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Bagdy G, Juhasz G, Gonda X. A new clinical evidence-based gene-environment interaction model of depression. NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIA HUNGARICA : A MAGYAR PSZICHOFARMAKOLOGIAI EGYESULET LAPJA = OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE HUNGARIAN ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 14:213-220. [PMID: 23269207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In our current understanding of mood disorders, the role of genes is diverse including the mediation of the effects of provoking and protective factors. Different or partially overlapping gene sets play a major role in the development of personality traits including also affective temperaments, in the mediation of the effects of environmental factors, and in the interaction of these elements in the development of depression. Certain genes are associated with personality traits and temperaments including e.g., neuroticism, impulsivity, openness, rumination and extroversion. Environmental factors consist of external (early and provoking life events, seasonal changes, social support etc.) and internal factors (hormones, biological rhythm generators, comorbid disorders etc). Some of these environmental factors, such as early life events and some prenatal events directly influence the development of personality traits and temperaments. In the NEWMOOD cohort polymorphisms of the genes of the serotonin transporter, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2A and endocannabinoid CB1 receptors, tryptophan hydroxylase, CREB1, BDNF and GIRK provide evidence for the involvement of these genes in the development of depression. Based on their role in this process they could be assigned to different gene sets. The role of certain genes, such as promoter polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and CB1 receptor has been shown in more than one of the above factors. Furthermore, gene-gene interactions of these promoters associated with anxiety suggest the application of these polymorphisms in personalized medicine. In this review we introduce a new model including environmental factors, genes, trait and temperament markers based on human genetic studies.
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García MG, Puig JG, Torres RJ. Adenosine, dopamine and serotonin receptors imbalance in lymphocytes of Lesch-Nyhan patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:1129-35. [PMID: 22403020 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is caused by complete deficiency of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase enzyme. It is characterized by overproduction of uric acid, jointly with severe motor disability and self-injurious behaviour which physiopathology is unknown. These neurological manifestations suggest a dysfunction in the basal ganglia, and three neurotransmitters have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease: dopamine, adenosine and serotonin. All of them are implicated in motor function and behaviour, and act by binding to specific G-protein coupled receptors in the synaptic membrane where they seem to be integrated through receptor-receptor interactions. In this work we have confirmed at protein level the previously reported increased expression of DRD5 and the variably aberrant expression of ADORA2A, in LND PBL respect to control PBL. We have also described, for the first time, a decreased expression and protein level of 5-HTR1A in LND PBL respect to control PBL. If these results were confirmed in the Lesch-Nyhan patients basal ganglia cells, this would support the hypothesis that pathogenesis of neurological manifestations of Lesch-Nyhan patients may be related to an imbalance of neurotransmitters, rather than to the isolated disturbance of one of the neurotransmitters, and this fact should be taken into account in the design of pharmacologic treatment for their motor and behavioural disturbances.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adolescent
- Base Sequence
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Humans
- Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome/etiology
- Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome/genetics
- Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/metabolism
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Young Adult
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28
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Wilson D, da Silva Lobo DS, Tavares H, Gentil V, Vallada H. Family-based association analysis of serotonin genes in pathological gambling disorder: evidence of vulnerability risk in the 5HT-2A receptor gene. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:550-3. [PMID: 22740152 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathological gambling (PG) has become a growing public health problem in many countries around the world. PG is an impulse control disorder and its behavior and psychopathology present similarities with substance abuse disorders. Evidence from twin studies supports a significant genetic predisposition to PG, but the precise genetic loci still remain unclear. The present study investigates the allele and genotype distribution of polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter, serotonin receptor 1B and 2A genes in 140 sib-pairs discordant for the diagnosis of PG. A significant association of the C/C genotype of the serotonin receptor 2A T102C (rs 6313) polymorphism and the PG phenotype was observed [OR = 1.7 (1.1-3.4)]. This preliminary result is consistent with the hypothesis that the serotonin system is associated with addiction behavior and similar results have been reported for nicotine and alcohol dependence.
