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Dicker KT, Song J, Moore AC, Zhang H, Li Y, Burris DL, Jia X, Fox JM. Core-shell patterning of synthetic hydrogels via interfacial bioorthogonal chemistry for spatial control of stem cell behavior. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5394-5404. [PMID: 30009011 PMCID: PMC6009435 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A new technique is described for the patterning of cell-guidance cues in synthetic extracellular matrices (ECM) for tissue engineering applications. Using s-tetrazine modified hyaluronic acid (HA), bis-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) crosslinkers and monofunctional TCO conjugates, interfacial bioorthogonal crosslinking was used to covalently functionalize hydrogels as they were synthesized at the liquid-gel interface. Through temporally controlled introduction of TCO conjugates during the crosslinking process, the enzymatic degradability, cell adhesivity, and mechanical properties of the synthetic microenvironment can be tuned with spatial precision. Using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and hydrogels with a core-shell structure, we demonstrated the ability of the synthetic ECM with spatially defined guidance cues to modulate cell morphology in a biomimetic fashion. This new method for the spatially resolved introduction of cell-guidance cues for the establishment of functional tissue constructs complements existing methods that require UV-light or specialized equipment.
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Fox JM, Diamond MS. Immune-Mediated Protection and Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:4210-4218. [PMID: 27864552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging alphavirus that causes debilitating acute and chronic arthritis. Infection by CHIKV induces a robust immune response that is characterized by production of type I IFNs, recruitment of innate and adaptive immune cells, and development of neutralizing Abs. Despite this response, chronic arthritis can develop in some individuals, which may be due to a failure to eliminate viral RNA and Ag and/or persistent immune responses that cause chronic joint inflammation. In this review, based primarily on advances from recent studies in mice, we discuss the innate and adaptive immune factors that control CHIKV dissemination and clearance or contribute to pathogenesis.
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Richner JM, Himansu S, Dowd KA, Butler SL, Salazar V, Fox JM, Julander JG, Tang WW, Shresta S, Pierson TC, Ciaramella G, Diamond MS. Modified mRNA Vaccines Protect against Zika Virus Infection. Cell 2017; 168:1114-1125.e10. [PMID: 28222903 PMCID: PMC5388441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of ZIKV infection has prompted a global effort to develop safe and effective vaccines. We engineered a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulated modified mRNA vaccine encoding wild-type or variant ZIKV structural genes and tested immunogenicity and protection in mice. Two doses of modified mRNA LNPs encoding prM-E genes that produced virus-like particles resulted in high neutralizing antibody titers (∼1/100,000) that protected against ZIKV infection and conferred sterilizing immunity. To offset a theoretical concern of ZIKV vaccines inducing antibodies that cross-react with the related dengue virus (DENV), we designed modified prM-E RNA encoding mutations destroying the conserved fusion-loop epitope in the E protein. This variant protected against ZIKV and diminished production of antibodies enhancing DENV infection in cells or mice. A modified mRNA vaccine can prevent ZIKV disease and be adapted to reduce the risk of sensitizing individuals to subsequent exposure to DENV, should this become a clinically relevant concern.
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Richner JM, Himansu S, Dowd KA, Butler SL, Salazar V, Fox JM, Julander JG, Tang WW, Shresta S, Pierson TC, Ciaramella G, Diamond MS. Modified mRNA Vaccines Protect against Zika Virus Infection. Cell 2017; 169:176. [PMID: 28340344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fox JM. Collective Approach to Complex Food System Issues, the Case of The Ohio State University. METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITIES 2017. [DOI: 10.18060/21470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban universities are uniquely positioned to make powerful and lasting contributions to the grand challenge of food security. To better understand the various dimensions related to the university’s role in food systems, this case study explores intentional linkages, significant developments, natural tensions, and emerging impacts at the Ohio State University. Discoveries from this analysis can guide urban university decision makers as they confront complex food system challenges.
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Fox JM. University Influence in Urban Food Systems. METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITIES 2017. [DOI: 10.18060/21478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This themed issue of Metropolitan Universities journal illustrates how urban universities lead and contribute to food system teaching and learning; research and innovation; outreach and engagement; and resource stewardship. Common themes emerging in this issue include the essential approach of collaboration; the value of diverse voices and perspectives; the influence of distinct urban contexts; and the complexity of food security and other system issues.
