation. Here, we demonstrate novel methods to characterize 227Th and 223Ra. Materials and Methods: A radio-TLC scanner and a γ-counter, two common and widely accessible technologies, as well as a solid-state α-particle spectral imaging camera were evaluated for their ability to characterize and distinguish 227Th and 223Ra. We verified these results through purity evaluation of a novel 227Th-labeled protein construct. Results: The γ-counter and α-camera distinguished 227Th from 223Ra, enabling rapid and quantitative determination of radionuclidic purity. The radio-TLC showed limited ability to describe purity, although use under α-particle-specific settings enhanced resolution. All three methods were able to distinguish a pure from impure 227Th-labeled protein. Conclusions: The presented quality control evaluation for 227Th and 223Ra on three different instruments can be applied to both research and clinical settings as new alpha particle therapies are developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbie Hasson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Radiology, Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadia Benabdallah
- Department of Radiology, Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark S. Longtine
- Department of Radiology, Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bradley J. Beattie
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lucy Summer
- Department of Radiology, Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Oncologic Imaging Program, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard L. Wahl
- Department of Radiology, Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Oncologic Imaging Program, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Diane S. Abou
- Department of Radiology, Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Oncologic Imaging Program, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel L.J. Thorek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Radiology, Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Oncologic Imaging Program, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prasetyo E, Toyoda K. Humic acid attachment on chitosan-modified silica gel as an economical, efficient, and selective adsorbent for thorium and uranium removal. Environ Technol 2023; 44:170-184. [PMID: 34384343 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1968038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel, low-cost adsorbent material was prepared by the immobilization of humic acid on a silica gel surface coated with cross-linked chitosan (SiChiHA). The adsorbent was developed to remove selectively of Th(IV) and U(VI) from aqueous solution, including their pre-concentration and separation from lanthanides and high salinity conditions. A simple waste-less humic acid immobilization method was shown to be successful based on FT-IR, SEM-EDS, and zeta potential characterization results. The adsorbent was found to be stable over a wide pH range, with the highest capacities obtained at pH 3.5 (Th(IV)) and pH 5 (U(VI)). Langmuir model calculations yielded a maximum capacity of 30.6 mg g-1 and 75.4 mg g-1 for Th(IV) and U(VI). The adsorption process was found to be rapid (half concentration was removed within 10 min) and best described by a pseudo-second order rate equation. Increasing NaCl concentration up to 2 mol L-1 or lanthanide concentration up to 100 times did not significantly affect the removal efficiency for either Th(IV) of U(VI). Both elements could be sequentially separated by elution with ammonium citrate and nitric acid, respectively. The adsorption-desorption experiment showed that the adsorbent could be used for at least five cycles without significant capacity loss. This study provides insight into the development of low-cost adsorbent with practical functionality, including separation and regeneration ability, the advantageous properties scarcely reported in low-cost adsorbent literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Prasetyo
- Graduate School of Environmental Science (GSES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Unit for Mineral Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Kazuhiro Toyoda
- Graduate School of Environmental Science (GSES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou X, Dong L, Shen L. Hydroxypyridinones as a Very Promising Platform for Targeted Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals. Molecules 2021; 26:6997. [PMID: 34834087 PMCID: PMC8619595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226997&set/a 916769719+956065658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypyridinones (HOPOs) have been used in the chelation therapy of iron and actinide metals. Their application in metal-based radiopharmaceuticals has also been increasing in recent years. This review article focuses on how multidentate HOPOs can be used in targeted radiometal-based diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The general structure of radiometal-based targeted radiopharmaceuticals, a brief description of siderophores, the basic structure and properties of bidentate HOPO, some representative HOPO multidentate chelating agents, radiopharmaceuticals based on HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators for gallium-68, thorium-227 and zirconium-89, as well as the future prospects of HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators in other metal-based radiopharmaceuticals are described and discussed in turn. The HOPO metal-based radiopharmaceuticals that have shown good prospects in clinical and preclinical studies are gallium-68, thorium-227 and zirconium-89 radiopharmaceuticals. We expect HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators to be a very promising platform for building novel targeted radiometal-based diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China;
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
| | - Linlin Dong
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
| | - Langtao Shen
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China;
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
- National Isotope Center of Engineering and Technology, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou X, Dong L, Shen L. Hydroxypyridinones as a Very Promising Platform for Targeted Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals. Molecules 2021; 26:6997. [PMID: 34834087 PMCID: PMC8619595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypyridinones (HOPOs) have been used in the chelation therapy of iron and actinide metals. Their application in metal-based radiopharmaceuticals has also been increasing in recent years. This review article focuses on how multidentate HOPOs can be used in targeted radiometal-based diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The general structure of radiometal-based targeted radiopharmaceuticals, a brief description of siderophores, the basic structure and properties of bidentate HOPO, some representative HOPO multidentate chelating agents, radiopharmaceuticals based on HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators for gallium-68, thorium-227 and zirconium-89, as well as the future prospects of HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators in other metal-based radiopharmaceuticals are described and discussed in turn. The HOPO metal-based radiopharmaceuticals that have shown good prospects in clinical and preclinical studies are gallium-68, thorium-227 and zirconium-89 radiopharmaceuticals. We expect HOPO multidentate bifunctional chelators to be a very promising platform for building novel targeted radiometal-based diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China;
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
| | - Linlin Dong
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
| | - Langtao Shen
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China;
- China Isotope & Radiation Corporation, Beijing 100089, China;
- National Isotope Center of Engineering and Technology, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perron R, Gendron D, Causey PW. Construction of a thorium/actinium generator at the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 164:109262. [PMID: 32819503 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) has demonstrated considerable promise in the treatment of a range of cancers in both preclinical and, more recently clinical research. In particular, work with the alpha-emitting radionuclide 225Ac has been effectively employed due to the relatively rapid decay cascade that leads to 4 alpha and 2 beta emissions. One limitation for TAT has been caused by access to the vital radionuclide. Traditionally, 225Ac has been sourced from thorium/actinium generators based on the alpha decay of stockpiles of 229Th. 229Th is itself the alpha-decay product from 233U. Due to proliferation issues associated with 233U, only three thorium/actinium generators have been reported in the literature, capable of supporting clinical research. This paper describes the construction and operation of a thorium/actinium radionuclide generator at the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, capable of supporting preclinical and limited clinical research in the area of TAT. Thorium was recovered and purified by a combination of anion exchange and extraction chromatography from aged 233U stockpiles. A separation scheme for 225Ra and 225Ac has been developed, based upon the chemical composition of the thorium material to allow for regular, routine milkings capable of supplying up to 3.7 GBq (100 mCi) of radiochemically pure 225Ac annually. This routine separation is accomplished using a combination of anion exchange chromatography to separate Ac and Ra isotopes from Th and extraction chromatography employing TEVA and DGA-N resins to separate actinium from radium and breakthrough thorium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy Perron
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Denise Gendron
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Patrick W Causey
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Toro-González M, Dame AN, Foster CM, Millet LJ, Woodward JD, Rojas JV, Mirzadeh S, Davern SM. Quantitative encapsulation and retention of 227Th and decay daughters in core-shell lanthanum phosphate nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2020; 12:9744-9755. [PMID: 32324185 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) offers great promise for treating recalcitrant tumors and micrometastatic cancers. One drawback of TAT is the potential damage to normal tissues and organs due to the relocation of decay daughters from the treatment site. The present study evaluates La(227Th)PO4 core (C) and core +2 shells (C2S) nanoparticles (NPs) as a delivery platform of 227Th to minimize systemic distribution of decay daughters, 223Ra and 211Pb. In vitro retention of decay daughters within La(227Th)PO4 C NPs was influenced by the concentration of reagents used during synthesis, in which the leakage of 223Ra was between 0.4 ± 0.2% and 20.3 ± 1.1% in deionized water. Deposition of two nonradioactive LaPO4 shells onto La(227Th)PO4 C NPs increased the retention of decay daughters to >99.75%. The toxicity of the nonradioactive LaPO4 C and C2S NP delivery platforms was examined in a mammalian breast cancer cell line, BT-474. No significant decrease in cell viability was observed for a monolayer of BT-474 cells for NP concentrations below 233.9 μg mL-1, however cell viability decreased below 60% when BT-474 spheroids were incubated with either LaPO4 C or C2S NPs at concentrations exceeding 29.2 μg mL-1. La(227Th)PO4 C2S NPs exhibit a high encapsulation and in vitro retention of radionuclides with limited contribution to cellular cytotoxicity for TAT applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Toro-González
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, , Richmond 23284, USA. and Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA.