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Schellekens H, Clarke G, Jeffery IB, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Dynamic 5-HT2C receptor editing in a mouse model of obesity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32266. [PMID: 22448217 PMCID: PMC3308946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central serotonergic signalling system has been shown to play an important role in appetite control and the regulation of food intake. Serotonin exerts its anorectic effects mainly through the 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(6) receptors and these are therefore receiving increasing attention as principal pharmacotherapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity. The 5-HT(2C) receptor has the distinctive ability to be modified by posttranscriptional RNA editing on 5 nucleotide positions (A, B, C, D, E), having an overall decreased receptor function. Recently, it has been shown that feeding behaviour and fat mass are altered when the 5-HT(2C) receptor RNA is fully edited, suggesting a potential role for 5-HT(2C) editing in obesity. The present studies investigate the expression of serotonin receptors involved in central regulation of food intake, appetite and energy expenditure, with particular focus on the level of 5-HT(2C) receptor editing. Using a leptin-deficient mouse model of obesity (ob/ob), we show increased hypothalamic 5-HT(1A) receptor expression as well as increased hippocampal 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B), and 5-HT(6) receptor mRNA expression in obese mice compared to lean control mice. An increase in full-length 5-HT(2C) expression, depending on time of day, as well as differences in 5-HT(2C) receptor editing were found, independent of changes in total 5-HT(2C) receptor mRNA expression. This suggests that a dynamic regulation exists of the appetite-suppressing effects of the 5-HT(2C) receptor in both the hypothalamus and the hippocampus in the ob/ob mice model of obesity. The differential 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(6) receptor expression and altered 5-HT(2C) receptor editing profile reported here is poised to have important consequences for the development of novel anti-obesity therapies.
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Fernández-Jaén A, Fernández-Mayoralas DM, Calleja-Pérez B, Muñoz-Jareño N, López-Arribas S. [Genomic endophenotypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Rev Neurol 2012; 54 Suppl 1:S81-S87. [PMID: 22374776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a remarkably heterogeneous neurobiological disorder. This characteristic is aetiologically mediated by genetic and environmental factors. Numerous studies have shown that different genes play a moderate but complex role in the aetiology of ADHD. Significant associations have been identified with several candidate genes for this disorder, including DAT1, DRD4, DRD5, 5HTT, HTR1B or SNAP25. The neurocognitive models of ADHD have been largely based on the findings from neuroimaging studies conducted in patients with ADHD, when establishing hypotheses capable of explaining the clinical features that are observed. From a neurobiological point of view, the genetic architecture of these patients or the interaction of the above-mentioned genes should at least partially account for the neuroanatomical and neuropsychological findings observed, which explains the axiomatic antithesis in the title. Nevertheless, the results of studies into the relationship between the genotyping and the neuroimaging or psychological findings are scarce and contradictory. The methodological differences in the volumetric analyses, the sizes of the populations studied, the neuropsychological batteries that are used, the presence of previous pharmacological treatment or comorbidity could account for these results.
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MESH Headings
- Adoption
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/etiology
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/pathology
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/physiology
- Endophenotypes
- Environment
- Frontal Lobe/pathology
- Genetic Association Studies
- Genotype
- Humans
- Models, Genetic
- Models, Neurological
- Models, Psychological
- Multifactorial Inheritance
- Neuroimaging
- Neuropsychological Tests
- Organ Size
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D4/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D4/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/physiology
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/physiology
- Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25/genetics
- Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25/physiology
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31
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Edwards TL, Velez Edwards DR, Villegas R, Cohen SS, Buchowski MS, Fowke JH, Schlundt D, Long J, Cai Q, Zheng W, Shu XO, Hargreaves MK, Smith J, Williams SM, Signorello LB, Blot WJ, Matthews CE. HTR1B, ADIPOR1, PPARGC1A, and CYP19A1 and obesity in a cohort of Caucasians and African Americans: an evaluation of gene-environment interactions and candidate genes. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:11-21. [PMID: 22106445 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization estimates that the number of obese and overweight adults has increased to 1.6 billion, with concomitant increases in comorbidity. While genetic factors for obesity have been extensively studied in Caucasians, fewer studies have investigated genetic determinants of body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) in African Americans. A total of 38 genes and 1,086 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in African Americans (n = 1,173) and 897 SNPs in Caucasians (n = 1,165) were examined in the Southern Community Cohort Study (2002-2009) for associations with BMI and gene × environment interactions. A statistically significant association with BMI survived correction for multiple testing at rs4140535 (β = -0.04, 95% confidence interval: -0.06, -0.02; P = 5.76 × 10(-5)) in African Americans but not in Caucasians. Gene-environment interactions were observed with cigarette smoking and a SNP in ADIPOR1 in African Americans, as well as between a different SNP in ADIPOR1 and physical activity in Caucasians. A SNP in PPARGC1A interacted with alcohol consumption in African Americans, and a different SNP in PPARGC1A was nominally associated in Caucasians. A SNP in CYP19A1 interacted with dietary energy intake in African Americans, and another SNP in CYP191A had an independent association with BMI in Caucasians.