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Sapparapu G, Fernandez E, Kose N, Bin Cao, Fox JM, Bombardi RG, Zhao H, Nelson CA, Bryan AL, Barnes T, Davidson E, Mysorekar IU, Fremont DH, Doranz BJ, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Neutralizing human antibodies prevent Zika virus replication and fetal disease in mice. Nature 2016; 540:443-447. [PMID: 27819683 PMCID: PMC5583716 DOI: 10.1038/nature20564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that can cause severe disease, including congenital birth defects during pregnancy. To develop candidate therapeutic agents against ZIKV, we isolated a panel of human monoclonal antibodies from subjects that were previously infected with ZIKV. We show that a subset of antibodies recognize diverse epitopes on the envelope (E) protein and exhibit potent neutralizing activity. One of the most inhibitory antibodies, ZIKV-117, broadly neutralized infection of ZIKV strains corresponding to African and Asian-American lineages. Epitope mapping studies revealed that ZIKV-117 recognized a unique quaternary epitope on the E protein dimer-dimer interface. We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of ZIKV-117 in pregnant and non-pregnant mice. Monoclonal antibody treatment markedly reduced tissue pathology, placental and fetal infection, and mortality in mice. Thus, neutralizing human antibodies can protect against maternal-fetal transmission, infection and disease, and reveal important determinants for structure-based rational vaccine design efforts.
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MESH Headings
- Africa
- Americas
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antibody Specificity
- Asia
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- Fetal Diseases/immunology
- Fetal Diseases/prevention & control
- Fetal Diseases/virology
- Fetus/immunology
- Fetus/virology
- Humans
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Placenta/immunology
- Placenta/virology
- Pregnancy
- Protein Multimerization
- Survival Rate
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virus Replication/immunology
- Zika Virus/growth & development
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/pathology
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
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Hawman DW, Fox JM, Ashbrook AW, May NA, Schroeder KMS, Torres RM, Crowe JE, Dermody TS, Diamond MS, Morrison TE. Pathogenic Chikungunya Virus Evades B Cell Responses to Establish Persistence. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1326-1338. [PMID: 27452455 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and related alphaviruses cause epidemics of acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the failure of immune clearance of CHIKV, we studied mice infected with an attenuated CHIKV strain (181/25) and the pathogenic parental strain (AF15561), which differ by five amino acids. Whereas AF15561 infection of wild-type mice results in viral persistence in joint tissues, 181/25 is cleared. In contrast, 181/25 infection of μMT mice lacking mature B cells results in viral persistence in joint tissues, suggesting that virus-specific antibody is required for clearance of infection. Mapping studies demonstrated that a highly conserved glycine at position 82 in the A domain of the E2 glycoprotein impedes clearance and neutralization of multiple CHIKV strains. Remarkably, murine and human antibodies targeting E2 domain B failed to neutralize pathogenic CHIKV strains efficiently. Our data suggest that pathogenic CHIKV strains evade E2 domain-B-neutralizing antibodies to establish persistence.
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Morrison T, Fox JM, Ashbrook AW, May NA, Schroeder KM, Torres RM, Dermody TS, Diamond MS, Hawman DW. Pathogenic chikungunya virus evades B cell responses to establish persistence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.147.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes large outbreaks of acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease. To investigate mechanisms of CHIKV clearance and persistence, we performed studies in mice with an attenuated CHIKV strain (181/25) and its pathogenic parent strain (AF15561). Whereas AF15561 infection of WT mice resulted in viral persistence in joint-associated tissue, 181/25 was cleared within 4 weeks. In contrast to WT mice, 181/25 infection of Rag1−/−mice resulted in viral persistence in joint tissue at levels similar to that detected in AF15561-infected Rag1−/− mice, suggesting an important role for adaptive immunity in the clearance of 181/25 infection. Indeed, 181/25 infection of B cell-deficient μMT mice or B cell receptor transgenic mice that cannot produce virus-specific antibody resulted in viral persistence that was equivalent to AF15561-infected WT and immunodeficient mice. In WT mice, 181/25 infection resulted in a higher quality neutralizing antibody response at early times post-infection. In addition, detailed mapping studies demonstrated that the amino acid at position 82 in the A domain of the E2 glycoprotein influenced clearance and serum neutralization of CHIKV. Neutralization assays revealed that inhibition of AF15561 by monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting E2 domain B was impaired relative to that observed with 181/25. Collectively, our data suggest that virus-specific antibody responses contribute to the clearance of 181/25 infection and that AF15561 evades this response by minimizing the impact of B domain neutralizing antibodies to establish persistent infection.
