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Harris MA, Cox SR, de Nooij L, Barbu MC, Adams MJ, Shen X, Deary IJ, Lawrie SM, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC. Structural neuroimaging measures and lifetime depression across levels of phenotyping in UK biobank. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:157. [PMID: 35418197 PMCID: PMC9007989 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is assessed in various ways in research, with large population studies often relying on minimal phenotyping. Genetic results suggest clinical diagnoses and self-report measures of depression show some core similarities, but also important differences. It is not yet clear how neuroimaging associations depend on levels of phenotyping. We studied 39,300 UK Biobank imaging participants (20,701 female; aged 44.6 to 82.3 years, M = 64.1, SD = 7.5) with structural neuroimaging and lifetime depression data. Past depression phenotypes included a single-item self-report measure, an intermediate measure of 'probable' lifetime depression, derived from multiple questionnaire items relevant to a history of depression, and a retrospective clinical diagnosis according to DSM-IV criteria. We tested (i) associations between brain structural measures and each depression phenotype, and (ii) effects of phenotype on these associations. Depression-brain structure associations were small (β < 0.1) for all phenotypes, but still significant after FDR correction for many regional metrics. Lifetime depression was consistently associated with reduced white matter integrity across phenotypes. Cortical thickness showed negative associations with Self-reported Depression in particular. Phenotype effects were small across most metrics, but significant for cortical thickness in most regions. We report consistent effects of lifetime depression in brain structural measures, including reduced integrity of thalamic radiations and association fibres. We also observed significant differences in associations with cortical thickness across depression phenotypes. Although these results did not relate to level of phenotyping as expected, effects of phenotype definition are still an important consideration for future depression research.
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Ho YC, Brake SJ, Ahuja K, Acott N, Tiao J, Baker R, Adams MJ. IgG fractions from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus bind to platelets, but do not affect collagen-induced platelet activation. Biotech Histochem 2022; 97:604-615. [PMID: 35394397 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2022.2049878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-beta-2 glycoprotein 1 (anti-β2GP1) is an antiphospholipid antibody found in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Its presence commonly is associated with thrombosis; however, the mechanisms of interaction of anti-β2GP1 antibodies and platelets remain unclear. We investigated the effects of APS and SLE patient-derived IgG fractions on collagen-mediated platelet aggregation and examined the binding of patient-derived IgG to platelets before and after activation by collagen. IgG fractions, 150, 200, 300 or 350 µg/ml, isolated from 11 patients with APS and SLE were incubated with two sets of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the incubation wells of an aggregometer. The first set was activated by collagen and the other set was incubated for an additional 10 min. All platelets were collected by centrifugation and fixed in cell blocks. We assessed binding of IgG to platelets using immunocytochemistry (ICC). Patient-derived IgG fractions did not affect collagen-induced platelet aggregation. ICC staining using anti-human IgG antibodies demonstrated that patient-derived IgG fractions had greater affinity for non-activated platelets than those activated by 0.75 µg/ml collagen. Patient-derived IgG fractions bound to the surface of platelets and potentially could be internalized by platelets. IgG fractions from APS and SLE patients may sensitize non-activated platelets, which could increase platelet reactivity and thrombotic risk in patients. We did not detect secondary effects of patient-derived IgG fractions.
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Pain O, Hodgson K, Trubetskoy V, Ripke S, Marshe VS, Adams MJ, Byrne EM, Campos AI, Carrillo-Roa T, Cattaneo A, Als TD, Souery D, Dernovsek MZ, Fabbri C, Hayward C, Henigsberg N, Hauser J, Kennedy JL, Lenze EJ, Lewis G, Müller DJ, Martin NG, Mulsant BH, Mors O, Perroud N, Porteous DJ, Rentería ME, Reynolds CF, Rietschel M, Uher R, Wigmore EM, Maier W, Wray NR, Aitchison KJ, Arolt V, Baune BT, Biernacka JM, Bondolfi G, Domschke K, Kato M, Li QS, Liu YL, Serretti A, Tsai SJ, Turecki G, Weinshilboum R, McIntosh AM, Lewis CM, Kasper S, Zohar J, Souery D, Montgomery S, Albani D, Forloni G, Ferentinos P, Rujescu D, Mendlewicz J, Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A, Adams MJ, Agerbo E, Air TM, Andlauer TF, Bacanu SA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Beekman AT, Bigdeli TB, Binder EB, Bryois J, Buttenschøn HN, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Cai N, Castelao E, Christensen JH, Clarke TK, Coleman JR, Colodro-Conde L, Couvy-Duchesne B, Craddock N, Crawford GE, Davies G, Deary IJ, Degenhardt F, Derks EM, Direk N, Dolan CV, Dunn EC, Eley TC, Escott-Price V, Hassan Kiadeh FF, Finucane HK, Foo JC, Forstner AJ, Frank J, Gaspar HA, Gill M, Goes FS, Gordon SD, Grove J, Hall LS, Hansen CS, Hansen TF, Herms S, Hickie IB, Hoffmann P, Homuth G, Horn C, Hottenga JJ, Hougaard DM, Howard DM, Ising M, Jansen R, Jones I, Jones LA, Jorgenson E, Knowles JA, Kohane IS, Kraft J, Kretzschmar WW, Kutalik Z, Li Y, Lind PA, MacIntyre DJ, MacKinnon DF, Maier RM, Maier W, Marchini J, Mbarek H, McGrath P, McGuffin P, Medland SE, Mehta D, Middeldorp CM, Mihailov E, Milaneschi Y, Milani L, Mondimore FM, Montgomery GW, Mostafavi S, Mullins N, Nauck M, Ng B, Nivard MG, Nyholt DR, O’Reilly PF, Oskarsson H, Owen MJ, Painter JN, Pedersen CB, Pedersen MG, Peterson RE, Peyrot WJ, Pistis G, Posthuma D, Quiroz JA, Qvist P, Rice JP, Riley BP, Rivera M, Mirza SS, Schoevers R, Schulte EC, Shen L, Shi J, Shyn SI, Sigurdsson E, Sinnamon GC, Smit JH, Smith DJ, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Tansey KE, Teismann H, Teumer A, Thompson W, Thomson PA, Thorgeirsson TE, Traylor M, Treutlein J, Trubetskoy V, Uitterlinden AG, Umbricht D, Van der Auwera S, van Hemert AM, Viktorin A, Visscher PM, Wang Y, Webb BT, Weinsheimer SM, Wellmann J, Willemsen G, Witt SH, Wu Y, Xi HS, Yang J, Zhang F, Arolt V, Baune BT, Berger K, Boomsma DI, Cichon S, Dannlowski U, de Geus E, DePaulo JR, Domenici E, Domschke K, Esko T, Grabe HJ, Hamilton SP, Hayward C, Heath AC, Kendler KS, Kloiber S, Lewis G, Li QS, Lucae S, Madden PA, Magnusson PK, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Metspalu A, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Nordentoft M, Nöthen MM, O’Donovan MC, Paciga SA, Pedersen NL, Penninx BW, Perlis RH, Porteous DJ, Potash JB, Preisig M, Rietschel M, Schaefer C, Schulze TG, Smoller JW, Stefansson K, Tiemeier H, Uher R, Völzke H, Weissman MM, Werge T, Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Breen G, Børglum AD, Sullivan PF. Identifying the Common Genetic Basis of Antidepressant Response. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:115-126. [PMID: 35712048 PMCID: PMC9117153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antidepressants are a first-line treatment for depression. However, only a third of individuals experience remission after the first treatment. Common genetic variation, in part, likely regulates antidepressant response, yet the success of previous genome-wide association studies has been limited by sample size. This study performs the largest genetic analysis of prospectively assessed antidepressant response in major depressive disorder to gain insight into the underlying biology and enable out-of-sample prediction. Methods Genome-wide analysis of remission (n remit = 1852, n nonremit = 3299) and percentage improvement (n = 5218) was performed. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability was estimated using genome-wide complex trait analysis. Genetic covariance with eight mental health phenotypes was estimated using polygenic scores/AVENGEME. Out-of-sample prediction of antidepressant response polygenic scores was assessed. Gene-level association analysis was performed using MAGMA and transcriptome-wide association study. Tissue, pathway, and drug binding enrichment were estimated using MAGMA. Results Neither genome-wide association study identified genome-wide significant associations. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability was significantly different from zero for remission (h 2 = 0.132, SE = 0.056) but not for percentage improvement (h 2 = -0.018, SE = 0.032). Better antidepressant response was negatively associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia and positively associated with genetic propensity for educational attainment. Leave-one-out validation of antidepressant response polygenic scores demonstrated significant evidence of out-of-sample prediction, though results varied in external cohorts. Gene-based analyses identified ETV4 and DHX8 as significantly associated with antidepressant response. Conclusions This study demonstrates that antidepressant response is influenced by common genetic variation, has a genetic overlap schizophrenia and educational attainment, and provides a useful resource for future research. Larger sample sizes are required to attain the potential of genetics for understanding and predicting antidepressant response.