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Furay AR, Neumaier JF, Mullenix AT, Kaiyala KK, Sandygren NK, Hoplight BJ. Overexpression of 5-HT(1B) mRNA in nucleus accumbens shell projection neurons differentially affects microarchitecture of initiation and maintenance of ethanol consumption. Alcohol 2011; 45:19-32. [PMID: 20843634 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 1B (5-HT(1B)) heteroreceptors on nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) projection neurons have been shown to enhance the voluntary consumption of alcohol by rats, presumably by modulating the activity of the mesolimbic reward pathway. The present study examined whether increasing 5-HT(1B) receptors expressed on NAcSh projection neurons by means of virus-mediated gene transfer enhances ethanol consumption during the initiation or maintenance phase of drinking and alters the temporal pattern of drinking behavior. Animals received stereotaxic injections of viral vectors expressing either 5-HT(1B) receptor and green fluorescent protein (GFP) or GFP alone. Home cages equipped with a three-bottle (water and 6 and 12% ethanol) lickometer system recorded animals' drinking behaviors continuously, capturing either initiation or maintenance of drinking behavior patterns. Overexpression of 5-HT(1B) receptors during initiation increased consumption of 12% ethanol during both forced-access and free-choice consumption. There was a shift in drinking pattern for 6% ethanol with an increase in number of drinking bouts per day, although the total number of drinking bouts for 12% ethanol was not different. Finally, increased 5-HT(1B) expression induced more bouts with very high-frequency licking from the ethanol bottle sippers. During the maintenance phase of drinking, there were no differences between groups in total volume of ethanol consumed; however, there was a shift toward drinking bouts of longer duration, especially for 12% ethanol. This suggests that during maintenance drinking, increased 5-HT(1B) receptors facilitate longer drinking bouts of more modest volumes. Taken together, these results indicate that 5-HT(1B) receptors expressed on NAcSh projection neurons facilitate ethanol drinking, with different effects during initiation and maintenance of ethanol-drinking behavior.
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33
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Cao JX, Hu J, Ye XM, Xia Y, Haile CA, Kosten TR, Zhang XY. Association between the 5-HTR1B gene polymorphisms and alcohol dependence in a Han Chinese population. Brain Res 2010; 1376:1-9. [PMID: 21172311 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The human serotonin receptor 1B (HRT1B) plays an important role in regulating serotonin release. Previous research has suggested that the genetic variation of the HTR1B gene may confer susceptibility to alcoholism or some subtypes of alcohol dependence, but the evidence has been inconsistent. The aim of the present study is to examine whether polymorphic variants of the HTR1B gene are associated with alcohol dependence subtypes or drinking-related behaviors in Chinese Han population. Alcohol-dependent (AD) male patients (n=135) and controls (n=143) were genotyped for two polymorphisms: A161T in the promoter region and the synonymous variation G861C in the coding region of HTR1B. The results showed that the A161T polymorphism was associated with alcohol dependence (T vs. A allele: p=0.002; OR=2.18, 95% CI: 1.32-3.60). This association was strengthened in those with positive family history (OR=3.12, 95% CI: 1.71-5.70) and/or early onset (OR=4.53, 95% CI: 2.18-9.44) of alcohol dependence. The A161T variant was also significantly associated with age of onset of alcoholism (p=0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant difference of haplotypic frequencies between patients and controls (χ(2)=14.84, df=3, p=0.002), with one common haplotype AG of being significantly underrepresented among the patient group compared to the control group (34% vs. 47.7%, permutation p=0.0034; OR=0.56; 95% CI: 0.39-0.79). These findings confirm HTR1B as a susceptibility gene for alcohol dependence in the sample of Chinese Han population. The HTR1B A-161T polymorphism may be particularly valuable as a functional genetic marker for alcoholism and merits additional study.
