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Sutherland MR, Simon AY, Shanina I, Horwitz MS, Ruf W, Pryzdial ELG. Virus envelope tissue factor promotes infection in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:482-491. [PMID: 30659719 PMCID: PMC6397068 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Essentials The coagulation initiator, tissue factor (TF), is on the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) surface. HSV1 surface TF was examined in mice as an antiviral target since it enhances infection in vitro. HSV1 surface TF facilitated infection of all organs evaluated and anticoagulants were antiviral. Protease activated receptor 2 inhibited infection in vivo and its pre-activation was antiviral. SUMMARY: Background Tissue factor (TF) is the essential cell surface initiator of coagulation, and mediates cell signaling through protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2. Having a diverse cellular distribution, TF is involved in many biological pathways and pathologies. Our earlier work identified host cell-derived TF on the envelope covering several viruses, and showed its involvement in enhanced cell infection in vitro. Objective In the current study, we evaluated the in vivo effects of virus surface TF on infection and on the related modulator of infection PAR2. Methods With the use of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) as a model enveloped virus, purified HSV1 was generated with or without envelope TF through propagation in a TF-inducible cell line. Infection was studied after intravenous inoculation of BALB/c, C57BL/6J or C57BL/6J PAR2 knockout mice with 5 × 105 plaque-forming units of HSV1, mimicking viremia. Three days after inoculation, organs were processed, and virus was quantified with plaque-forming assays and quantitative real-time PCR. Results Infection of brain, lung, heart, spinal cord and liver by HSV1 required viral TF. Demonstrating promise as a therapeutic target, virus-specific anti-TF mAbs or small-molecule inhibitors of coagulation inhibited infection. PAR2 modulates HSV1 in vivo as demonstrated with PAR2 knockout mice and PAR2 agonist peptide. Conclusion TF is a constituent of many permissive host cell types. Therefore, the results presented here may explain why many viruses are correlated with hemostatic abnormalities, and indicate that TF is a novel pan-specific envelope antiviral target.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticoagulants/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpes Simplex/blood
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Injections, Intravenous
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Thromboplastin/administration & dosage
- Thromboplastin/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Sutherland
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ayo Y Simon
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- African Centre of Excellence on Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology and Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Preclinical Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edward L G Pryzdial
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Vasconcelos AA, Sucupira ID, Guedes AL, Queiroz IN, Frattani FS, Fonseca RJ, Pomin VH. Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Properties of Three Structurally Correlated Sea Urchin Sulfated Glycans and Their Low-Molecular-Weight Derivatives. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090304. [PMID: 30200211 PMCID: PMC6163371 DOI: 10.3390/md16090304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties of three structurally correlated sea urchin-derived 3-linked sulfated α-glycans and their low molecular-weight derivatives were screened comparatively through various in vitro and in vivo methods. These methods include activated partial thromboplastin time, the inhibitory activity of antithrombin over thrombin and factor Xa, venous antithrombosis, the inhibition of platelet aggregation, the activation of factor XII, and bleeding. While the 2-sulfated fucan from Strongylocentrotus franciscanus was observed to be poorly active in most assays, the 4-sulfated fucan from Lytechinus variegatus, the 2-sulfated galactan from Echinometra lucunter and their derivatives showed multiple effects. All marine compounds showed no capacity to activate factor XII and similar low bleeding tendencies regardless of the dose concentrations used to achieve the highest antithrombotic effect observed. The 2-sulfated galactan showed the best combination of results. Our work improves the background about the structure-function relationship of the marine sulfated glycans in anticoagulation and antithrombosis. Besides confirming the negative effect of the 2-sulfated fucose and the positive effect of the 2-sulfated galactose on anticoagulation in vitro, our results also demonstrate the importance of this set of structural requirements on antithrombosis in vivo, and further support the involvement of high-molecular weight and 4-sulfated fucose in both activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana A Vasconcelos
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil.
- University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Isabela D Sucupira
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil.
- University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra L Guedes
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil.
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ismael N Queiroz
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil.
- University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Flavia S Frattani
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Roberto J Fonseca
- University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil.
- Undergraduate Program in Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Vitor H Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil.
- University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
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Derhaschnig U, Pachinger C, Schweeger-Exeli I, Marsik C, Jilma B. Blockade of GPIIb/IIIa by eptifibatide and tirofiban does not alter tissue factor induced thrombin generation in human endotoxemia. Thromb Haemost 2017; 90:1054-60. [PMID: 14652636 DOI: 10.1160/th03-04-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryActivated platelets facilitate thrombin generation by providing a catalytic surface on which coagulation activation occurs. The glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor might play a major role in this process as shown by in vitro and animal experiments. However, it is controversial whether the GPIIb/IIIa receptor facilitates tissue factor-induced thrombin generation in humans as well. We therefore investigated whether two clinically used GPIIb/IIIa antagonists (tirofiban and eptifibatide) may blunt TF-induced coagulation in humans.Thirty male volunteers received 2 ng/kg endotoxin and standard doses of eptifibatide, tirofiban or placebo over 5 hours in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-dummy parallel-group trial. Markers of thrombin generation (prothrom-bin fragment 1+2, thrombin-antithrombin complexes), fibrinoly-sis (D-dimer, plasmin-antiplasmin complexes) as well as inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) were measured by enzyme linked immunoasssays, TF-mRNA expression was quantified by RT-PCR. Neither eptifibatide nor tirofiban influenced LPS-induced coagulation activation or fibrinolytic activity. Additionally, the increase of TNF-α and IL-6 was similar in all groups.In conclusion, GPIIb/IIIa blockade with eptifibatide or tirofiban did not influence TF-induced coagulation activation in human low grade endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Derhaschnig
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Li R, Panckeri KA, Fogarty PF, Cuker A, Diamond SL. Recombinant factor VIIa addition to haemophilic blood perfused over collagen/tissue factor can sufficiently bypass the factor IXa/VIIIa defect to rescue fibrin generation. Haemophilia 2017; 23:759-768. [PMID: 28475272 PMCID: PMC5623167 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Factor VIII (FVIII) or factor IX (FIX)-deficient haemophilic patients display deficits in platelet and fibrin deposition under flow detectable in microfluidics. Compared to fibrin generation, decreased platelet deposition in haemophilic blood flow is more easily rescued with recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa), whereas rFVIIa requires FXIIa participation to generate fibrin when tissue factor (TF) is absent. AIMS Perfusion of haemophilic whole blood (WB) over collagen/TF surfaces was used to determine whether rFVIIa/TF was sufficient to bypass poor FIXa/FVIIIa function in blood from patients with haemophilia A and B. METHODS Whole blood treated with high-dose corn trypsin inhibitor (40 μg mL-1 ) from seven healthy donors and 10 patients was perfused over fibrillar collagen presenting low or high TF (TFlow or TFhigh ) at wall shear rate of 100 s-1 . RESULTS With WB from healthy controls, platelet deposition and fibrin accumulation increased as TF increased. Factor-deficient WB (1-3% of normal) displayed striking deficits in platelet deposition and fibrin formation at either TFlow or TFhigh . In contrast, mildly factor-deficient WB (14-32%) supported fibrin formation under flow on TFhigh /collagen. With either TFlow or TFhigh , exogenously added rFVIIa (20 nm) increased platelet deposition and fibrin accumulation in WB from factor-deficient patients (1-3% of normal) to levels commensurate with untreated healthy WB. CONCLUSION The absence of FIXa/FVIIIa in patients with severe haemophilia results in deficits in fibrin formation that cannot be rescued by wall-derived TF ex vivo. The effects of rFVIIa on platelet adhesion and rFVIIa/TF can act together to reinforce thrombin generation, platelet deposition and fibrin formation under flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Li
