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Korenchevsky V, Carr M. Further Experiments on the Influence of the Parents' Diet upon the Young: The Influence upon the Young of an excessive amount of Calcium in the Mother's Diet during Pregnancy. Biochem J 2006; 19:112-6. [PMID: 16743460 PMCID: PMC1259557 DOI: 10.1042/bj0190112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Korenchevsky
- The Department of Experimental Pathology, Lister Institute
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Korenchevsky V, Carr M. Further Experiments on the Influence of the Parents' Diet upon the Young: The Influence of the Father's Diet. Biochem J 2006; 18:1308-12. [PMID: 16743406 PMCID: PMC1259523 DOI: 10.1042/bj0181308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Korenchevsky
- The Department of Experimental Pathology, Lister Institute
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Korenchevsky V, Carr M. The Sexual Glands and Metabolism: The Influence of Injections of Emulsions of Testes and Prostate and of Insulin-like Testicular Extracts upon the Nitrogen Metabolism of Normal, Castrated and Thyroidectomised Rabbits. Biochem J 2006; 19:773-82. [PMID: 16743577 PMCID: PMC1259261 DOI: 10.1042/bj0190773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Majka SM, Case D, Ivestor C, Imamura M, Roedersheimer M, Patterson A, Carr M, Saavedra M, Crossno J, Poirer F, West J. Inappropriate Production of Galectin‐1 Affects Vascular Homeostasis during Pulmonary Hypertension. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a639-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Majka
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center4200 E 9th Ave, B‐133DenverCO80262
| | - David Case
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center4200 E 9th Ave, B‐133DenverCO80262
| | - Charles Ivestor
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center4200 E 9th Ave, B‐133DenverCO80262
| | - Masa Imamura
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center4200 E 9th Ave, B‐133DenverCO80262
| | - Mark Roedersheimer
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center4200 E 9th Ave, B‐133DenverCO80262
| | - Abby Patterson
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center4200 E 9th Ave, B‐133DenverCO80262
| | - Michelle Carr
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center4200 E 9th Ave, B‐133DenverCO80262
| | - Milene Saavedra
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center4200 E 9th Ave, B‐133DenverCO80262
| | - Joseph Crossno
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center4200 E 9th Ave, B‐133DenverCO80262
| | - Francoise Poirer
- Departement de Biologie du DevelopementInstitut Jacques Monod2 place JussieuPARIS75251France
| | - James West
- MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center4200 E 9th Ave, B‐133DenverCO80262
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105
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension. The type 2 receptor (BMPR2) is required for recognition of all BMPs. Transgenic mice with a smooth muscle cell-targeted mutation in this receptor (SM22-tet-BMPR2(delx4+)) developed increased pulmonary artery pressure, associated with a modest increase in arterial muscularization, after 8 wk of transgene activation (West J, Fagan K, Steudel W, Fouty B, Lane K, Harral J, Hoedt-Miller M, Tada Y, Ozimek J, Tuder R, and Rodman DM. Circ Res 94: 1109-1114, 2004). In the present study, we show that these transgenic mice developed increased right ventricular pressures after only 1 wk of transgene activation, without significant remodeling of the vasculature. We then tested the hypothesis that the increased pulmonary artery pressure due to loss of BMPR2 signaling was mediated by reduced K(V) channel expression. There was decreased expression of K(V)1.1, K(V)1.5, and K(V)4.3 mRNA isolated from whole lung. Western blot confirmed decreased K(V)1.5 protein in these lungs. Human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) treated with recombinant BMP2 had increased K(V)1.5 protein and macroscopic K(V) current density, which was blocked by anti-K(V)1.5 antibody. In vivo, nifedipine, a selective L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, reduced RV systolic pressure in these dominant-negative BMPR2 mice to levels seen in control animals. This suggests that activation of L-type Ca(2+) channels caused by reduced K(V)1.5 mediates increased pulmonary artery pressure in these animals. These studies suggest that BMP regulates K(V) channel expression and that loss of this signaling pathway in PASMC through a mutation in BMPR2 is sufficient to cause pulmonary artery vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Young
- Center for Genetic Lung Disease, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Box B133, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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106
