501
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Van Etten ML, Houliston GJ, Mitchell CM, Heenan PB, Robertson AW, Tate JA. Sophora microphylla ( Fabaceae) microsatellite markers and their utility across the genus. Appl Plant Sci 2014; 2:apps1300081. [PMID: 25202609 PMCID: PMC4103103 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1300081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Genus-specific microsatellite markers were developed for Sophora for population genetic and systematic studies of the group in New Zealand, and potentially elsewhere in the geographic range. • METHODS AND RESULTS From sequencing a total genomic DNA library (using Roche 454), we identified and developed 29 polymorphic microsatellite markers for S. microphylla and S. chathamica. We tested 12 of these markers on 14 S. chathamica individuals and four S. microphylla populations. All loci amplified in both species and species-specific alleles occurred at seven loci. In S. microphylla populations, the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000-0.960 and 0.000-0.908, respectively, with alleles per locus ranging from seven to 23. • CONCLUSIONS The developed markers will be valuable in studies of phylogenetics, population structure, mating system, and selection of provenances for restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Van Etten
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Alastair W. Robertson
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer A. Tate
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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502
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Pan L, Li Y, Guo R, Wu H, Hu Z, Chen C. Development of 12 chloroplast microsatellite markers in Vigna unguiculata ( Fabaceae) and amplification in Phaseolus vulgaris. Appl Plant Sci 2014; 2:apps.1300075. [PMID: 25202608 PMCID: PMC4103102 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1300075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Vigna unguiculata is an economically important legume, and the complexity of its variability and evolution needs to be further understood. Based on publicly available databases, we developed chloroplast microsatellite primers to investigate genetic diversity within V. unguiculata and its related species Phaseolus vulgaris. • METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in 62 V. unguiculata individuals. The number of alleles per locus varied between two and four, the unbiased haploid diversity per locus ranged from 0.123 to 0.497, and the polymorphism information content varied from 0.114 to 0.369. In cross-species amplifications, nine of these markers showed polymorphism in 29 P. vulgaris individuals. • CONCLUSIONS The newly developed chloroplast microsatellite markers exhibit variation in V. unguiculata as well as their transferability in P. vulgaris. These markers can be used to investigate genetic diversity and evolution in V. unguiculata and P. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center of Legume Plants, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center of Legume Plants, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center of Legume Plants, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center of Legume Plants, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center of Legume Plants, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chanyou Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center of Legume Plants, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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503
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Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Leaf form and development are controlled genetically. The ARP genes encode MYB transcription factors that interact with Class 1 KNOX genes in a regulatory module that controls meristem-leaf determinations and is highly conserved in plants. ARP loss of function alleles and subsequent KNOX1 overexpression cause many unusual leaf phenotypes including loss or partial loss of the ability to produce a lamina and production of "knots" on leaf blades. CRISPA (CRI) is the ARP gene in pea, and a number of its mutant alleles are known. METHODS We made morphological and anatomical evaluations of cri-1 mutant plants while controlling for genetic background and for heteroblastic effects, and we used aldehyde fixation and resin preparations for anatomical analysis. Further, we compared gene expression in WT and cri-1 shoot tips and HOP1/PsKN1 and CRI expression in other leaf mutants. KEY RESULTS The cri-1 plants had more extensive abnormalities in the proximal than in the distal regions of the leaf, including ectopic stipules, narrow leaflets, and shortened petioles with excessive adaxial expansion. "Knots" were morphologically and anatomically variable but consisted of vascularized out-pocketing of the adaxial leaflet surface. HOP1/PsKN1 and UNI mRNA levels were higher in cri-1 shoot tips, and some auxin-regulated genes were lower. Low LE expression suggests that the GA level is high in cri-1 shoot tips. CONCLUSIONS The CRISPA gene of pea suppresses KNOX1 genes and UNI and functions to (1) maintain proximal-distal regions in their appropriate positions, (2) restrict excessive adaxial cell proliferation, and (3) promote laminar expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darleen A DeMason
- Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521 USA
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504
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Bhatia H, Manhas RK, Kumar K, Magotra R. Traditional knowledge on poisonous plants of Udhampur district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 152:207-216. [PMID: 24412380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poisonous plants comprise the third largest category of poisons known around the world. Other than affecting the humans directly, they are the major cause of economic losses in the livestock industry since the advent of civilisation. Aim of the present study was to collect and systematically document the traditional knowledge of poisonous plants of Udhampur District for the benefit of humanity before it is entombed forever. MATERIAL AND METHODS Direct interviews of the informants were conducted and the plants identified as poisonous by them were collected, identified and herbarium sheets were prepared. The data collected through interviews was analysed with two quantitative tools viz. the factor informant consensus and fidelity level. RESULTS A total of 90 toxic plants were listed from the study site. Most dominant toxic families were Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Apocynaceae and Euphorbiaceae. Most of the poisonous plants were herbs (57.1%) and the whole plant toxicity was reported to be the highest (32.4%) followed by leaves (23.1%). According to the factor informant consensus, gastrointestinal category had the greatest agreement closely followed by the death category. The most important species on the basis of fidelity level for gastrointestinal category were Cannabis sativa, Cassia occidentalis, Cuscuta reflexa, Euphorbia helioscopia and Euphorbia hirta, for death category were Anagalis arvensis, Embelia robusta and Prunus persica, for dermatological category Euphorbia royleana, Leucaena leucocephala, Parthenium hysterophorus and Urtica dioica, and for sexual illness category were Calotropis procera and Carica papaya. CONCLUSION Further phytochemical and pharmacological studies are required to ascertain the toxic components of the poisonous plants, so that they may be utilised for the betterment of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Bhatia
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, J&K, India
| | - R K Manhas
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Kathua 184104, J&K, India.