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. USA
| | - Karen A. Panckeri
- Comprehensive Hemophilia and Thrombosis Program, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. USA
| | - Patrick F. Fogarty
- Comprehensive Hemophilia and Thrombosis Program, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. USA
| | - Adam Cuker
- Comprehensive Hemophilia and Thrombosis Program, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. USA
| | - Scott L. Diamond
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. USA
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5
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López-López J, Jané-Salas E, Santamaría A, González-Navarro B, Arranz-Obispo C, López R, Miquel I, Arias B, Sánchez P, Rincón E, Rodríguez JR, Rojas S, Murat J. TETIS study: evaluation of new topical hemostatic agent TT-173 in tooth extraction. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1055-63. [PMID: 26374745 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José López-López
- Department of Odontostomatology, School of Dentistry-Hospital Odontológico Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona University, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enric Jané-Salas
- Department of Odontostomatology, School of Dentistry-Hospital Odontológico Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona University, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Santamaría
- Hemostasia and Thrombosis Unit, Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz González-Navarro
- Department of Odontostomatology, School of Dentistry-Hospital Odontológico Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona University, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Arranz-Obispo
- Department of Odontostomatology, School of Dentistry-Hospital Odontológico Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona University, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón López
- S.L. Parque Mediterráneo de la Tecnología, Thombotargets Europe, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Ignasi Miquel
- S.L. Parque Mediterráneo de la Tecnología, Thombotargets Europe, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Belén Arias
- S.L. Parque Mediterráneo de la Tecnología, Thombotargets Europe, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Pilar Sánchez
- S.L. Parque Mediterráneo de la Tecnología, Thombotargets Europe, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Esther Rincón
- S.L. Parque Mediterráneo de la Tecnología, Thombotargets Europe, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Juan R Rodríguez
- S.L. Parque Mediterráneo de la Tecnología, Thombotargets Europe, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Santiago Rojas
- S.L. Parque Mediterráneo de la Tecnología, Thombotargets Europe, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Jesus Murat
- S.L. Parque Mediterráneo de la Tecnología, Thombotargets Europe, Castelldefels, Spain
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Slaastad RA. Prevention of thromboplastin-induced intravascular coagulation in rabbits by warfarin as monitored by thrombotest. Scand J Haematol 2009; 13:140-5. [PMID: 4547438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1974.tb00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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7
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Slaastad RA, Husby G, Skjörten F. Soluble fibrin and fibrinogen-derived material in the kidneys during low-graded disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in rabbits. Scand J Haematol 2009; 13:152-9. [PMID: 4607676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1974.tb00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Davila M, Amirkhosravi A, Coll E, Desai H, Robles L, Colon J, Baker CH, Francis JL. Tissue factor-bearing microparticles derived from tumor cells: impact on coagulation activation. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1517-24. [PMID: 18433463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue factor (TF)-bearing microparticles (MP) from different origins are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer-associated thrombosis. However, the role of circulating tumor cell-derived TF is not well understood. METHODS TF antigen and activity were measured in MP generated in vitro from human TF-expressing cancer cells by ELISA and clotting or thrombin generation assays, respectively. TF antigen and activity were also measured in vivo in cell-free plasmas from mice previously injected with in vitro-generated MP or in cell-free plasmas from nude mice bearing orthotopically injected human cancer cells. RESULTS Tumor cell-derived MP (TMP) exhibited strong TF-dependent procoagulant activity (PCA) in vitro and in vivo. Injection of TMP into mice was associated with acute thrombocytopenia and signs of shock, which were prevented by prior heparinization. Human TF antigen and activity could be detected in mouse cell-free plasmas up to 30 min after TMP injections. Human TF was detected in the spleen of injected mice and its clearance from circulation was delayed in splenectomized mice, suggesting the involvement of the spleen in the rapid clearance of circulating MP in vivo. Detectable levels of TF-dependent PCA and thrombin-antithrombin complex were found in cell-free plasmas from mice growing pancreatic human tumors, suggesting that circulating tumor-derived TF causes coagulation activation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS MP derived from certain cancer cells exhibit TF-dependent PCA both in vitro and in vivo. These results provide new information about the specific contribution of tumor-derived MP to the hypercoagulable state observed in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Davila
- Institute of Translational Research, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA.
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9
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Storer K, Tu J, Karunanayaka A, Smee R, Short R, Thorpe P, Stoodley M. Coadministration of low-dose lipopolysaccharide and soluble tissue factor induces thrombosis after radiosurgery in an animal arteriovenous malformation model. Neurosurgery 2007; 61:604-10; discussion 610-1. [PMID: 17881975 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000290909.32600.a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations is limited to small lesions and may take 3 years to produce total occlusion. It has recently been shown that coadministration of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble tissue factor (sTF) selectively induces thrombosis in murine tumor models, attributable perhaps to the prothrombotic phenotype of tumor vasculature. Radiosurgery may induce changes in endothelial prothrombotic molecules similar to those found in tumors. This study aimed to determine if a similar strategy could be used to stimulate thrombus formation in an animal arteriovenous malformation model. METHODS Seventeen rats underwent creation of a carotid-to-jugular anastomosis. Animals were intravenously injected with sTF, low-dose LPS, a combination of both, or placebo 24 hours after stereotactic irradiation of the anastomosis. Control animals received both agents after sham irradiation. RESULTS Coadministration of sTF and LPS led to the formation of thrombi in up to 69% of small vessels and 39% of medium-sized vessels within the target region. The irradiated vasculature demonstrated intermediate rates of thrombosis after treatment with either sTF or LPS alone as did vessels within the fistula in the control group. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated significant associations between development of thrombi and treatment with radiation, sTF, or LPS (P < 0.005). There was no evidence of systemic thrombus formation or toxicity in any group. CONCLUSION Treatment with sTF and LPS selectively induces thrombosis of irradiated vessels in a rat model of arteriovenous malformation. Stimulation of thrombosis may improve the efficacy of radiosurgery, increasing the treatable lesion size and reducing latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Storer
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Stracke CP, Spuentrup E, Katoh M, Günther RW, Spangenberg P. New experimental model of sinus and cortical vein thrombosis in pigs for MR imaging studies. Neuroradiology 2006; 48:721-9. [PMID: 16967263 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-006-0125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnosis of cerebral sinus vein thrombosis is still a challenge for imaging. MRI and MRA play a major role in sinus imaging. For further development of MR techniques, MR-compatible animal models are required. The aim of this study was to develop an animal model for sinus thrombosis and additional cortical vein thrombosis with a clot of human blood for MR imaging studies. METHODS A combined surgical and interventional approach was carried out in 13 pigs. After minimal invasive surgical access to the anterior superior sagittal sinus and cortical vein, thrombosis with human blood was induced using an interventional catheter approach. MR imaging was performed prior to and after thrombus induction. RESULTS Sinus thrombosis was induced in 12 of 13 animals. Three animals suffered acute subdural haemorrhage; one of these animals died during the intervention, and one died after thrombus induction. MR imaging of the thrombosed sinus could easily be performed without significant artefacts in 11 of 13 animals. CONCLUSION This new model of sinus and cortical vein thrombosis with a clot of human blood allows artefact-free imaging studies on MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Stracke
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, RWTH Achen University, Aachen, Germany.