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Head JW, Neukum G, Jaumann R, Hiesinger H, Hauber E, Carr M, Masson P, Foing B, Hoffmann H, Kreslavsky M, Werner S, Milkovich S, van Gasselt S, The HRSC Co-Investigator Team. Are there active glaciers on Mars? (Reply). Nature 2005. [DOI: 10.1038/nature04358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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107
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Abstract
A health care program based on Healthy People 2010 objectives provides screening and treatment to homeless children residing in a homeless shelter through a nursing center located on site. In addition to treatment for minor acute illnesses, children receive physical assessment and screening for health problems for which they are at increased risk. Interventions address these problems within the context of the complex psychosocial issues they face. Outcomes of interventions are monitored to support the value of case management and health education with these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Yousey
- Department of Family and Community Nursing, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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109
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Head JW, Neukum G, Jaumann R, Hiesinger H, Hauber E, Carr M, Masson P, Foing B, Hoffmann H, Kreslavsky M, Werner S, Milkovich S, van Gasselt S. Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars. Nature 2005; 434:346-51. [PMID: 15772652 DOI: 10.1038/nature03359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Images from the Mars Express HRSC (High-Resolution Stereo Camera) of debris aprons at the base of massifs in eastern Hellas reveal numerous concentrically ridged lobate and pitted features and related evidence of extremely ice-rich glacier-like viscous flow and sublimation. Together with new evidence for recent ice-rich rock glaciers at the base of the Olympus Mons scarp superposed on larger Late Amazonian debris-covered piedmont glaciers, we interpret these deposits as evidence for geologically recent and recurring glacial activity in tropical and mid-latitude regions of Mars during periods of increased spin-axis obliquity when polar ice was mobilized and redeposited in microenvironments at lower latitudes. The data indicate that abundant residual ice probably remains in these deposits and that these records of geologically recent climate changes are accessible to future automated and human surface exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Head
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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110
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Abstract
Physician manpower issues have been of interest to Canadians and government officials for several decades. Since the first otolaryngology manpower survey was completed by Dr. Percy Ireland in 1962, there have been progressive declines in the physician-to-population ratio across Canada from 1 in 42 000 in 1962 to approximately 1 in 75 000 in 2000. The expected increase in our population over the next decade, the cutbacks in medical school enrollment, and an aging population will compound this problem. The system is in crisis, and this country is desperately in need of more otolaryngologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Gooden
- Department of Otolaryngology, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON
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111
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Abstract
Since most health care professionals are trained in acute care settings where all efforts are employed to prolong life, they may not be comfortable caring for dying patients. Hospice professionals have a lot of experience dealing with dying patients. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the death attitudes of hospice and hospital-based health care professionals. The construct theory for the study was that comfort in dealing with dying patients is based on 1) personal beliefs about death and 2) experience dealing with dying patients. Seventy-six hospital and 106 hospice workers participated in the study and completed the thirty-four-item Death Attitude Index (DAI) and the fifteen-item Death Anxiety Scale [1]. The results showed that hospice employees had higher DAI scores (greater comfort caring for the terminally ill), as predicted. Social workers had the highest mean DAI scores and the lowest scores on the DAS (low death anxiety). Nurses aides exhibited high death anxiety and low comfort in dealing with terminal clients. For all disciplines, DAI and DAS scores were highly correlated (coefficient = −0.91). Independent variables that correlated with high DAI scores were educational level and a sacred (versus secular) value system.