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Shen X, Caramaschi D, Adams MJ, Walker RM, Min JL, Kwong A, Hemani G, Barbu MC, Whalley HC, Harris SE, Deary IJ, Morris SW, Cox SR, Relton CL, Marioni RE, Evans KL, McIntosh AM. DNA methylome-wide association study of genetic risk for depression implicates antigen processing and immune responses. Genome Med 2022; 14:36. [PMID: 35354486 PMCID: PMC8969265 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a disabling and highly prevalent condition where genetic and epigenetic, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), differences contribute to disease risk. DNA methylation is influenced by genetic variation but the association between polygenic risk of depression and DNA methylation is unknown. METHODS We investigated the association between polygenic risk scores (PRS) for depression and DNAm by conducting a methylome-wide association study (MWAS) in Generation Scotland (N = 8898, mean age = 49.8 years) with replication in the Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936 and adults in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (Ncombined = 2049, mean age = 79.1, 69.6 and 47.2 years, respectively). We also conducted a replication MWAS in the ALSPAC children (N = 423, mean age = 17.1 years). Gene ontology analysis was conducted for the cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) probes significantly associated with depression PRS, followed by Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis to infer the causal relationship between depression and DNAm. RESULTS Widespread associations (NCpG = 71, pBonferroni < 0.05, p < 6.3 × 10-8) were found between PRS constructed using genetic risk variants for depression and DNAm in CpG probes that localised to genes involved in immune responses and neural development. The effect sizes for the significant associations were highly correlated between the discovery and replication samples in adults (r = 0.79) and in adolescents (r = 0.82). Gene Ontology analysis showed that significant CpG probes are enriched in immunological processes in the human leukocyte antigen system. Additional MWAS was conducted for each lead genetic risk variant. Over 47.9% of the independent genetic risk variants included in the PRS showed associations with DNAm in CpG probes located in both the same (cis) and distal (trans) locations to the genetic loci (pBonferroni < 0.045). Subsequent MR analysis showed that there are a greater number of causal effects found from DNAm to depression than vice versa (DNAm to depression: pFDR ranged from 0.024 to 7.45 × 10-30; depression to DNAm: pFDR ranged from 0.028 to 0.003). CONCLUSIONS PRS for depression, especially those constructed from genome-wide significant genetic risk variants, showed methylome-wide differences associated with immune responses. Findings from MR analysis provided evidence for causal effect of DNAm to depression.
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Habota T, Sandu AL, Waiter GD, McNeil CJ, Steele JD, Macfarlane JA, Whalley HC, Valentine R, Younie D, Crouch N, Hawkins EL, Hirose Y, Romaniuk L, Milburn K, Buchan G, Coupar T, Stirling M, Jagpal B, MacLennan B, Priba L, Harris MA, Hafferty JD, Adams MJ, Campbell AI, MacIntyre DJ, Pattie A, Murphy L, Reynolds RM, Elliot R, Penton-Voak IS, Munafò MR, Evans KL, Seckl JR, Wardlaw JM, Lawrie SM, Haley CS, Porteous DJ, Deary IJ, Murray AD, McIntosh AM. Cohort profile for the STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally (STRADL) study: A depression-focused investigation of Generation Scotland, using detailed clinical, cognitive, and neuroimaging assessments. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 4:185. [PMID: 35237729 PMCID: PMC8857525 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15538.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally (STRADL) is a population-based study built on the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) resource. The aim of STRADL is to subtype major depressive disorder (MDD) on the basis of its aetiology, using detailed clinical, cognitive, and brain imaging assessments. The GS:SFHS provides an important opportunity to study complex gene-environment interactions, incorporating linkage to existing datasets and inclusion of early-life variables for two longitudinal birth cohorts. Specifically, data collection in STRADL included: socio-economic and lifestyle variables; physical measures; questionnaire data that assesses resilience, early-life adversity, personality, psychological health, and lifetime history of mood disorder; laboratory samples; cognitive tests; and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Some of the questionnaire and cognitive data were first assessed at the GS:SFHS baseline assessment between 2006-2011, thus providing longitudinal measures relevant to the study of depression, psychological resilience, and cognition. In addition, routinely collected historic NHS data and early-life variables are linked to STRADL data, further providing opportunities for longitudinal analysis. Recruitment has been completed and we consented and tested 1,188 participants.