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11
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Suga Y, Asakura H, Yoshida T, Omote M, Ontachi Y, Mizutani T, Yamazaki M, Morishita E, Nakao S, Miyamoto KI. Relationship between endothelin and the pathophysiology of tissue factor-induced and lipopolysaccharide-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in rats: a study examining the effect of an endothelin receptor antagonist. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2005; 15:593-8. [PMID: 15389127 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200410000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, and the pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), using two models of DIC. Experimental DIC was induced by sustained infusion of 50 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or 3.75 U/kg thromboplastin, for 4 h via the rat tail vein. The effect of administration of a non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist (TAK-044) (2, 10, or 50 mg/kg, from -0.5 to 4 h) on thromboplastin-induced DIC was not significant. However, LPS-induced elevation of alanine aminotransferase, creatinine and glomerular fibrin deposition was significantly suppressed by co-administration of TAK-044 in a dose-dependent manner, although no effect of TAK-044 was observed on the platelet count, fibrinogen concentration or the level of thrombin-antithrombin complex. Moreover, plasma levels of D-dimer, which reflect the grade of fibrinolysis of cross-linked fibrin, were significantly increased by co-administration of each dose of TAK-044 in the LPS-induced DIC model in rats. Our results suggest that vasoconstriction, as well as depressed fibrinolysis, contribute to severe organ dysfunction in LPS-induced, but not thromboplastin-induced, DIC, and that endothelin plays a role in the development of organ injury in LPS-induced DIC in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Suga
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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12
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Durand E, Scoazec A, Lafont A, Boddaert J, Al Hajzen A, Addad F, Mirshahi M, Desnos M, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. In vivo induction of endothelial apoptosis leads to vessel thrombosis and endothelial denudation: a clue to the understanding of the mechanisms of thrombotic plaque erosion. Circulation 2004; 109:2503-6. [PMID: 15148270 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000130172.62481.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of thrombosis on plaque erosion are poorly understood. We examined the potential role of endothelial apoptosis in endothelial erosion and vessel thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Segments of New Zealand White rabbit femoral arteries were temporarily isolated in vivo. One artery was incubated with staurosporin for 30 minutes, whereas the contralateral artery was incubated with saline and served as control. Three days later, thrombosis was evaluated angiographically and histologically. TUNEL score in the endothelial layer was significantly increased in staurosporin-treated arteries compared with controls (2.43+/-0.30 versus 0.93+/-0.44, respectively; P=0.001). Large areas of endothelial denudation were detectable in staurosporin-treated vessels, whereas endothelium integrity was almost preserved in the saline group. Vessel thrombosis occurred in 58% of staurosporin-treated arteries (7 of 12) but in only 8% of saline-treated segments (P<0.01). Immunoreactivities for tissue factor, platelets, and fibrin were detectable within the thrombus. Addition of ZVAD-fmk (0.1 mmol/L) significantly reduced the occurrence of thrombosis (1 of 7 arteries or 14%, P=0.04). These results were confirmed in balloon-injured atheromatous arteries. CONCLUSIONS In vivo induction of endothelial apoptosis leads to both vessel thrombosis and endothelial denudation. Endothelial apoptosis may be a critical step in the transition from a stable endothelialized plaque to plaque erosion and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Durand
- INSERM EMI-U00-16, Paris, France
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13
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Lenain N, Freund M, Léon C, Cazenave JP, Gachet C. Inhibition of localized thrombosis in P2Y1-deficient mice and rodents treated with MRS2179, a P2Y1 receptor antagonist. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1144-9. [PMID: 12871312 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in experimental models revealed a role for the P2Y1 platelet ADP receptor in systemic vascular thromboembolism models. In the present work, we used models of localized arterial and venous thrombosis to assess the role of the P2Y1 receptor in these processes. Arterial thrombosis was induced in one mesenteric arteriole of a mouse using FeCl3, while venous thrombosis was studied in a Wessler model adapted to rats. P2Y1-deficient mice and mice treated with the P2Y1 antagonist MRS2179 displayed significantly less arterial thrombosis than their respective controls. Combination of P2Y1 deficiency with P2Y12 inhibition led to a significant additive effect. Venous thrombosis was slightly but significantly inhibited in MRS2179-treated rats. These results demonstrate a role for the P2Y1 receptor in both arterial and venous thrombosis, further establishing this receptor as a potential target for antithrombotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lenain
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U.311, Etablissement Français du Sang, Alsace (EFS-Alsace), 10 rue Spielmann, BP no. 36, 67065 Strasbourg Cédex, France
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14
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Philipp J, Dienst A, Unruh M, Wagener A, Grunow A, Engert A, Fries JWU, Gottstein C. Soluble tissue factor induces coagulation on tumor endothelial cells in vivo if coadministered with low-dose lipopolysaccharides. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:905-10. [PMID: 12649087 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000067700.77438.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to evaluate the mechanisms leading to tumor vessel occlusion by tissue factor-based drugs, which are used in vascular targeting approaches for the treatment of malignant tumors. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of nontargeted soluble tissue factor were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with (1) the extracellular portion of tissue factor (soluble tissue factor), (2) low nontoxic doses of lipopolysaccharides, or (3) a combination thereof. The combination treatment showed the best effects and resulted in selective thrombosis of tumor vessels. On the basis of our data from subsequent in vitro analyses, including surface plasmon resonance measurements and endothelial cell based coagulation assays, we propose a model on how soluble tissue factor, although lacking its membrane anchor, can promote selective tumor vessel occlusion. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the molecular mechanisms of coagulation induction by untargeted soluble tissue factor in vivo. Combination treatments including soluble tissue factor might represent an alternative vascular targeting approach for the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Philipp
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Asakura H, Suga Y, Yoshida T, Ontachi Y, Mizutani T, Kato M, Ito T, Morishita E, Yamazaki M, Miyamoto KI, Nakao S. Pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) progresses at a different rate in tissue factor-induced and lipopolysaccharide-induced DIC models in rats. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003; 14:221-8. [PMID: 12695743 DOI: 10.1097/01.mbc.0000061290.28953.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are frequently used to induce disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in experimental animal models. Although the pathophysiology of DIC may differ depending on which agent is used for induction, previous studies on models of DIC have not distinguished which DIC-inducing agent was used. In the present paper, we evaluate the characteristics of TF-induced and LPS-induced DIC using two types of DIC models, with special reference to selected hemostatic parameters and pathological findings within the kidney. Male Wistar rats were administered TF (3.75 U/kg; sustained infusion for 4 h) or LPS (30 mg/kg; sustained infusion for 4 h) via the tail vein, and blood sampling was performed at 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 28 h. Judging from changes in the levels of thrombin-antithrombin complex, fibrinogen levels, and platelet counts, it is reasonable to conclude that the severity of both types of experimental DIC is similar with regard to hemostatic activation and consumption coagulopathy. A marked elevation in the level of D-dimer was noted without any organ dysfunction or much fibrin deposition in the kidney upon administration of TF. However, a markedly prolonged period of elevation in plasminogen activator inhibitor activity, a prolonged depression in antithrombin III activity, severe organ failure, and a markedly prolonged period of fibrin deposition in the kidney was observed following LPS administration. A modest number of the rats from the TF-induced DIC model died during the experimental period, whereas a large number of rats died during LPS-induced DIC, especially after 9 h. Since the time course of the pathophysiology differed remarkably among the TF-induced and LPS-induced DIC models in rats, we recommend that TF-induced and LPS-induced DIC be approached as distinct models in order to determine the implications of their experimental and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidesaku Asakura
- Department of Internal Medicine (III), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Takaramachi 13-1, Ishikawa, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
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16
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Pottier P, Planchon B, Truchaud F, Leftheriotis G, Herbert JM, Bressolette L, Trewick D, Passuti N. Development of an experimental model of pre-thrombosis in rats based on Wessler's principle using a calibrated venous stasis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003; 14:3-9. [PMID: 12544721 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200301000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a model of a pre-thrombotic state in rats based on venous stasis induced by partial ligature of the inferior vena cava. The degree of stenosis was calibrated by using variations in upstream venous pressure. Different degrees of stasis were tested in order to obtain a pre-thrombotic state. Increasing doses of thromboplastin were infused. The thrombogenic potential of this model was evaluated by measuring thrombus weight and by the increase in levels of thrombin-antithrombin complexes. A pre-thrombotic state was induced by 2 h of exposure to a 40% stasis obtained by increasing by 40% the upstream venous pressure (mean thrombus weight, 0.2 +/- 0.6 mg). In these conditions of stasis, low doses of thromboplastin induced venous thrombosis (mean weight, 23 +/- 20 mg; P < 0.05). The increase in thrombus size was correlated to the rise in thrombin-antithrombin levels (r = 0.53, P < 0.001). In conclusion, we have developed the first animal model in which venous stasis can be calibrated by varying the degree of stenosis of the inferior vena cava. This model could be used to study the kinetics of biological markers of hypercoagulability, to study the pathogeny of thrombosis or to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of new drugs in pre-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pottier
- Service de Médecine Interne A, Hôtel Dieu, CHU Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France.