| | - Kewal Kumar
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College for Women, Udhampur 182101, J&K, India
| | - Rani Magotra
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, J&K, India
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505
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Ooi MKJ, Denham AJ, Santana VM, Auld TD. Temperature thresholds of physically dormant seeds and plant functional response to fire: variation among species and relative impact of climate change. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:656-71. [PMID: 25035805 PMCID: PMC4098144 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in dormancy thresholds among species is rarely studied but may provide a basis to better understand the mechanisms controlling population persistence. Incorporating dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds into existing trait frameworks could improve predictions regarding seed bank persistence, and subsequently species resilience in response to fire, climate change and anthropogenic management. A key ecological strategy for many species from fire-prone ecosystems is the possession of a long-lived seed bank, ensuring recovery after fire. Physical dormancy is dominant in these ecosystems and maintaining this dormancy is directly linked to seed bank persistence. We identified a suite of seed-related factors relevant to maintaining populations in fire-prone regions for 14 co-occurring physically dormant species. We measured variation in initial levels of dormancy and then applied experimental heating treatments, based on current seasonal temperatures and those occurring during fires, to seeds of all study species. Additionally, higher seasonal temperature treatments were applied to assess response of seeds to temperatures projected under future climate scenarios. Levels of germination response and mortality were determined to assess how tightly germination response was bound to either fire or seasonal cues. Six species were found to have dormancy cues bound to temperatures that only occur during fires (80°C and above) and were grouped as having obligate pyrogenic dormancy release. The remaining species, classified as having facultative pyrogenic dormancy, had lower temperature dormancy thresholds and committed at least 30% of seeds to germinate after summer-temperature treatments. Evidence from this study supports including dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds as an attribute for identifying functional types. High temperature thresholds for breaking dormancy, found in our obligate pyrogenic group, appear to be a fire-adapted trait, while we predict that species in the facultative group are most at risk to increased seed bank decay resulting from elevated soil temperatures under projected climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K J Ooi
- Institute for Conservation Biology & Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Andrew J Denham
- Institute for Conservation Biology & Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia ; Office of Environment & Heritage P.O. Box 1967, Hurstville, New South Wales, 2220, Australia
| | - Victor M Santana
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool Liverpool, L69 3GP, U.K ; Fundación de la Generalitat Valenciana Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), Parque Tecnológico Paterna. C/ Charles Darwin 14, E-46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tony D Auld
- Institute for Conservation Biology & Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia ; Office of Environment & Heritage P.O. Box 1967, Hurstville, New South Wales, 2220, Australia
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506
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Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is an important forage plant from the legume family with great importance in agronomy and livestock nourishment. Nevertheless, assembling its medium-sized genome presents a challenge, given current hardware and software possibilities. Next-generation sequencing technologies enable us to generate large amounts of sequence data at low cost. In this study, the genome assembly and red clover genome features are presented. METHODS First, assembly software was assessed using data sets from a closely related species to find the best possible combination of assembler plus error correction program to assemble the red clover genome. The newly sequenced genome was characterized by repetitive content, number of protein-coding and nonprotein-coding genes, and gene families and functions. Genome features were also compared with those of other sequenced plant species. KEY RESULTS Abyss with Echo correction was used for de novo assembly of the red clover genome. The presented assembly comprises ∼314.6 Mbp. In contrast to leguminous species with comparable genome sizes, the genome of T. pratense contains a larger repetitive portion and more abundant retrotransposons and DNA transposons. Overall, 47 398 protein-coding genes were annotated from 64 761 predicted genes. Comparative analysis revealed several gene families that are characteristic for T. pratense. Resistance genes, leghemoglobins, and nodule-specific cystein-rich peptides were identified and compared with other sequenced species. CONCLUSIONS The presented red clover genomic data constitute a resource for improvement through molecular breeding and for comparison to other sequenced plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Istvánek
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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507
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Méndez C, Baginsky C, Hedden P, Gong F, Carú M, Rojas MC. Gibberellin oxidase activities in Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids. Phytochemistry 2014; 98:101-9. [PMID: 24378220 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids isolated from root nodules of soybean (Glycine max.) plants converted the gibberellin (GA) precursor [(14)C1]GA12 into several products identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as [(14)C1]GA24, [(14)C1]GA9, [(14)C1]GA15, GA9 17-nor-16-one and unidentified products. The oxidation of GA12, catalyzed by the GA 20-oxidase, was present in symbiotic bacteroids from plants around flowering, but not in bacteroids from plants at either an early vegetative stage or at late growth stages. Expression of cps and ks genes, involved in ent-kaurene biosynthesis, was also demonstrated in bacteroids from soybean plants around flowering. Earlier precursors of the GA pathway, ent-[(14)C1]kaurenoic acid or [(14)C4]GA12-aldehyde, were efficiently utilized by B. japonicum bacteroids to give labelled GA9 plus intermediates partially oxidized at C-20, as well as GA9 17-nor-16-one and an unidentified product. No 3β or 13-hydroxylated [(14)C]GAs were detected in any of the incubations. Moreover the C19-GAs [(14)C1]GA4 or [(14)C1]GA20 were recovered unconverted upon incubation with the bacteroids which supports the absence of GA 3β-hydroxylase activity in B. japonicum. The bacterial 20-oxidase utilized the 13-hydroxylated substrates [(14)C1]GA53, [(14)C1]GA44 or [(14)C1]GA19, although with less efficiency than [(14)C1]GA12 to give [(14)C1]GA20 as final product, while the 3β-hydroxylated substrate [(14)C1]GA14 was converted to [(14)C1]GA4 to a very small extent. Endogenous GA9 and GA24 were identified by GC-MS in methanolic nodule extracts. These results suggest that B. japonicum bacteroids would synthesize GA9 under the symbiotic conditions present in soybean root nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Méndez
- Laboratorio de Bioorgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Cecilia Baginsky
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 1004, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Peter Hedden
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Fan Gong
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Margarita Carú
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - María Cecilia Rojas
- Laboratorio de Bioorgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
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508
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Allam RM, Selim DA, Ghoneim AI, Radwan MM, Nofal SM, Khalifa AE, Sharaf OA, Toaima SM, Asaad AM, El-Sebakhy NA. Hepatoprotective effects of Astragalus kahiricus root extract against ethanol-induced liver apoptosis in rats. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 11:354-61. [PMID: 23845543 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective activity of the ethanol extract of Astragalus kahiricus (Fabaceae) roots against ethanol-induced liver apoptosis was evaluated and it showed very promising hepatoprotective actions through different mechanisms. The extract counteracted the ethanol-induced liver enzymes leakage and glutathione depletion. In addition, it demonstrated anti-apoptotic effects against caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation that were confirmed by liver histopathological examination. Moreover, the phytochemical study of this extract led to the isolation of four cycloartane-type triterpenes identified as astrasieversianin II (1), astramembrannin II (2), astrasieversianin XIV (3), and cycloastragenol (4). The structures of these isolates were established by HRESI-MS and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The antimicrobial, antimalarial, and cytotoxic activities of the isolates were further evaluated, but none of them showed any activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Allam
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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509
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Tek AL, Kashihara K, Murata M, Nagaki K. Identification of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant in Lotus japonicus. Gene 2014; 538:8-11. [PMID: 24462968 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The centromere is a structurally and functionally specialized region present on every eukaryotic chromosome. Lotus japonicus is a model legume species for which there is very limited information on the centromere structure. Here we cloned and characterized the L. japonicus homolog of the centromere-specific histone H3 gene (LjCenH3) encoding a 159-amino acid protein. Using an Agrobacterium-based transformation system, LjCenH3 tagged with a green fluorescent protein was transferred into L. japonicus cells. The centromeric position of LjCENH3 protein was revealed on L. japonicus metaphase chromosomes by an immunofluorescence assay. The identification of LjCenH3 as a critical centromere landmark could pave the way for a better understanding of centromere structure in this model and other agriculturally important legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet L Tek
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Kazunari Kashihara
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Minoru Murata
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nagaki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan.
