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Wallner-Hahn S, de la Torre-Castro M. Early steps for successful management in small-scale fisheries: An analysis of fishers', managers' and scientists' opinions preceding implementation. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 134:186-196. [PMID: 28923579 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes fishers', managers' and scientists' opinions on management measures to facilitate the initiation of management processes towards more sustainable small-scale seagrass fisheries in Zanzibar, Tanzania. The results show that most fishers and managers agreed on the need to include seagrasses specifically in future management. There was further agreement on dragnets being the most destructive gears, and the use of dragnets being a major threat to local seagrass ecosystems. Gear restrictions excluding illegal dragnets were the favored management measure among fishers. Differences between fishers and managers were found concerning seaweed farming, eutrophication and erosion being potential threats to seagrass meadows. A majority of the interviewed fishers were willing to participate in monitoring and controls, and most fishers thought that they themselves and their communities would benefit the most from establishing seagrass management. Co-managed gear restrictions and the inclusion of different key actos in the management process including enforcement are promising starting points for management implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieglind Wallner-Hahn
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Sweden.
| | - Maricela de la Torre-Castro
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Sweden; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91, Sweden
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Miller V, Mirabal-Patterson A, Karr E, García-Rodríguez K, Whittle D. The SOS Pesca Project: A Multinational and Intersectoral Collaboration for Sustainable Fisheries, Marine Conservation and Improved Quality of Life in Coastal Communities. MEDICC Rev 2018; 20:65-70. [PMID: 34348438 DOI: 10.37757/mr2018.v20.n2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Healthy fisheries, particularly small-scale fisheries, are closely linked to prosperous and healthy coastal communities and resilient marine environments. Cuba's marine and coastal ecosystems are highly biodiverse and support fisheries vital to food security and the national economy. Cuban government and state institutions, scientists, managers and fishers-along with colleagues from other countries-have expressed growing concern about the decline of fishing resources. In 2012, under the aegis of the National Center for Protected Areas, Cuban institutions from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the Ministry of Foreign Investment partnered with the Italian nongovernmental organization, COSPE Onlus, to launch SOS Pesca, a four-year project to achieve sustainable fisheries management, conserve marine habitats and improve quality of life in two Cuban fishing communities (Guayabal in Las Tunas Province and Playa Florida in Camagüey Province). SOS Pesca involved the municipal governments of Amancio Rodríguez (in Las Tunas Province) and Florida (in Camagüey Province), delegates to the Municipal Assembly of People's Power (municipal government) from Guayabal (Amancio Rodríguez Municipality) and Playa Florida (Florida Municipality), the state-owned fishing industry, private fishers, local families, protected area officials and staff scientists, municipal governments and international nongovernmental organizations. By the end of 2012, a new US-Cuban collaboration emerged when COSPE recruited Environmental Defense Fund to provide scientific and technical support, trainings and exchanges focused on fisheries. SOS Pesca succeeded at community, regional fishing zone and national levels. Outcomes included: an assessment of finfish identifying species most vulnerable to fishing (methods and capacities), a proposed management plan for finfish, a National Plan of Action for sharks and rays, two marine protected areas established, increased employment through socioeconomic alternatives, revitalization of community environmental brigades, and greater capacity to use fishery assessment methods and develop management strategies. Perhaps the greatest achievement was communities' and fishers' changed perceptions of their marine environment, the need for conservation and sustainable resource management, and their active role in this objective. SOS Pesca spurred a more participatory form of integrated marine and coastal management in Cuba-one that integrates fisheries and spatial management, links fishing families and coastal communities with scientists and administrators to find solutions that support sustainability, and connects economic alternatives to community-based conservation and improved food security. This innovative multinational collaboration benefited coastal communities, marine and coastal ecosystems and international cooperation.