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Popova NK, Naumenko VS. [Polymorphism in 5-HT receptors as the background of serotonin functional diversity]. ROSSIISKII FIZIOLOGICHESKII ZHURNAL IMENI I.M. SECHENOVA 2010; 96:778-786. [PMID: 20968063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The review concentrates on the role of different types and subtypes of 5-HT receptors in physiological and behavioural effects of the brain neurotransmitter serotonin. Specifically it describes: 1) the effects of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors on aggressive behavior, sexual arousal, food and water consumption; 2) the data showing reciprocal effect of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptor agonists; 3) interaction of 5-HT3 and 5-HT1A-receptors in 5-HT3-induced hypothermia. The review provides converging lines of evidence that: different types and subtypes of 5-HT receptors are involved in the regulation of various kinds of behavior as additive as well as opposite factors providing neuroplasticity, compensatory and adaptive mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- Aggression/drug effects
- Aggression/physiology
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/physiology
- Drinking/drug effects
- Drinking/physiology
- Eating/drug effects
- Eating/physiology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptor Cross-Talk/physiology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/metabolism
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Sexual Behavior/drug effects
- Sexual Behavior/physiology
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35
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Wang H, Wu ZH, Zhuang QY, Qiu GX. [Association study of HTR1A and HTR1B with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis]. ZHONGHUA WAI KE ZA ZHI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF SURGERY] 2010; 48:296-299. [PMID: 20388441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether HTR1A and HTR1B polymorphisms are associated with the predisposition, gender, PUMC Classification and/or severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS Rs6294 (HTR1A) and rs6296 (HTR1B) were genotyped in 103 AIS patients treated from January 2006 to March 2007, and 108 controls with matched gender and age. The data were analyzed by the allelic and genotypic association analysis, and the genotype-phenotype (gender, PUMC Classification, and Cobb angle) association analysis. RESULTS The distributions of the alleles of all the 2 SNPs met Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the controls (goodness-of-fit chi(2) test, P > 0.05). The allele A of rs6294 was related with the occurrence of AIS (P = 0.041), but differences of the allele frequencies of rs6296 and the genotype frequencies of both SNPs between 2 groups had no statistical significance (P > 0.05). The genotype A/A + A/G of rs6294 was associated with AIS PUMC type III, and there was no other positive results in genotype-phenotype association analysis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HTR1A may be a predisposition gene of AIS PUMC type III, and PUMC Classification may has its genetic basis.
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Conner TS, Jensen KP, Tennen H, Furneaux HM, Kranzler HR, Covault J. Functional polymorphisms in the serotonin 1B receptor gene (HTR1B) predict self-reported anger and hostility among young men. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:67-78. [PMID: 19350534 PMCID: PMC3312780 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined associations between haplotypes of the serotonin 1B receptor gene and individual differences in anger and hostility. Data were analyzed from a study of 361 university students (47% male). Participants were genotyped at five polymorphisms in the HTR1B gene (rs11568817, rs130058, rs6296, rs6297, rs13212041), including promoter and 3'UTR polymorphisms with opposite functional effects on gene expression. Participants reported their emotional states across 30 consecutive days for up to 4 years. Haplotype pairs were constructed statistically and assigned to a level of HTR1B expression based on the presence of the functional polymorphisms. Six haplotypes accounted for >97% of chromosomes. Three low expression haplotypes contained the 3'UTR variant (rs13212041 A-allele) that enables a microRNA-mediated reduction in expression. One intermediate expression haplotype contained the 3'UTR A-allele paired with the high-activity promoter. Two high expression haplotypes contained the 3'UTR variant (rs13212041 G-allele) that attenuates microRNA-mediated reduction in expression. Men with low expression haplotypes reported greater anger and hostility than men with one or two high expression haplotypes. Diplotype classification accounted for 8.4% of the variance in men's anger and hostility, primarily due to the 3'UTR polymorphism (rs13212041), but with some contribution of the functional promoter combination (rs11568817, rs130058). Associations with anger and hostility were not found in women. These findings extend our understanding of the genetic basis of anger and hostility by showing that newly characterized HTR1B haplotypes, particularly those with rs13212041, which modulates microRNA-mediated regulation of HTR1B expression, may have important implications for aggression-related phenotypes among young men.