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17
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Asakura H, Okudaira M, Yoshida T, Ontachi Y, Yamazaki M, Morishita E, Miyamoto KI, Nakao S. Induction of vasoactive substances differs in LPS-induced and TF-induced DIC models in rats. Thromb Haemost 2002; 88:663-7. [PMID: 12362240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of two vasoactive substances, nitric oxide (NO)and endothelin (ET), in the pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), using two types of DIC models. Experimental DIC was induced by sustained infusion of 0.1, 1, 10, or 50 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or 3.75 U/kg thromboplastin (TF), for 4 h via the rat tail vein. Plasma levels of both NOX (metabolites of NO) and ET were significantly increased following infusion of 0.1 mg/kg or greater of LPS in the LPS-induced DIC rat model. In contrast, although a marked increase in the plasma levels of NOX was observed, only a slight increase in plasma ET levels was seen in the TF-induced DIC rat model. No significant differences in the plasma levels of platelets or thrombin-ATIII complex were observed among the TF-induced and LPS (50 mg/dl)-induced DIC models. However, plasma NOX levels rose significantly higher in the TF-induced model, relative to the LPS-induced model (p <0.01). Conversely, plasma ET levels were significantly greater after LPS-induction, compared to TF-induction, of DIC (p <0.01). Vasoconstriction, as well as depressed fibrinolytic activity, may be additional factors leading to severe organ dysfunction in the LPS-induced DIC rat model. Moreover, vasodilatation, as well as enhanced fibrinolytic activity, may help to prevent rats from severe organ dysfunction in the TF-induced DIC model. Our results suggest that modulator of vasoactive substances should be examined in the treatment of DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidesaku Asakura
- Department of Internal Medicine (III), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Takaramachi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibrin accumulation in the joint cavity is a common feature of chronic arthritides, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Complex formation between tissue factor (TF) and factor VII (FVII) is the initial step in such a fibrin formation. METHODS To assess the role of the TF/FVII complex in the pathogenesis of joint inflammation, 1) the levels of TF/FVII complex were measured in synovial fluid of RA patients; 2) the complex was injected to healthy mice intra-articularly. RESULTS Morphological analysis of the joints 4 days after TF/FVII injection revealed influx of CD4-Mac1+ mononuclear leukocytes into synovial tissue followed by cartilage and bone destruction. Inflammation induced by TF/FVII complex was more profound than that caused by each of the proteins separately, both with respect to frequency, severity and duration of arthritis. Interaction between macrophages and lymphocytes in sustaining joint inflammation was proved by the requirement of the combined lymphocyte/ monocyte depletion to abolish TF/FVII induced arthritis. Induction of monocyte attracting chemokines (MIP-1 alpha and RANTES) was shown to be one of the potential mechanisms for TF/FVII complex triggered inflammatory cell influx. Interestingly, TF/FVII complexes were detected in synovial fluid of 20/40 patients with RA. CONCLUSIONS Altogether these findings indicate that TF/FVII complexes, frequently found intra-articularly in joints of RA patients, may be an important component in both induction and progression of chronic destructive arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
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19
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Neri D. Targeted delivery of tissue factor to tumor neovasculature for cancer therapy. Haemostasis 2002; 31 Suppl 1:21-2. [PMID: 11990467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Neri
- Deportment of Applied BioSciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich.
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20
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Tripodi A, Chantarangkul V, Clerici M, Negri B, Galli M, Mannucci PM. Laboratory control of oral anticoagulant treatment by the INR system in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus anticoagulant. Results of a collaborative study involving nine commercial thromboplastins. Br J Haematol 2001; 115:672-8. [PMID: 11736953 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of the variable responsiveness of thromboplastins to lupus anticoagulants (LA), concerns have been raised about the validity of the prothrombin time-International Normalized Ratio (PT-INR) in monitoring oral anticoagulant treatment in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and LA. To date, few studies have been performed, numbers of patients investigated are relatively small and results are conflicting. We report on a multicentre study organized to investigate further this clinically relevant issue. Each of nine thrombosis centres was asked to collect plasma samples from patients with APS who were on oral anticoagulants (cases) and patients without APS who were on oral anticoagulants (controls). Nine thromboplastins (three human recombinant, one from human placenta and five from rabbit brain) were calibrated at the co-ordinating centre according to World Health Organization guidelines. Measurements of the INR and factor X amidolytic activity for all frozen plasmas were performed centrally. The numbers of patients investigated were 58 cases and 57 controls. Between-reagent variability of the INR was higher in cases [coefficient of variation (CV) = 12.4%] than in controls (CV = 6.7%), but this was because of one of the thromboplastins only (Thromborel R, human recombinant), which measured considerably higher INR values than the others in cases but not in controls. In conclusion, our data indicate that LA interference on the PT-INR measured with the majority of commercial thromboplastins is not enough to cause concern if insensitive thromboplastins, properly calibrated to assign them an instrument-specific International Sensitivity Index are used. New thromboplastins, especially those made of relipidated tissue factor, should be checked for their responsiveness to LA before they are used to monitor oral anticoagulant treatment in patients with APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tripodi
- The Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, University and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Milano, Italy.
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21
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Sheth SB, DiCicco RA, Hursting MJ, Montague T, Jorkasky DK. Interpreting the International Normalized Ratio (INR) in individuals receiving argatroban and warfarin. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85:435-40. [PMID: 11307810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, on the International Normalized Ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and functional factor X during warfarin co-administration were established to provide means to interpret INRs during argatroban/warfarin co-therapy. Twenty-four subjects receiving warfarin (7.5 mg, day 1; 3-6 mg/day, days 2-10) and argatroban (1-4 microg/kg/min over 5 h, days 1-11) were assessed daily for these coagulation parameters prior to argatroban infusion (warfarin "monotherapy") and at its conclusion ("co-therapy"). Argatroban increased aPTTs dose-dependently. Co-therapy INR increased linearly with monotherapy INR, with slope sensitive to argatroban dose and thromboplastin used. Prediction errors for monotherapy INRs were < or =+/- 0.4 for argatroban 1-2 microg/kg/min but > or = +/-1.0 for higher doses. Despite co-therapy INRs >7, no major bleeding occurred. Factor X remained > or =37% of normal. Therefore, the predictable effect of argatroban (< or =2 microg/kg/min only) [corrected] on INRs during warfarin co-therapy allows for reliable prediction of the level of oral anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Sheth
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Presbyterian Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia 19426-0989, USA.