| | - A N Dame
- Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA.
| | - C M Foster
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA
| | - L J Millet
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA and Joint Research Activity, The Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, USA
| | - J D Woodward
- Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA.
| | - J V Rojas
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, , Richmond 23284, USA.
| | - S Mirzadeh
- Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA.
| | - S M Davern
- Isotope and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37830, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmed UAQ, Wagner NJ, Joubert JA. Quantification of U, Th and specific radionuclides in coal from selected coal fired power plants in South Africa. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229452. [PMID: 32357150 PMCID: PMC7194434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of South Africa’s energy is derived from the combustion of coal in pulverized coal-fired power plants (CFPP). However, when compared with the rest of the world, limited information regarding the main radioactive elements (U and Th) and specific radionuclides of interest (K40, Ra226 and Th232) from South African CFPP is available in the public domain. This paper aims to quantify the U, Th and specific radionuclides found in the coal used in selected South African CFPP in comparison to world averages found in literature. The U and Th concentrations were obtained by ICP-MS. The main radionuclides, K40, Ra226 and Th238, were quantified using gamma spectrometry. The U concentration and Th concentrations for the coal used in all the power plants was above the world average of 1.9 mg/kg and 3.2 mg/kg respectively. The coals with the highest Th content originated from the Mpumalanga power plant, while the U content in the Freestate power plant samples was the highest of the three. The concentrations of the K40 were between 88.43±10.75–110.76±8.92 Bq/kg, which are in-line with world averages of 4–785 Bq/kg. Similarly, the Ra226 and Th232 values were between 21.69±2.83–52.63±4.04 Bq/kg and 19.91±1.24–22.97±1.75 Bq/kg respectively, which are also in line with the world averages of 1–206 Bq/kg and 1–170 Bq/kg respectively. Radiological hazard indices such as radium equivalent (Raeq); external hazard index (Hex) and internal hazard index (Hin), that were estimated from these average radionuclide concentrations were less than the prescribed values found in literature. This indicated that no significant health risk was posed by the coal being used from these coal fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U. A. Q. Ahmed
- National Nuclear Regulator, Centurion, South Africa
- DSI-NRF CIMERA, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - N. J. Wagner
- DSI-NRF CIMERA, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Varala S, Ravisankar V, Al-Ali M, Pownceby MI, Parthasarathy R, Bhargava SK. Process optimization using response surface methodology for the removal of thorium from aqueous solutions using rice-husk. Chemosphere 2019; 237:124488. [PMID: 31401427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The adsorptive capability of rice-husk for the sorption of thorium ions from aqueous solutions in batch mode was studied. The key process variables (initial metal ion concentration, initial solution pH and S/L (solid-to-liquid ratio) were optimized for achieving maximum bioremoval efficiency (B%) by employing the Box-Behnken design (33) in response surface methodology (RSM). A quadratic model developed by fitting the experimental data predicted 93% of the responses and estimated the local maximum of B% as >99% for an initial ThIV concentration of 150 g/L, S/L ratio of 5, and an initial pH of 4, and the reported biosorption capacity (qe) is 15.95 mg/g for the same conditions. Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9841) and pseudo-first-order (R2 = 0.9416) kinetic models had the best concurrence with the experimental data in the thorium concentration range used implying the sorption mechanism involves surface biosorption and intraparticle diffusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayanasri Varala
- Center for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Victoria, 3001, Australia; Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria, 3001, Australia; Department of Chemical Engineering, M V J College of Engineering, Near ITPB Whitefield, Kadugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560067. India
| | - Vivek Ravisankar
- Center for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Maha Al-Ali
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | | | - Rajarathinam Parthasarathy
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Suresh K Bhargava
- Center for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Victoria, 3001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fitzsimmons J, Foley B, Torre B, Wilken M, Cutler CS, Mausner L, Medvedev D. Optimization of Cation Exchange for the Separation of Actinium-225 from Radioactive Thorium, Radium-223 and Other Metals. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101921. [PMID: 31109077 PMCID: PMC6571705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinium-225 (225Ac) can be produced with a linear accelerator by proton irradiation of a thorium (Th) target, but the Th also underdoes fission and produces 400 other radioisotopes. No research exists on optimization of the cation step for the purification. The research herein examines the optimization of the cation exchange step for the purification of 225Ac. The following variables were tested: pH of load solution (1.5–4.6); rinse steps with various concentrations of HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, and combinations of HCl and HNO3; various thorium chelators to block retention; MP50 and AG50 resins; and retention of 20–45 elements with different rinse sequences. The research indicated that HCl removes more isotopes earlier than HNO3, but that some elements, such as barium and radium, could be eluted with ≥2.5 M HNO3. The optimal pH of the load solution was 1.5–2.0, and the optimized rinse sequence was five bed volumes (BV) of 1 M citric acid pH 2.0, 3 BV of water, 3 BV of 2 M HNO3, 6 BV of 2.5 M HNO3 and 20 BV of 6 M HNO3. The sequence recovered >90% of 225Ac with minimal 223Ra and thorium present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fitzsimmons
- Isotope Production Laboratory, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Bryan Foley
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Geoscience, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV 26554, USA.
| | - Bryna Torre
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Megan Wilken
- Department of Chemistry, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, NC 27909, USA.
| | - Cathy S Cutler
- Isotope Production Laboratory, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Leonard Mausner
- Isotope Production Laboratory, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Dmitri Medvedev
- Isotope Production Laboratory, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang ZW, Li ZJ, Zheng LR, Wu WS, Chai ZF, Shi WQ. Adsorption of Eu(III) and Th(IV) on three-dimensional graphene-based macrostructure studied by spectroscopic investigation. Environ Pollut 2019; 248:82-89. [PMID: 30780070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important reasons for the controversy over the development of nuclear energy is the proper disposal of spent fuel. Separation of actinide and lanthanide ions is an important part of safe long-term storage of radioactive waste. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) graphene-based macrostructure (GOCS) was utilized to remove actinide thorium and lanthanide europium ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Eu(III) and Th(IV) on the GOCS was evaluated as a function of adsorption time, solution pH, initial ion concentrations, and ionic strength. The experimentally determined maximum adsorption capacities of this GOCS for Eu(III) (pH 6.0) and Th(IV) (pH 3.0) are as high as 150 and 220 mg/g, respectively. By using Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, we concluded that the Eu(III) and Th(IV) adsorption was predominantly attributed to the inner-sphere coordination with various oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups on GOCS surfaces. Our selective adsorption results demonstrate that the actinide and lanthanide ions can be effectively separated from transition metal ions. This study provides new clues to the overall recycling of actinide and lanthanide ions in radioactive environmental pollution treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Huang
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China; Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zi-Jie Li
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Rong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wang-Suo Wu
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pan H, Lu X, Lei K, Shi D, Ren C, Yang L, Wang L. Using magnetic susceptibility to evaluate pollution status of the sediment for a typical reservoir in northwestern China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:3019-3032. [PMID: 30506383 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intensive anthropogenic activities may add to pollution risks to lakes and rivers, which can be revealed by the magnetic characteristics of sediments. The present study aims to assess the pollution status of the sediment of a typical reservoir in northwestern China by application of magnetic susceptibility. The values of magnetic susceptibility exhibited significant positive correlations with trace metals (Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and V) and natural radionuclides (232Th and 40K). Multivariate statistical analysis indicated common sources and similar deposition characteristics of magnetic particles and trace metals. It was conformed that magnetic susceptibility could be used as an indicator to identify industrial sources of trace metals, but was not suitable to indicate the traffic or natural sources. Linear regression equations between the low-frequency magnetic susceptibility and the integrated pollution index as well as annual effective dose rate indicated a potential for using magnetic susceptibility in semi-quantitative assessment of trace metal pollution and radiological hazard in sediments. A three-step procedure is proposed for the use of magnetic susceptibility in pollution monitoring, which provides a fast and effective method for estimating the pollution extent and tracing the major sources of trace metals in the sediment of lakes and rivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Lu