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Urtikova NA, Sapronova AI, Brisorgueil MJ, Verge D, Ugriumov MV. [Development of serotonergic neurons of dorsal raphe nuclei in mice with knockout of monoamine oxidase A and 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B autoreceptor]. ONTOGENEZ 2009; 40:270-281. [PMID: 19705758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The morphological changes in the development of serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nuclei in the medulla oblongata was studied by immunocytochemistry in mice with knockout of 1A and 1B serotonin autoreceptors as well as monoamine oxidase A. Serotonin autoreceptors regulate electric activity of serotonergic neurons as well as the synthesis and release of the neurotransmitter, while monoamine oxidase A catalyzes its degradation. These genetic modifications proved to have no effect on the number of serotonergic neurons in the medulla oblongata but induced morphofunctional changes. Decreased cell size and increased intracellular serotonin level were observed in the case of monoamine oxidase A deficiency, while excessive cell size and decreased intracellular serotonin level were observed in the case of autoreceptor deficiency. The data obtained confirm the hypothesis of autoregulation of serotonergic neurons in development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Autoreceptors/genetics
- Autoreceptors/physiology
- Cell Size
- Medulla Oblongata/cytology
- Medulla Oblongata/embryology
- Medulla Oblongata/growth & development
- Medulla Oblongata/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Monoamine Oxidase/genetics
- Monoamine Oxidase/physiology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Raphe Nuclei/cytology
- Raphe Nuclei/embryology
- Raphe Nuclei/growth & development
- Raphe Nuclei/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/physiology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/physiology
- Serotonin/metabolism
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38
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Gizer IR, Ficks C, Waldman ID. Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Hum Genet 2009; 126:51-90. [PMID: 19506906 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Noskova TG, Kazantseva AV, Gareeva AE, Gaĭsina DA, Tuktarova SU, Khusnutdinova EK. [Association of several polymorphic loci of serotoninergic genes with unipolar depression]. GENETIKA 2009; 45:842-848. [PMID: 19639876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Serotoninergic system is one of the major brain neurotransmitter systems that is involved in the development of depression disorders. Regulatory genes of this system are the principle candidate genes predisposing to unipolar depression. Using PCR-RFLP analysis, we have conducted a study of polymorphic loci of several genes of this system: C1019G of serotonin receptor 1A gene, (HTR1A); A438G of serotonin receptor 2A gene, (HTR2A); G861C of serotonin receptor 1B gene, (HTR1B); Stin2VNTR and 5-HTTLPR of serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) in patients with unipolar depression among ethnic Tatars and Russians. The results of the study suggest that genotype 10/10 of the SLC6A4 gene as well as genotype G/G and allele G of the HTR2A gene can predispose for increased risk of unipolar depression development in ethnic Russians. In contrast, genotype 12/10 of the SLC6A4 gene is a marker of low risk of the disease development in both ethnic groups.