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Smith SA, Silva LA, Fox JM, Flyak AI, Kose N, Sapparapu G, Khomandiak S, Khomadiak S, Ashbrook AW, Kahle KM, Fong RH, Swayne S, Doranz BJ, McGee CE, Heise MT, Pal P, Brien JD, Austin SK, Diamond MS, Dermody TS, Crowe JE. Isolation and Characterization of Broad and Ultrapotent Human Monoclonal Antibodies with Therapeutic Activity against Chikungunya Virus. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:86-95. [PMID: 26159721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted RNA virus that causes acute febrile infection associated with polyarthralgia in humans. Mechanisms of protective immunity against CHIKV are poorly understood, and no effective therapeutics or vaccines are available. We isolated and characterized human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize CHIKV infectivity. Among the 30 mAbs isolated, 13 had broad and ultrapotent neutralizing activity (IC50 < 10 ng/ml), and all of these mapped to domain A of the E2 envelope protein. Potent inhibitory mAbs blocked post-attachment steps required for CHIKV membrane fusion, and several were protective in a lethal challenge model in immunocompromised mice, even when administered at late time points after infection. These highly protective mAbs could be considered for prevention or treatment of CHIKV infection, and their epitope location in domain A of E2 could be targeted for rational structure-based vaccine development.
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Jin J, Liss NM, Chen DH, Liao M, Fox JM, Shimak RM, Fong RH, Chafets D, Bakkour S, Keating S, Fomin ME, Muench MO, Sherman MB, Doranz BJ, Diamond MS, Simmons G. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Block Chikungunya Virus Entry and Release by Targeting an Epitope Critical to Viral Pathogenesis. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2553-2564. [PMID: 26686638 PMCID: PMC4720387 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the mechanism by which neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies inhibit chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. Potently neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) blocked infection at multiple steps of the virus life cycle, including entry and release. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of Fab fragments of two human NAbs and chikungunya virus-like particles showed a binding footprint that spanned independent domains on neighboring E2 subunits within one viral spike, suggesting a mechanism for inhibiting low-pH-dependent membrane fusion. Detailed epitope mapping identified amino acid E2-W64 as a critical interaction residue. An escape mutation (E2-W64G) at this residue rendered CHIKV attenuated in mice. Consistent with these data, CHIKV-E2-W64G failed to emerge in vivo under the selection pressure of one of the NAbs, IM-CKV063. As our study suggests that antibodies engaging the residue E2-W64 can potently inhibit CHIKV at multiple stages of infection, antibody-based therapies or immunogens that target this region might have protective value.
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Fox JM, Long F, Edeling MA, Lin H, van Duijl-Richter MKS, Fong RH, Kahle KM, Smit JM, Jin J, Simmons G, Doranz BJ, Crowe JE, Fremont DH, Rossmann MG, Diamond MS. Broadly Neutralizing Alphavirus Antibodies Bind an Epitope on E2 and Inhibit Entry and Egress. Cell 2015; 163:1095-1107. [PMID: 26553503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We screened a panel of mouse and human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against chikungunya virus and identified several with inhibitory activity against multiple alphaviruses. Passive transfer of broadly neutralizing MAbs protected mice against infection by chikungunya, Mayaro, and O'nyong'nyong alphaviruses. Using alanine-scanning mutagenesis, loss-of-function recombinant proteins and viruses, and multiple functional assays, we determined that broadly neutralizing MAbs block multiple steps in the viral lifecycle, including entry and egress, and bind to a conserved epitope on the B domain of the E2 glycoprotein. A 16 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of a Fab fragment bound to CHIKV E2 B domain provided an explanation for its neutralizing activity. Binding to the B domain was associated with repositioning of the A domain of E2 that enabled cross-linking of neighboring spikes. Our results suggest that B domain antigenic determinants could be targeted for vaccine or antibody therapeutic development against multiple alphaviruses of global concern.