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510
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Damascena NP, Souza MTS, Almeida AF, Cunha RS, Damascena NP, Curvello RL, Lima ACB, Almeida ECV, Santos CCS, Dias AS, Paixão MS, Souza LMA, Quintans Júnior LJ, Estevam CS, Araujo BS. Antioxidant and orofacial anti-nociceptive activities of the stem bark aqueous extract of Anadenanthera colubrina (Velloso) Brenan ( Fabaceae). Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:753-6. [PMID: 24438027 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.877902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The anti-nociceptive and antioxidant activities of the Anadenantheracolubrina stem bark aqueous extract (AEAC) were investigated. AEAC (30 μg/mL) reduced 94.8% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and prevented 64% (200 μg/mL) of lipid peroxidation caused by 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride-induced peroxyl radicals. AEAC treatment (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced mice orofacial nociception in the first (61.4% and 62.6%, respectively) and second (48.9% and 61.9%, respectively) phases of the formalin test. Nociception caused by glutamate was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced by up to 79% at 400 mg/kg, while 56-60% of the nociceptive behaviour induced by capsaicin was significantly inhibited by AEAC (100-400 mg/kg). Mice treated with AEAC did not show changes in motor performance in the Rota-rod apparatus. It appears that AEAC is of pharmacological importance in treating pain due to its anti-nociceptive effects, which were shown to be mediated by central and peripheral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Damascena
- a Department of Physiology , Federal University of Sergipe , São Cristovão , SE , Brazil
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511
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Caringella MA, Bergman BA, Stanfield RC, Ewers MM, Bobich EG, Ewers FW. Effects of phyllotaxy on biomechanical properties of stems of Cercis occidentalis ( Fabaceae). Am J Bot 2014; 101:206-210. [PMID: 24375827 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Phyllotaxy, the arrangement of leaves on a stem, may impact the mechanical properties of woody stems several years after the leaves have been shed. We explored mechanical properties of a plant with alternate distichous phyllotaxy, with a row of leaves produced on each side of the stem, to determine whether the nodes behave as spring-like joints. METHODS Flexural stiffness of 1 cm diameter woody stems was measured in four directions with an Instron mechanical testing system; the xylem of the stems was then cut into node (former leaf junction) and nonnode segments for measurement of xylem density. KEY RESULTS Stems had 20% greater flexural stiffness in the plane perpendicular to the original leaf placement than in the parallel plane. The xylem in the node region was more flexible, but it had significantly greater tissue density than adjacent regions, contradicting the usual correlation between wood density and stiffness. CONCLUSIONS Nodes can behave as spring-like joints in woody plants. For plagiotropic shoots, distichous phyllotaxy results in stems that resist up-and-down bending more than lateral back-and-forth movement. Thus, they may more effectively absorb applied loads from fruits, animals, wind, rain, and snow and resist stresses due to gravity without cracking and breaking. Under windy conditions, nodes may improve damping by absorbing vibrational energy and thus reducing oscillation damage. The effect of plant nodes also has biomimetic design implications for architects and material engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Caringella
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 91768 USA
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512
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Mousavi SH, Motaez M, Zamiri-Akhlaghi A, Emami SA, Tayarani-Najaran Z. In-vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Apoptogenic Properties of Sophora Pachycarpa. Iran J Pharm Res 2014; 13:665-73. [PMID: 25237363 PMCID: PMC4157043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Sophora pachycarpa Schrenk ex C.A.Mey. belongs to the family Fabaceae. Some species of the genus Sophora have shown to possess anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities in cancer cells. However, there is no available information addressing this effect in S. pachycarpa. Here, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of methanol extract and different fractions obtained from S. pachycarpa root on different cancer cell lines including A549, HeLa, HL-60, MCF-7, and PC3 cell lines and leukocytes as non-malignant cells. Apoptotic cells were determined using PI staining of DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry (sub-G1 peak). S. pachycarpa inhibited the growth of malignant cells in a dose-dependent manner. CH2Cl2 and EtOAc fractions showed the lowest IC50 values ranging from 6 to 50 μg/mL in various cancer cell lines. HeLa cells as the most sensitive cells were chosen for further mechanistic studies. The sub-G1 peak in flow cytometry histogram of S. pachycarpa treated HeLa cells indicates apoptotic cell death in S. pachycarpa-induced toxicity. In conclusion, S. pachycarpa exerts cytotoxic effects in different cancer cell lines in which apoptosis plays an important role. Thus, S. pachycarpa could be considered as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Motaez
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amir Zamiri-Akhlaghi
- Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. ,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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513
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Srivastava VK, Tuteja N. Calcium powered phloem protein of SEO gene family "Forisome" functions in wound sealing and act as biomimetic smart materials. Plant Signal Behav 2014; 9:e29438. [PMID: 25763691 PMCID: PMC4205131 DOI: 10.4161/psb.29438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Forisomes protein belongs to SEO gene family and is unique to Fabaceae family. These proteins are located in sieve tubes of phloem and function to prevent loss of nutrient-rich photoassimilates, upon mechanical injury/wounding. Forisome protein is also known as ATP independent, mechanically active proteins. Despite the wealth of information role of forisome in plants are not yet fully understood. Recent reports suggest that forisomes protein can act as ideal model to study self assembly mechanism for development of nanotechnological devices like microfluidic system application in space exploration mission. Improvement in micro instrument is highly demanding and has been a key technology by NASA in future space exploration missions. Based on its physical parameters, forisome are found to be ideal biomimetic materials for micro fluidic system because the conformational shifts can be replicated in vitro and are fully reversible over large number of cycles. By the use of protein engineering forisome recombinant protein can be tailored. Due to its unique ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy forisome has received much attention. For nanotechnological application and handling biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, protein and cell as a whole microfluidic system will be the most powerful technology. The discovery of new biomimetic smart materials has been a key factor in development of space science and its requirements in such a challenging environment. The field of microfludic, particularly in terms of development of its components along with identification of new biomimetic smart materials, deserves more attention. More biophysical investigation is required to characterize it to make it more suitable under parameters of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi, India
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514
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Kesselring H, Hamann E, Stöcklin J, Armbruster GFJ. New microsatellite markers for Anthyllis vulneraria ( Fabaceae), analyzed with Spreadex gel electrophoresis. Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps1300054. [PMID: 25202507 PMCID: PMC4103120 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1300054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY New microsatellite primers were developed for the diploid herb Anthyllis vulneraria. These primers will be used in upcoming studies focusing on random genetic variation, local adaptation, and phenotypic plasticity in alpine plants. • METHODS AND RESULTS The new primers were adjusted to separate PCR amplicons (70 to 170 bp) on precast Spreadex gels using horizontal gel electrophoresis. No capillary sequencer was needed. Three to twelve alleles were found per locus depending on the population studied. • CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results showed that the three studied alpine populations are predominantly outcrossing, but include variable levels of self-fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Kesselring
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Population Biology of Plants, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Hamann
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Population Biology of Plants, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Stöcklin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Population Biology of Plants, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg F. J. Armbruster
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Population Biology of Plants, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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515
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Gómez-Hurtado MA, Álvarez-Esquivel FE, Rodríguez-García G, Martínez-Pacheco MM, Espinoza-Madrigal RM, Pamatz-Bolaños T, Salvador-Hernández JL, García-Gutiérrez HA, Cerda-García-Rojas CM, Joseph-Nathan P, del Río RE. Cassane diterpenes from Caesalpinia platyloba. Phytochemistry 2013; 96:397-403. [PMID: 24176528 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The dichloromethane extract from the leaves of Caesalpinia platyloba provided cassane diterpenes whose structures were determined as (-)-(5S,6R,8S,9S,10R,14R)-6-acetoxyvouacapane (1), (-)-(5S,6R,8S,9S,10R,12Z,14R)-6-acetoxycassa-12,15-diene (3), and (-)-(5S,6R,8S,9S,10R,13E)-6-acetoxycassa-13,15-diene (4). Compound 1 was chemically correlated with (-)-(5S,6R,8S,9S,10R,14R)-6-hydroxyvouacapane (2), (+)-(5S,8S,9S,10R,14R)-6-oxovouacapane (5), and (+)-(5S,6S,8S,9S,10R,14R)-6-acetoxyvouacapane (6), the last one previously isolated from Dipteryx lacunifera. The absolute configurations of all six diterpenes 1-6 were established by comparison of DFT calculated vibrational circular dicroism spectra of 1, 2 and 5 with those obtained experimentally. In addition, several reported chemical shifts for 2 and 5 were reassigned based on two-dimensional NMR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Gómez-Hurtado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico
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516
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Sabudak T, Demirkiran O, Ozturk M, Topcu G. Phenolic compounds from Trifolium echinatum Bieb. and investigation of their tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Phytochemistry 2013; 96:305-11. [PMID: 24070617 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Two bischromones, 3,3'-dimethoxy-2'-oxychromone (1), 3,3'-dihydroxy-2,2'-oxychromone (2) and a biflavone, 5,7,4',5″,3'",4″″-hexahydroxy-3″-O-β-glucosyl-3',7″-O-biflavone (3) have been isolated from whole plant of Trifolium echinatum Bieb. together with five known flavonoids. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis as well as HRESIMS. The isolated compounds were investigated for their antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Highly potent inhibition was found for compounds 1 (IC50=0.41 mM), 5 (IC50=0.47 mM) and 8 (IC50=0.45 mM) compared to those of standard tyrosinase inhibitors kojic acid (IC50=0.67 mM) and l-mimosine (IC50=0.64 mM). The antioxidative effect of the extracts was determined by using β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH scavenging, ABTS(+) scavenging, and CUPRAC assays. The experimental findings indicated that the compounds 2 and 8 were found to be active in radical scavenging and CUPRAC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temine Sabudak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey.