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Lei
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqi Shi
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Ren
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Linna Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen T, Zhang N, Xu Z, Hu X, Ding Z. Integrated comparisons of thorium(IV) adsorption onto alkali-treated duckweed biomass and duckweed-derived hydrothermal and pyrolytic biochar. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:2523-2530. [PMID: 30471065 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to remove aqueous radionuclides and find an appropriate method for the disposal of wild duckweed in eutrophic water body, alkali-treated duckweed biomass and duckweed-based hydrothermal biochar (hydrochar) and pyrolytic biochars of 300 and 600 °C were prepared. Their physicochemical properties were characterized carefully. The adsorption isothermal data fitted well with the Langmuir model and the maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities were 104.1, 96.3, 86.7, and 63.5 mg/g for hydrochar, modified biomass, and 300 and 600 °C biochars, respectively. The adsorption kinetic data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The sorption data of fixed-bed column also confirmed the high efficient removal of Th(IV) and fitted well with the Thomas model. The duckweed-based hydrothermal biochar is a low-cost adsorbent for Th(IV) removal, and it is also a resource utilization technology of the duckweed collected from eutrophic water body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Southern Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Southern Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Southern Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Center of Material Analysis and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuhong Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Southern Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang Y, Hu Y, Chen L, Yang T, Huang H, Shi R, Lu P, Zhong C. Selective biosorption of thorium (IV) from aqueous solutions by ginkgo leaf. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193659. [PMID: 29509801 PMCID: PMC5839565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-cost biosorbents (ginkgo leaf, osmanthus leaf, banyan leaf, magnolia leaf, holly leaf, walnut shell, and grapefruit peel) were evaluated in the simultaneous removal of La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Yb3+, Lu3+, UO22+, Th4+, Y3+, Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and Sr2+ from aqueous solutions. In single metal systems, all adsorbents exhibited good to excellent adsorption capacities toward lanthanides and actinides. In a simulated multicomponent mixed solution study, higher selectivity and efficiency were observed for Th4+ over other metal cations, with ginkgo leaves providing the highest adsorptivity (81.2%) among the seven biosorbents. Through optimization studies, the selectivity of Th4+ biosorption on ginkgo leaf was found to be highly pH-dependent, with optimum Th4+ removal observed at pH 4. Th4+ adsorption was found to proceed rapidly with an equilibrium time of 120 min and conform to pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Langmuir isotherm model best described Th4+ biosorption, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 103.8 mg g-1. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that Th4+ biosorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of the adsorbent were determined by scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The biosorption of Th from a real sample (monazite mineral) was studied and an efficiency of 90.4% was achieved from nitric acid at pH 4 using ginkgo leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Huang
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lvcun Chen
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanfang Huang
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Runping Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Lu
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenghua Zhong
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
- College of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rangreez TA, Asiri AM, Alhogbi BG, Naushad M. Synthesis and Ion-Exchange Properties of Graphene Th(IV) Phosphate Composite Cation Exchanger: Its Applications in the Selective Separation of Lead Metal Ions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14070828. [PMID: 28737717 PMCID: PMC5551266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, graphene Th(IV) phosphate was prepared by sol–gel precipitation method. The ion-exchange behavior of this cation-exchanger was studied by investigating properties like ion-exchange capacity for various metal ions, the effect of eluent concentration, elution behavior, and thermal effect on ion-exchange capacity (IEC). Several physicochemical properties as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) study, thermal studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were also carried out. The material possessed an IEC of 1.56 meq·dry·g−1 of the exchanger and was found to be nano-composite. The selectivity studies showed that the material is selective towards Pb(II) ions. The selectivity of this cation-exchanger was demonstrated in the binary separation of Pb(II) ions from mixture with other metal ions. The recovery was found to be both quantitative and reproducible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef Ahmad Rangreez
- Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Basma G Alhogbi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Building 5, King Saud University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peng C, Ma Y, Ding Y, He X, Zhang P, Lan T, Wang D, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Influence of Speciation of Thorium on Toxic Effects to Green Algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040795. [PMID: 28394275 PMCID: PMC5412379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorium (Th) is a natural radioactive element present in the environment and has the potential to be used as a nuclear fuel. Relatively little is known about the influence and toxicity of Th in the environment. In the present study, the toxicity of Th to the green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) was evaluated by algal growth inhibition, biochemical assays and morphologic observations. In the cultural medium (OECD TG 201), Th(NO3)4 was transformed to amorphous precipitation of Th(OH)4 due to hydrolysis. Th was toxic to C. pyrenoidosa, with a 96 h half maximum effective concentration (EC50) of 10.4 μM. Scanning electron microscopy shows that Th-containing aggregates were attached onto the surface of the algal cells, and transmission electron microscopy indicates the internalization of nano-sized Th precipitates and ultrastructural alterations of the algal cells. The heteroagglomeration between Th(OH)4 precipitation and alga cells and enhanced oxidative stress might play important roles in the toxicity of Th. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the toxicity of Th to algae with its chemical species in the exposure medium. This finding provides useful information on understanding the fate and toxicity of Th in the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Peng
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yayun Ding
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiao He
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tu Lan
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dongqi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Emerson HP, Hickok KA, Powell BA. Experimental evidence for ternary colloid-facilitated transport of Th(IV) with hematite (α-Fe 2O 3) colloids and Suwannee River fulvic acid. J Environ Radioact 2016; 165:168-181. [PMID: 27723529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous field experiments have suggested colloid-facilitated transport via inorganic and organic colloids as the primary mechanism of enhanced actinide transport in the subsurface at former nuclear weapons facilities. In this work, research was guided by the hypothesis that humic substances can enhance tetravalent actinide (An(IV)) migration by coating and mobilizing natural colloids in environmental systems and increasing An(IV) sorption to colloids. This mechanism is expected to occur under relatively acidic conditions where organic matter can sorb and coat colloid surfaces and facilitate formation of ternary colloid-ligand-actinide complexes. The objective of this work was to examine Th transport through packed columns in the presence of hematite colloids and/or Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA). In the presence of SRFA, with or without hematite colloids, significant transport (>60% recovery within the effluent) of thorium occurred through quartz columns. It is notable that the SRFA contributed to increased transport of both Th and hematite colloids, while insignificant transport occurred in the absence of fulvic acid. Further, in the presence of a natural sandy sediment (as opposed to pure quartz), transport is negligible in the presence of SRFA due to interactions with natural, clay-sized sediment coatings. Moreover, this data shows that the transport of Th through quartz columns is enhanced in ternary Th-colloid-SRFA and binary Th-SRFA systems as compared to a system containing only Th.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary P Emerson
- Clemson University, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC 29625, United States.