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22
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Himber J, Refino CJ, Burcklen L, Roux S, Kirchhofer D. Inhibition of arterial thrombosis by a soluble tissue factor mutant and active site-blocked factors IXa and Xa in the guinea pig. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85:475-81. [PMID: 11307818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The substrate recognition region of tissue factor contains two residues, Lys165 and Lys166, which are important for macromolecular substrate activation by the tissue factor:factor VIIa complex. Replacement of these two residues with alanine in a soluble version of human tissue factor resulted in a mutant, hTFAA, which can bind factor VIIa but forms an enzymatically inactive complex. We found that hTFAA inhibits the activity of guinea pig factor VIIa, allowing us to evaluate hTFAA's effects on thrombosis and hemostasis in a guinea pig model of recurrent arterial thrombosis. In addition to heparin, the effects of hTFAA were compared to active site inhibited factor IXa (F.IXai) and factor Xa (F.Xai). We found that hTFAA, F.IXai and F.Xai were potent antithrombotics and may possess a decreased risk of hemorrhage when compared to unfractionated heparin. When administered at a dose that inhibited thrombosis by about 90%, hTFAA neither affected cuticle bleeding nor the activated partial thromboplastin time, and had only a modest effect on the prothrombin time. At equi-efficacious doses, F.IXai, F.Xai and heparin prolonged bleeding times by 20% (p >0.5), 50% (p <0.05) and 100% (p <0.01), respectively. In summary, our study demonstrates that, unlike heparin, specific inhibitors of factors VIIa, IXa and Xa can produce antithrombotic effects without or with only minimally disturbing normal hemostasis. The results further suggest that factor VIIa and factor IXa are especially promising targets for antithrombotic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Himber
- Preclinical Research Department, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Ravanat C, Freund M, Mangin P, Azorsa DO, Schwartz C, Moog S, Schuhler S, Dambach J, Cazenave JP, Lanza F. GPV is a marker of in vivo platelet activation--study in a rat thrombosis model. Thromb Haemost 2000; 83:327-33. [PMID: 10739394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin plays a central role in the genesis of thrombotic events and is the most potent known platelet agonist. This enzyme activates platelets by cleaving G-protein coupled protease activated receptors (PARs) and by binding to glycoprotein (GP) Ib. Thrombin also cleaves platelet GPV to liberate a soluble 69 kDa fragment (GPVf1), leaving a 20 kDa fragment (GPVf2) attached to the membrane. The aim of this study was to assess the value of GPV as an in vivo marker of the activation of platelets by thrombin. Newly developed monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies recognizing rat GPVf1 and GPVf2 respectively were used to detect soluble GPV by ELISA and the new NH2-terminus exposed by thrombin using flow cytometry. These assays were employed in a rat thrombosis model designed to trigger thrombin formation in vivo. When thromboplastin (4.8 ml/kg/h) was infused for 30 min, thrombin generation was reflected by a rapid increase in thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes in plasma and by the appearance of GPVf2 at the surface of circulating platelets. Simultaneously, GPVf1 disappeared from the surface of platelets and accumulated as a soluble fragment in plasma, where it was detected by GPV ELISA. These effects were inhibited by pretreatment of the rats with hirudin. Levels of plasma PF4 also increased in this model, but unlike GPV levels which returned slowly (> 2 hours) to baseline, PF4 had a very short half-life. In conclusion, GPV is cleaved by thrombin in vivo, circulates and is a reliable in vivo marker of the activation of platelets by thrombin. Monitoring of GPV levels in rats should be useful to evaluate the effects of antithrombotic and antiplatelet drugs, while further studies will be required to confirm the potential interest of GPV as a marker of thrombotic states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ravanat
- INSERM U.311, Biologie et Pharmacologie de l'Hémostase et de la Thrombose, Etablissement de Transfusion Sanguine de Strasbourg, France.
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Ran S, Gao B, Duffy S, Watkins L, Rote N, Thorpe PE. Infarction of solid Hodgkin's tumors in mice by antibody-directed targeting of tissue factor to tumor vasculature. Cancer Res 1998; 58:4646-53. [PMID: 9788617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that selective thrombosis of the blood vessels of solid tumors in mice can be achieved by targeting the extracellular domain of tissue factor by means of an antibody to an experimentally induced marker on tumor vascular endothelium. In the present study, we extend this finding to a naturally occurring marker of tumor vascular endothelium, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). VCAM-1 is expressed by vascular endothelial cells in Hodgkin's disease and various solid tumors in mice and humans. It is absent from vascular endothelial cells in normal tissues in mice, with the exception of the heart and lungs, where it is present on venules. A monoclonal antibody to murine VCAM-1 was covalently linked to the extracellular domain of human tissue factor to create a "coaguligand." After i.v. administration to severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing human Hodgkin's tumors, the coaguligand localized selectively to VCAM-1-expressing vessels, caused thrombosis of those vessels, and retarded tumor growth. The coaguligand also localized to VCAM-1-expressing vessels in the heart and lungs of the mice but did not induce thrombosis in these sites. An immunohistochemical evaluation of the distribution of a monoclonal anti-phosphatidylserine (PS) antibody in the mice showed that the VCAM-1-expressing vessels in the tumor expressed PS, whereas the VCAM-1-expressing vessels in the heart and lungs lacked PS. The lack of thrombotic effect of the coaguligand on heart and lung vessels may be because PS is needed to provide the procoagulant surface upon which coagulation complexes can assemble. The requirement for coincident expression of the targeted marker and PS on tumor endothelium probably contributes to the selectivity of thrombotic action and the safety of coaguligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ran
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235, USA
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Sato K, Taniuchi Y, Kawasaki T, Hirayama F, Koshio H, Matsumoto Y, Iizumi Y. Comparison of the anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects of YM-75466, a novel orally-active factor Xa inhibitor, and warfarin in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 1998; 78:191-7. [PMID: 9829622 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.78.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects of YM-75466 (N-[4-[(1-acetimidoyl-4-piperidyl)oxy]phenyl]-N-[(7-amidino-2-naph thyl)methyl]sulfamoyl acetic acid monomethanesulfonate), a novel orally-active factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor, and warfarin were compared in mice. Both agents were orally administered in all studies. In ex vivo studies, the peak effects of YM-75466 occurred 1 hr after administration while the peak of warfarin activity occurred 18 hr after administration. At each peak, both YM-75466 and warfarin prolonged coagulation time dose-dependently. The dose response curve of warfarin for prothrombin time was steeper than that of YM-75466. In a thromboplastin-induced thromboembolism model, administration of 30 mg/kg YM-75466 or 3 mg/kg warfarin significantly improved the lethality ratio. In blood loss studies, YM-75466 did not increase blood loss from the tail even at 30 mg/kg, while warfarin markedly increased blood loss at 3 mg/kg. Agents that interfere with warfarin action did not interfere with YM-75466 action. In conclusion, this study shows that YM-75466 has advantages over warfarin: i) rapid onset of anticoagulant activity, ii) wide therapeutic range, iii) little effect on bleeding and iv) lack of drug interaction with agents that interfere with warfarin. These results suggest that YM-75466 may be promising as a novel oral anticoagulant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Mohri M, Gonda Y, Oka M, Aoki Y, Gomi K, Kiyota T, Sugihara T, Yamamoto S, Ishida T, Maruyama I. The antithrombotic effects of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rhsTM) on tissue factor-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1997; 8:274-83. [PMID: 9282791 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-199707000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the antithrombotic effects of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rhsTM) in plasma and in a monkey model. rhsTM dose-dependently prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in the following order: humans > monkeys > rats >> rabbits. The prolongation of APTT by rhsTM was also observed in protein C-deficient plasma. rhsTM activated protein C and inactivated factor Va in human and monkey plasma, but not in rat plasma. These findings suggest that the antithrombotic activities of rhsTM are fully expressed in human and monkey. Therefore, to evaluate the whole activity of rhsTM in a clinical model, tissue factor (TF) was intravenously infused into crab-eating monkeys to induce disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Pretreatment with rhsTM reduced fall in fibrinogen with a biphasic and moderate dose-dependency curve, and reduced thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) levels with a flat linear dose-dependency, while heparin prevented fall in fibrinogen with a steep linear dose-dependency curve without reducing TAT levels. Further evidence suggesting that rhsTM activates protein C in vivo was also obtained. Taken together, the data indicate that rhsTM fully expresses its antithrombotic activities in human and monkey but not in rat and rabbit, and rhsTM prevents TF-induced DIC in monkeys by suppressing thrombin generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohri
- Institute for Life Science Research, Asahi Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Tagata, Japan.