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517
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Cruz-Silva I, Neuhof C, Gozzo AJ, Nunes VA, Hirata IY, Sampaio MU, Figueiredo-Ribeiro RDC, Neuhof H, Araújo MDS. Using a Caesalpinia echinata Lam. protease inhibitor as a tool for studying the roles of neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3 in pulmonary edema. Phytochemistry 2013; 96:235-243. [PMID: 24140156 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by neutrophil infiltration and the release of proteases, mainly elastase (NE), cathepsin G (Cat G) and proteinase 3 (PR3), which can be controlled by specific endogenous inhibitors. However, inhibitors of these proteases have been isolated from different sources, including plants. For this study, CeEI, or Caesalpinia echinata elastase inhibitor, was purified from C. echinata (Brazil-wood) seeds after acetone fractionation, followed by ion exchange and reversed phase chromatographic steps. Characterization with SDS-PAGE, stability assays, amino acid sequencing and alignment with other protein sequences confirmed that CeEI is a member of the soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor family. Like other members of this family, CeEI is a 20 kDa monomeric protein; it is stable within a large pH and temperature range, with four cysteine residues forming two disulfide bridges, conserved amino acid residues and leucine-isoleucine residues in the reactive site. CeEI was able to inhibit NE and Cat G at a nanomolar range (with K(i)s of 1.9 and 3.6 nM, respectively) and inhibited PR3 within a micromolar range (K(i) 3.7 μM), leading to hydrolysis of specific synthetic substrates. In a lung edema model, CeEI reduced the lung weight and pulmonary artery pressure until 180 min after the injection of zymosan-activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In experiments performed in the presence of a Cat G and PR3, but not an NE inhibitor, lung edema was reduced only until 150 min and pulmonary artery pressure was similar to that of the control. These results confirm that NE action is crucial to edema establishment and progression. Additionally, CeEI appears to be a useful tool for studying the physiology of pulmonary edema and provides a template for molecular engineering and drug design for ALI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Cruz-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Owusu SA, Staton M, Jennings TN, Schlarbaum S, Coggeshall MV, Romero-Severson J, Carlson JE, Gailing O. Development of genomic microsatellites in Gleditsia triacanthos ( Fabaceae) using Illumina sequencing. Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps1300050. [PMID: 25202504 PMCID: PMC4103117 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Fourteen genomic microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos, using Illumina sequencing. Due to their high variability, these markers can be applied in analyses of genetic diversity and structure, and in mating system and gene flow studies. • METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-six individuals from across the species range were included in a genetic diversity analysis and yielded three to 20 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.214 to 0.944 and from 0.400 to 0.934, respectively, with minimal occurrence of null alleles. Regular segregation of maternal alleles was observed at seven loci and moderate segregation distortion at four of 11 loci that were heterozygous in the seed parent. • CONCLUSIONS Honey locust is an important agroforestry tree capable of very fast growth and tolerance of poor site conditions. This is the first report of genomic microsatellites for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A. Owusu
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931 USA
| | - Margaret Staton
- Clemson University Genomics Institute, Clemson, South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Tara N. Jennings
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Scott Schlarbaum
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4563 USA
| | - Mark V. Coggeshall
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Jeanne Romero-Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| | - John E. Carlson
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management and Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Oliver Gailing
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931 USA
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519
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Al Muqarrabun LMR, Ahmat N, Ruzaina SAS, Ismail NH, Sahidin I. Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre: a review. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 150:395-420. [PMID: 24016802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre is one of the many plants with diverse medicinal properties where all its parts have been used as traditional medicine in the treatment and prevention of several kinds of ailments in many countries such as for treatment of piles, skin diseases, and wounds. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review discusses the current knowledge of traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicity of this species in order to reveal its therapeutic and gaps requiring future research opportunities. MATERIAL AND METHODS This review is based on literature study on scientific journals and books from library and electronic sources such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, ACS, etc. RESULTS Several different classes of flavonoid derivatives, such as flavones, flavans, and chalcones, and several types of compounds including terpenes, steroid, and fatty acids have been isolated from all parts of this plant. The pharmacological studies revealed that various types of preparations, extracts, and single compounds of this species exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. CONCLUSION The results of several toxicity studies indicated that extracts and single compounds isolated from this species did not show any significant toxicity and did not cause abnormality on some rats' organs. Thus, this plant has a potential to be used as an effective therapeutic remedy due to its low toxicity towards mammalian cells. However, further study on chemical constituents and their mechanisms in exhibiting certain biological activities are needed to understand the full phytochemical profile and the complex pharmacological effects of this plant. In addition, further study on the toxicity of the other compounds isolated from this plant required to be assessed to ensure their eligibility to be used as sources of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M R Al Muqarrabun
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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520
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Yuenyongsawad S, Bunluepuech K, Wattanapiromsakul C, Tewtrakul S. Anti-cancer activity of compounds from Bauhinia strychnifolia stem. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 150:765-769. [PMID: 24120967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The stem and root of Bauhinia strychnifolia Craib (Fabaceae family) have been traditionally used in Thailand to treat fever, alcoholic toxication, allergy and cancer. An EtOH extract of Bauhinia strychnifolia showed good inhibitory activity against several cancer cell lines including HT-29, HeLa, MCF-7 and KB. As there has been no previous reports on chemical constituents of Bauhinia strychnifolia, this study is aimed to isolate the pure compounds with anti-cancer activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five pure compounds were isolated from EtOH extract of Bauhinia strychnifolia stem using silica gel, dianion HP-20 and sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and were tested for their cytotoxic effects against HT-29, HeLa, MCF-7 and KB cell lines using the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. RESULTS Among five compounds, 3,5,7,3',5'-pentahydroxyflavanonol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (2) possessed very potent activity against KB (IC₅₀=0.00054μg/mL), HT-29 (IC₅₀=0.00217 μg/mL), MCF-7 (IC₅₀=0.0585 μg/mL) and HeLa cells (IC₅₀=0.0692 μg/mL). 3,5,7-Trihydroxychromone-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (3) also showed good activity against HT-29 (IC₅₀=0.02366 μg/mL), KB (IC₅₀=0.0412 μg/mL) and MCF-7 (IC₅₀=0.297 μg/mL), respectively. The activity of 2 (IC₅₀=0.00054 μg/mL) against KB cell was ten times higher than that of the positive control, Camptothecin (anti-cancer drug, IC₅₀=0.0057 μg/mL). All compounds did not show any cytotoxicity with normal cells at the concentration of 1 μg/mL. CONCLUSION This is the first report of compounds 2 and 3 on anti-cancer activity and based on the anti-cancer activity of extracts and pure compounds isolated from Bauhinia strychnifolia stem, it might be suggested that this plant could be useful for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeya Yuenyongsawad
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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521