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Calvo-Ugarteburu G, Raemaekers S, Halling C. Rehabilitating mussel beds in Coffee Bay, South Africa: Towards fostering cooperative small-scale fisheries governance and enabling community upliftment. Ambio 2017; 46:214-226. [PMID: 27686731 PMCID: PMC5274624 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Along the coast of South Africa, marine resources play a significant role in supporting livelihoods and contributing to food security in impoverished rural communities. Post-apartheid fisheries laws and policies have begun to address traditional fishing rights and development needs, and new management arrangements are being implemented. One such initiative has been the Mussel Rehabilitation Project in Coffee Bay, which piloted a resource rehabilitation technique at several over-exploited fishing sites. Mussel stocks in these exploited areas had dropped to under 1 % mussel cover, and during the project period, stocks increased to >80 % cover, supporting a sustainable harvest well above national daily bag limits. This stock enhancement was achieved only after the project had started to address social challenges such as the lack of local management institutions and the need to enhance food security. The project embarked on training and institution-building; it formed a robust community mussel management committee; and developed a local resource management plan, facilitating increased community participation in the day-to-day management of the resource. The project also saw the initiation of various ancillary projects aimed at improving food security and stimulating the local economy and hence alleviating pressure on the marine resources. Here we review this 10-year project's outcomes, and present lessons for small-scale fisheries governance in South Africa and internationally. We show, through empirical experience, that balancing stock rebuilding needs in a context of widespread poverty and dependency on natural resources by a local fisher community can only be addressed through an integrated approach to development. Participation of resource users and a thorough understanding of the local context are imperative to negotiating appropriate small-scale fisheries governance approaches. We recommend that the implementation of South Africa's newly minted Small-Scale Fisheries Policy should begin with bottom-up, demonstrative resource management measures such as mussel rehabilitation. This type of initiative can deliver short-term food security benefits and foster social learning towards sustainable and cooperative fisheries governance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serge Raemaekers
- Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Christina Halling
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kawarazuka N, Locke C, McDougall C, Kantor P, Morgan M. Bringing analysis of gender and social-ecological resilience together in small-scale fisheries research: Challenges and opportunities. Ambio 2017; 46:201-213. [PMID: 27614765 PMCID: PMC5274618 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The demand for gender analysis is now increasingly orthodox in natural resource programming, including that for small-scale fisheries. Whilst the analysis of social-ecological resilience has made valuable contributions to integrating social dimensions into research and policy-making on natural resource management, it has so far demonstrated limited success in effectively integrating considerations of gender equity. This paper reviews the challenges in, and opportunities for, bringing a gender analysis together with social-ecological resilience analysis in the context of small-scale fisheries research in developing countries. We conclude that rather than searching for a single unifying framework for gender and resilience analysis, it will be more effective to pursue a plural solution in which closer engagement is fostered between analysis of gender and social-ecological resilience whilst preserving the strengths of each approach. This approach can make an important contribution to developing a better evidence base for small-scale fisheries management and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Kawarazuka
- International Potato Center (CIP), International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Catherine Locke
- School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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Sutton AM, Rudd MA. Crossing Science-Policy-Societal Boundaries to Reduce Scientific and Institutional Uncertainty in Small-Scale Fisheries. Environ Manage 2016; 58:565-584. [PMID: 27389712 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-016-0737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The governance of small-scale fisheries (SSF) is challenging due to the uncertainty, complexity, and interconnectedness of social, political, ecological, and economical processes. Conventional SSF management has focused on a centralized and top-down approach. A major criticism of conventional management is the over-reliance on 'expert science' to guide decision-making and poor consideration of fishers' contextually rich knowledge. That is thought to exacerbate the already low governance potential of SSF. Integrating scientific knowledge with fishers' knowledge is increasingly popular and is often assumed to help reduce levels of biophysical and institutional uncertainties. Many projects aimed at encouraging knowledge integration have, however, been unsuccessful. Our objective in this research was to assess factors that influence knowledge integration and the uptake of integrated knowledge into policy-making. We report results from 54 semi-structured interviews with SSF researchers and practitioners from around the globe. Our analysis is framed in terms of scientific credibility, societal legitimacy, and policy saliency, and we discuss cases that have been partially or fully successful in reducing uncertainty via push-and-pull-oriented boundary crossing initiatives. Our findings suggest that two important factors affect the science-policy-societal boundary: a lack of consensus among stakeholders about what constitutes credible knowledge and institutional uncertainty resulting from shifting policies and leadership change. A lack of training for scientific leaders and an apparent 'shelf-life' for community organizations highlight the importance of ongoing institutional support for knowledge integration projects. Institutional support may be enhanced through such investments, such as capacity building and specialized platforms for knowledge integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murray A Rudd