| | - Katherine A Hickok
- Clemson University, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC 29625, United States
| | - Brian A Powell
- Clemson University, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC 29625, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alashrah S, El-Taher A. Assessment of natural radioactivity level and radiation hazards in soil samples of Wadi Al-Rummah Qassim province, Saudi Arabia. J Environ Biol 2016; 37:985-81. [PMID: 29251897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work deals with estimation and distribution of natural radionuclides in 40 soil samples collected from Wadi Al-Rummah (Qassim part) Central Saudi Arabia. Estimations were carried out using NaI (Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer. Activity concentrations ranged from 5.3 to 45.0 Bq kg-1, from 4.3 to 33.8 Bq kg-1 and from 38 Bq kg-1 to 273.1 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil samples was 15.5 Bq kg-1, 14.1 Bq kg-1 and 143.1 Bq kg-1. The results of this study were compared with other studies around the world. Radiation hazard parameters such as radium equivalent activity, annual dose, external hazard were calculated and compared with the recommended levels quoted from International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP-60) and United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR reports.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pan N, Li L, Ding J, Li S, Wang R, Jin Y, Wang X, Xia C. Preparation of graphene oxide-manganese dioxide for highly efficient adsorption and separation of Th(IV)/U(VI). J Hazard Mater 2016; 309:107-115. [PMID: 26878706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Manganese dioxide decorated graphene oxide (GOM) was prepared via fixation of crystallographic MnO2 (α, γ) on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) and was explored as an adsorbent material for simultaneous removal of thorium/uranium ions from aqueous solutions. In single component systems (Th(IV) or U(VI)), the α-GOM2 (the weight ratio of GO/α-MnO2 of 2) exhibited higher maximum adsorption capacities toward both Th(IV) (497.5mg/g) and U(VI) (185.2 mg/g) than those of GO. In the binary component system (Th(IV)/U(VI)), the saturated adsorption capacity of Th(IV) (408.8 mg/g)/U(VI) (66.8 mg/g) on α-GOM2 was also higher than those on GO. Based on the analysis of various data, it was proposed that the adsorption process may involve four types of molecular interactions including coordination, electrostatic interaction, cation-pi interaction, and Lewis acid-base interaction between Th(IV)/U(VI) and α-GOM2. Finally, the Th(IV)/U(VI) ions on α-GOM2 can be separated by a two-stage desorption process with Na2CO3/EDTA. Those results displayed that the α-GOM2 may be utilized as an potential adsorbent for removing and separating Th(IV)/U(VI) ions from aqueous solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Pan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jie Ding
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Yongdong Jin
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiangke Wang
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chuanqin Xia
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kostyukevich Y, Kononikhin A, Kukaev E, Shiea J, Popov I, Nikolaev E. Letter: Supermetallization of peptides and proteins with tetravalent metal Th(IV). Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2016; 22:39-42. [PMID: 26863074 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Supermetallization is the recently observed phenomenon of the formation of complex ions of peptide-metal in the gas phase when the peptide accepts an unexpectedly large number of metal atoms. It has been found that supermetallization takes place during electrospray ionization when charged droplets are evaporating at relatively high temperature (ca 400°C). In the present paper, we demonstrate supermetallized complexes of small protein ubiquitin and two peptides with Th(IV). We have observed complexes of ubiquitin with up to five thorium atoms, and attaching each Th(IV) requires the removal of four hydrogen atoms. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of gas-phase complexes of peptides and proteins with tetravalent metal atoms..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kostyukevich
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Novaya St., 100, Skolkovo 143025 Russian Federation. Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskij pr. 38 k.2, 119334 Moscow, Russia. Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Kosygina st. 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia..
| | - Alexey Kononikhin
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskij pr. 38 k.2, 119334 Moscow, Russia. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia..
| | - Eugene Kukaev
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskij pr. 38 k.2, 119334 Moscow, Russia. Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Kosygina st. 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia..
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Igor Popov
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Kosygina st. 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia..
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Novaya St., 100, Skolkovo 143025 Russian Federation. Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskij pr. 38 k.2, 119334 Moscow, Russia. Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Kosygina st. 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia..
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kaynar ÜH, Ayvacıklı M, Hiçsönmez Ü, Kaynar SÇ. Removal of thorium (IV) ions from aqueous solution by a novel nanoporous ZnO: Isotherms, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. J Environ Radioact 2015; 150:145-151. [PMID: 26322940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of thorium (IV) from aqueous solutions onto a novel nanoporous ZnO particles prepared by microwave assisted combustion was studied using batch methods under different experimental conditions. The effect of contact time, solution pH, initial concentration and temperature on adsorption process was studied. The ability of this material to remove Th (IV) from aqueous solution was characterises by Langmuir, Freunlinch and Temkin adsorption isotherms. The adsorption percent and distribution coefficient for nanoporous ZnO powders in optimum conditions were 97% ± 1.02; 8080 L kg(-1)for Th (IV), respectively. Based on the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of nanoporous ZnO for Th (IV) was found to be 1500 g kg(-1). Thermodynamic parameters were determined and discussed. The results indicated that nanoporous ZnO was suitable as sorbent material for recovery and adsorption of Th (IV) ions from aqueous solutions. The radioactive Th (VI) in surface water, sea water and waste waters from technologies producing nuclear fuels, mining (uranium and thorium) and laboratories working with radioactive materials (uranium and thorium) can be removed with this nanoporous ZnO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ümit H Kaynar
- Celal Bayar University, Education Faculty, Primary School Science Teaching, Demirci, Manisa, Turkey.
| | | | - Ümran Hiçsönmez
- Celal Bayar University, Department of Chemistry, Manisa, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lofts S, Fevrier L, Horemans N, Gilbin R, Bruggeman C, Vandenhove H. Assessment of co-contaminant effects on uranium and thorium speciation in freshwater using geochemical modelling. J Environ Radioact 2015; 149:99-109. [PMID: 26225834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Speciation modelling of uranium (as uranyl) and thorium, in four freshwaters impacted by mining activities, was used to evaluate (i) the influence of the co-contaminants present on the predicted speciation, and (ii) the influence of using nine different model/database combinations on the predictions. Generally, co-contaminants were found to have no significant effects on speciation, with the exception of Fe(III) in one system, where formation of hydrous ferric oxide and adsorption of uranyl to its surface impacted the predicted speciation. Model and database choice on the other hand clearly influenced speciation prediction. Complexes with dissolved organic matter, which could be simulated by three of the nine model/database combinations, were predicted to be important in a slightly acidic, soft water. Model prediction of uranyl and thorium speciation needs to take account of database comprehensiveness and cohesiveness, including the capability of the model and database to simulate interactions with dissolved organic matter. Measurement of speciation in natural waters is needed to provide data that may be used to assess and improve model capabilities and to better constrain the type of predictive modelling work presented here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Lofts
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - Laureline Fevrier
- IRSN, DEI/SECRE/LRE-Bât 186, B.P.3, Cadarache Center, F-13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Nele Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, BE-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Rodolphe Gilbin
- IRSN, DEI/SECRE/LRE-Bât 186, B.P.3, Cadarache Center, F-13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rahmani-Sani A, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Hosseini SH, Kharghani K, Zarei H, Rastegar A. Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies on sorption of uranium and thorium from aqueous solutions by a selective impregnated resin containing carminic acid. J Hazard Mater 2015; 286:152-163. [PMID: 25576783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the removal of uranium and thorium ions from aqueous solutions was studied by solid-liquid extraction using an advantageous extractant-impregnated resin (EIR) prepared by loading carminic acid (CA) onto Amberlite XAD-16 resin beads. Batch sorption experiments using CA/XAD-16 beads for the removal of U(VI) and Th(IV) ions were carried out as a function of several parameters, like equilibration time, metal ion concentration, etc. The equilibrium data obtained from the sorption experiments were adjusted to the Langmuir isotherm model and the calculated maximum sorption capacities in terms of monolayer sorption were in agreement with those obtained from the experiments. The experimental data on the sorption behavior of both metal ions onto the EIR beads fitted well in both Bangham and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models, indicating that the intra-particle diffusion is the rate-controlling step. The thermodynamic studies at different temperatures revealed the feasibility and the spontaneous nature of the sorption process for both uranium and thorium ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Rahmani-Sani
- Wastewater Division, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 319, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini-Bandegharaei
- Wastewater Division, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 319, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Engineering, Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 161, Kashmar, Iran.
| | - Seyyed-Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Engineering, Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 161, Kashmar, Iran
| | - Keivan Kharghani
- Water Division, Department of Engineering, Torbat-e-Hydarieh Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 121, Torbat-e-Hydarieh, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarei
- Department of Engineering, Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 161, Kashmar, Iran
| | - Ayoob Rastegar
- Wastewater Division, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 319, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Engineering, Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 161, Kashmar, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Knight AW, Eitrheim ES, Nelson AW, Nelson S, Schultz MK. A simple-rapid method to separate uranium, thorium, and protactinium for U-series age-dating of materials. J Environ Radioact 2014; 134:66-74. [PMID: 24681438 PMCID: PMC5538884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Uranium-series dating techniques require the isolation of radionuclides in high yields and in fractions free of impurities. Within this context, we describe a novel-rapid method for the separation and purification of U, Th, and Pa. The method takes advantage of differences in the chemistry of U, Th, and Pa, utilizing a commercially-available extraction chromatographic resin (TEVA) and standard reagents. The elution behavior of U, Th, and Pa were optimized using liquid scintillation counting techniques and fractional purity was evaluated by alpha-spectrometry. The overall method was further assessed by isotope dilution alpha-spectrometry for the preliminary age determination of an ancient carbonate sample obtained from the Lake Bonneville site in western Utah (United States). Preliminary evaluations of the method produced elemental purity of greater than 99.99% and radiochemical recoveries exceeding 90% for U and Th and 85% for Pa. Excellent purity and yields (76% for U, 96% for Th and 55% for Pa) were also obtained for the analysis of the carbonate samples and the preliminary Pa and Th ages of about 39,000 years before present are consistent with (14)C-derived age of the material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Knight
- Department of Chemistry, E373 CB, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
| | - Eric S Eitrheim
- Department of Chemistry, E373 CB, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
| | - Andrew W Nelson
- Interdeciplinary Human Toxicology Program, E373 CB, The University of Iowa, IA 52246, USA.