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Fox JM, Crabtree JM, Sage LK, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Interferon Lambda Upregulates IDO1 Expression in Respiratory Epithelial Cells After Influenza Virus Infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:554-62. [PMID: 25756191 PMCID: PMC4507134 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection causes an increase in indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity in the lung parenchyma. IDO catabolizes tryptophan into kynurenine, leading to immune dampening. Multiple cell types express IDO, and while IFN-γ upregulates IDO in dendritic cells and macrophages, it is unclear how IDO is affected in respiratory epithelial cells during influenza infection. In this study, the role of IFN-λ in IDO regulation was investigated after influenza infection of respiratory epithelial cells. IDO1 expression increased concurrently with IFN-λ expression. In differentiated NHBE cells, the IDO metabolite was released basolaterally. Recombinant IFN-λ upregulated IDO1 activity, and silencing of IFN-λ decreased IDO1 expression during influenza infection. During IFN-λ stimulation, most differentiated cell types are able to express IDO but during influenza infection, IDO is primarily expressed in uninfected cells. These studies show a role for IDO in the host response to influenza infection, and they provide insights into novel approaches for enhancing vaccine responses and therapeutic approaches.
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Miner JJ, Aw-Yeang HX, Fox JM, Taffner S, Malkova ON, Oh ST, Kim AHJ, Diamond MS, Lenschow DJ, Yokoyama WM. Chikungunya viral arthritis in the United States: a mimic of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1214-1220. [PMID: 25605621 DOI: 10.1002/art.39027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that spread to the Caribbean in 2013 and to the US in 2014. CHIKV-infected patients develop inflammatory arthritis that can persist for months or years, but little is known about the rheumatologic and immunologic features of CHIKV-related arthritis in humans, particularly as compared to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study was to describe these features in a group of 10 American travelers who were nearly simultaneously infected while visiting Haiti in June 2014. METHODS Patient history was obtained and physical examination and laboratory tests were performed. All patients with CHIKV-related arthritis had detectable levels of anti-CHIKV IgG. Using cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), we analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells in CHIKV-infected patients, healthy controls, and patients with untreated, active RA. RESULTS Among 10 CHIKV-infected individuals, 8 developed persistent symmetric polyarthritis that met the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2010 criteria for (seronegative) RA. CyTOF analysis revealed that RA and CHIKV-infected patients had greater percentages of activated and effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than healthy controls. CONCLUSION In addition to similar clinical features, patients with CHIKV infection and patients with RA develop very similar peripheral T cell phenotypes. These overlapping clinical and immunologic features highlight a need for rheumatologists to consider CHIKV infection when evaluating patients with new, symmetric polyarthritis.
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Fox JM, Sage LK, Poore S, Johnson S, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Drug analog inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity modifies pattern recognition receptor expression and proinflammatory cytokine responses early during influenza virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:447-52. [PMID: 24799604 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ab0114-046rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is recognized by PRRs, which are critical in the early response to virus infection and induction of proinflammatory cytokines. IDO is increased in the lung of mice immediately following influenza infection, and the presence of IDO has been shown to mediate immune suppression through depletion of trp and reduction in IL-6 production. To determine the role of IDO activity in the early immune response to influenza infection, IDO activity was inhibited using the synthetic analog, 1MT. The results show that IDO inhibition enhanced proinflammatory cytokine gene and protein expression at 24 and 48 h postinfection, respectively, compared with control-treated mice and affected PRR expression. The enhanced proinflammatory response in the presence of 1MT was attributed to macrophages in the airways, as Raw264.7 and primary AMs showed enhanced production of IFN-β, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the presence of 1MT. These findings provide important knowledge for the role of IDO during initial host response to influenza infection.
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Sage LK, Fox JM, Mellor AL, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity during the primary immune response to influenza infection modifies the memory T cell response to influenza challenge. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:112-23. [PMID: 24702331 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of a heterosubtypic memory T cell response is important for cross-protective immunity against unrelated strains of influenza virus. One way to facilitate the generation of the memory T cell population is to control the activity of immune modulatory agents. The enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), is upregulated during influenza infection by the interferon response where IDO activity depletes tryptophan required in T cell response. In this study, IDO activity was pharmacologically inhibited with 1-methyl-tryptophan (1MT) during the primary response to influenza virus infection and the effect on the memory T cell response was evaluated. 1MT treatment improved the memory T cell response to influenza virus challenge by increasing interferon gamma expression by CD4 and CD8 T cells, and numbers of lung virus-specific CD8+ T cells, and increased the Th1 response as well as modifying the immunodominance hierarchy to increase the number of subdominant epitope specific CD8+ T cells, a feature which may be linked to decreased regulatory T cell function. These changes also accompanied evidence of accelerated lung tissue repair upon virus challenge. These findings suggest that modulation of IDO activity could be exploited in influenza vaccine development to enhance memory T cell responses and reduce disease burden.