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Barbu MC, Huider F, Campbell A, Amador C, Adams MJ, Lynall ME, Howard DM, Walker RM, Morris SW, Van Dongen J, Porteous DJ, Evans KL, Bullmore E, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM. Methylome-wide association study of antidepressant use in Generation Scotland and the Netherlands Twin Register implicates the innate immune system. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1647-1657. [PMID: 34880450 PMCID: PMC9095457 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants are an effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), although individual response is unpredictable and highly variable. Whilst the mode of action of antidepressants is incompletely understood, many medications are associated with changes in DNA methylation in genes that are plausibly linked to their mechanisms. Studies of DNA methylation may therefore reveal the biological processes underpinning the efficacy and side effects of antidepressants. We performed a methylome-wide association study (MWAS) of self-reported antidepressant use accounting for lifestyle factors and MDD in Generation Scotland (GS:SFHS, N = 6428, EPIC array) and the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR, N = 2449, 450 K array) and ran a meta-analysis of antidepressant use across these two cohorts. We found ten CpG sites significantly associated with self-reported antidepressant use in GS:SFHS, with the top CpG located within a gene previously associated with mental health disorders, ATP6V1B2 (β = -0.055, pcorrected = 0.005). Other top loci were annotated to genes including CASP10, TMBIM1, MAPKAPK3, and HEBP2, which have previously been implicated in the innate immune response. Next, using penalised regression, we trained a methylation-based score of self-reported antidepressant use in a subset of 3799 GS:SFHS individuals that predicted antidepressant use in a second subset of GS:SFHS (N = 3360, β = 0.377, p = 3.12 × 10-11, R2 = 2.12%). In an MWAS analysis of prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, we showed convergent findings with those based on self-report. In NTR, we did not find any CpGs significantly associated with antidepressant use. The meta-analysis identified the two CpGs of the ten above that were common to the two arrays used as being significantly associated with antidepressant use, although the effect was in the opposite direction for one of them. Antidepressants were associated with epigenetic alterations in loci previously associated with mental health disorders and the innate immune system. These changes predicted self-reported antidepressant use in a subset of GS:SFHS and identified processes that may be relevant to our mechanistic understanding of clinically relevant antidepressant drug actions and side effects.
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Melhuish Beaupre LM, Tiwari AK, Gonçalves VF, Zai CC, Marshe VS, Lewis CM, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Adams MJ, Baune BT, Levinson DF, Boomsma DI, Penninx BWJH, Breen G, Hamilton S, Awasthi S, Ripke S, Jones L, Jones I, Byrne EM, Hickie IB, Potash JP, Shi J, Weissman MM, Milaneschi Y, Shyn SI, de Geus EJC, Willemsen G, Brown GM, Kennedy JL. Corrigendum: Potential genetic overlap between insomnia and sleep symptoms in major depressive disorder: A polygenic risk score analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:893816. [PMID: 35990050 PMCID: PMC9387200 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.893816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.734077.].
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Blokland GAM, Grove J, Chen CY, Cotsapas C, Tobet S, Handa R, St Clair D, Lencz T, Mowry BJ, Periyasamy S, Cairns MJ, Tooney PA, Wu JQ, Kelly B, Kirov G, Sullivan PF, Corvin A, Riley BP, Esko T, Milani L, Jönsson EG, Palotie A, Ehrenreich H, Begemann M, Steixner-Kumar A, Sham PC, Iwata N, Weinberger DR, Gejman PV, Sanders AR, Buxbaum JD, Rujescu D, Giegling I, Konte B, Hartmann AM, Bramon E, Murray RM, Pato MT, Lee J, Melle I, Molden E, Ophoff RA, McQuillin A, Bass NJ, Adolfsson R, Malhotra AK, Martin NG, Fullerton JM, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR, Forstner AJ, Degenhardt F, Schaupp S, Comes AL, Kogevinas M, Guzman-Parra J, Reif A, Streit F, Sirignano L, Cichon S, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Hauser J, Lissowska J, Mayoral F, Müller-Myhsok B, Świątkowska B, Schulze TG, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Kelsoe J, Leboyer M, Jamain S, Etain B, Bellivier F, Vincent JB, Alda M, O'Donovan C, Cervantes P, Biernacka JM, Frye M, McElroy SL, Scott LJ, Stahl EA, Landén M, Hamshere ML, Smeland OB, Djurovic S, Vaaler AE, Andreassen OA, Baune BT, Air T, Preisig M, Uher R, Levinson DF, Weissman MM, Potash JB, Shi J, Knowles JA, Perlis RH, Lucae S, Boomsma DI, Penninx BWJH, Hottenga JJ, de Geus EJC, Willemsen G, Milaneschi Y, Tiemeier H, Grabe HJ, Teumer A, Van der Auwera S, Völker U, Hamilton SP, Magnusson PKE, Viktorin A, Mehta D, Mullins N, Adams MJ, Breen G, McIntosh AM, Lewis CM, Hougaard DM, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Werge T, Als TD, Børglum AD, Petryshen TL, Smoller JW, Goldstein JM. Sex-Dependent Shared and Nonshared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:102-117. [PMID: 34099189 PMCID: PMC8458480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for shared genetic risk and sex differences in brain abnormalities across disorders suggest possible shared sex-dependent genetic risk. METHODS We conducted the largest to date genome-wide genotype-by-sex (G×S) interaction of risk for these disorders using 85,735 cases (33,403 SCZ, 19,924 BIP, and 32,408 MDD) and 109,946 controls from the PGC (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium) and iPSYCH. RESULTS Across disorders, genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphism-by-sex interaction was detected for a locus encompassing NKAIN2 (rs117780815, p = 3.2 × 10-8), which interacts with sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) enzymes, implicating neuronal excitability. Three additional loci showed evidence (p < 1 × 10-6) for cross-disorder G×S interaction (rs7302529, p = 1.6 × 10-7; rs73033497, p = 8.8 × 10-7; rs7914279, p = 6.4 × 10-7), implicating various functions. Gene-based analyses identified G×S interaction across disorders (p = 8.97 × 10-7) with transcriptional inhibitor SLTM. Most significant in SCZ was a MOCOS gene locus (rs11665282, p = 1.5 × 10-7), implicating vascular endothelial cells. Secondary analysis of the PGC-SCZ dataset detected an interaction (rs13265509, p = 1.1 × 10-7) in a locus containing IDO2, a kynurenine pathway enzyme with immunoregulatory functions implicated in SCZ, BIP, and MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis detected significant G×S interaction of genes regulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling in MDD (false discovery rate-corrected p < .05). CONCLUSIONS In the largest genome-wide G×S analysis of mood and psychotic disorders to date, there was substantial genetic overlap between the sexes. However, significant sex-dependent effects were enriched for genes related to neuronal development and immune and vascular functions across and within SCZ, BIP, and MDD at the variant, gene, and pathway levels.