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113
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and satisfaction of patient or family (or both) in the evaluation of hemangiomas and other vascular malformations. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, relational database. METHODS Ninety-eight patients participated in a prospective, Institutional Review Board-approved, relational database study in the Hemangioma and Vascular Birthmark Center at the Children's Hospital of Buffalo (Buffalo, NY) from July 1998 to April 2000. This included 68 patients with hemangiomas and 30 with vascular malformations. Data regarding presenting and final diagnosis and satisfaction of patient or family (or both) were obtained. RESULTS Analysis of diagnostic accuracy revealed a concurrence between initial and final combined clinical and magnetic resonance imaging-based diagnosis in only 37% of cases. Analysis of patient and family satisfaction with the care received from previous consultants revealed only 26% "entirely" satisfied, 26% "somewhat" satisfied, and 37% "not at all" satisfied. On average, 2.5 (SD = 1.6; range, 1-9; median, 2) different physicians saw the patient before the patient or family (or both) was satisfied. CONCLUSIONS Accurate diagnosis of hemangiomas and vascular malformations remains a challenge for physicians. Confusing terminology, lack of knowledge regarding lesion behavior, and poorly understood diagnostic criteria by physicians are some of the reasons for patient frustration. Education of primary care providers through improved communication helps to optimize a coordinated, interdisciplinary approach to patients and their families who present with vascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Very
- Department of Pediatric Surgical Services, The Children's Hospital of Buffalo, New York 14222, USA
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114
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Abstract
The fourth chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster lacks meiotic recombination. There is also a lack of nucleotide variation on the chromosome. This lack of variation could have been caused by a recent selective sweep, by background selection, or by a combination of these two forces. It should be possible to differentiate between the two mechanisms by studying the frequencies of polymorphic sites on the chromosome: a selective sweep should have resulted in low-frequency polymorphisms, whereas higher frequency polymorphisms would indicate the action of background selection. We have analyzed retrotransposable element insertions on the fourth chromosome in 11 strains of D. melanogaster. The polymorphisms found have a range of frequencies, with the presence of some insertions with high frequencies suggesting that the lack of variation is the result of background selection. We summarize the data using two statistics: the number of sites shared by more than one of the sample of 11 chromosomes (internal sites) and the mean number of transposable element differences in presence or absence between the sampled chromosomes. Simulations indicate that a selective sweep occurring more than 15,000 (0.03N) generations ago cannot be ruled out from the number of internal sites, although the number of differences between the chromosomes suggests either background selection or a sweep occurring more than 60,000 (0.12N) generations ago. Our results show no homoplasies and are thus consistent with no recombination occurring on the chromosome. The difficulties of distinguishing between the models using polymorphism data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carr
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, United Kingdom
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115
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carr
- Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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116
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Hsia J, Simon JA, Lin F, Applegate WB, Vogt MT, Hunninghake D, Carr M. Peripheral arterial disease in randomized trial of estrogen with progestin in women with coronary heart disease: the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study. Circulation 2000; 102:2228-32. [PMID: 11056097 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.18.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal estrogen use has been associated with reduced carotid atherosclerosis in observational studies, but this relationship has not been confirmed in a clinical trial. The impact of estrogen on atherosclerotic disease in other peripheral arteries is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease (CHD) and an intact uterus (n=2763) were randomly assigned to conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 mg) combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg) daily or to placebo in a secondary CHD prevention trial. This analysis focuses on incident peripheral arterial procedures and deaths in the 2 treatment groups; peripheral vascular disease was a predefined secondary outcome. During a mean of 4.1 years of follow-up, 311 peripheral arterial events were reported in 213 women, an annual incidence of 2.9%. The number of women who had peripheral arterial events was 99 among those assigned to active estrogen/progestin and 114 among those assigned to placebo, a nonsignificant difference (relative hazard 0. 87, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.14). In the placebo group, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were independently associated with higher rates of peripheral arterial events, and plasma HDL cholesterol and body mass index were associated with lower rates of peripheral arterial events. In the estrogen/progestin group, current smoking and diabetes were independent predictors of peripheral arterial events. Incident peripheral arterial disease was not a significant predictor of coronary, cardiovascular, or total mortality. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with oral conjugated estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate was not associated with a significant reduction in incident peripheral arterial events in postmenopausal women with preexisting CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hsia
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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117