| | - Steven Nelson
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brigham Young University, S389 ESC, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Michael K Schultz
- Departments of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, The University of Iowa, ML B180 FRRB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dessovic P, Mohn P, Jackson RA, Winkler G, Schreitl M, Kazakov G, Schumm T. 229Thorium-doped calcium fluoride for nuclear laser spectroscopy. J Phys Condens Matter 2014; 26:105402. [PMID: 24553189 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/10/105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The (229)thorium isotope presents an extremely low-energy isomer state of the nucleus which is expected around 7.8 eV, in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) regime. This unique system may bridge between atomic and nuclear physics, enabling coherent manipulation and precision spectroscopy of nuclear quantum states using laser light. It has been proposed to implant (229)thorium into VUV transparent crystal matrices to facilitate laser spectroscopy and possibly realize a solid-state nuclear clock. In this work, we validate the feasibility of this approach by computer modelling of thorium doping into calcium fluoride single crystals. Using atomistic modelling and full electronic structure calculations, we find a persistent large band gap and no additional electronic levels emerging in the middle of the gap due to the presence of the dopant, which should allow direct optical interrogation of the nuclear transition.Based on the electronic structure, we estimate the thorium nuclear quantum levels within the solid-state environment. Precision laser spectroscopy of these levels will allow the study of a broad range of crystal field effects, transferring Mössbauer spectroscopy into the optical regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Dessovic
- Center for Computational Materials Science, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 25/134, A-1040, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Clavier N, Szenknect S, Costin DT, Mesbah A, Poinssot C, Dacheux N. From thorite to coffinite: a spectroscopic study of Th(1-x)U(x)SiO4 solid solutions. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 118:302-307. [PMID: 24055679 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Coffinite (USiO4), along with Th(1-x)U(x)SiO4 uranothorite solid solutions, are frequently present in reduced economically exploitable uranium ores. They could also control the concentration of uranium in the environment in the case of accidental release from underground radwaste repository. This paper reports for the first time a thorough FTIR and Raman study relative to the Th(1-x)U(x)SiO4 system, including synthetic analogues of thorite and coffinite end-members. Both sets of spectra confirmed the formulation of the samples and allowed to rule out the presence of structural water molecules and/or hydroxyl groups in the coffinite. Also, no characteristic signal of UO2(2+) uranyl ion was recorded, ensuring that uranium was fully incorporated under its tetravalent oxidation state. The variation of the positions corresponding to SiO4 internal vibration modes was then followed versus the chemical composition of the samples. If the FTIR spectra did not revealed any significant shift in the bands position, several Raman modes followed a linear trend as a function of the uranium incorporation rate. On this basis, Raman spectroscopy could be considered as a promising tool for the semi-quantitative determination of chemical composition of uranothorite samples, particularly for those coming from mineral ores. Finally, the data collected for the coffinite end-member, as the first to be obtained on pure synthetic samples, allowed a review of the results previously reported in the literature for this compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Clavier
- ICSM, UMR 5257 CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENSCM, Site de Marcoule - Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols/Cèze cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Evseeva TI, Geras'kin SA, Vakhrusheva OM. [Evaluation of the partial contribution of naturally occurring radionuclides and nonradioactive chemically toxic elements in formation of biological effects within the Vicia cracca population inhabiting the area contaminated with uranium-radium production wastes in the Komi Republic]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2014; 54:85-96. [PMID: 25764850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The site contaminated with uranium-radium production wastes in the Komi Republic was studied. The activity concentration of naturally occurring radionuclides (226Ra, 228Th, 238U, 230Th, 232Th, 210Po, and 210Pb), as well as concentrations of nonradioactive chemically toxic elements (Pb, Zn, Cu, As, V, Mo, Sr, Y, and Ba) in the soil samples from the experimental site is 10-183 times higher than reference levels. A chronic exposure to alpha-emitters and nonradioactive chemically toxic elements causes adverse effects in tufted vetch (Vacia cracca L.) both at the cellular (aberration of chromosomes) and population (decrease in the reproductive ability) levels. Radionuclides are the main contributors to the decrease in the reproductive capacity and an increase in the level of the cytogenetic damage in root tip cells of tufted vetch seedlings. As and Pb significantly influence the reproductive capacity of plants. Sr, Zn, Y and P modify the biological effects caused by exposure to radionuclides. Moreover, P and Zn reduce the adverse effects of radionuclides; however, Sr and Y enhance these effects.
Collapse
|
28
|
Labs S, Hennig C, Weiss S, Curtius H, Zänker H, Bosbach D. Synthesis of coffinite, USiO4, and structural investigations of UxTh(1-x)SiO4 solid solutions. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 48:854-860. [PMID: 24289534 DOI: 10.1021/es403995b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The miscibility behavior of the USiO4-ThSiO4 system was investigated. The end members and 10 solid solutions UxTh(1-x)SiO4 with x = 0.12-0.92 were successfully synthesized, without formation of other secondary uranium or thorium phases. Lattice parameters of the solid solutions evidently follow Vegard's Law. Investigation of the local structure with EXAFS reveals small differences between the U and Th environment attributed to different atomic radii of the metal atoms but no implications for a miscibility gap. The data provided confirm complete miscibility for the system USiO4-ThSiO4. The structure of the end members was studied in detail with XRD and discussed with special regard to the oxygen positions and the often neglected Si-O bond length. USiO4 could be obtained without UO2 impurities and the lattice parameters derived from Rietveld refinement as c = 6.2606(3) Å and a = 6.9841(3) Å. The Si-O distance in USiO4 appears to be 1.64 Å, which is more reasonable than earlier reported values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Labs
- Insitute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-6), Nuclear Waste Management, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 54245 Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Michel V, Shen G, Shen CC, Wu CC, Vérati C, Gallet S, Moncel MH, Combier J, Khatib S, Manetti M. Application of U/Th and 40Ar/39Ar dating to Orgnac 3, a Late Acheulean and Early Middle Palaeolithic site in Ardèche, France. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82394. [PMID: 24349273 PMCID: PMC3857827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Refined radio-isotopic dating techniques have been applied to Orgnac 3, a Late Acheulean and Early Middle Palaeolithic site in France. Evidence of Levallois core technology appeared in level 4b in the middle of the sequence, became predominant in the upper horizons, and was best represented in uppermost level 1, making the site one of the oldest examples of Levallois technology. In our dating study, fourteen speleothem samples from levels 7, 6 and 5b, were U/Th-dated. Four pure calcite samples from the speleothem PL1 (levels 5b, 6) yield ages between 265 ± 4 (PL1-3) and 312 ± 15 (PL1-6) thousand years ago (ka). Three samples from the top of a second stalagmite, PL2, yield dates ranging from 288 ± 10 ka (PL2-1) to 298 ± 17 ka (PL2-3). Three samples from the base of PL2 (level 7) yield much younger U/Th dates between 267 and 283 ka. These dates show that the speleothems PL1 and PL2 are contemporaneous and formed during marine isotope stage (MIS) 9 and MIS 8. Volcanic minerals in level 2, the upper sequence, were dated by the 40Ar/39Ar method, giving a weighted mean of 302.9 ± 2.5 ka (2σ) and an inverse isochron age of 302.9 ± 5.9 ka (2σ). Both 40Ar/39Ar dating of volcanic sanidines and U/Th dating of relatively pure and dense cave calcites are known to be well established. The first parallel application of the two geochronometers to Orgnac 3 yields generally consistent results, which point to the reliability of the two methods. The difference between their age results is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Michel
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Campus Saint-Jean-d'Angély, SJA3 - CEPAM- UMR 7264 CNRS, Nice Cedex 4, France
- Géoazur, UMR7329, UNS-CNRS-IRD-OCA, Valbonne, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Guanjun Shen
- College of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan-Chou Shen
- High-precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geoscience, National Taiwan University N°1, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chung-Che Wu
- High-precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geoscience, National Taiwan University N°1, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | | | | | | | | | - Samir Khatib
- Laboratoire Départemental de Préhistoire du Lazaret, Nice, France
| | - Michel Manetti