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López-Roberts MC, de Queiroz LP, van den Berg C. Development of microsatellite markers in Cratylia mollis and their transferability to C. argentea ( Fabaceae). Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps1300015. [PMID: 25202484 PMCID: PMC4103464 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY This work aimed to develop microsatellite markers for Cratylia mollis as tools to assess its genetic diversity and structure and to evaluate their potential cross-amplification in related species. • METHODS AND RESULTS Microsatellite markers were developed using a microsatellite-enriched library and an intersimple sequence repeat library. From a set of 19 markers, 12 microsatellite loci were polymorphic and presented considerable variation in allele number (2-11), expected heterozygosity (0.226-0.883), and polymorphism information content per locus (0.212-0.870). Cross-amplification in C. argentea was successful in 16 loci, 12 of which were polymorphic (2-10 alleles). • CONCLUSIONS The polymorphism of this set of microsatellite markers for C. mollis, as well as their successful cross-amplification in C. intermedia and C. bahiensis and their transferability to C. argentea, supports their use in future comparative studies to understand the mechanism involved in population divergence and speciation in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cristina López-Roberts
- Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina s.n., 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz
- Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina s.n., 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cássio van den Berg
- Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina s.n., 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
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522
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Almeida NM, Castro CC, Leite AV, Novo RR, Machado IC. Floral polymorphism in Chamaecrista flexuosa ( Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae): a possible case of atypical enantiostyly? Ann Bot 2013; 112:1117-1123. [PMID: 24026440 PMCID: PMC3783247 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reciprocal herkogamy, including enantiostyly and heterostyly, involves reciprocity in the relative positions of the sexual elements within the flower. Such systems result in morphologically and, since pollen is deposited on and captured from different parts of the pollinator, functionally distinct floral forms. Deviations from the basic pattern may modify the functionality of these mechanisms. For heterostylous species, such deviations are generally related to environmental disturbances, pollination services and/or reduced numbers of one floral morph. Deviations for enantiostylous species have not yet been reported. This study aims to investigate enantiostyly in Chamaecrista flexuosa, in particular the presence of deviations from the standard form, in an area of coastal vegetation in north-east Brazil. METHODS Observations and investigations of floral biology, the reproductive system, pollinator behaviour, floral morphology and morphometry were performed. KEY RESULTS In C. flexuosa flowers, anthers of different size but similar function are grouped. The flowers were self-compatible and set fruits after every treatment, except in the spontaneous self-pollination experiment, thereby indicating their dependence on pollen vectors. The flowers were pollinated by bees, especially Xylocopa cearensis and X. grisencens. Pollen is deposited and captured from the ventral portion of the pollinator's body. Variations in the spatial arrangement of floral elements allowed for the identification of floral morphs based on both morphological and functional criteria. Using morphological criteria, morphologically right (MR) and morphologically left (ML) floral morphs were identified. Three floral morphs were identified using functional criteria: functionally right (FR), functionally central (FC) and functionally left (FL). Combinations of morphologically and functionally defined morphs did not occur in equal proportions. There was a reduced frequency of the MR-FR combination. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the occurrence of an atypical enantiostyly in C. flexuosa. This seems to improve reproductive success by increasing the efficiency of pollen deposition and capture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Virgínia Leite
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, 51280-400, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | | | - Isabel Cristina Machado
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, 50670-901, Recife-PE, Brazil
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523
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Srivastava VK, Tuteja R, Tuteja N. Calcium-energized motor protein forisome controls damage in phloem: potential applications as biomimetic "smart" material. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:173-83. [PMID: 24020505 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.823598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Forisomes are ATP independent, mechanically active proteins from the Fabaceae family (also called Leguminosae). These proteins are located in sieve tubes of phloem and function to prevent loss of nutrient-rich photoassimilates, upon mechanical injury/wounding. Forisomes are SEO (sieve element occlusion) gene family proteins that have recently been shown to be involved in wound sealing mechanism. Recent findings suggest that forisomes could act as an ideal model to study self assembly mechanism for the development of nanotechnological devices like microinstruments, the microfluidic system frequently used in space exploration missions. Technology enabling improvement in micro instruments has been identified as a key technology by NASA in future space exploration missions. Forisomes are designated as biomimetic smart materials which are calcium-energized motor proteins. Since forisomes are biomolecules from plant systems it can be doctored through genetic engineering. In contrast, "smart" materials which are not derived from plants are difficult to modify in their properties. Current levels of understanding about forisomes conformational shifts with respect to calcium ions and pH changes requires supplement of future advances with relation to its 3D structure to understand self assembly processes. In plant systems it forms blood clots in the form of occlusions to prevent nutrient fluid leakage and thus proves to be a unique damage control system of phloem tissue.
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524
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Boutaghane N, Voutquenne-Nazabadioko L, Harakat D, Simon A, Kabouche Z. Triterpene saponins of Genista ulicina Spach. Phytochemistry 2013; 93:176-181. [PMID: 23642458 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
From the n-BuOH extract of the aerial parts of Genista ulicina, six triterpene saponins, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-olean-12-ene-3β,27,28,30-tetraol, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-olean-12-ene-3β,27,28,29-tetraol, 3,29-di-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-olean-12-ene-3β,27,28,29-tetraol, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-olean-12-ene-3β,28,29-triol-27-oic acid, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-olean-12-ene-3β,27,28-triol-29-oic acid, and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-14-H-27-nor-olean-12-ene-3β,28,29-triol, were isolated together with eight known triterpene saponins and six flavonoids. Their structures were established mainly by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D-NMR as well as HR-ESI-MS). The n-BuOH extract, investigated for its antitumor growth inhibition of human colon cancer HT-29 cells, presented no significant activity (IC50>100 μg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Boutaghane
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, UFR de Pharmacie, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France
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525
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Choudhury MK, Shiferaw Y, Hussen A. Toxicity of Millettia ferruginea darasana (family: Fabaceae) against the larvae and adult ticks of Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius a three-host tick in cattle. J Parasit Dis 2015; 39:298-302. [PMID: 26064022 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro toxicity of Millettia ferruginea darasana (family: Fabaceae) was tested against the larvae adult male and female of a three-host tick, Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius (family: Ixodidae or hard tick), known as 'tropical bont tick' parasitic mainly to cattle found in Ethiopia and other equatorial Africa. The 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % concentrations of the seed oil extracted with petroleum ether were found to kill all (100 % mortality) larvae after 12, 9, 6, 3 and 1.5 h respectively. The results summarized in the Table 1 was found to be statistically significant at the probability level of p = 0.05. The 100 % concentration of the oil caused 100 % mortality of adult male, adult female and fully engorged female tick after 5, 7 and 12 h respectively. The root and root bark showed less toxicity. The leaves did not show any toxicity. [Table: see text].