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Abstract
Traditional cancer treatments seek to attack cancer cells directly, with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. But a new wave of therapies is attempting an indirect strike: shutting off the blood vessels through which tumors get the oxygen and nutrients they need to live and grow. Recent work suggests that this might be done with drugs, some naturally occurring, that can prevent tumors from forming the new blood vessels they need. Alternately, as a report appearing on
page 547
suggests, it might be possible to shrink or even eliminate tumors by administering agents that trigger clot formation in tumor-feeding vessels.
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Abstract
Selective occlusion of tumor vasculature was tested as a therapy for solid tumors in a mouse model. The formation of blood clots (thrombosis) within the tumor vessels was initiated by targeting the cell surface domain of human tissue factor, by means of a bispecific antibody, to an experimentally induced marker on tumor vascular endothelial cells. This truncated form of tissue factor (tTF) had limited ability to initiate thrombosis when free in the circulation, but became an effective and selective thrombogen when targeted to tumor endothelial cells. Intravenous administration of the antibody-tTF complex to mice with large neuroblastomas resulted in complete tumor regressions in 38 percent of the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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29
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Huyzen RJ, van Oeveren W, Wei F, Stellingwerf P, Boonstra PW, Gu YJ. In vitro effect of hemodilution on activated clotting time and high-dose thrombin time during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62:533-7. [PMID: 8694618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extreme dilution of clotting factors, as may occur during pediatric or neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass, often leads to inadequate monitoring of anticoagulation with activated clotting time (ACT). In this study we postulate that the high-dose thrombin time (HiTT) is less influenced by extreme dilution of clotting factors because it stimulates clotting through the common pathway. METHODS Heparinized prebypass blood was obtained from 30 adult cardiac surgical patients and was diluted in a laboratory setting with saline solution to mimic the clinical clear prime solution (group I; n = 10), with saline solution containing similar heparin as in the prebypass blood (group II; n = 10), and with fresh frozen plasma to substitute clotting factors in the diluted blood (group III; n = 10). Blood was diluted to four different degrees: a control without dilution, 25%, 50%, and 75% dilution. The ACT and HiTT were measured and compared. RESULTS In group I, significant prolongation of ACT was observed in blood diluted to 75% as compared with the nondiluted blood (p < 0.01). In contrast, HiTT was not prolonged at any degree of dilution but reduced proportionally to dilution up to 75%, reflecting the concomitant reduction of heparin. In group II, ACT increased at 25% dilution (p < 0.01) whereas HiTT increased at 50% dilution (p < 0.01). In group III, no prolongation of ACT or HiTT was found in any degree of dilution. Furthermore, adding fibrinogen to the diluted blood (n = 4) did not cause ACT to recover at 75% dilution, suggesting that dilution of other factors in the early clotting cascade rather than fibrinogen alone increases ACT. CONCLUSIONS These results imply that when blood is extremely diluted during cardiopulmonary bypass with a clear prime without substituted clotting factors, HiTT is a better test than ACT for anticoagulation monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Huyzen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Yamazaki M, Asakura H, Aoshima K, Saito M, Jokaji H, Uotani C, Kumabashiri I, Morishita E, Ikeda T, Matsuda T. Protective effects of DX-9065a, an orally active, novel synthesized and selective inhibitor of factor Xa, against thromboplastin-induced experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation in rats. Semin Thromb Hemost 1996; 22:255-9. [PMID: 8836010 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-999016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the protective effects of DX-9065a, an orally active, newly synthesized, and specific inhibitor of factor Xa, against experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in rats. Experimental DIC was induced by a 4 hour sustained infusion of thromboplastin at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. The rats were orally administered DX-9065a at 10, 30, 100 mg/kg 30 minutes before thromboplastin injection. In this DIC model, DX-9065a showed a protective effect against DIC, at all doses and in all parameters, including fibrin(ogen) degradation products, fibrinogen level, thrombin-antithrombin III complex level, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), platelet count, and the number of renal glomeruli with fibrin thrombi. When DX-9065a was orally administered at 100 mg/kg without thromboplastin, no significant changes were seen in hemostatic parameters except PT and APTT, and no fibrin thrombi or abnormal bleeding were seen in renal specimens. These findings suggested that the new oral anti-Xa drug, DX-9065a, has a protective effect against thromboplastin-induced DIC model with little risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine (III), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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31
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Hoheisel G, Roth M, Chan CH, Ruff PW, Tsakiris DA, Hornung M, Perruchoud AP. Procoagulant activity of PPD-stimulated human lymphocytes after cryopreservation. Tuber Lung Dis 1994; 75:441-6. [PMID: 7718833 DOI: 10.1016/0962-8479(94)90118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human mononuclear cells from a previously sensitized donor generate procoagulant activity (PCA) following stimulation with purified protein derivative (PPD). Lymphocytes of tuberculous pleural effusions are also highly responsive to PPD stimulation. We examined the influence of cryopreservation on lymphocytes following stimulation with PPD. DESIGN Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 5 healthy PPD skin test positive subjects were incubated with either PPD, thromboplastin, or concanavalin A (Con A) at concentrations of 0, 1, and 10 micrograms/ml. PCA was determined by measuring the recalcification time. Tests were repeated following cryopreservation for 4 weeks. RESULTS Incubation of fresh lymphocytes led to a dose dependent shortening of recalcification time: PPD (0-1-10 micrograms/ml: 100-84-65%), thromboplastin (0-1-10 micrograms/ml: 100-85-62%), and Con A (0-1-10 micrograms/ml: 100-85-42%). These results were highly reproducible when tests were repeated 6 weeks later. Cryopreservation did not significantly affect the expression of PCA following incubation with PPD and with thromboplastin. In contrast, cryopreservation significantly diminished the degree of Con A generated PCA. CONCLUSION Cryopreservation and storage of human lymphocytes is possible without alteration of PCA expression following their incubation with PPD or thromboplastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hoheisel
- Department of Research, University of Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Abstract
Since aprotinin has become extensively used during cardiopulmonary bypass the maintenance of safe anticoagulation is a concern. Aprotinin affects anticoagulation measurement by the activated clotting time. Therefore, a reliable new measurement is needed to monitor anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. In the present study, we tested the efficacy of two alternative measurements in which whole blood clotting was stimulated by high-dose thromboplastin or by high-dose thrombin. During cardiopulmonary bypass under standardized heparinization, the activated clotting time was twofold longer in the aprotinin group than in control group (p < 0.05), whereas high-dose thromboplastin and high-dose thrombin groups were not significantly affected by aprotinin. In laboratory tests using blood from healthy volunteers, all methods showed linear correlation with heparin concentration in the absence of aprotinin (p < 0.05). However, the activated clotting time measurement was prolonged more by heparin when aprotinin was present (p < 0.05), whereas high-dose thromboplastin and high-dose thrombin measurements were not. Moreover, these measurements were faster and more dependable than the activated clotting time. Therefore, high-dose thromboplastin time and high-dose thrombin time seem to be reliable for monitoring anticoagulation when aprotinin is used during cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tabuchi