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the anatomical relationship of the sural sensory nerve complex to the posterior crural intermuscular septum (PS), the key anatomical structure for the osteoseptocutaneous fibula skin paddle. DESIGN Anatomical study. SUBJECTS Twenty-two legs from 11 cadavers (7 females and 4 males). RESULTS The lateral sural cutaneous (LSC) nerve, present in 20 of 22 legs, divides into lateral and medial branches near the head of the fibula. The LSC nerve and its medial branch course away from the PS, whereas the lateral branch tends to course toward the PS. The lateral branch courses nearest to the PS at a median distance of between 4 cm proximally and 3 cm distally. The medial branch of the LSC nerve terminates approximately in the middle of the leg, and the lateral branch of the LSC nerve terminates within 7 cm below the head of the fibula. The peroneal communicating branch is thicker than the LSC nerves; however, it is further from the PS in the upper leg. CONCLUSIONS The LSC nerve is the most consistent and accessible donor sensory nerve in the posterior leg for harvest with the osteoseptocutaneous fibula free flap. Results of this study will assist the surgeon in harvesting a sensory nerve with the osteoseptocutaneous fibula free flap, bringing this potentially sensate flap into more common use. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2000;2:252-255
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Dolan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, USA
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118
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Carr M. What works. Survey says: scanning shows satisfaction. Health Manag Technol 2000; 21:53. [PMID: 11406977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Carr
- Potomac Home Health Care, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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119
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Lloyd
- Department of Rheumatology, Frimley Park Hospital, UK
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120
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Calladine L, Carr M. Face to face. Interview by Eileen Fursland. Nurs Times 1999; 95:34-5. [PMID: 10569014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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121
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Abstract
Ultrasound imaging of a 26-week-gestation fetus demonstrated a large, nonemptying bladder. At 27 weeks, a distended, thick-walled bladder, left hydronephrosis, and a perirenal urinoma were present, without ascites. Observation was undertaken, as the amniotic fluid volume was normal. At 29 weeks, the left perirenal fluid collection persisted but, at 30 weeks, was absent. After delivery at 36 weeks, no ultrasound evidence for perirenal urinoma or ascites was present. Isotope renal scan showed preserved renal function bilaterally. This case illustrates that in utero urinomas associated with posterior urethral valves can resolve spontaneously, with preservation of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Balcom
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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122
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123
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Slade B, Carr M. A study in hygiene and discipline? Nurs Times 1998; 94:16-7. [PMID: 9739271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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124
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Carr M. War against the deadly sting. Nurs Stand 1998; 12:25. [PMID: 9732628 DOI: 10.7748/ns.12.37.25.s42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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126
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Grant S, Roberts J, Poplin E, Tombes MB, Kyle B, Welch D, Carr M, Bear HD. Phase Ib trial of bryostatin 1 in patients with refractory malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4:611-8. [PMID: 9533528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A Phase Ib trial of bryostatin 1, a macrocyclic lactone and protein kinase C (PKC) activator, was conducted in patients with refractory nonhematological malignancies with the primary goal of determining whether down-regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC) PKC activity could be achieved in vivo in humans. Patients (four patients/cohort) received bryostatin 1 (25 microg/m2) as a 1-h infusion weekly three times every 4 weeks, but to study the schedule dependence of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the first dose was administered according to one of three schedules: (a) a 1-h infusion; (b) a 24-h infusion; or (c) a split course (12.5 microg/m2 as a 30-min infusion) on days 1 and 4. Conventional toxicities (grades I-III) included myalgias, fever, anemia, fatigue, phlebitis, and headache; in addition, two patients in cohort 3 experienced transient elevations in liver function tests, although these patients had preexisting liver metastases. No objective clinical responses were encountered. Effects on PBMNC PKC activity were heterogeneous. Several patients in cohorts 1 and 2 experienced significant declines in activity (approximately 50%) that were sustained in some cases for periods of > or = 72 h. Comparison of 72-h with baseline values for all three patient cohorts combined revealed a trend toward PKC down-regulation (P = 0.06; signed rank test). For each schedule, plasma bryostatin 1 levels were below the level of detection of a platelet aggregation-based bioassay (3-4 nm). Bryostatin 1 administration failed to produce consistent alterations in lymphocyte immunophenotypic profiles, interleukin 2-induced proliferation, or cytotoxicity, although two of three samples from patients in cohort 3 did show significant posttreatment increases in proliferation. Moreover, in some patients, bryostatin 1 treatment increased lymphokine-activated killer cell activity. These findings indicate that bryostatin 1 doses of 25 microg/m2 can induce in vivo PBMNC PKC down-regulation in at least a subset of patients and raise the possibility that higher bryostatin 1 doses may be more effective in achieving this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grant
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0230, USA
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127