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Rediger A, Tarnow P, Bickenbach A, Schaefer M, Krude H, Gruters A, Biebermann H. Heterodimerization of hypothalamic G-protein-coupled receptors involved in weight regulation. Obes Facts 2009; 2:80-6. [PMID: 20054210 PMCID: PMC6444828 DOI: 10.1159/000209862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors (MC3R and MC4R) are known to play an essential role in hypothalamic weight regulation. In addition to these two G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a huge number of other GPCRs are expressed in hypothalamic regions, and some of them are involved in weight regulation. So far, homodimerization was shown for a few of these receptors. Heterodimerization of unrelated receptors may have profound functional consequence but heterodimerization of GPCRs involved in weight regulation was not reported yet. METHODS A selective number of hypothalamically expressed GPCRs were cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector. Cell surface expression was demonstrated by an ELISA approach. Subcellular distribution was investigated by confocal laser microscopy. A sandwich ELISA and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) were used to determine protein-protein interaction. RESULTS Via sandwich ELISA and FRET approach we could demonstrate a robust interaction of the MC4R with GPR7, both of which are expressed in the hypothalamic nucleus paraventricularis. Moreover, we determined a strong interaction of MC3R with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor expressed in the nucleus arcuatus. CONCLUSION Identification GPCR heterodimerization adds to the understanding of the complexity of weight regulation and may provide important information to develop therapeutic strategies to treat obesity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Body Weight/physiology
- COS Cells
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Dimerization
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Humans
- Kidney/cytology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/chemistry
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/chemistry
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/chemistry
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Transfection
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41
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Sethupathy P, Collins FS. MicroRNA target site polymorphisms and human disease. Trends Genet 2008; 24:489-97. [PMID: 18778868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. They have been implicated in a broad range of biological processes, and miRNA-related genetic alterations probably underlie more human diseases than currently appreciated. Several studies have identified genetic variants in miRNA target sites that are claimed to be associated with disorders ranging from Parkinson's disease to cancer. However, careful assessment of these studies indicates that very few provide a combination of rigorous genetic and functional evidence. We therefore suggest a set of concrete recommendations to guide future investigations. Specifically, we highlight the importance of unbiased association studies and follow-up functional experiments for providing a clearer picture of the extent to which microRNA target site variations are relevant in various human diseases.
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42
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Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the modulation of aggression in animals and humans. A longstanding dogma that aggression and serotonergic activity are inversely related has to be abandoned in light of many new findings. Trait and state aggression are differentially regulated by the 5-HT system and different 5-HT receptors seem to be involved. Of the 14 different 5-HT receptors, the 5-HT(1B) receptor, particularly the postsynaptically located 5-HT(1B) heteroreceptor, plays a highly selective role in the modulation of offensive aggression. We are still far from understanding the complex role played by the serotonergic system in the modulation of a complex set of behaviors like aggression.
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43
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Riegert C, Rothmaier AK, Leemhuis J, Sexton TJ, Neumaier JF, Cassel JC, Jackisch R. Increased expression of 5-HT(1B) receptors by Herpes simplex virus gene transfer in septal neurons: New in vitro and in vivo models to study 5-HT(1B) receptor function. Brain Res Bull 2008; 76:439-53. [PMID: 18502320 PMCID: PMC2667131 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic modulation of acetylcholine (ACh) release after neuron-specific increase of the expression of 5-HT(1B) receptors by gene transfer was studied in vitro and in vivo. The increased expression of the 5-HT(1B) receptor in vitro was induced by treating rat primary fetal septal cell cultures for 3 days with a viral vector inducing the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) vector alone, or, in addition, of 5-HT(1B) receptors (HA1B/GFP vector). The transfection resulted in a high number of GFP-positive cells, part of which being immunopositive for choline acetyltransferase. In HA1B/GFP-cultures (vs. GFP-cultures), electrically evoked ACh release was significantly more sensitive to the inhibitory action of the 5-HT(1B) agonist CP-93,129. Increased expression of the 5-HT(1B) receptor in vivo was induced by stereotaxic injections of the vectors into the rat septal region. Three days later, electrically evoked release of ACh in hippocampal slices of HA1B/GFP-treated rats was lower than in their GFP-treated counterparts, showing a higher inhibitory efficacy of endogenous 5-HT on cholinergic terminals after transfection. Moreover, CP-93,129 had a higher inhibitory potency. In conclusion, the HA1B/GFP vector reveals a useful tool to induce a targeted increase of 5-HT(1B) heteroreceptors on cholinergic neurons in selected CNS regions, which provides interesting perspectives for functional approaches at more integrated levels.