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Zeng Y, Amador C, Gao C, Walker RM, Morris SW, Campbell A, Frkatović A, Madden RA, Adams MJ, He S, Bretherick AD, Hayward C, Porteous DJ, Wilson JF, Evans KL, McIntosh AM, Navarro P, Haley CS. Lifestyle and Genetic Factors Modify Parent-of-Origin Effects on the Human Methylome. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103730. [PMID: 34883445 PMCID: PMC8654798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND parent-of-origin effects (POE) play important roles in complex disease and thus understanding their regulation and associated molecular and phenotypic variation are warranted. Previous studies mainly focused on the detection of genomic regions or phenotypes regulated by POE. Understanding whether POE may be modified by environmental or genetic exposures is important for understanding of the source of POE-associated variation, but only a few case studies addressing modifiable POE exist. METHODS in order to understand this high order of POE regulation, we screened 101 genetic and environmental factors such as 'predicted mRNA expression levels' of DNA methylation/imprinting machinery genes and environmental exposures. POE-mQTL-modifier interaction models were proposed to test the potential of these factors to modify POE at DNA methylation using data from Generation Scotland: The Scottish Family Health Study(N=2315). FINDINGS a set of vulnerable/modifiable POE-CpGs were identified (modifiable-POE-regulated CpGs, N=3). Four factors, 'lifetime smoking status' and 'predicted mRNA expression levels' of TET2, SIRT1 and KDM1A, were found to significantly modify the POE on the three CpGs in both discovery and replication datasets. We further identified plasma protein and health-related phenotypes associated with the methylation level of one of the identified CpGs. INTERPRETATION the modifiable POE identified here revealed an important yet indirect path through which genetic background and environmental exposures introduce their effect on DNA methylation, motivating future comprehensive evaluation of the role of these modifiers in complex diseases. FUNDING NSFC (81971270),H2020-MSCA-ITN(721815), Wellcome (204979/Z/16/Z,104036/Z/14/Z), MRC (MC_UU_00007/10, MC_PC_U127592696), CSO (CZD/16/6,CZB/4/276, CZB/4/710), SFC (HR03006), EUROSPAN (LSHG-CT-2006-018947), BBSRC (BBS/E/D/30002276), SYSU, Arthritis Research UK, NHLBI, NIH.
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Miles AE, Dos Santos FC, Byrne EM, Renteria ME, McIntosh AM, Adams MJ, Pistis G, Castelao E, Preisig M, Baune BT, Schubert KO, Lewis CM, Jones LA, Jones I, Uher R, Smoller JW, Perlis RH, Levinson DF, Potash JB, Weissman MM, Shi J, Lewis G, Penninx BWJH, Boomsma DI, Hamilton SP, Sibille E, Hariri AR, Nikolova YS. Transcriptome-based polygenic score links depression-related corticolimbic gene expression changes to sex-specific brain morphology and depression risk. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:2304-2311. [PMID: 34588609 PMCID: PMC8580972 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies in post-mortem human brain tissue have associated major depressive disorder (MDD) with cortical transcriptomic changes, whose potential in vivo impact remains unexplored. To address this translational gap, we recently developed a transcriptome-based polygenic risk score (T-PRS) based on common functional variants capturing 'depression-like' shifts in cortical gene expression. Here, we used a non-clinical sample of young adults (n = 482, Duke Neurogenetics Study: 53% women; aged 19.8 ± 1.2 years) to map T-PRS onto brain morphology measures, including Freesurfer-derived subcortical volume, cortical thickness, surface area, and local gyrification index, as well as broad MDD risk, indexed by self-reported family history of depression. We conducted side-by-side comparisons with a PRS independently derived from a Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) MDD GWAS (PGC-PRS), and sought to link T-PRS with diagnosis and symptom severity directly in PGC-MDD participants (n = 29,340, 59% women; 12,923 MDD cases, 16,417 controls). T-PRS was associated with smaller amygdala volume in women (t = -3.478, p = 0.001) and lower prefrontal gyrification across sexes. In men, T-PRS was associated with hypergyrification in temporal and occipital regions. Prefrontal hypogyrification mediated a male-specific indirect link between T-PRS and familial depression (b = 0.005, p = 0.029). PGC-PRS was similarly associated with lower amygdala volume and cortical gyrification; however, both effects were male-specific and hypogyrification emerged in distinct parietal and temporo-occipital regions, unassociated with familial depression. In PGC-MDD, T-PRS did not predict diagnosis (OR = 1.007, 95% CI = [0.997-1.018]) but correlated with symptom severity in men (rho = 0.175, p = 7.957 × 10-4) in one cohort (N = 762, 48% men). Depression-like shifts in cortical gene expression have sex-specific effects on brain morphology and may contribute to broad depression vulnerability in men.
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Kalman JL, Olde Loohuis LM, Vreeker A, McQuillin A, Stahl EA, Ruderfer D, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Panagiotaropoulou G, Ripke S, Bigdeli TB, Stein F, Meller T, Meinert S, Pelin H, Streit F, Papiol S, Adams MJ, Adolfsson R, Adorjan K, Agartz I, Aminoff SR, Anderson-Schmidt H, Andreassen OA, Ardau R, Aubry JM, Balaban C, Bass N, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Benabarre A, Bengesser S, Berrettini WH, Boks MP, Bromet EJ, Brosch K, Budde M, Byerley W, Cervantes P, Chillotti C, Cichon S, Clark SR, Comes AL, Corvin A, Coryell W, Craddock N, Craig DW, Croarkin PE, Cruceanu C, Czerski PM, Dalkner N, Dannlowski U, Degenhardt F, Del Zompo M, DePaulo JR, Djurovic S, Edenberg HJ, Eissa MA, Elvsåshagen T, Etain B, Fanous AH, Fellendorf F, Fiorentino A, Forstner AJ, Frye MA, Fullerton JM, Gade K, Garnham J, Gershon E, Gill M, Goes FS, Gordon-Smith K, Grof P, Guzman-Parra J, Hahn T, Hasler R, Heilbronner M, Heilbronner U, Jamain S, Jimenez E, Jones I, Jones L, Jonsson L, Kahn RS, Kelsoe JR, Kennedy JL, Kircher T, Kirov G, Kittel-Schneider S, Klöhn-Saghatolislam F, Knowles JA, Kranz TM, Lagerberg TV, Landen M, Lawson WB, Leboyer M, Li QS, Maj M, Malaspina D, Manchia M, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McInnis MG, McIntosh AM, Medeiros H, Melle I, Milanova V, Mitchell PB, Monteleone P, Monteleone AM, Nöthen MM, Novak T, Nurnberger JI, O'Brien N, O'Connell KS, O'Donovan C, O'Donovan MC, Opel N, Ortiz A, Owen MJ, Pålsson E, Pato C, Pato MT, Pawlak J, Pfarr JK, Pisanu C, Potash JB, Rapaport MH, Reich-Erkelenz D, Reif A, Reininghaus E, Repple J, Richard-Lepouriel H, Rietschel M, Ringwald K, Roberts G, Rouleau G, Schaupp S, Scheftner WA, Schmitt S, Schofield PR, Schubert KO, Schulte EC, Schweizer B, Senner F, Severino G, Sharp S, Slaney C, Smeland OB, Sobell JL, Squassina A, Stopkova P, Strauss J, Tortorella A, Turecki G, Twarowska-Hauser J, Veldic M, Vieta E, Vincent JB, Xu W, Zai CC, Zandi PP, Di Florio A, Smoller JW, Biernacka JM, McMahon FJ, Alda M, Müller-Myhsok B, Koutsouleris N, Falkai P, Freimer NB, Andlauer TF, Schulze TG, Ophoff RA. Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 219:659-669. [PMID: 35048876 PMCID: PMC8636611 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools. AIMS To examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics. METHOD Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts. RESULTS Earlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (β = -0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (β = -0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (β = -0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (β = -0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO. CONCLUSIONS AAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses.