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Département Terre-Environnement-Espace, Parc Valrose, Nice Cedex 2, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Deblonde GJP, Sturzbecher-Hoehne M, Abergel RJ. Solution thermodynamic stability of complexes formed with the octadentate hydroxypyridinonate ligand 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO): a critical feature for efficient chelation of lanthanide(IV) and actinide(IV) ions. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8805-11. [PMID: 23855806 PMCID: PMC3771511 DOI: 10.1021/ic4010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The solution thermodynamics of water-soluble complexes formed between Ce(III), Ce(IV), Th(IV) and the octadentate chelating agent 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) were investigated. Several techniques including spectrofluorimetric and automated spectrophotometric titrations were used to overcome the slow spontaneous oxidation of Ce(III) complexes yielding to stability constants of log β110 = 17.4 ± 0.5, log β11-1 = 8.3 ± 0.4 and log β111 = 21.2 ± 0.4 for [Ce(III)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO))](-), [Ce(III)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO)(OH)](2-), and [Ce(III)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO)H], respectively. Using the spectral properties of the hydroxypyridinonate chelator in ligand competition titrations against nitrilotriacetic acid, the stability constant log β110 = 41.5 ± 0.5 was determined for [Ce(IV)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO))]. Finally, the extraordinarily stable complex [Ce(IV)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO))] was used in Th(IV) competition titrations, resulting in a stability constant of log β110 = 40.1 ± 0.5 for [Th(IV)3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO))]. These experimental values are in excellent agreement with previous estimates, they are discussed with respect to the ionic radius and oxidation state of each cationic metal, and allow predictions on the stability of other actinide complexes including [U(IV)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO))], [Np(IV)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO))], and [Pu(IV)(3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO))]. Comparisons with the standard ligand diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) provide a thermodynamic basis for the observed significantly higher efficacy of 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) as an in vivo actinide decorporation agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier J-P. Deblonde
- Chemical Sciences Division, Glenn T. Seaborg Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Manuel Sturzbecher-Hoehne
- Chemical Sciences Division, Glenn T. Seaborg Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Glenn T. Seaborg Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zubair M, Verma D, Azam A, Roy S. Natural radioactivity and radiological hazard assessment of soil using gamma-ray spectrometry. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2013; 155:467-473. [PMID: 23427204 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural radioactivity in soil samples collected from different places of Bulandshahr, Hapur and Meerut city of Uttar Pradesh, India, using a low-level counting multichannel gamma-ray spectrometer system comprising an NaI(Tl) crystal. The range of (238)U, (232)Th and (40)K activity concentrations varied from 29.6 to 69.2, from 34.9 to 93.8 and from 438.2 to 719.9 , respectively. The activity concentrations of (232)Th are higher than those of (238)U in all the samples. The absorbed dose rate ranges from 53.18 to 110.95 . The values of the annual effective dose indoors are found to vary from 0.26 to 0.54 , whereas outdoors are found to vary from 0.07 to 0.14 . The annual effective dose is marginally below the international recommended value of 1 for the general public. The external and internal hazard indexes of the soil samples are below the recommended limits. The values of the gamma index in soil samples varied from 0.41 to 0.88. The values of the alpha index varied from 0.15 to 0.35. All these values of and are <1.0. It is observed from the results that there is no significant radiation hazard due to natural radionuclides of the soil samples in the studied areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zubair
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Soudek P, Kufner D, Petrová S, Mihaljevič M, Vaněk T. Composition of hydroponic medium affects thorium uptake by tobacco plants. Chemosphere 2013; 92:1090-8. [PMID: 23466096 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of thorium uptake as well as responses to heavy metal stress were tested in tobacco cultivar La Burley 21. Thorium was accumulated preferentially in the root system. The presence of citric, tartaric and oxalic acids in hydroponic medium increased thorium accumulation in all plant organs. On the other hand, the addition of diamines and polyamines, the important antioxidants in plants, resulted in decrease of thorium accumulation, especially in the root system. Negative correlation was found between putrescine concentration and thorium accumulation. Nevertheless, the most important factor influencing the accumulation of thorium was the absence of phosphate ions in a hydroponic medium that caused more than 10-fold increase of thorium uptake in all plant parts. Accumulation and distribution of thorium was followed in six cultivars and 14 selected transformants. Cultivar La Barley 21 represented an average between the tested genotypes, having a very good distribution ratio between roots, stems and leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Soudek
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Akkaya R. Uranium and thorium adsorption from aqueous solution using a novel polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate-pumice composite. J Environ Radioact 2013; 120:58-63. [PMID: 23416761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate-pumice), [P(HEMA-Pum)], composite was synthesized by free radical polymerization in aqueous solution. The adsorptive features of P(HEMA-Pum) composite were investigated for UO2(2+) and Th(4+) using a range of pH, concentration, time (kinetics), temperature (thermodynamics), ionic strength and selectivity, and the related parameters were derived from the obtained results. These results indicated that all adsorbents had high affinity to the uranium and thorium ions. The parameters obtained from Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radsushkevich models fit the data well. The values of enthalpy and entropy changes showed that the overall adsorption process was endothermic (ΔH > 0) and increasing entropy (ΔS > 0), and it was spontaneous (ΔG < 0) as expected. The adsorption kinetics following the pseudo-second order model indicated that the rate-controlling step was chemical adsorption that occurred by ion exchange process. Reusability of P(HEMA-Pum) was also investigated, and it was found that the composite could be used at least 5 times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Recep Akkaya
- Cumhuriyet University, Vocational School of Health Services, 58140 Sivas, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Anirudhan TS, Sreekumari SS, Jalajamony S. An investigation into the adsorption of thorium(IV) from aqueous solutions by a carboxylate-functionalised graft copolymer derived from titanium dioxide-densified cellulose. J Environ Radioact 2013; 116:141-147. [PMID: 23153860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of a carboxylate-functionalized graft copolymer (PGTDC-COOH) based on titanium dioxide-densified cellulose (TDC) for the removal and recovery of thorium(IV) [Th(IV)] from industrial wastewater is reported in this paper. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometer were used to characterize the adsorbent material. Batch equilibrium experiments showed that the adsorbent exhibited 98.6 ± 3.1% adsorption from an initial concentration of 10 mg/L Th(IV) solution at pH 5.0. The sorption kinetics have been analysed by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the adsorption kinetics was described by pseudo-second-order model. The experimental data obeyed Langmuir isotherm and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for Th(IV) was also found to be 92.23 ± 2.4 mg/g at 30 °C. The desorption capacity of HCl concentrations of different strengths ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 M was also studied. Maximum desorption of 98.2 ± 2.8% for Th(IV) occurred with 0.1 M HCl. The adsorption efficiency towards Th(IV) ion removal was tested using artificial sea water. Almost complete removal was possible with 3.5 g of the adsorbent from 1 L of the sea water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Anirudhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum 695 581, Kerala, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rhodes
- Fresh-lands Environmental Actions, 88 Star Road, Caversham, Berkshire RG4 5BE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Reinoso-Maset E, Worsfold PJ, Keith-Roach MJ. Evaluation of electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry as a technique for the investigation of competitive interactions: a case study of the ternary Th-Mn-EDTA system. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2012; 26:2755-2762. [PMID: 23124666 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a useful tool for exploring the speciation of solution-phase metal complexes; however, the quantification of ternary systems is challenging due to the differences in the electrospray response of different species. Here, the Th-Mn-EDTA system was investigated to evaluate the capability of ESI-MS for quantifying the species present. METHODS Increasingly complex mixtures of Th(IV), Mn(II) and EDTA were analysed using manual flow injection of samples into an HPLC grade water mobile phase delivered to an ion trap mass spectrometer fitted with an ESI interface (ThermoQuest Finnigan Mat LCQ). Mass spectra were obtained in the positive and negative ion modes over a mass-to-charge (m/z) range from 50-2000. RESULTS The instrumental response to EDTA was affected by the addition of Th(NO(3))(4) but not MnCl(2), while the response to both Th-EDTA and Mn-EDTA species was affected by addition of the other metal salt. Internal standards were also found to suppress signals to different extents. Therefore, each signal suppression was carefully quantified as the solution became more complex, and signal correction factors were used in conjunction with regular external calibration. Mixed metal signals were quantified adequately. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the complexity of quantifying a ternary system involving different co-existing species. Nonetheless, the step-wise protocol developed provided quantitative data on the displacement of Mn from its EDTA complex by Th.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Reinoso-Maset