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44
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Bordukalo-Niksić T, Mokrović G, Jernej B, Cicin-Sain L. Expression of 5HT-1A and 5HT-1B receptor genes in brains of Wistar-Zagreb 5HT rats. COLLEGIUM ANTROPOLOGICUM 2008; 32 Suppl 1:37-41. [PMID: 18405056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
By selective breeding, two sublines of rats with high or low activity of platelet serotonin (5HT) transporter (5HTt) have been developed (Wistar-Zagreb 5HT rats). Previous studies demonstrated significant differences between the sublines in the expression of platelet 5HTt at the level of both, mRNA and protein. Pharmacological studies showed marked alterations in brain 5HTt function, indicating differences in central serotonin homeostasis, although analysis of regional brain 5HTt gene expression did not show analogous differences. In this study, we searched for possible changes in the expression of the two central 5HT receptor subtypes: 5HT-1A and 5HT-1B, both participating in the regulation of brain 5HT transmission. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR, with three different housekeeping genes as internal standards, showed no differences in the levels of 5HT-receptor expression between the sublines. Results suggest that constitutional alteration of 5HT homeostasis, induced by selective breeding for the extremes of platelet 5HTt activity, did not cause measurable changes in the expression of central 5HT-1A (hippocampus) and 5HT-1B (striatum) receptors in the mentioned rat sublines under physiological conditions.
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45
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Zouk H, McGirr A, Lebel V, Benkelfat C, Rouleau G, Turecki G. The effect of genetic variation of the serotonin 1B receptor gene on impulsive aggressive behavior and suicide. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:996-1002. [PMID: 17510950 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive-aggressive behaviors (IABs) are regarded as possible suicide intermediate phenotypes, mediating the relationship between genes and suicide outcome. In this study, we aimed to investigate the putative relationship between genetic variation at the 5-HT1B receptor gene, which in animal models is involved in impulse-aggression control, IABs, and suicide risk. We investigated the relationship of variation at five 5-HT1B loci and IAB measures in a sample of 696 subjects, including 338 individuals who died by suicide and 358 normal epidemiological controls. We found that variation at the 5-HT1B promoter A-161T locus had a significant effect on levels of IABs, as measured by the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI). Suicides also differed from controls in distribution of variants at this locus. The A-161T locus, which seems to impact 5-HT1B transcription, could play a role in suicide predisposition by means of mediating impulsive-aggressive behaviors.
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46
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Kia-Keating BM, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT. Meta-analyses suggest association between COMT, but not HTR1B, alleles, and suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:1048-53. [PMID: 17525973 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that suicidal behavior is at least partially determined by genetic factors, supporting a search for related genes. Two genes that have been highlighted in the literature as being involved are HTR1B, which codes for the serotonin 1B receptor, and COMT, which is related to the inactivation of catecholamines. In order to assess the combined evidence for the numerous studies that have been published relating suicidal behavior to these two genes, two different random effects meta-analyses were conducted utilizing seven studies related to HTR1B and six studies related to COMT. For HTR1B, the combined evidence from 789 case and 1,247 control subjects/participants, suggested that there was no significant association between the HTR1B G861C polymorphism and suicidal behavior. For COMT, based on the combined data from 519 cases and 933 control subjects, there was evidence of a significant association between the COMT 158Met polymorphism and suicidal behavior. Although the results for COMT were not influenced by publication bias, the significance of the combined results was not robust and was related to the gender of the case and control subjects. The results for COMT support past literature that has found a relationship between suicidal behavior and COMT, and has also found that the relationship differs for males and females. Given that in the United States a higher proportion of females attempt suicide, and the higher proportion of males successfully commit suicide, it is possible that COMT is related to the lethality of suicide attempts.
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47
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Sibille E, Su J, Leman S, Le Guisquet AM, Ibarguen-Vargas Y, Joeyen-Waldorf J, Glorioso C, Tseng GC, Pezzone M, Hen R, Belzung C. Lack of serotonin1B receptor expression leads to age-related motor dysfunction, early onset of brain molecular aging and reduced longevity. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:1042-56, 975. [PMID: 17420766 PMCID: PMC2515886 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging of the brain differs from pathological conditions and is associated with increased risk for psychiatric and neurological disorders. In addition to its role in the etiology and treatment of mood disorders, altered serotonin (5-HT) signaling is considered a contributing factor to aging; however, no causative role has been identified in aging. We hypothesized that a deregulation of the 5-HT system would reveal its contribution to age-related processes and investigated behavioral and molecular changes throughout adult life in mice lacking the regulatory presynaptic 5-HT(1B) receptor (5-HT(1B)R), a candidate gene for 5-HT-mediated age-related functions. We show that the lack of 5-HT(1B)R (Htr1b(KO) mice) induced an early age-related motor decline and resulted in decreased longevity. Analysis of life-long transcriptome changes revealed an early and global shift of the gene expression signature of aging in the brain of Htr1b(KO) mice. Moreover, molecular changes reached an apparent maximum effect at 18-months in Htr1b(KO) mice, corresponding to the onset of early death in that group. A comparative analysis with our previous characterization of aging in the human brain revealed a phylogenetic conservation of age-effect from mice to humans, and confirmed the early onset of molecular aging in Htr1b(KO) mice. Potential mechanisms appear independent of known central mechanisms (Bdnf, inflammation), but may include interactions with previously identified age-related systems (IGF-1, sirtuins). In summary, our findings suggest that the onset of age-related events can be influenced by altered 5-HT function, thus identifying 5-HT as a modulator of brain aging, and suggesting age-related consequences to chronic manipulation of 5-HT.