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Shen X, MacSweeney N, Chan SW, Barbu MC, Adams MJ, Lawrie SM, Romaniuk L, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC. Brain structural associations with depression in a large early adolescent sample (the ABCD study®). EClinicalMedicine 2021; 42:101204. [PMID: 34849476 PMCID: PMC8608869 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide with > 50% of cases emerging before the age of 25 years. Large-scale neuroimaging studies in depression implicate robust structural brain differences in the disorder. However, most studies have been conducted in adults and therefore, the temporal origins of depression-related imaging features remain largely unknown. This has important implications for understanding aetiology and informing timings of potential intervention. METHODS Here, we examine associations between brain structure (cortical metrics and white matter microstructural integrity) and depression ratings (from caregiver and child), in a large sample (N = 8634) of early adolescents (9 to 11 years old) from the US-based, Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. Data was collected from 2016 to 2018. FINDINGS We report significantly decreased global cortical and white matter metrics, and regionally in frontal, limbic and temporal areas in adolescent depression (Cohen's d = -0⋅018 to -0⋅041, β = -0·019 to -0⋅057). Further, we report consistently stronger imaging associations for caregiver-reported compared to child-reported depression ratings. Divergences between reports (caregiver vs child) were found to significantly relate to negative socio-environmental factors (e.g., family conflict, absolute β = 0⋅048 to 0⋅169). INTERPRETATION Depression ratings in early adolescence were associated with similar imaging findings to those seen in adult depression samples, suggesting neuroanatomical abnormalities may be present early in the disease course, arguing for the importance of early intervention. Associations between socio-environmental factors and reporter discrepancy warrant further consideration, both in the wider context of the assessment of adolescent psychopathology, and in relation to their role in aetiology. FUNDING Wellcome Trust (References: 104036/Z/14/Z and 220857/Z/20/Z) and the Medical Research Council (MRC, Reference: MC_PC_17209).
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Sewell MDE, Jiménez-Sánchez L, Shen X, Edmondson-Stait AJ, Green C, Adams MJ, Rifai OM, McIntosh AM, Lyall DM, Whalley HC, Lawrie SM. Associations between major psychiatric disorder polygenic risk scores and blood-based markers in UK biobank. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:32-41. [PMID: 34107350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and bipolar disorder (BD) have both shared and discrete genetic risk factors, and are associated with peripheral abnormalities. The relationships between such genetic architectures and blood-based markers are, however, unclear. We investigated relationships between polygenic risk scores (PRS) for these disorders and peripheral markers in the UK Biobank cohort. We calculated polygenic risk scores for n = 367,329 (MDD PRS), n = 366,465 (SCZ PRS), and n = 366,383 (BD PRS) UK Biobank cohort subjects. We then examined associations between disorder PRS and 58 inflammatory/immune, hematological, bone, cardiovascular, hormone, liver, renal and diabetes-associated blood markers using two generalized linear regression models: 'minimally adjusted' controlling for variables such as age and sex, and 'fully adjusted' including additional lifestyle covariates: BMI, alcohol and smoking status, and medication intake. There were 38/58 MDD PRS, 32/58 SCZ PRS, and 20/58 BD PRS-blood marker associations detected for our minimally adjusted model. Of these, 13/38 (MDD PRS), 14/32 (SCZ PRS), and 10/20 (BD PRS) associations remained significant after controlling for lifestyle factors. Many were disorder-specific, with 8/13 unique MDD PRS associations identified. Several disorder-specific associations for MDD and SCZ were immune-related, with mostly positive and negative associations identified for MDD and SCZ PRS respectively. This study suggests that MDD, SCZ and BD have both shared and distinct peripheral markers associated with disorder-specific genetic risk. The results also implicate inflammatory dysfunction in MDD and SCZ, albeit with differences in patterns between the two conditions, and enrich our understanding of potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in major psychiatric disorders.
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Howard DM, Pain O, Arathimos R, Barbu MC, Amador C, Walker RM, Jermy B, Adams MJ, Deary IJ, Porteous D, Campbell A, Sullivan PF, Evans KL, Arseneault L, Wray NR, Meaney M, McIntosh AM, Lewis CM. Methylome-wide association study of early life stressors and adult mental health. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:651-664. [PMID: 34523677 PMCID: PMC8863421 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment and events that we are exposed to in utero, during birth and in early childhood influence our future physical and mental health. The underlying mechanisms that lead to these outcomes are unclear, but long-term changes in epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, could act as a mediating factor or biomarker. DNA methylation data were assayed at 713 522 CpG sites from 9537 participants of the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study, a family-based cohort with extensive genetic, medical, family history and lifestyle information. Methylome-wide association studies of eight early life environment phenotypes and two adult mental health phenotypes (major depressive disorder and brief resilience scale) were conducted using DNA methylation data collected from adult whole blood samples. Two genes involved with different developmental pathways (PRICKLE2, Prickle Planar Cell Polarity Protein 2 and ABI1, Abl-Interactor-1) were annotated to CpG sites associated with preterm birth (P < 1.27 × 10−9). A further two genes important to the development of sensory pathways (SOBP, Sine Oculis Binding Protein Homolog and RPGRIP1, Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator Interacting Protein) were annotated to sites associated with low birth weight (P < 4.35 × 10−8). The examination of methylation profile scores and genes and gene-sets annotated from associated CpGs sites found no evidence of overlap between the early life environment and mental health conditions. Birth date was associated with a significant difference in estimated lymphocyte and neutrophil counts. Previous studies have shown that early life environments influence the risk of developing mental health disorders later in life; however, this study found no evidence that this is mediated by stable changes to the methylome detectable in peripheral blood.
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Campos AI, Thompson PM, Veltman DJ, Pozzi E, van Veltzen LS, Jahanshad N, Adams MJ, Baune BT, Berger K, Brosch K, Bülow R, Connolly CG, Dannlowski U, Davey CG, de Zubicaray GI, Dima D, Erwin-Grabner T, Evans JW, Fu CHY, Gotlib IH, Goya-Maldonado R, Grabe HJ, Grotegerd D, Harris MA, Harrison BJ, Hatton SN, Hermesdorf M, Hickie IB, Ho TC, Kircher T, Krug A, Lagopoulos J, Lemke H, McMahon K, MacMaster FP, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Medland SE, Meinert S, Meller T, Nenadic I, Opel N, Redlich R, Reneman L, Repple J, Sacchet MD, Schmitt S, Schrantee A, Sim K, Singh A, Stein F, Strike LT, van der Wee NJA, van der Werff SJA, Völzke H, Waltemate L, Whalley HC, Wittfeld K, Wright MJ, Yang TT, Zarate CA, Schmaal L, Rentería ME. Brain Correlates of Suicide Attempt in 18,925 Participants Across 18 International Cohorts. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:243-252. [PMID: 34172278 PMCID: PMC8324512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies of suicidal behavior have so far been conducted in small samples, prone to biases and false-positive associations, yielding inconsistent results. The ENIGMA-MDD Working Group aims to address the issues of poor replicability and comparability by coordinating harmonized analyses across neuroimaging studies of major depressive disorder and related phenotypes, including suicidal behavior. METHODS Here, we pooled data from 18 international cohorts with neuroimaging and clinical measurements in 18,925 participants (12,477 healthy control subjects and 6448 people with depression, of whom 694 had attempted suicide). We compared regional cortical thickness and surface area and measures of subcortical, lateral ventricular, and intracranial volumes between suicide attempters, clinical control subjects (nonattempters with depression), and healthy control subjects. RESULTS We identified 25 regions of interest with statistically significant (false discovery rate < .05) differences between groups. Post hoc examinations identified neuroimaging markers associated with suicide attempt including smaller volumes of the left and right thalamus and the right pallidum and lower surface area of the left inferior parietal lobe. CONCLUSIONS This study addresses the lack of replicability and consistency in several previously published neuroimaging studies of suicide attempt and further demonstrates the need for well-powered samples and collaborative efforts. Our results highlight the potential involvement of the thalamus, a structure viewed historically as a passive gateway in the brain, and the pallidum, a region linked to reward response and positive affect. Future functional and connectivity studies of suicidal behaviors may focus on understanding how these regions relate to the neurobiological mechanisms of suicide attempt risk.