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526
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Cerqueira G, Rocha N, Almeida J, de Freitas A, Lima E, Filho J, de Freitas R, Diniz MM. Antimicrobial activity of the extract of stem bark of diplotropis ferruginea benth. J Young Pharm 2013; 3:284-6. [PMID: 22224034 PMCID: PMC3249740 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1483.90237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report about the antibacterial activity of Diplotropis ferruginea Benth. In this study, the ethanol extract of D. ferruginea was tested for its antimicrobial activity against strains gram-positive and gram-negative. In order to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration, assays were carried out by micro dilution method. The extract was screened for antimicrobial activity, and it showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gs Cerqueira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
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527
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Delêtre M, Soengas B, Utge J, Lambourdière J, Sørensen M. Microsatellite markers for the yam bean Pachyrhizus ( Fabaceae). Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps1200551. [PMID: 25202568 PMCID: PMC4103131 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1200551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite loci were developed for the understudied root crop yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) to investigate intraspecific diversity and interspecific relationships within the genus Pachyrhizus. • METHODS AND RESULTS Seventeen nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with perfect di- and trinucleotide repeats were developed from 454 pyrosequencing of SSR-enriched genomic libraries. Loci were characterized in P. ahipa and wild and cultivated populations of four closely related species. All loci successfully cross-amplified and showed high levels of polymorphism, with number of alleles ranging from three to 12 and expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.095 to 0.831 across the genus. • CONCLUSIONS By enabling rapid assessment of genetic diversity in three native neotropical crops, P. ahipa, P. erosus, and P. tuberosus, and two wild relatives, P. ferrugineus and P. panamensis, these markers will allow exploration of the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of the genus Pachyrhizus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Delêtre
- UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Hommes Natures Sociétés, CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Beatriz Soengas
- UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Hommes Natures Sociétés, CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France
| | - José Utge
- SSM-UMS 2700 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, CP 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France
| | - Josie Lambourdière
- SSM-UMS 2700 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, CP 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France
| | - Marten Sørensen
- Plant Systematic Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 21, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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528
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Jain N, Dikshit HK, Singh D, Singh A, Kumar H. Discovery of EST-derived microsatellite primers in the legume Lens culinaris ( Fabaceae). Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps1200539. [PMID: 25202567 PMCID: PMC4103130 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1200539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY We developed microsatellite markers in the legume Lens culinaris from publicly available databases to enrich the limited marker resource available for the crop. • METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty-two primer sets were identified using expressed sequence sets of L. culinaris available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and were characterized in six species of Lens. Among them, 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers produced no amplification product, 43 produced monomorphic products, and 19 were polymorphic. The primers amplified mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexanucleotide repeats with one to four alleles. These SSR loci successfully amplified in five related wild species, with a total of 61 primer pairs in L. nigricans and L. odemensis (98.39%), 59 in L. tomentosus (95.1%), and 60 in L. ervoides and L. orientalis (96.7%), respectively. • CONCLUSIONS The microsatellite markers discovered in this study will be useful in genetic mapping, marker-assisted breeding, and characterization of germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Jain
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - H. K. Dikshit
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - D. Singh
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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529
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Marazzi B, Conti E, Sanderson MJ, McMahon MM, Bronstein JL. Diversity and evolution of a trait mediating ant-plant interactions: insights from extrafloral nectaries in Senna (Leguminosae). Ann Bot 2013; 111:1263-75. [PMID: 23104672 PMCID: PMC3662506 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants display a wide range of traits that allow them to use animals for vital tasks. To attract and reward aggressive ants that protect developing leaves and flowers from consumers, many plants bear extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). EFNs are exceptionally diverse in morphology and locations on a plant. In this study the evolution of EFN diversity is explored by focusing on the legume genus Senna, in which EFNs underwent remarkable morphological diversification and occur in over 80 % of the approx. 350 species. METHODS EFN diversity in location, morphology and plant ontogeny was characterized in wild and cultivated plants, using scanning electron microscopy and microtome sectioning. From these data EFN evolution was reconstructed in a phylogenetic framework comprising 83 Senna species. KEY RESULTS Two distinct kinds of EFNs exist in two unrelated clades within Senna. 'Individualized' EFNs (iEFNs), located on the compound leaves and sometimes at the base of pedicels, display a conspicuous, gland-like nectary structure, are highly diverse in shape and characterize the species-rich EFN clade. Previously overlooked 'non-individualized' EFNs (non-iEFNs) embedded within stipules, bracts, and sepals are cryptic and may represent a new synapomorphy for clade II. Leaves bear EFNs consistently throughout plant ontogeny. In one species, however, early seedlings develop iEFNs between the first pair of leaflets, but later leaves produce them at the leaf base. This ontogenetic shift reflects our inferred diversification history of iEFN location: ancestral leaves bore EFNs between the first pair of leaflets, while leaves derived from them bore EFNs either between multiple pairs of leaflets or at the leaf base. CONCLUSIONS EFNs are more diverse than previously thought. EFN-bearing plant parts provide different opportunities for EFN presentation (i.e. location) and individualization (i.e. morphology), with implications for EFN morphological evolution, EFN-ant protective mutualisms and the evolutionary role of EFNs in plant diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Marazzi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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530
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Bessega CF, Pometti CL, Miller JT, Watts R, Saidman BO, Vilardi JC. New microsatellite loci for Prosopis alba and P. chilensis ( Fabaceae). Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps1200324. [PMID: 25202541 PMCID: PMC4105034 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1200324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY As only six useful microsatellite loci that exhibit broad cross-amplification are so far available for Prosopis species, it is necessary to develop a larger number of codominant markers for population genetic studies. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers obtained for Prosopis species from a 454 pyrosequencing run were optimized and characterized for studies in P. alba and P. chilensis. • METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve markers that were successfully amplified showed polymorphism in P. alba and P. chilensis. The number of alleles per locus ranged between two and seven and heterozygosity estimates ranged from 0.2 to 0.8. Most of these loci cross-amplify in P. ruscifolia, P. flexuosa, P. kuntzei, P. glandulosa, and P. pallida. • CONCLUSIONS These loci will enable genetic diversity studies of P. alba and P. chilensis and contribute to fine-scale population structure, indirect estimation of relatedness among individuals, and marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia F. Bessega
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina L. Pometti
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joe T. Miller
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Richard Watts
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Beatriz O. Saidman
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan C. Vilardi
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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531