- Thorax Center, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Sultan Y, Loyer F. In vitro evaluation of factor VIII--bypassing activity of activated prothrombin complex concentrate, prothrombin complex concentrate, and factor VIIa in the plasma of patients with factor VIII inhibitors: thrombin generation test in the presence of collagen-activated platelets. J Lab Clin Med 1993; 121:444-52. [PMID: 8445292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Clinical efficacy of plasma-derived products with factor VIII--bypassing activity in patients with factor VIII inhibitors is difficult to evaluate. It is also difficult to predict efficacy by coagulation assay. A test of thrombin generation in defibrinated plasma and in the presence of activated platelets was used to test the bypassing activity of the most currently used products (activated prothrombin complex concentrate from various origins, prothrombin complex concentrate, and factor VIIa). The bypassing activity was evaluated in the absence and presence of tissue factor. In plasma with inhibitor, activated prothrombin complex concentrate elicited dose-dependent thrombin formation, whereas prothrombin complex concentrate and factor VIIa induced only minimal thrombin activity. Addition of tissue factor in the assay elicited thrombin generation in the presence of factor VIIa and prothrombin complex concentrate and allowed additional thrombin formation in the presence of activated prothrombin complex concentrate. Although it is hazardous to extend results of in vitro testing to clinical efficacy, our study sheds some light on the mechanism of action of the various substances used to treat bleeding episodes in patients with factor VIII inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sultan
- Laboratoire d'Hémostase, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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34
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Herbert JM, Bernat A, Maffrand JP. Importance of platelets in experimental venous thrombosis in the rat. Blood 1992; 80:2281-6. [PMID: 1421399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thrombosis was induced by ligature of the inferior vena cava in rats whose blood was made hypercoagulable by intravenous (IV) administration of tissue thromboplastin. From a dose-response showing that the administration of increasing doses of tissue thromboplastin resulted in a subsequent progressive increase of thrombus weight, two concentrations of tissue thromboplastin were chosen: a high dose (550 microL/kg, IV) where thrombus formation was optimal and a concentration (7 microL/kg, IV) where tissue thromboplastin-hypercoagulability was intermediate. In both experimental conditions, leukopenia provoked by a myelotoxic drug did not influence the development of venous thrombosis. However, after thrombocytopenia induced by an antiplatelet antiserum, a dramatic decrease in thrombus formation was observed in animals that had been pre-challenged with the lower dose of tissue thromboplastin, whereas decrease in platelet count did not affect venous thrombosis under high thrombogenic challenge. When administered orally 2 hours before thrombosis induction, the ticlopidine analogue clopidogrel showed dose-dependent inhibition of thrombus formation in animals that were pre-challenged with a low dose of tissue thromboplastin (ED50 = 7.9 +/- 1.5 mg/kg, orally) but remained ineffective against high tissue thromboplastin-induced venous thrombosis. We further determined the effect of heparin and hirudin, and showed that both of these drugs exhibited a more potent antithrombotic activity after injection of the lower dose of tissue thromboplastin than after injection of a high dose of tissue thromboplastin. Therefore, using our model of stasis and hypercoagulability, platelet activation played a major role in the development of venous thrombosis when the thrombogenitic stimulus was mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Herbert
- Haemobiology Research Department, Sanofi Recherche, Toulouse, France
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35
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Abstract
Prothrombin time monitoring of oral anticoagulation is highly dependent on the tissue thromboplastin used. In the United States, patients have received a higher level of anticoagulation because of the use of a less sensitive thromboplastin. Many advocate the use of an International Normalized Ratio to rectify this problem. Laboratory supervisors from all acute care hospitals in Massachusetts were surveyed to determine the disparity in thromboplastin use and reporting practices for prothrombin time testing. Eighty-eight of 103 (86%) hospitals responded. Fifty-eight lots from six manufacturers of thromboplastin were in use. The International Sensitivity Index of these lots ranged from 1.89 to 2.74. Ninety-nine percent of hospitals reported prothrombin times in raw seconds. Only 5% reported an International Normalized Ratio. Sixteen different coagulation instruments were in use. Close to 70% of laboratory supervisors had little or no understanding of the significance of an International Sensitivity Index or an International Normalized Ratio. The management of oral anticoagulation appears far less precise than had been believed. Prothrombin times in the same individual from different laboratories may have poor correlation. Based on the level of understanding of laboratory supervisors, extensive education will be necessary to change practices and improve accuracy and comparability of prothrombin time testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Ansell
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
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36
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Sawada K, Yamamoto H, Matsumoto K, Yago H, Suehiro S, Tahara C, Ishii H, Kazama M, Abe T. Changes in thrombomodulin level in plasma of endotoxin-infused rabbits. Thromb Res 1992; 65:199-209. [PMID: 1315990 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(92)90240-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the plasma thrombomodulin (TM) level were examined in endotoxin-infused rabbits. The plasma TM level in normal rabbits was 143.8 +/- 8.4 ng/ml (n = 67) and the molecular weight of the major TM was about 55 kd. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS, E. Coli B8:0127) was intravenously infused. LPS infusion increased the plasma TM level dose-dependently between 0.2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg. When 5 mg/kg LPS was infused, the plasma TM level started to increase immediately and was 2.3 times higher than the control value within 1 hr. The molecular weight of the major TM was about 75 kd. This rapid increase in TM occurred before the decrease in fibrinogen content and the prolongation of prothrombin time. To examine the effect of circulating leukocytes on the TM increase in endotoxin-infused rabbits, 5 mg/kg LPS was infused into rabbits with leukocytopenia induced by X-ray irradiation. The maximum plasma level of TM was significantly lower than in the untreated rabbits given LPS. These data suggest that the increase in plasma TM is caused by LPS-stimulated leukocyte's prior to hemostaseological changes. It is well known that endothelial cells can be injured by stimulated leukocytes, so this increase in plasma TM probably reflects the deterioration of endothelial cells. This deterioration decreases the ability of endothelial cells to inhibit thrombosis, which would, in turn, contribute to the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation in endotoxin-infused rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sawada
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., Hyogo, Japan
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37
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Kogan AE, Strukova SM, Tara AA, Aaviksaar AA. [Participation of protein C in reaction of the anti-coagulant system to intravenous administration of thrombin and thromboplastin to rats]. Vopr Med Khim 1992; 38:48-50. [PMID: 1441296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dynamics of protein C concentration was studied in rat blood after administration of thrombin and thromboplastin. Administration of 0.5 ml 1% thromboplastin caused fast decrease of protein C concentration, down to 60% of the initial level, within 3 min, while activity of factor V reached the minimal rate (30%) within 5 min. Content of protein C returned to the initial level in blood within 2-2.5 hrs and of factor V--within 6 hrs. After administration of thrombin 3 NIH in content of protein C was decreased to 91.3% whereas heparin was released only after injection of 6 NIH. The data obtained suggest that the protein C system responded earlier to occurrence of thrombin in circulation as compared with the neurohumoral regulators of the anticoagulation system; the protein C system is one of primary mechanisms of the antithrombosis defence.