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Meng W, Chan BW, Harris C, Freidin MB, Hebert HL, Adams MJ, Campbell A, Hayward C, Zheng H, Zhang X, Colvin LA, Hales TG, Palmer CNA, Williams FMK, McIntosh A, Smith BH. A genome-wide association study finds genetic variants associated with neck or shoulder pain in UK Biobank. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1396-1404. [PMID: 32246137 PMCID: PMC7254846 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Common types of musculoskeletal conditions include pain in the neck and shoulder areas. This study seeks to identify the genetic variants associated with neck or shoulder pain based on a genome-wide association approach using 203 309 subjects from the UK Biobank cohort and look for replication evidence from the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) and TwinsUK. Methods A genome-wide association study was performed adjusting for age, sex, BMI and nine population principal components. Significant and independent genetic variants were then sent to GS:SFHS and TwinsUK for replication. Results We identified three genetic loci that were associated with neck or shoulder pain in the UK Biobank samples. The most significant locus was in an intergenic region in chromosome 17, rs12453010, having P = 1.66 × 10−11. The second most significant locus was located in the FOXP2 gene in chromosome 7 with P = 2.38 × 10−10 for rs34291892. The third locus was located in the LINC01572 gene in chromosome 16 with P = 4.50 × 10−8 for rs62053992. In the replication stage, among four significant and independent genetic variants, rs2049604 in the FOXP2 gene and rs62053992 in the LINC01572 gene were weakly replicated in GS:SFHS (P = 0.0240 and P = 0.0202, respectively). Conclusions We have identified three loci associated with neck or shoulder pain in the UK Biobank cohort, two of which were weakly supported in a replication cohort. Further evidence is needed to confirm their roles in neck or shoulder pain.
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Clarke TK, Adams MJ, Howard DM, Xia C, Davies G, Hayward C, Campbell A, Padmanabhan S, Smith BH, Murray A, Porteous D, Deary IJ, McIntosh AM. Genetic and shared couple environmental contributions to smoking and alcohol use in the UK population. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4344-4354. [PMID: 31767999 PMCID: PMC8550945 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use and smoking are leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Both genetic and environmental factors have been shown to influence individual differences in the use of these substances. In the present study we tested whether genetic factors, modelled alongside common family environment, explained phenotypic variance in alcohol use and smoking behaviour in the Generation Scotland (GS) family sample of up to 19,377 individuals. SNP and pedigree-associated effects combined explained between 18 and 41% of the variance in substance use. Shared couple effects explained a significant amount of variance across all substance use traits, particularly alcohol intake, for which 38% of the phenotypic variance was explained. We tested whether the within-couple substance use associations were due to assortative mating by testing the association between partner polygenic risk scores in 34,987 couple pairs from the UK Biobank (UKB). No significant association between partner polygenic risk scores were observed. Associations between an individual's alcohol PRS (b = 0.05, S.E. = 0.006, p < 2 × 10-16) and smoking status PRS (b = 0.05, S.E. = 0.005, p < 2 × 10-16) were found with their partner's phenotype. In support of this, G carriers of a functional ADH1B polymorphism (rs1229984), known to be associated with greater alcohol intake, were found to consume less alcohol if they had a partner who carried an A allele at this SNP. Together these results show that the shared couple environment contributes significantly to patterns of substance use. It is unclear whether this is due to shared environmental factors, assortative mating, or indirect genetic effects. Future studies would benefit from longitudinal data and larger sample sizes to assess this further.
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Habota T, Sandu AL, Waiter GD, McNeil CJ, Steele JD, Macfarlane JA, Whalley HC, Valentine R, Younie D, Crouch N, Hawkins EL, Hirose Y, Romaniuk L, Milburn K, Buchan G, Coupar T, Stirling M, Jagpal B, MacLennan B, Priba L, Harris MA, Hafferty JD, Adams MJ, Campbell AI, MacIntyre DJ, Pattie A, Murphy L, Reynolds RM, Elliot R, Penton-Voak IS, Munafò MR, Evans KL, Seckl JR, Wardlaw JM, Lawrie SM, Haley CS, Porteous DJ, Deary IJ, Murray AD, McIntosh AM. Cohort profile for the STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally (STRADL) study: A depression-focused investigation of Generation Scotland, using detailed clinical, cognitive, and neuroimaging assessments. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 4:185. [PMID: 35237729 PMCID: PMC8857525 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15538.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally (STRADL) is a population-based study built on the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) resource. The aim of STRADL is to subtype major depressive disorder (MDD) on the basis of its aetiology, using detailed clinical, cognitive, and brain imaging assessments. The GS:SFHS provides an important opportunity to study complex gene-environment interactions, incorporating linkage to existing datasets and inclusion of early-life variables for two longitudinal birth cohorts. Specifically, data collection in STRADL included: socio-economic and lifestyle variables; physical measures; questionnaire data that assesses resilience, early-life adversity, personality, psychological health, and lifetime history of mood disorder; laboratory samples; cognitive tests; and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Some of the questionnaire and cognitive data were first assessed at the GS:SFHS baseline assessment between 2006-2011, thus providing longitudinal measures relevant to the study of depression, psychological resilience, and cognition. In addition, routinely collected historic NHS data and early-life variables are linked to STRADL data, further providing opportunities for longitudinal analysis. Recruitment has been completed and we consented and tested 1,188 participants.