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Yamashiro A, Yamashiro T, Tateishi Y. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for Canavalia cathartica and C. lineata ( Fabaceae). Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps1200111. [PMID: 25202474 PMCID: PMC4105347 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite markers were developed for the sea-dispersed legume Canavalia cathartica to investigate its genetic diversity and population structure. We also applied these microsatellite markers to the closely related species C. lineata. • METHODS AND RESULTS Ten primer sets were developed for C. cathartica, and all of the primers were amplified in C. lineata. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 13 and one to 10 for C. cathartica and C. lineata, respectively. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.375 to 0.870 and from 0.071 to 0.877 for C. cathartica and C. lineata, respectively. • CONCLUSIONS The 10 microsatellite markers developed in this study can be used to analyze the population genetic structure of C. cathartica and other related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minami-josanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamashiro
- Environmental Symbiosis Studies, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-1 Minami-josanjima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tateishi
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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532
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Zhuang X, McPhee KE, Coram TE, Peever TL, Chilvers MI. Development and characterization of 37 novel EST-SSR markers in Pisum sativum ( Fabaceae). Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps.1200249. [PMID: 25202482 PMCID: PMC4105355 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Simple sequence repeat markers were developed based on expressed sequence tags (EST-SSR) and screened for polymorphism among 23 Pisum sativum individuals to assist development and refinement of pea linkage maps. In particular, the SSR markers were developed to assist in mapping of white mold disease resistance quantitative trait loci. • METHODS AND RESULTS Primer pairs were designed for 46 SSRs identified in EST contiguous sequences assembled from a 454 pyrosequenced transcriptome of the pea cultivar, 'LIFTER'. Thirty-seven SSR markers amplified PCR products, of which 11 (30%) SSR markers produced polymorphism in 23 individuals, including parents of recombinant inbred lines, with two to four alleles. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.43 and from 0.31 to 0.83, respectively. • CONCLUSIONS These EST-SSR markers for pea will be useful for refinement of pea linkage maps, and will likely be useful for comparative mapping of pea and as tools for marker-based pea breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhuang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 107 CIPS, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Kevin E. McPhee
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, 370G Loftsgard Hall, Fargo, North Dakota 58108 USA
| | - Tristan E. Coram
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 USA
| | - Tobin L. Peever
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 USA
| | - Martin I. Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 107 CIPS, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
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533
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Stirton CH, Muasya AM, Vlok J. Psoralea karooensis (Psoraleeae, Fabaceae): a new species from the Klein Karoo region of South Africa. PhytoKeys 2012; 17:19-23. [PMID: 23233814 PMCID: PMC3519350 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.17.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new species of Psoralea is described. Psoralea karooensis C.H. Stirt., Muasya & Vlok is endemic to mountain streams in the Klein Karoo region of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The new species is characterised by its flexuose habit of many stiff bare stems with the seasonal shoots arising apically in clusters and its greenish cream flowers borne at the apex of 10-12 mm long peduncles each ending in a trifid cupulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Stirton
- Bolus Herbarium, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
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534
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Soares-Cavalcanti NM, Belarmino LC, Kido EA, Pandolfi V, Marcelino-Guimarães FC, Rodrigues FA, Pereira GAG, Benko-Iseppon AM. Overall picture of expressed Heat Shock Factors in Glycine max, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:247-59. [PMID: 22802710 PMCID: PMC3392877 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock (HS) leads to the activation of molecular mechanisms, known as HS-response, that prevent damage and enhance survival under stress. Plants have a flexible and specialized network of Heat Shock Factors (HSFs), which are transcription factors that induce the expression of heat shock proteins. The present work aimed to identify and characterize the Glycine max HSF repertory in the Soybean Genome Project (GENOSOJA platform), comparing them with other legumes (Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus) in view of current knowledge of Arabidopsis thaliana. The HSF characterization in leguminous plants led to the identification of 25, 19 and 21 candidate ESTs in soybean, Lotus and Medicago, respectively. A search in the SuperSAGE libraries revealed 68 tags distributed in seven HSF gene types. From the total number of obtained tags, more than 70% were related to root tissues (water deficit stress libraries vs. controls), indicating their role in abiotic stress responses, since the root is the first tissue to sense and respond to abiotic stress. Moreover, as heat stress is related to the pressure of dryness, a higher HSF expression was expected at the water deficit libraries. On the other hand, expressive HSF candidates were obtained from the library inoculated with Asian Soybean Rust, inferring crosstalk among genes associated with abiotic and biotic stresses. Evolutionary relationships among sequences were consistent with different HSF classes and subclasses. Expression profiling indicated that regulation of specific genes is associated with the stage of plant development and also with stimuli from other abiotic stresses pointing to the maintenance of HSF expression at a basal level in soybean, favoring its activation under heat-stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Soares-Cavalcanti
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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535
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Abstract
5,5′-Dihydroxy-2′,4′-dimethoxy-7-[(6-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-oxy]isoflavone (1) was isolated as the major constituent of Dalbergia vacciniifolia root bark ethanol extract together with the four known compounds 5,7-dihydroxy-2′,4′,5′-trimethoxyisoflavone (3), 5,7-dihydroxy-2′,4′-dimethoxy-isoflavone (4), 5-hydroxy-2′,4′,7-trimethoxyisoflavone (5) and 7-hydroxy-2′,4′,5′-trimethoxyisoflavone (6). Identification of compounds was achieved through extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and MS spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Innocent
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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536
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Khodaparast A, Sayyah M, Sardari S. Anticonvulsant Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract and Aqueous Fraction of Ebenus stellata in Mice. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2012; 15:811-9. [PMID: 23493240 PMCID: PMC3586894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fabaceae is the third largest family of flowering plants. Lack of essential oils in the plants of this family can be considered as an advantage and can favor them in search for safe and antiepileptic medicines. The effects of Fabacea family plants including Ebenus stellata (E. stellata), Sophora alopecuroides and Caesalpinia gilliiesii were evaluated in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) seizure tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained by percolation of 100 g aerial parts of each plant in 900 ml ethanol 80%. Acute toxicity of the extracts was assessed. Non-toxic doses of the extracts were injected to the mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) and occurrence of clonic seizures induced by PTZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) or tonic seizures induced by MES (50 mA, 50 Hz, 1 sec), were monitored up to 30 min after each administration. The anticonvulsant extract was then fractionated by dichloromethane and water. Phytochemical screening of the effective extract was also carried out by thin layer chromatography to verify active constituents. RESULTS Among the extracts used, only E. stellata had no toxicity and inhibited clonic seizures in a significant and dose-dependent (3-7 g/kg) manner with ED50 of 4 g/kg. Fractionation of the extract resulted in dose-dependent (1-5 g/kg) anticonvulsant activity, which was observed in aqueous fraction with ED50 of 1.74 g/kg. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of terpens/sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin and saponins in the extract. CONCLUSION The presence of anticonvulsant compounds in E. stellata suggests further activity-guided fractionation and analytical studies to find the potential of this plant as a source of anticonvulsant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayeh Khodaparast
- Department. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Biotechnology, Research & Science Campus, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author; Tel/Fax: +98-21-66968854;
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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537