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38
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Gemmell CH, Broze GJ, Turitto VT, Nemerson Y. Utilization of a continuous flow reactor to study the lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI) that inhibits tissue factor. Blood 1990; 76:2266-71. [PMID: 2257300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A microperfusion system containing a glass capillary, the inner surface of which is coated with a phospholipid bilayer containing tissue factor, was used to explore the requirement for factors VIIa and Xa in the complex formed with the lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI). Various combinations of factors VIIa, Xa, and LACI were perfused together or sequentially at a wall shear rate of 300 sec-1; a final perfusion of factors X and VIIa was performed to evaluate the residual tissue factor activity. Factor Xa concentration at the outlet of the tube was determined using a chromogenic substrate. In the presence of factors VIIa, Xa, and LACI, complete inhibition of tissue factor was observed on both phosphatidylcholine (neutral surfaces) and on phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine (acidic) surfaces; omission of factors Xa or LACI resulted in no inhibition. The absence of factor VIIa in the initial perfusion steps resulted in no inhibition on neutral surfaces whereas about 90% inhibition was observed on acidic surfaces. Initial perfusion with factor Xa, but not LACI, followed by the remaining protein components, resulted in an inhibitory complex. Thus, it appears that a tissue factor:factor Xa:LACI complex can form in the absence of factor VIIa on acidic surfaces; moreover, our data imply a tissue factor binding site for factor Xa, but not for LACI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Gemmell
- Department of Medicine, Mt Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029
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39
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Tersenov OA, Mikhaleva IV, Usol'tseva VA, Byshevskiĭ AS. [Coagulative activity of the amniotic fluid]. Akush Ginekol (Mosk) 1989:43-6. [PMID: 2712221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An ultracentrifugation study has shown thromboplastin to be the only blood coagulating agent, present in the amniotic fluid (AF). Its AF level shows no correlation to the rate of intrapartum or early postpartum thrombohemorrhagic complications, which may rather be related to the AF volume penetrating into the bloodstream. AF thromboplastin has also been shown to have an antiheparin activity.
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40
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Abstract
The bleeding disorder of hemophilia A currently treated by replacement therapy of the missing coagulation factor, factor VIII, is frequently complicated by the development of neutralizing antibodies. The therapeutic potential of attenuated forms of the lipid-associated glycoprotein tissue factor, a known initiator of coagulation, was investigated as a factor VIII-by-passing activity. The protein moiety of tissue factor (Apo-TF) was partially purified and exhibited minimal procoagulant activity before relipidation in vitro. In pilot studies, Apo-TF injection into rabbits previously anticoagulated with an antibody to factor VIII was found to have a procoagulant effect. The efficacy of the material was further demonstrated when injection of Apo-TF in hemophilic dogs resulted in a normalization of the cuticle bleeding time. Little or no change in the blood parameters associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation was observed at lower doses, although mild to moderate effects were seen at higher doses. These data suggest a novel role for Apo-TF preparations as a potential therapeutic agent for hemophiliacs with antibodies to factor VIII once the potential thrombogenicity of such materials is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P O'Brien
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Petros
- Intensive Care Unit, University College Hospital, London
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42
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Zubairov DM, Popova LG, Evranova GB, Subkhankulova FB. [Distribution and inactivation of tissue thromboplastin in the body]. Gematol Transfuziol 1988; 33:39-41. [PMID: 3133280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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43
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Tersenov OA, Mikhaleva IV, Galenko OV, Platonov EV, Byshevskiĭ AS. [Circulation of exogenous thromboplastin in the blood flow; the role of heparin]. Gematol Transfuziol 1987; 32:32-5. [PMID: 3692124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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44
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van den Besselaar AM, Hermans J, van der Velde EA, Bussemaker-Verduyn den Boer E, van Halem-Visser LP, Jansen-Grüter R, Loeliger EA. The calibration of rabbit tissue thromboplastins: experience of the Dutch Reference Laboratory for anticoagulant control. J Biol Stand 1986; 14:305-17. [PMID: 3558415 DOI: 10.1016/0092-1157(86)90018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A number of commercial rabbit tissue thromboplastins used in oral anticoagulant control have been calibrated against the first International Reference Preparation for thromboplastins. This was done in a three-stage procedure by one laboratory, each stage representing a different level of thromboplastin comparability. The calibration model recently recommended by ICTH and ICSH was tested. This model proved to be suitable, although a statistically significant aberration was observed for some of the thromboplastins. The bias introduced by using the model in these non-ideal cases was small compared to the overall variation of the International Normalized Ratio, being the universal scale for reporting the prothrombin time during oral anticoagulant control. Batch-to-batch calibration using lyophilized pooled plasmas could be reliably performed for several commercial thromboplastins.
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45
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Pastorova VE. [Formation of thrombin and its inactivation by antithrombin III following repeated intravenous injections of tissue thromboplastin in animals]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1986; 101:527-9. [PMID: 3708129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A breach in the inactivation of thrombin activity by antithrombin III following numerous repeated intravenous injections of tissue thromboplastin to albino rats was established. Seven injections of tissue thromboplastin to animals (at 30-40 min-interval) caused functional exhaustion of anticoagulation system and increased thrombin blood circulation level.
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46
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Zubairov DM, Andrushko IA, Kuznetsov VI, Mukhutdinova FI. [Circulation of tissue thromboplastin in the blood]. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova 1984; 70:814-7. [PMID: 6479363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissue thromboplastin injected i.v. in the form of microsomal fraction of the aorta intima was rapidly eliminated from the blood flow but did not enter into the lymph in any considerable amount. The disintegration products of the microsomal fraction of the aorta intima are released into the blood flow mostly within 5 days as revealed by the 5'-nucleotidase activity.
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47
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Carlsen E, Hetland O, Janson TL. Intravenous injections of tissue thromboplastin and phospholipase C in sheep. Thromb Haemost 1982; 48:315-9. [PMID: 6819648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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48
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Byshevskiĭ AS, Sokolovskiĭ SR. [Protective effect of heparin and phosphatidylserine in exogenous thromboplastinemia]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1982; 94:23-5. [PMID: 7150759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It was shown in experiments on rats that heparin and phosphatidylserine-containing anticoagulant increase the animals' tolerance to thromboplastin administration to the blood flow. This is manifested by a considerable lowering of the death rate and restriction of fibrinogen consumption caused by thromboplastin. It was ascertained that the protective effects of heparin and phosphatidylserine are drastically potentiated during combined administration, apparently because of the influence of the anticoagulants on different stages of fibrin formation.
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49
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Liapina LA, Bazaz'ian GG. [Comparative study of the duration of action of heparin--thromboplastin complex in the bodies of animals maintained on natural and atherogenic diets]. Vopr Med Khim 1981; 27:115-20. [PMID: 7467198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Within 10 min after single intravenous administration of the heparin-thromboplastin complex into animals, kept on natural and atherogenic diets, the total fibrinolytic activity and the non-enzymatic fibrinolysis were increased in blood plasma, which maintained within 60 min after the complex administration. Within 90 min of the experiment the non-enzymatic fibrinolysis was decreased in blood plasma of both groups and the activity reached the initial level within 120 min after the treatment. The increase in the total and non-enzymatic fibrinolysis was distinctly higher in controls as compared with animals kept on atherogenic diet. Within 60 min after administration of the heparin-thromboplastin complex physiological solvents of the unstabilized fibrin were found in liver and lung tissues of control animals as well as in lung and heart tissues of animals kept on the atherogenic diet.
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50
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