- Department of Environment Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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García Lozano AJ, Heinen JT. Identifying Drivers of Collective Action for the Co-management of Coastal Marine Fisheries in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Environ Manage 2016; 57:759-769. [PMID: 26661452 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale fisheries are important for preventing poverty, sustaining local economies, and rural livelihoods, but tend to be negatively impacted by traditional forms of management and overexploitation among other factors. Marine Areas for Responsible Fishing (Áreas Marinas de Pesca Responsable, AMPR) have emerged as a new model for the co-management of small-scale fisheries in Costa Rica, one that involves collaboration between fishers, government agencies, and NGOs. The primary objective of this paper is to elucidate some of the key variables that influence collective action among small-scale fishers in Tárcoles, a community in the Gulf of Nicoya. We examined collective action for the formation of a local marketing cooperative and participation in management through the AMPR. We apply the social-ecological framework as a diagnostic and organizational tool in the analysis of several types of qualitative data, including interviews with key informants, informal interviews, legal documents, and gray literature. Findings illustrate the importance of socio-economic community attributes (e.g., group size, homogeneity, previous cooperation), as well as that of social (e.g., equity) and ecological (e.g., improved stocks) outcomes perceived as favorable by actors. In addition, our work demonstrates the importance of certain kinds of external NGOs for facilitating and sustaining collective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J García Lozano
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St. ACH-5 360, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Joel T Heinen
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St. ACH-5 360, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Wilson M, Pavlowich T, Cox M. Studying common-pool resources over time: A longitudinal case study of the Buen Hombre fishery in the Dominican Republic. Ambio 2016; 45:215-229. [PMID: 26216142 PMCID: PMC4752556 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Like many small-scale fishing communities around the world, the community of Buen Hombre in the Dominican Republic is dealing with a set of challenges to reconcile its fishing activities with the ecology on which it depends. Also like many such communities, this case has been examined at a particular period in time by a group of social scientists, but not over substantial lengths of time in order to examine the longitudinal validity of the conclusions made during this period. In this paper we combine data from previous anthropological work with our own primary social and ecological data to conduct a longitudinal case study of the Buen Hombre fishery. Our over-time comparison focuses on a suite of mostly social and institutional variables to explain what we find to be a continued degradation of the fishery, and we conclude the analysis by presenting a causal-loop diagram, summarizing our inferences regarding the complex interactions among these variables. We find that a mix of factors, notably changes in gear and fishing sites used, the number of fishermen and their livelihood diversity, as well as an increased connectivity between Buen Hombre and its external environment, have contributed to the decline of the condition of Buen Hombre coral reef fishery. We conclude with a discussion of what may lie ahead for this particular case and others like it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Wilson
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of Santa Barbara, Bren Hall, Isla Vista, CA, 931171, USA.
- , 44 Greenhaven Road, Rye, NY, 10580, USA.
| | - Tyler Pavlowich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Michael Cox
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, 6182 Steele Hall, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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Zimmerhackel JS, Schuhbauer AC, Usseglio P, Heel LC, Salinas-de-León P. Catch, bycatch and discards of the Galapagos Marine Reserve small-scale handline fishery. PeerJ 2015; 3:e995. [PMID: 26082874 PMCID: PMC4465951 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fisheries bycatch is a significant marine conservation issue as valuable fish are wasted and protected species harmed with potential negative ecological and socio-economic consequences. Even though there are indications that the small-scale handline fishery of the Galapagos Marine Reserve has a low selectivity, information on its bycatch has never been published. We used onboard monitoring and interview data to assess the bycatch of the Galapagos handline fishery by estimating the bycatch ratio, determining species compositions of landings and bycatch, identifying fishers’ reasons for discarding certain individuals, and revealing historical trends in the bycatch ratio. The estimated bycatch ratio as a function of biomass of 0.40 and a diverse species composition of target catch and bycatch confirmed the low selectivity of this fishery. Most individuals were not landed for economic motivations, either because species (77.4%) or sizes (17.7%) are unmarketable or for regulatory reasons (5.9%). We found that bycatch contributes to growth overfishing of some target species because they are discarded or used as bait before reaching their first maturity. Moreover, over half of interviewees perceived a historical decrease in bycatch ratios that was explained by a diversification of the target catch due to the reduction in abundance of the traditionally most important target species. As some target species show signs of overfishing and to date there are no specific regulations for the finfish fishery species in place, we recommend the implementation of a series of management measures to protect critical life stages of overexploited species and to improve the selectivity of the Galapagos handline fishery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Zimmerhackel
- Department of Marine Science, Charles Darwin Research Station , Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands , Ecuador
| | - Anna C Schuhbauer
- Department of Marine Science, Charles Darwin Research Station , Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands , Ecuador ; Fisheries Center, Fisheries Economic Research Unit, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Paolo Usseglio
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Hawaii , USA ; Fundación In-Nova , Toledo, Castilla la Mancha , Spain
| | - Lena C Heel
- Department of Marine Science, Charles Darwin Research Station , Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands , Ecuador ; Institute of Ecology and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg , Lüneburg , Germany ; Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology , Bremen , Germany
| | - Pelayo Salinas-de-León