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Silva F, Silva M, Cerqueira G, Sabino E, Almeida A, Costa J, Freitas R. Central Nervous System Effects of Iso-6-spectaline Isolated from Senna Spectabilis var. Excelsa (Schrad) in Mice. J Young Pharm 2011; 3:232-6. [PMID: 21897664 PMCID: PMC3159278 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1483.83772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) depressant and anticonvulsant activities of iso-6-spectaline (SPEC) were investigated in animal models. The SPEC from Senna spectabilis var. excelsa (Schrad) (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ kg) injected by oral route (p.o.) in mice caused a significant decrease in the motor activity up to 30 days after the administration and in the dose of 1.0 mg/kg significantly reduced the remaining time on the Rota-rod apparatus. Additionally, SPEC (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, p.o.) was also capable of promoting increase of latency for development of convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole. This SPEC was also capable of promoting an increase of latency for development of convulsions induced by picrotoxin at highest dose. In the same way, the anticonvulsant effect of SPEC was affected by pretreatment with flumazenil, a selective antagonist of the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor. These results suggest possible CNS depressant and anticonvulsant activities in mice that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fo Silva
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry of Federal University of Piauí, CEP 64.049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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538
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Stirton CH, Clark VR, Barker NP, Muasya AM. Psoralea margaretiflora (Psoraleeae, Fabaceae): A new species from the Sneeuberg Centre of Floristic Endemism, Eastern Cape, South Africa. PhytoKeys 2011; 5:31-38. [PMID: 22171191 PMCID: PMC3174448 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.5.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new species of Psoralea is described. Psoralea margaretiflora C.H. Stirton & V.R. Clark is endemic to the Sneeuberg Centre of Floristic Endemism, Eastern Cape, South Africa. This resprouter is characterised by its small greenish-white flowers with a small trifid purple nectar patch and translucent veins; 5(-7)-pinnate leaflets; multi-branching erect short seasonal flowering shoots; and tall habit of many stiff bare stems with the seasonal shoots massed at the apex. It is most similar to Psoralea oligophylla Eckl. & Zeyh., a widespread species found in the Eastern Cape. The reseeder Psoralea oligophylla differs in its lax virgate spreading habit with numerous long glaucous seasonal shoots; single stem, 1(-3)- glaucous leaflets; more numerous white flowers; and standard petals with a purple ring surrounding a bright yellow nectar patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Stirton
- Bolus Herbarium, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
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539
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Martin E, Akan H, Ekici M, Aytac Z. Karyotype analyses of ten sections of Trigonella ( Fabaceae). Comp Cytogenet 2011; 5:105-121. [PMID: 24260623 PMCID: PMC3833733 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v5i2.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Karyotypes of ten sections of genus Trigonella Linnaeus, 1753 (Fabaceae) from Turkey were investigated. Somatic chromosome numbers of examined species were determined as 2n=14 and 16. The karyotype analyses of the species were carried out and somatic chromosome numbers of Trigonella plicata Boiss., 1872, Trigonella brachycarpa (Fisch.) Moris, 1833, Trigonella rostrata Boiss., 1872, Trigonella lunata Boiss., 1843, Trigonella isthmocarpa Boiss. et Balansa 1856, Trigonella rhytidocarpa Boiss. et Balansa, 1859, Trigonella spicata Sibth. et Sm., 1813, Trigonella cephalotes Boiss. et Balansa 1856, Trigonella capitata Boiss., 1843 and Trigonella gladiata Steven, 1808 were reported for the first time. Two pairs of satellite metaphase chromosomes were observed in Trigonella cariensis Boiss., 1843 and one pair in Trigonella lunata.Moreover, 2 B-chromosomes were found only in Trigonella procumbens Rchb., 1830 among all studied species. The aims of this study are to provide karyological data for a significant pool of the taxa, to show differences among them in the number, size and morphology of somatic chromosomes, to verify previous reports or represent numbers which are different from those cited previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Martin
- Selçuk University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, Konya, Turkey
| | - H. Akan
- Harran University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - M. Ekici
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Z. Aytac
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey
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540
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Arabi Z, Sardari S. An Investigation into the Antifungal Property of Fabaceae using Bioinformatics Tools. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2010; 2:93-100. [PMID: 23407751 PMCID: PMC3558151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemodiversity in plants provides sources of great value which might be helpful for finding new leads in drug discovery programs. Fabaceae as the third largest family of flowering plants was chosen to investigate its possible antifungal activity. In order to increase the effectiveness of the result, molecular similarity methods and chemical data were used. Twelve plants were selected from Fabaceae and collected from the North and South of Iran. Percolation method with 80% ethanol was used for extraction of collected plants. Antifungal activities of these extracts were determined using broth microdilution method against Candida albicans (C. albicans) ATCC 10231, Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) AF 293 and Asperigillus niger (A. niger) ATCC 16404. Extracts with promising activity were screened for toxicity with larvae of Artemia salina (brine shrimp). Dalbergia sissoo, Lathyrus pratensis, Oreophysa microphyalla, Astragalus stepporum, Ebenus stellata, Sophora alopecuroides, Ammodendron persicum and Taverniera cuneifolia showed activity against at least one of the microorganisms used in this study. According to the results of our experiment, the extracts of these plants can be used for further investigation in therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Arabi
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Biological Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Alizadeh M, Daneghian S, Ghaffari A, Ostadrahimi A, Safaeiyan A, Estakhri R, Gargari BP. The effect of hypocaloric diet enriched in legumes with or without L-arginine and selenium on anthropometric measures in central obese women. J Res Med Sci 2010; 15:331-43. [PMID: 21526106 PMCID: PMC3082837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying new ways to decrease adiposity will be very valuable for health. The aim of this study was to find out whether L-Arginine (Arg) and selenium alone or together can increase the effect of hypocaloric diet enriched in legumes (HDEL) on anthropometric measures in healthy obese women. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken in 84 healthy premenopausal women with central obesity. After 2 weeks of run-in on an isocaloric diet, participants were randomly considered to eat HDEL, Arg (5 g/d) and HDEL, selenium (200 µg/d) and HDEL or Arg, selenium and HDEL for 6 weeks. The following variables were assessed before intervention and 3 and 6 weeks after it: weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), and fasting nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)) concentrations. Other variables (arm, thigh, calf and breast circumferences, subscapular, triceps, biceps and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, sum of skinfold thicknesses (SSF), body density (D) and estimated percent of body fat (EPF)) were assessed before and after intervention. RESULTS HDEL showed a significant effect in reduction of waist, hip, arm, thigh, calf and breast circumferences, triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, WHR, SSF, D and EPF. HDEL + Arg + selenium significantly reduced suprailiac skinfold thicknesses; and there was no significant effect of HDEL, Arg, selenium and Arg plus selenium on weight, BMI and fasting NO(x). CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that HDEL + Arg + selenium reduce suprailiac skinfold thicknesses which represents the abdominal obesity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sevana Daneghian
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aida Ghaffari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdolrasoul Safaeiyan
- Department of Vital Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rassul Estakhri
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahram Pourghasem Gargari
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,* Corresponding Author E-mail:
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542
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de Almeida AMSF, de A Santos MSN. Resistance and host-response of selected plants to Meloidogyne megadora. J Nematol 2002; 34:140-142. [PMID: 19265922 PMCID: PMC2620542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourteen plant species, including 30 genotypes, were assessed for host suitability to Meloidogyne megadora in a growth room at 20 to 28 degrees C. Host suitability was based on the gall index (GI) and the reproduction factor (Rf):final population density (Pf)/initial population density (Pi). The presence of distinct galling was observed on roots of six plant species, and reproduction occurred on five of the 14 species tested. Three cultivars of cantaloupe (cvs. Branco do Ribatejo, Concerto, and Galia), three of cucumber (cvs. LM 809, Half Long Palmetto, and Market More), six of banana (cvs. Maçá, Ouro Branco, Ouro Roxo, Prata, Páo, and Valery), and one of broad bean (cv. Algarve) were considered susceptible (Pf/Pi > 1). Resistant cultivars (Pf/Pi = 0) included beet (cv, Crosby), pepper (cv. LM 204), watermelon (cvs. Black Magic and Crimson Sweet), tomato (cvs. Moneymaker and Rossol), radish (cv. Cherry Belle), and corn (cv. Dunia); sunn hemp and black velvetbean genotypes were also resistant. All Brassica cultivars were galled, although no egg masses were observed (Pf/Pi = 0), and classified as resistant/hypersensitive.
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