- Biogeochemistry and Environmental Analytical Chemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vyas CK, Joshirao PM, Shukla R, Tyagi AK, Manchanda VK. A novel approach for preferential recovery of Sr from (Sr, Th)O2. J Hazard Mater 2012; 241-242:340-347. [PMID: 23084243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative leaching of Sr from homogeneous and calcined (Th,Sr) O(2) in dilute perchloric acid medium suggests the possibility of reducing the hazardousness of discharged nuclear fuel by separation of (90)Sr, a prominent fission product at dissolution stage itself rather than the conventional approach of its recovery from high level nuclear waste. Apart from mitigating the radiotoxicity of the nuclear waste, recovered (90)Sr can be employed as a compact heat source and as parent radionuclide for (90)Y (used in therapy radiopharmaceuticals), provided it can be made available at desired high purity. Leaching behavior of few other fission products was also investigated to quantify their contamination in leached Sr. Feasibility of employing extraction chromatography using Sr selective resin was explored in perchloric acid medium. In this context, the distribution coefficients of (85)Sr(II), Th (IV), Zr(IV), Y(III), Pd(II) as well as (152)Eu(III) and (137)Cs (I) were determined under varying nitric acid/perchloric acid concentration and under varying loading conditions of metal ions. Perchloric acid medium appears better than nitric acid medium for preferential leaching of Sr from (Th,Sr)O(2) as well as for uptake of Sr by Sr selective chromatographic resin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chirag K Vyas
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440746, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
May CC, Young L, Worsfold PJ, Heath S, Bryan ND, Keith-Roach MJ. The effect of EDTA on the groundwater transport of thorium through sand. Water Res 2012; 46:4870-4882. [PMID: 22796006 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the anthropogenic complexing agent EDTA on thorium transport in groundwater has been studied using sand-packed columns and flow rates in the range of 20-100 m y⁻¹. The concentrations injected into the columns were in the range of 0.4-4 mM for Th and 4-40 mM for EDTA, and with EDTA:Th ratios in the range 1:1 to 10:1. The results show that EDTA can significantly increase Th transport, but two very different behaviours are observed at Th concentrations of 0.4 and 4 mM. At the lower concentration, Th breakthrough is retarded with respect to a conservative tracer, with a peak width that is consistent with a single K(d) value, followed by a longer tail, and the behaviour is very sensitive to the flow rate. However at 4 mM Th, the breakthrough peak appears near to that of the tracer, and the width of the peak is consistent with a distribution of K(d) values and/or a larger dispersivity than the tracer. Speciation and transport modelling have been used to interpret the data, and a model was developed that could explain the 0.4 mM behaviour. This suggests that ternary surface complexes are important in these systems, with at least two different species involved, although the complexity of Th speciation in these systems leads to significant uncertainty in the values of the equilibrium and kinetic parameters. For the 4 mM systems, the rapid transport observed could not be explained by a simple chemical model; instead it is likely that EDTA plays an important role in stabilising and transporting thorium colloids and clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin C May
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Reinoso-Maset E, Worsfold PJ, Keith-Roach MJ. The effect of EDTA, NTA and picolinic acid on Th(IV) mobility in a ternary system with natural sand. Environ Pollut 2012; 162:399-405. [PMID: 22243891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic complexing agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and picolinic acid, have been widely used at nuclear sites and are therefore found as common co-contaminants in radioactive contaminated land. This study has explored the mechanisms by which these three complexing agents affect the sorption of Th(IV) to pure silica and a natural sand. EDTA, NTA and, to a lesser extent, picolinic acid decreased the sorption of Th to silica, demonstrating the formation and solubility of Th complexes. However, Th sorption to sand was kinetically controlled and complexation enhanced the rate of Th sorption. EDTA and NTA did not sorb significantly to the sand, and metal desorption indicated that the mechanism involved exchange with sand-associated metals. At equilibrium, however, Th sorption was not affected by the presence of the ligands, and modelling suggested that the interaction between Th and the surface binding sites controlled Th sorption thermodynamically.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ozay O, Ekici S, Aktas N, Sahiner N. P(4-vinyl pyridine) hydrogel use for the removal of UO(2)(2+) and Th(4+) from aqueous environments. J Environ Manage 2011; 92:3121-9. [PMID: 21864974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) based hydrogels with 2-hydroxyethylmetacrylate (HEMA) and magnetic composites were prepared and tested for use in the removal of UO(2)(2+) and Th(4+) ions from aqueous environments. It was found that the absorption of these metal ions from aqueous environments decreased with an increase in the amount of HEMA contained within p(4-VP-co-HEMA) hydrogels between 0.498 mmol for pure p(4-VP) and 0.027 mmol for pure p(HEMA). The characterization of the hydrogels was determined by swelling experiments, FT-IR and thermal analysis. The effects of initial metal ion concentration, hydrogel amount and the temperature of the medium on absorption of the ions were investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were constructed for the absorption of UO(2)(2+) and Th(4+). Both isotherms demonstrated that these metal ions complied with monolayer absorption kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Ozay
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Chemistry Department, Canakkale, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abd el-Halim HF, Mohamed GG, el-Dessouky MMI, Mahmoud WH. Ligational behaviour of lomefloxacin drug towards Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Th(IV) and UO(2)(VI) ions: synthesis, structural characterization and biological activity studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 82:8-19. [PMID: 21855402 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nine new mononuclear Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Th(IV) and UO(2)(VI) complexes of lomefloxacin drug were synthesized. The structures of these complexes were elucidated by elemental analyses, IR, XRD, UV-vis, (1)H NMR as well as conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermal analyses. The dissociation constants of lomefloxacin and stability constants of its binary complexes have been determined spectrophotometrically in aqueous solution at 25±1°C and at 0.1 M KNO(3) ionic strength. The discussion of the outcome data of the prepared complexes indicate that the lomefloxacin ligand behaves as a neutral bidentate ligand through OO coordination sites and coordinated to the metal ions via the carbonyl oxygen and protonated carboxylic oxygen with 1:1 (metal:ligand) stoichiometry for all complexes. The molar conductance measurements proved that the complexes are electrolytes. The powder XRD study reflects the crystalline nature for the investigated ligand and its complexes except Mn(II), Zn(II) and UO(2)(II). The geometrical structures of these complexes are found to be octahedral. The thermal behaviour of these chelates is studied where the hydrated complexes lose water molecules of hydration in the first steps followed by decomposition of the anions, coordinated water and ligand molecules in the subsequent steps. The activation thermodynamic parameters are calculated using Coats-Redfern and Horowitz-Metzger methods. A comparative study of the inhibition zones of the ligand and its metal complexes indicates that metal complexes exhibit higher antibacterial effect against one or more bacterial species than the free LFX ligand. The antifungal and anticancer activities were also tested. The antifungal effect of almost metal complexes is higher than the free ligand. LFX, [Co(LFX)(H(2)O)(4)]·Cl(2) and [Zn(LFX)(H(2)O)(4)]·Cl(2) were found to be very active with IC50 values 14, 11.2 and 43.1, respectively. While, other complexes had been found to be inactive at lower concentration than 100 μg/ml.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan F Abd el-Halim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cooper N, Minakata D, Begovic M, Crittenden J. Should we consider using liquid fluoride thorium reactors for power generation? Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:6237-6238. [PMID: 21732635 DOI: 10.1021/es2021318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cooper
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322-0595, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Agbalagba EO, Onoja RA. Evaluation of natural radioactivity in soil, sediment and water samples of Niger Delta (Biseni) flood plain lakes, Nigeria. J Environ Radioact 2011; 102:667-671. [PMID: 21514983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the findings of a baseline study undertaken to evaluate the natural radioactivity levels in soil, sediment and water samples in four flood plain lakes of the Niger Delta using a hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity profile of radionuclides shows low activity across the study area. The mean activity level of the natural radionuclides (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K is 20 ± 3, 20 ± 3 and 180 ± 50 Bq kg(-1), respectively. These values are well within values reported elsewhere in the country and in other countries with similar environments. The study also examined some radiation hazard indices. The mean values obtained are, 76 ± 14 Bq kg(-1), 30 ± 5.5 ηGy h(-1), 37 ± 6.8 μSv y(-1), 0.17 and 0.23 for Radium Equivalent Activity (Ra(eq)), Absorbed Dose Rates (D), Annual Effective Dose Rates (E(ff) Dose), External Hazard Index (H(ex)) and Internal Hazard Index (H(in)) respectively. All the health hazard indices are well below their recommended limits. The soil and sediments from the study area provide no excessive exposures for inhabitants and can be used as construction materials without posing any significant radiological threat to the population. The water is radiologically safe for domestic and industrial use. The paper recommends further studies to estimate internal and external doses from other suspected radiological sources to the population of the Biseni kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E O Agbalagba