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Sage LK, Fox JM, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Subsisting H1N1 influenza memory responses are insufficient to protect from pandemic H1N1 influenza challenge in C57BL/6 mice. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1701-1711. [PMID: 23580424 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2009 swine-origin pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus transmitted and caused disease in many individuals immune to pre-2009 H1N1 influenza virus. Whilst extensive studies on antibody-mediated pH1N1 cross-reactivity have been described, few studies have focused on influenza-specific memory T-cells. To address this, the immune response in pre-2009 H1N1 influenza-immune mice was evaluated after pH1N1 challenge and disease pathogenesis was determined. The results show that despite homology shared between pre-2009 H1N1 and pH1N1 strains, the effector memory T-cell response to pre-2009 H1N1 was generally ineffective, a finding that correlated with lung virus persistence. Additionally, pH1N1 challenge generated T-cells reactive to new pH1N1 epitopes. These studies highlight the importance of vaccinating against immunodominant T-cell epitopes to provide for a more effective strategy to control influenza virus through heterosubtypic immunity.
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Fox JM, Sage LK, Huang L, Barber J, Klonowski KD, Mellor AL, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enhances the T-cell response to influenza virus infection. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1451-1461. [PMID: 23580425 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.053124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection induces an increase in the level of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity in the lung parenchyma. IDO is the first and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway where tryptophan is reduced to kynurenine and other metabolites. The depletion of tryptophan, and production of associated metabolites, attenuates the immune response to infection. The impact of IDO on the primary immune response to influenza virus infection was determined using the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-D,L-tryptophan (1MT). C57BL/6 mice treated with 1MT and infected with A/HKx31 influenza virus had increased numbers of activated and functional CD4⁺ T-cells, influenza-specific CD8⁺ T-cells and effector memory cells in the lung. Inhibition of IDO increased the Th1 response in CD4⁺ T-cells as well as enhanced the Th17 response. These studies show that inhibition of IDO engenders a more robust T-cell response to influenza virus, and suggests an approach for enhancing the immune response to influenza vaccination by facilitating increased influenza-specific T-cell response.
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Campbell LJ, Desai M, Hegazi A, Ibrahim F, Melikian N, Hay P, Fox JM, Post FA. Renal impairment is associated with coronary heart disease in HIV-positive men. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2013. [PMID: 23195672 DOI: 10.1310/hct1306-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). The association between renal impairment and CHD in HIV-positive patients remains poorly described. OBJECTIVE To describe the CHD incidence in a cohort of HIV-positive patients and to examine the relationship between reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and incident CHD. METHODS We studied 7,828 HIV-positive patients who were followed up at 3 South London clinics between January 2004 and December 2009. CHD events were identified from electronic records and through elevated troponin levels. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with CHD among HIV-positive men. RESULTS The incidence of CHD among men was 1.2 (95% CI, 0.8-1.8) per 1,000 person-years of follow-up, with 28 patients (0.4%) having experienced 32 CHD events. In adjusted analyses, older age (incidence rate ratios [IRR], 2.81; 95% CI, 1.51-5.25) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) status (IRR, 3.94; 95% CI, 1.00-15.5) were significantly associated with CHD. Although eGFR as a continuous variable was not associated with CHD, an eGFR <75 mL/min remained associated with incident CHD (IRR, 4.30; 95% CI, 1.33-14.5) after adjustment for age. No association between CHD and abacavir exposure was observed (IRR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.30-2.99). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of CHD in this ethnically diverse cohort was low. Our data suggest that impaired renal function identifies patients at increased risk of CHD events in whom management of traditional CHD risk factors should be prioritized.
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Keeler SP, Yabsley MJ, Fox JM, McGraw SN, Hernandez SM. Isospora troglodytes n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a new coccidian species from wrens of Costa Rica. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1723-5. [PMID: 22006192 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen (91%) of 21 rufous-and-white wrens (Thryothorus rufalbus) and five (71%) of seven plain wrens (Cantorchilus modestus) sampled from Costa Rica were positive for a new species of Isospora. Oocysts have a thin, smooth, double, colorless wall and measure 20.1 ± 1.4 × 23.4 ± 1.5 μm (18-24 × 20-26 μm) with an average length-width ratio of 1.2 μm. Sporocysts are ovoid, measure 9.5 ± 0.9 × 15.5 ± 1.1 μm (7-12 × 12-18 μm) with an average length-width ratio of 1.6 μm. A nipple-like steida body continuous with the sporocyst wall and a prominent oval-shaped substeida body are present. In addition to the four sporozoites, a single compact sporocyst residuum was present in each sporocyst. This is the first description of an Isospora species from the family Troglodytidae and the first report of Isospora from the rufous-and-white wren and plain wren.