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Lohoff FW, Roy A, Jung J, Longley M, Rosoff DB, Luo A, O'Connell E, Sorcher JL, Sun H, Schwandt M, Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Momenan R, McIntosh AM, Adams MJ, Walker RM, Evans KL, Porteous D, Smith AK, Lee J, Muench C, Charlet K, Clarke TK, Kaminsky ZA. Epigenome-wide association study and multi-tissue replication of individuals with alcohol use disorder: evidence for abnormal glucocorticoid signaling pathway gene regulation. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2224-2237. [PMID: 32398718 PMCID: PMC7658001 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic debilitating disorder with limited treatment options and poorly defined pathophysiology. There are substantial genetic and epigenetic components; however, the underlying mechanisms contributing to AUD remain largely unknown. We conducted the largest DNA methylation epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) analyses currently available for AUD (total N = 625) and employed a top hit replication (N = 4798) using a cross-tissue/cross-phenotypic approach with the goal of identifying novel epigenetic targets relevant to AUD. Results show that a network of differentially methylated regions in glucocorticoid signaling and inflammation-related genes were associated with alcohol use behaviors. A top probe consistently associated across all cohorts was located in the long non-coding RNA growth arrest specific five gene (GAS5) (p < 10-24). GAS5 has been implicated in regulating transcriptional activity of the glucocorticoid receptor and has multiple functions related to apoptosis, immune function and various cancers. Endophenotypic analyses using peripheral cortisol levels and neuroimaging paradigms showed that methylomic variation in GAS5 network-related probes were associated with stress phenotypes. Postmortem brain analyses documented increased GAS5 expression in the amygdala of individuals with AUD. Our data suggest that alcohol use is associated with differential methylation in the glucocorticoid system that might influence stress and inflammatory reactivity and subsequently risk for AUD.
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van Dongen J, Hagenbeek FA, Suderman M, Roetman PJ, Sugden K, Chiocchetti AG, Ismail K, Mulder RH, Hafferty JD, Adams MJ, Walker RM, Morris SW, Lahti J, Küpers LK, Escaramis G, Alemany S, Jan Bonder M, Meijer M, Ip HF, Jansen R, Baselmans BML, Parmar P, Lowry E, Streit F, Sirignano L, Send TS, Frank J, Jylhävä J, Wang Y, Mishra PP, Colins OF, Corcoran DL, Poulton R, Mill J, Hannon E, Arseneault L, Korhonen T, Vuoksimaa E, Felix JF, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Campbell A, Czamara D, Binder E, Corpeleijn E, Gonzalez JR, Grazuleviciene R, Gutzkow KB, Evandt J, Vafeiadi M, Klein M, van der Meer D, Ligthart L, Kluft C, Davies GE, Hakulinen C, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Franke B, Freitag CM, Konrad K, Hervas A, Fernández-Rivas A, Vetro A, Raitakari O, Lehtimäki T, Vermeiren R, Strandberg T, Räikkönen K, Snieder H, Witt SH, Deuschle M, Pedersen NL, Hägg S, Sunyer J, Franke L, Kaprio J, Ollikainen M, Moffitt TE, Tiemeier H, van IJzendoorn MH, Relton C, Vrijheid M, Sebert S, Jarvelin MR, Caspi A, Evans KL, McIntosh AM, Bartels M, Boomsma DI. DNA methylation signatures of aggression and closely related constructs: A meta-analysis of epigenome-wide studies across the lifespan. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2148-2162. [PMID: 33420481 PMCID: PMC8263810 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation profiles of aggressive behavior may capture lifetime cumulative effects of genetic, stochastic, and environmental influences associated with aggression. Here, we report the first large meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of aggressive behavior (N = 15,324 participants). In peripheral blood samples of 14,434 participants from 18 cohorts with mean ages ranging from 7 to 68 years, 13 methylation sites were significantly associated with aggression (alpha = 1.2 × 10-7; Bonferroni correction). In cord blood samples of 2425 children from five cohorts with aggression assessed at mean ages ranging from 4 to 7 years, 83% of these sites showed the same direction of association with childhood aggression (r = 0.74, p = 0.006) but no epigenome-wide significant sites were found. Top-sites (48 at a false discovery rate of 5% in the peripheral blood meta-analysis or in a combined meta-analysis of peripheral blood and cord blood) have been associated with chemical exposures, smoking, cognition, metabolic traits, and genetic variation (mQTLs). Three genes whose expression levels were associated with top-sites were previously linked to schizophrenia and general risk tolerance. At six CpGs, DNA methylation variation in blood mirrors variation in the brain. On average 44% (range = 3-82%) of the aggression-methylation association was explained by current and former smoking and BMI. These findings point at loci that are sensitive to chemical exposures with potential implications for neuronal functions. We hope these results to be a starting point for studies leading to applications as peripheral biomarkers and to reveal causal relationships with aggression and related traits.
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McEwan AR, Davidson C, Hay E, Turnbull Y, Erickson JC, Marini P, Wilson D, McIntosh AM, Adams MJ, Murgatroyd C, Barrett P, Delibegovic M, Clarke TK, MacKenzie A. CRISPR disruption and UK Biobank analysis of a highly conserved polymorphic enhancer suggests a role in male anxiety and ethanol intake. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2263-2276. [PMID: 32203157 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake is associated with 5.9% of global deaths. However, this figure is especially acute in men such that 7.6% of deaths can be attributed to alcohol intake. Previous studies identified a significant interaction between genotypes of the galanin (GAL) gene with anxiety and alcohol abuse in different male populations but were unable to define a mechanism. To address these issues the current study analysed the human UK Biobank cohort and identified a significant interaction (n = 115,865; p = 0.0007) between allelic variation (GG or CA genotypes) in the highly conserved human GAL5.1 enhancer, alcohol intake (AUDIT questionnaire scores) and anxiety in men. Critically, disruption of GAL5.1 in mice using CRISPR genome editing significantly reduced GAL expression in the amygdala and hypothalamus whilst producing a corresponding reduction in ethanol intake in KO mice. Intriguingly, we also found the evidence of reduced anxiety-like behaviour in male GAL5.1KO animals mirroring that seen in humans from our UK Biobank studies. Using bioinformatic analysis and co-transfection studies we further identified the EGR1 transcription factor, that is co-expressed with GAL in amygdala and hypothalamus, as being important in the protein kinase C (PKC) supported activity of the GG genotype of GAL5.1 but less so in the CA genotype. Our unique study uses a novel combination of human association analysis, CRISPR genome editing in mice, animal behavioural analysis and cell culture studies to identify a highly conserved regulatory mechanism linking anxiety and alcohol intake that might contribute to increased susceptibility to anxiety and alcohol abuse in men.
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Kwong ASF, Pearson RM, Adams MJ, Northstone K, Tilling K, Smith D, Fawns-Ritchie C, Bould H, Warne N, Zammit S, Gunnell DJ, Moran PA, Micali N, Reichenberg A, Hickman M, Rai D, Haworth S, Campbell A, Altschul D, Flaig R, McIntosh AM, Lawlor DA, Porteous D, Timpson NJ. Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:334-343. [PMID: 33228822 PMCID: PMC7844173 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to improve inferences. AIMS To quantify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and mental well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to identify groups at risk of depression and/or anxiety during the pandemic. METHOD Data were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) index generation (n = 2850, mean age 28 years) and parent generation (n = 3720, mean age 59 years), and Generation Scotland (n = 4233, mean age 59 years). Depression was measured with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in ALSPAC and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Generation Scotland. Anxiety and mental well-being were measured with the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 and the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. RESULTS Depression during the pandemic was similar to pre-pandemic levels in the ALSPAC index generation, but those experiencing anxiety had almost doubled, at 24% (95% CI 23-26%) compared with a pre-pandemic level of 13% (95% CI 12-14%). In both studies, anxiety and depression during the pandemic was greater in younger members, women, those with pre-existing mental/physical health conditions and individuals in socioeconomic adversity, even when controlling for pre-pandemic anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence for increased anxiety in young people that is coincident with the pandemic. Specific groups are at elevated risk of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for planning current mental health provisions and for long-term impact beyond this pandemic.