- Department of Marine Science, Charles Darwin Research Station , Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands , Ecuador
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de la Torre-Castro M, Di Carlo G, Jiddawi NS. Seagrass importance for a small-scale fishery in the tropics: the need for seascape management. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 83:398-407. [PMID: 24726772 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale fisheries (SSF) in tropical seascapes (mosaics of interconnected mangroves, seagrasses and corals) are crucial for food and income. However, management is directed mostly to corals and mangroves. This research analyzes the importance of seagrasses compared to adjacent ecosystems in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Using fish landings; the study investigated: location of fishing effort, fish production (biomass and species), and monetary benefits (aggregated value and per capita income). Seagrasses were the most visited grounds providing highest community benefits. Per capita benefits were equivalent to those from corals and mangroves. All three habitats provided income just above extreme poverty levels; however catches from seagrass appeared more stable. Seagrass are key ecosystems supporting SSF and protection and management are urgently needed. Adoption of a seascape approach considering all ecosystems underpinning SSF and the social aspects of fishing and a shift in emphasis from pure conservation to sustainable resource management would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela de la Torre-Castro
- Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology and Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Giuseppe Di Carlo
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Mediterranean Programme Office, Via Po 25/C, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Narriman S Jiddawi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Mizingani Rd., P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania
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Trimble M, Berkes F. Participatory research towards co-management: lessons from artisanal fisheries in coastal Uruguay. J Environ Manage 2013; 128:768-778. [PMID: 23860379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Participatory research has become increasingly common in natural resources management. Even though participatory research is considered a strategy to facilitate co-management, there is little empirical evidence supporting this. The objective of the present paper is to analyze the contributions of participatory research to help encourage the emergence of co-management, based on a case study in Piriápolis artisanal fishery in coastal Uruguay (where management has been top-down). We argue that participatory research involving artisanal fishers, government, and other stakeholders (university scientists and NGOs) can be a key stimulus towards co-management. We build this argument by considering "seven faces" by which co-management can be analyzed: (1) as power sharing; (2) as institution building; (3) as trust building; (4) as process; (5) as learning and knowledge co-production; (6) as problem solving; and (7) as governance. Our findings show that participatory research had an impact on these various faces: (1) power was shared when making research decisions; (2) a multi-stakeholder group (POPA), with a common vision and goals, was created; (3) trust among participants increased; (4) the process of group formation was valued by participants; (5) stakeholders learned skills for participation; (6) two problem-solving exercises were conducted; and (7) a diversity of stakeholders of the initial problem identified by fishers (sea lions' impact on long-line fishery) participated in the process. The case shows that participatory research functions as a platform which enhances learning and knowledge co-production among stakeholders, paving the way towards future co-management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Trimble
- Natural Resources Institute, 303-70 Dysart Road, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2 Manitoba, Canada.
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Hallwass G, Lopes PFM, Juras AA, Silvano RAM. Behavioral and environmental influences on fishing rewards and the outcomes of alternative management scenarios for large tropical rivers. J Environ Manage 2013; 128:274-282. [PMID: 23764509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the factors that influence the amount of fish caught, and thus the fishers' income, is important for proposing or improving management plans. Some of these factors influencing fishing rewards may be related to fishers' behavior, which is driven by economic motivations. Therefore, those management rules that have less of an impact on fishers' income could achieve better acceptance and compliance from fishers. We analyzed the relative influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors on fish catches (biomass) in fishing communities of a large tropical river. We then used the results from this analysis to propose alternative management scenarios in which we predicted potential fishers' compliance (high, moderate and low) based on the extent to which management proposals would affect fish catches and fishers' income. We used a General Linear Model (GLM) to analyze the influence of environmental (fishing community, season and habitat) and socioeconomic factors (number of fishers in the crew, time spent fishing, fishing gear used, type of canoe, distance traveled to fishing grounds) on fish catches (dependent variable) in 572 fishing trips by small-scale fishers in the Lower Tocantins River, Brazilian Amazon. According to the GLM, all factors together accounted for 43% of the variation in the biomass of the fish that were caught. The behaviors of fishers' that are linked to fishing effort, such as time spent fishing (42% of the total explained by GLM), distance traveled to the fishing ground (12%) and number of fishers (10%), were all positively related to the biomass of fish caught and could explain most of the variation on it. The environmental factor of the fishing habitat accounted for 10% of the variation in fish caught. These results, when applied to management scenarios, indicated that some combinations of the management measures, such as selected lakes as no-take areas, restrictions on the use of gillnets (especially during the high-water season) and individual quotas larger than fishers' usual catches, would most likely have less impact on fishers' income. The proposed scenarios help to identify feasible management options, which could promote the conservation of fish, potentially achieving higher fishers' compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Hallwass
- PPG/Dept. of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, CP 15007, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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