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Miller LC, Laegreid WW, Bono JL, Chitko-McKown CG, Fox JM. Interferon type I response in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected MARC-145 cells. Arch Virol 2004; 149:2453-63. [PMID: 15338318 PMCID: PMC7087254 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-004-0377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) results in a weak induction of the innate immune response. There are many genes that collectively comprise this response and the extent to which each gene responds to PRRSV infection is unclear and warrants further investigation. To this end, we have utilized real-time PCR using SYBR Green I dye-based detection to quantify transcript abundance of the type I interferons (IFN-α and -β) and IFN-β transcriptional enhanceasome genes. In MARC-145 cells, both IFN-α and -β transcript abundance were unaffected by PRRSV infection. However, stimulation of MARC-145 cells by exogenous double-stranded RNA, resulted in significant increases in transcript abundance of both IFN-α and -β as well as IFN-β enhanceasome components, indicating that a type I IFN response could be induced in these cells. The double-stranded RNA induction of type I IFN transcription was significantly inhibited by dual-exposure with PRRSV. These results suggest that PRRSV infection directly interferes with type I IFN transcriptional activation early in its pathway, at the level of IFN-β gene transcription.
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Clawson ML, Heaton MP, Fox JM, Chitko-McKown CG, Smith TPL, Laegreid WW. Male-specific SRY and ZFY haplotypes in US beef cattle. Anim Genet 2004; 35:246-9. [PMID: 15147402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fox JM. Use of analgesics in self-medication. Therapie 2002; 57:115-8. [PMID: 12185957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Self-medication with analgesics is common and accepted and even recommended by health systems in order to avoid reimbursement. Self-medication, nevertheless, is not an easy task, since making choices is difficult for patients on the basis of the available standard information. Guiding information for patients has to be improved, but also physicians need to be trained how to handle self-medication of their patients. Special attention should be paid to the approval of combination analgesics for the treatment of headache and migraine. There were two major points of discussion during the last decades: possible risks of nephropathy and possible drug-induced overuse. According to a very recent evaluation, analgesic-associated nephropathy appears to have been primarily caused by phenacetin rather than any other single or combination analgesics. Analgesic-induced overuse is also caused by the psychotropic actions of phenacetin in presentations providing rapid absorption, such as powders, rather than by other analgesics or caffeine.
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Stevenson MA, Fox JM, Wolfinbarger JB, Bloom ME. Effect of a valine residue at codon 352 of the VP2 capsid protein on in vivo replication and pathogenesis of Aleutian disease parvovirus in mink. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1658-63. [PMID: 11592336 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a group of 3 genetic differences in the nonstructural protein (NS1) or 1 genetic difference in the structural protein (VP2) of Aleutian disease parvovirus (ADV) is responsible for an increase in the in vivo replication and pathogenicity of G/U-8, a chimera of ADV-G (nonpathogenic) and ADV-Utah (pathogenic), compared with G/U-10. ANIMALS 32 eight-month-old female sapphire mink (Mustela vison). PROCEDURE Chimeric viruses were constructed, propagated in vitro, and used to inoculate mink. Antiviral antibody responses, presence of serum viral nucleic acid, and serum gamma globulin concentrations were monitored for 120 days following inoculation. Histologic examination of the liver, kidneys, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes was performed after necropsy. RESULTS A chimera containing only the 3 amino acid substitutions in NS1 did not elicit measurable responses indicative of replication or pathogenicity in inoculated mink. Serum antiviral antibody responses, frequency of detection of viral nucleic acid in serum, gamma globulin response, and histologic changes in mink inoculated with chimeras containing a valine residue at codon 352 (352V) of VP2 capsid were increased, compared with values from mink inoculated with chimeric viruses that did not contain 352V. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A valine residue at codon 352 in the VP2 capsid protein of ADV affects in vivo viral replication and pathogenicity. This amino acid may be part of an incompletely defined pathogenic determinant of ADV. Further characterization of the pathogenic determinant may allow future development of focused preventive and therapeutic interventions for Aleutian disease of mink.
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