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Olise FS, Owoade OK, Olaniyi HB. Radiological indices of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radionuclides: a PIXE approach. J Radiol Prot 2011; 31:255-264. [PMID: 21617293 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/31/2/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports an assessment of the level of the radionuclides (40)K, (232)Th and (238)U in environmental soil samples (process waste), and hence their calculated dose rates. For this purpose, the radioactivity from three natural radionuclides was determined in tin process-waste samples in Jos, Nigeria. This work is based on the particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) approach, devoid of the secular equilibrium, and most of the resolution, interference, self-absorption, geometrical and density correction problems inherent in gamma spectrometry. Many potential environmental hazards have been observed and the data would be of use to the government in its remediation plan for the study area. The high hazard indices require taking adequate measures to check exposures, and an underground lining in the waste ponds to prevent direct contact with the waste pile is recommended. The use of the wastes as building materials should be stopped and use of soils around this area in any development projects should be discouraged until detailed studies on indoor radiation doses and the effects on the inhabitants of prolonged exposures have been carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Samuel Olise
- Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Grazina R, Santos MA. New hydroxypyridinone-functionalized sepharoses as sorbing agents for hard metal ions. J Hazard Mater 2011; 186:1902-1908. [PMID: 21239106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two new polymeric matrices functionalized with 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone chelating units (HP-NH-SEPH and HP-C=NH-SEPH) have been prepared and studied for their chelating ability towards a set of metal ions (e.g. Fe(III), Al(III), and Th(IV)). Both matrices demonstrated excellent ability to complex these metal ions, but HP-NH-SEPH evidenced higher chelating capacity than HP-C=NH-SEPH. The corresponding metal-complex gels presented high stability in the pH range 3-7, and their chelating capacity followed the order, Fe(III)≈Th(IV)>Al(III), in agreement with previously reported thermodynamics of the corresponding monomeric ligand-metal complexes in aqueous solution. These functionalized supports also showed capacity to be regenerated and reused. Thus, there are good perspectives for potential environmental and medical applications of these new metal sorbents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Grazina
- Centro Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico-UTL, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ikeda N. The discoveries of uranium 237 and symmetric fission - from the archival papers of Nishina and Kimura. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2011; 87:371-376. [PMID: 21785255 PMCID: PMC3171289 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Shortly before the Second World War time, Nishina reported on a series of prominent nuclear physical and radiochemical studies in collaboration with Kimura. They artificially produced (231)Th, a member of the natural actinium series of nuclides, by bombarding thorium with fast neutrons. This resulted in the discovery of (237)U, a new isotope of uranium, by bombarding uranium with fast neutrons, and confirmed that (237)U disintegrates into element 93 with a mass number of 237. They also identified the isotopes of several middle-weighted elements produced by the symmetric fission of uranium. In this review article, the highlights of their work are briefly summarized along with some explanatory commentaries.
Collapse
|
47
|
Narayana Y, Rajashekara KM. The importance of physico-chemical parameters on the speciation of natural radionuclides in riverine ecosystems. J Environ Radioact 2010; 101:958-964. [PMID: 20659778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
External gamma radiation levels were measured in the catchment areas of the Sharavathi River and the dose rates in air were found to be in the range 26.0-61.0 nGy h(-1). Soil and sediment samples of the riverine environment were analysed for natural radionuclides such as (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K using a NaI(Tl) gamma spectrometer. The activity concentration of (210)Pb and (210)Po in soil and sediment samples was determined by radiochemical separation techniques. Evaluation of the activity concentration of radionuclides with grain size revealed an increase in the activity of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K towards fine grain size. The activity concentrations for all isotopes in all samples were not significantly correlated with pH. However, the activity of (210)Po and (210)Pb in sediment showed a moderate positive correlation with organic matter content and a good correlation with clay content of sediment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Narayana
- Department of Studies in Physics, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Höllriegl V, Li WB, Leopold K, Gerstmann U, Oeh U. Solubility of uranium and thorium from a healing earth in synthetic gut fluids: a case study for use in dose assessments. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408:5794-5800. [PMID: 20832099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this case study was to estimate the bioaccessibility of uranium ((238)U) and thorium ((232)Th) from a healing earth by analysing the solubility of these radionuclides in synthetic gastric and intestinal fluids. An easy applicable in vitro test system was used to investigate the fractional mobilization of the soil contaminants being potentially available for absorption under human in vivo conditions. These findings provided the basis for a prospective dose assessment. The solubility experiments were performed using two different in vitro digestion methods. The concentrations of (238)U and (232)Th in the solutions extracted from the soil were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The dissolved fractions in the synthetic gastrointestinal fluid ranged in average from 10.3% to 13.8% for (238)U and from 0.3% to 1.6% for (232)Th, respectively, depending on the digestion method. Subsequently, the committed effective doses from intake of (238)U and (232)Th after ingestion of the healing earth during 1 year were evaluated for adult persons. Thereby ingestion dose coefficients calculated as a function of bioaccessibility were used. The dose assessments ranged between 4.3 × 10(-7)-1.9 × 10(-6) Sv y(-1) for (238)U and 5.6 × 10(-7)-3.3 × 10(-6) Sv y(-1) for (232)Th, respectively. On the basis of the assumptions and estimations made, the present work indicates a relatively low radiation risk due to (238)U and (232)Th after internal exposure of the healing earth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Höllriegl
- Department for Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Guo P, Jia X, Duan T, Xu J, Chen H. Influence of plant activity and phosphates on thorium bioavailability in soils from Baotou area, Inner Mongolia. J Environ Radioact 2010; 101:767-772. [PMID: 20537448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Harm of thorium to living organisms is governed by its bioavailability. Thorium bioavailability in the soil-plant system of Baotou rare earth industrial area was studied using pot experiments of wheat and single extraction methods. The effects of wheat growth stage and phosphate on thorium bioavailability were also investigated. Based on extractabilities of various extraction methods (CaCl(2), NH(4)NO(3), EDTA, HOAc) and correlation analysis of thorium uptake by wheat plant and extractable thorium, a mixture of 0.02M EDTA+0.5M NH(4)OAc (pH 4.6) was found suitable for evaluation of thorium bioavailability in Baotou soil, which could be predicted quantitatively by multiple regression models. Because of differences of wheat root activities, thorium bioavailability in rhizosphere soil was higher than in bulk soil at tillering stage, but the reverse occurred at jointing stage. Phosphate addition induced the mineralization of soluble thorium by forming stable thorium phosphate compounds, and reduced thorium bioavailability in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengran Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Baranwal BP, Fatma T, Varma A, Singh AK. Substitution reactions of thorium(IV) acetate to synthesize nano-sized carboxylate complexes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2010; 75:1177-1180. [PMID: 20138574 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Some mixed-ligand thorium(IV) complexes with the general formula [Th(OOCCH(3))(4-n)L(n)] (L=anions of myristic, palmitic or stearic acid and n=1-4) have been synthesized by the stepwise substitution of acetate ions of thorium(IV) acetate with straight chain carboxylic acids in toluene under reflux. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, spectral (electronic, infrared, NMR and powder XRD) studies, electrical conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Doubly and triply bridged coordination modes of the ligands were established by their infrared spectra and nano-size of the complexes by powder XRD. Room temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed diamagnetic nature of the complexes. Electronic absorption spectra of the complexes showed pi-->pi*, n-->pi* and charge transfer transitions. Molar conductance values indicated the complex to be non-electrolytes. These are a new type of mixed-ligand thorium(IV) complexes for which a nano-sized, oxygen bridged polymeric structure has been established on the basis of physico-chemical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balram P Baranwal
- Coordination Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|