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48
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Caylak E. A review of association and linkage studies for genetical analyses of learning disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:923-43. [PMID: 17510947 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Learning disorders (LD) commonly comprise of a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by unexpected problems in some children's experiences in the academic performance arena. These problems especially comprise of a variety of disorders which may be subclassified to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), reading disability (RD), specific language impairment (SLI), speech-sound disorder (SSD), and dyspraxia. The aim of this review is to summarize the current molecular studies and some of the most exciting recent developments in molecular genetic research on LD. The findings for the association and linkage of LD with candidate genes will help to set the research agendas for future studies to follow.
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49
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Ansar S, Vikman P, Nielsen M, Edvinsson L. Cerebrovascular ETB, 5-HT1B, and AT1 receptor upregulation correlates with reduction in regional CBF after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3750-8. [PMID: 17873013 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00857.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that cerebral ischemia leads to enhanced expression of endothelin (ET), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and angiotensin II (ANG II) receptors in the vascular smooth muscle cells. Our aim is to correlate the upregulation of cerebrovascular receptors and the underlying molecular mechanisms with the reduction in regional and global cerebral blood flow (CBF) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH was induced by injecting 250 microl blood into the prechiasmatic cistern in rats. The cerebral arteries were removed 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after the SAH for functional and molecular studies. The contractile responses to ET-1, 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT), and ANG II were investigated with myograph. The receptor mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In addition, regional and global CBFs were measured by an autoradiographic method. As a result, SAH resulted in enhanced contractions to ET-1 and 5-CT. ANG II [via ANG II type 1 (AT(1)) receptors] induced increased contractile responses [in the presence of the ANG II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor antagonist PD-123319]. In parallel the ET(B), 5-HT(1B), and AT(1) receptor, mRNA and protein levels were elevated by time. The regional and global CBF showed a successive reduction with time after SAH. In conclusion, the results demonstrate for the first time that SAH induces the upregulation of ET(B), 5-HT(1B), and AT(1) receptors in a time-dependent manner both at functional, mRNA, and protein levels. These changes occur in parallel with a successive decrease in CBF. Thus there is a temporal correlation between the changes in receptor expression and CBF reduction, suggesting a linkage.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Autoradiography
- Cerebral Arteries/metabolism
- Cerebral Arteries/physiopathology
- Cerebrovascular Circulation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin B/genetics
- Receptor, Endothelin B/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/metabolism
- Serotonin/analogs & derivatives
- Serotonin/pharmacology
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/metabolism
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/metabolism
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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50
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Kim JW, Waldman ID, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Doyle AE, Purcell S, Arbeitman L, Fagerness J, Sklar P, Smoller JW. Investigation of parent-of-origin effects in ADHD candidate genes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:776-80. [PMID: 17427194 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common early-onset childhood disorder with a strong genetic component. Results from previous studies have suggested that there may be a parent-of-origin effect for ADHD candidate genes. In particular, a recent investigation identified a pattern of paternal over-transmission of risk alleles for nine ADHD candidate genes. We examined this phenomenon in a sample of 291 trios for five genes previously associated with ADHD (HTR1B, SNAP-25, DRD5, DAT1, and BDNF). Using a dense map of markers and two analytic methods in this relatively large family-based sample, we do not find any evidence for significant paternal over-transmission of risk alleles in these candidate loci. Thus, we conclude that a substantial parent-of-origin effect is unlikely for these leading ADHD candidate genes.
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