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Johnson EC, Sanchez-Roige S, Acion L, Adams MJ, Bucholz KK, Chan G, Chao MJ, Chorlian DB, Dick DM, Edenberg HJ, Foroud T, Hayward C, Heron J, Hesselbrock V, Hickman M, Kendler KS, Kinreich S, Kramer J, Kuo SIC, Kuperman S, Lai D, McIntosh AM, Meyers JL, Plawecki MH, Porjesz B, Porteous D, Schuckit MA, Su J, Zang Y, Palmer AA, Agrawal A, Clarke TK, Edwards AC. Polygenic contributions to alcohol use and alcohol use disorders across population-based and clinically ascertained samples. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1147-1156. [PMID: 31955720 PMCID: PMC7405725 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719004045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders have distinct genetic backgrounds. METHODS We examined whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) for consumption and problem subscales of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C, AUDIT-P) in the UK Biobank (UKB; N = 121 630) correlate with alcohol outcomes in four independent samples: an ascertained cohort, the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA; N = 6850), and population-based cohorts: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; N = 5911), Generation Scotland (GS; N = 17 461), and an independent subset of UKB (N = 245 947). Regression models and survival analyses tested whether the PRS were associated with the alcohol-related outcomes. RESULTS In COGA, AUDIT-P PRS was associated with alcohol dependence, AUD symptom count, maximum drinks (R2 = 0.47-0.68%, p = 2.0 × 10-8-1.0 × 10-10), and increased likelihood of onset of alcohol dependence (hazard ratio = 1.15, p = 4.7 × 10-8); AUDIT-C PRS was not an independent predictor of any phenotype. In ALSPAC, the AUDIT-C PRS was associated with alcohol dependence (R2 = 0.96%, p = 4.8 × 10-6). In GS, AUDIT-C PRS was a better predictor of weekly alcohol use (R2 = 0.27%, p = 5.5 × 10-11), while AUDIT-P PRS was more associated with problem drinking (R2 = 0.40%, p = 9.0 × 10-7). Lastly, AUDIT-P PRS was associated with ICD-based alcohol-related disorders in the UKB subset (R2 = 0.18%, p < 2.0 × 10-16). CONCLUSIONS AUDIT-P PRS was associated with a range of alcohol-related phenotypes across population-based and ascertained cohorts, while AUDIT-C PRS showed less utility in the ascertained cohort. We show that AUDIT-P is genetically correlated with both use and misuse and demonstrate the influence of ascertainment schemes on PRS analyses.
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Rosoff DB, Clarke TK, Adams MJ, McIntosh AM, Davey Smith G, Jung J, Lohoff FW. Educational attainment impacts drinking behaviors and risk for alcohol dependence: results from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study with ~780,000 participants. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1119-1132. [PMID: 31649322 PMCID: PMC7182503 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Observational studies suggest that lower educational attainment (EA) may be associated with risky alcohol use behaviors; however, these findings may be biased by confounding and reverse causality. We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using summary statistics from recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with >780,000 participants to assess the causal effects of EA on alcohol use behaviors and alcohol dependence (AD). Fifty-three independent genome-wide significant SNPs previously associated with EA were tested for association with alcohol use behaviors. We show that while genetic instruments associated with increased EA are not associated with total amount of weekly drinks, they are associated with reduced frequency of binge drinking ≥6 drinks (ßIVW = -0.198, 95% CI, -0.297 to -0.099, PIVW = 9.14 × 10-5), reduced total drinks consumed per drinking day (ßIVW = -0.207, 95% CI, -0.293 to -0.120, PIVW = 2.87 × 10-6), as well as lower weekly distilled spirits intake (ßIVW = -0.148, 95% CI, -0.188 to -0.107, PIVW = 6.24 × 10-13). Conversely, genetic instruments for increased EA were associated with increased alcohol intake frequency (ßIVW = 0.331, 95% CI, 0.267-0.396, PIVW = 4.62 × 10-24), and increased weekly white wine (ßIVW = 0.199, 95% CI, 0.159-0.238, PIVW = 7.96 × 10-23) and red wine intake (ßIVW = 0.204, 95% CI, 0.161-0.248, PIVW = 6.67 × 10-20). Genetic instruments associated with increased EA reduced AD risk: an additional 3.61 years schooling reduced the risk by ~50% (ORIVW = 0.508, 95% CI, 0.315-0.819, PIVW = 5.52 × 10-3). Consistency of results across complementary MR methods accommodating different assumptions about genetic pleiotropy strengthened causal inference. Our findings suggest EA may have important effects on alcohol consumption patterns and may provide potential mechanisms explaining reported associations between EA and adverse health outcomes.
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Johnston KJA, Ward J, Ray PR, Adams MJ, McIntosh AM, Smith BH, Strawbridge RJ, Price TJ, Smith DJ, Nicholl BI, Bailey MES. Sex-stratified genome-wide association study of multisite chronic pain in UK Biobank. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009428. [PMID: 33830993 PMCID: PMC8031124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is highly prevalent worldwide and imparts a significant socioeconomic and public health burden. Factors influencing susceptibility to, and mechanisms of, chronic pain development, are not fully understood, but sex is thought to play a significant role, and chronic pain is more prevalent in women than in men. To investigate sex differences in chronic pain, we carried out a sex-stratified genome-wide association study of Multisite Chronic Pain (MCP), a derived chronic pain phenotype, in UK Biobank on 178,556 men and 209,093 women, as well as investigating sex-specific genetic correlations with a range of psychiatric, autoimmune and anthropometric phenotypes and the relationship between sex-specific polygenic risk scores for MCP and chronic widespread pain. We also assessed whether MCP-associated genes showed expression pattern enrichment across tissues. A total of 123 SNPs at five independent loci were significantly associated with MCP in men. In women, a total of 286 genome-wide significant SNPs at ten independent loci were discovered. Meta-analysis of sex-stratified GWAS outputs revealed a further 87 independent associated SNPs. Gene-level analyses revealed sex-specific MCP associations, with 31 genes significantly associated in females, 37 genes associated in males, and a single gene, DCC, associated in both sexes. We found evidence for sex-specific pleiotropy and risk for MCP was found to be associated with chronic widespread pain in a sex-differential manner. Male and female MCP were highly genetically correlated, but at an rg of significantly less than 1 (0.92). All 37 male MCP-associated genes and all but one of 31 female MCP-associated genes were found to be expressed in the dorsal root ganglion, and there was a degree of enrichment for expression in sex-specific tissues. Overall, the findings indicate that sex differences in chronic pain exist at the SNP, gene and transcript abundance level, and highlight possible sex-specific pleiotropy for MCP. Results support the proposition of a strong central nervous-system component to chronic pain in both sexes, additionally highlighting a potential role for the DRG and nociception.
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