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Ren S, Lawson AE, Carr M, Baumgarten CM, Schwartz LB. Human tryptase fibrinogenolysis is optimal at acidic pH and generates anticoagulant fragments in the presence of the anti-tryptase monoclonal antibody B12. J Immunol 1997; 159:3540-8. [PMID: 9317153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human tryptase is uniquely regulated by its association with heparin and resists inhibition by biological protease inhibitors. The effects of pH and B12, an IgG anti-tryptase mAb, on cleavage of the synthetic substrate tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys-p-nitroanilide and of the biological substrate fibrinogen by tryptase were examined. Tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys-pnitroanilide cleavage was optimal at neutral pH and was inhibited by the B12 mAb at acidic and neutral pH values. At pH 7.5, inhibition was reversible and noncompetitive. In contrast, the optimal pH for tryptase to cleave fibrinogen was acidic. B12 dramatically enhanced the rate and extent that tryptase cleaved all three fibrinogen subunits at pH 6.0 to 6.5, but inhibited these activities at neutral pH. Major fibrinogen cleavage fragments generated at acidic pH by the B12:tryptase complex were identical with those made by plasmin. Thus, at acid pH, tryptase alone destroyed the ability of fibrinogen to clot, while the B12:tryptase complex increased the rate of fibrinogenolysis and also generated the anticoagulant, fragment D. The acidic pH optimum for tryptase fibrinogenolysis may direct this activity to tissue sites of inflammation. A putative biological equivalent to B12 would limit tryptase fibrinogenolytic activity at sites of neutral pH, such as blood, but would augment activity at acidic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA
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128
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Khunti K, Carr M. Impact of an audiology clinic in one general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1997; 47:643-4. [PMID: 9474829 PMCID: PMC1410110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a large demand for the provision of hearing aids. However, there are lengthy delays involved between referral and fitment of National Health Service (NHS) hearing aids. This report shows that a general practice based audiology clinic can lead to an increase in the number of patients referred and fitted with a hearing aid. The introduction of the clinic also led to reduced waiting times for patients to be fitted with hearing aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khunti
- Eli Lilly National Clinical Audit Centre, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Leicester
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129
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Ren S, Lawson AE, Carr M, Baumgarten CM, Schwartz LB. Human tryptase fibrinogenolysis is optimal at acidic pH and generates anticoagulant fragments in the presence of the anti-tryptase monoclonal antibody B12. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.7.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human tryptase is uniquely regulated by its association with heparin and resists inhibition by biological protease inhibitors. The effects of pH and B12, an IgG anti-tryptase mAb, on cleavage of the synthetic substrate tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys-p-nitroanilide and of the biological substrate fibrinogen by tryptase were examined. Tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys-pnitroanilide cleavage was optimal at neutral pH and was inhibited by the B12 mAb at acidic and neutral pH values. At pH 7.5, inhibition was reversible and noncompetitive. In contrast, the optimal pH for tryptase to cleave fibrinogen was acidic. B12 dramatically enhanced the rate and extent that tryptase cleaved all three fibrinogen subunits at pH 6.0 to 6.5, but inhibited these activities at neutral pH. Major fibrinogen cleavage fragments generated at acidic pH by the B12:tryptase complex were identical with those made by plasmin. Thus, at acid pH, tryptase alone destroyed the ability of fibrinogen to clot, while the B12:tryptase complex increased the rate of fibrinogenolysis and also generated the anticoagulant, fragment D. The acidic pH optimum for tryptase fibrinogenolysis may direct this activity to tissue sites of inflammation. A putative biological equivalent to B12 would limit tryptase fibrinogenolytic activity at sites of neutral pH, such as blood, but would augment activity at acidic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA
| | - A E Lawson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA
| | - M Carr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA
| | - C M Baumgarten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA
| | - L B Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA
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130
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Abstract
PURPOSE Basic fibroblast growth factor is a mediator of tissue response to injury. Voiding pathology often results in bladder abnormalities. We prospectively determined whether basic fibroblast growth factor is elevated in the urine of children with bladder dysfunction compared to that of normal controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 97 consecutive children with myelomeningocele and 32 with voiding pathology due to other etiologies underwent urodynamic testing, and 11 children with no bladder symptoms and sterile urine served as controls. Urinary basic fibroblast growth factor levels were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and normalized to urinary creatinine. RESULTS Mean urinary basic fibroblast growth factor was higher in bladder dysfunction from myelomeningocele (6,673 pg./gm. creatinine, p = 0.0015) and other etiologies (5,665 pg./gm. creatinine, p = 0.0025) compared with urine from normal bladders (2,995 pg./gm. creatinine). In the myelomeningocele group urinary tract infection was associated with higher urinary basic fibroblast growth factor than in sterile urine (9,214 versus 5,642 pg./gm. creatinine, p = 0.018). Patient age, gender, remote bladder surgery, clean intermittent catheterization, detrusor hyperreflexia, detrusor compliance, age adjusted pressure specific bladder volume, low grade reflux and degree of trabeculation did not correlate with levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Urinary elevation of basic fibroblast growth factor, a critical mediator of wound repair, in children with voiding pathology and clinically abnormal bladders supports the paradigm that bladder dysfunction may result from generalized response-to-injury mechanisms. The role of fibrogenic cytokines, such as basic fibroblast growth factor, merits further directed investigation in bladder pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bägli
- Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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131
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Affiliation(s)
- J F McLaughlin
- Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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132
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Bear HD, McFadden AW, Kostuchenko PJ, Lipshy KA, Hamad GG, Turner AJ, Roberts JD, Carr M, Carr S, Grant S. Bryostatin 1 activates splenic lymphocytes and induces sustained depletion of splenocyte protein kinase C activity in vivo after a single intravenous administration. Anticancer Drugs 1996; 7:299-306. [PMID: 8792004 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-199605000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bryostatin 1 activates and subsequently down-regulates protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro and has potential use as an immunomodulator and as an anti-cancer agent. Despite extensive examination of its activities in vitro and anti-tumor effects in vivo, previous studies have failed to document that bryostatin 1 modulates total cellular PKC activity in tumor or normal tissues when administered in vivo. After a single bolus injection of bryostatin 1 (1.0 microgram) in normal C57BI/6 mice, blood was drawn at various intervals and assayed for bryostatin 1 levels. In addition, spleens from bryostatin-treated mice were harvested 10 min to 10 days after treatment, weighed and analyzed for cell numbers, PKC activity and cell surface phenotypes. Bryostatin 1 levels in plasma rose rapidly, reaching peak levels of 56.5 nM less than 1 min after injection, and then declined to undetectable levels by 1 h. A similar pattern was observed when bryostatin 1 was incubated with leukemia cells in vitro, raising the possibility that the rapid fall in plasma levels results from intracellular uptake and binding. Bryostatin 1 induced marked depletion of total splenocyte PKC activity (as much as 69% relative to control values) at 24-96 h after drug administration, but not at earlier times (i.e. 1 h). A single injection of bryostatin 1 also induced expression of the T cell activation marker CD69, leading to positivity in 53% of cells at 3-24 h versus 11% in control mice, and resulted in marked splenomegaly, associated with increased numbers of nucleated cells at 48-96 h. Together, these studies demonstrate that despite rapid disappearance of the drug from plasma, a single i.v. dose of bryostatin 1 exhibits significant and sustained effects on normal murine spleen cells, including early lymphocyte activation, prolonged depletion of PKC activity, splenocyte proliferation and splenomegaly. These findings may have implications for attempts to understand the in vivo effects of bryostatin 1 in normal host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Bear
- Massey Cancer Center, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA
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133
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Groves A, Carr M, Wadhera V, Lennard T. An audit of cytology in the evaluation of nipple discharge. A retrospective study of 10 years' experience. Breast 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9776(96)90129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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134
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Carr M. Merging advanced practice roles. Nurse Pract 1996; 21:160-1. [PMID: 8710254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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135
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Carr M, May FE, Lennard TW, Westley BR. Determination of oestrogen responsiveness of breast cancer by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Br J Cancer 1995; 72:1427-34. [PMID: 8519655 PMCID: PMC2034093 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Competitive polymerase chain reaction assays have been developed for the quantitation of oestrogen receptor mRNA and two oestrogen-regulated mRNAs (progesterone receptor and pNR-2/pS2) in breast cancer cells. These assays are more sensitive than traditional hybridisation techniques, do not require the use of radioisotopes, measure absolute amounts of messenger RNAs and can be used to measure the expression of mRNAs in small numbers of tumour cells obtained by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). These assays should prove useful for predicting the hormone responsiveness of breast cancer from tumour cells obtained by FNA at diagnosis and could be particularly useful in the management of elderly/frail patients who receive primary tamoxifen, or in other patients for whom tumour tissue for standard biochemical measurements is not available.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Biopsy, Needle
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Estrogens
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/ultrastructure
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Trefoil Factor-1
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carr
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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136
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137
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Abstract
The moderately repetitive sequence Ca3 was used to fingerprint Candida albicans isolates from 32 patients hospitalized for more than 3 days, 17 recent admissions or outpatients, and 8 recently readmitted patients and 10 commensal isolates from the community in Wellington, New Zealand, plus isolates from 21 hospitalized patients, 26 outpatients or recent admissions, 4 recently readmitted patients, and 10 healthy individuals in the community in Auckland, New Zealand. In Wellington, isolates from patients hospitalized in Wellington Hospital for more than 3 days were genetically significantly less diverse than were isolates from outpatients or recent admissions or isolates from healthy individuals in the community. In addition, two clusters of genetically similar strains were isolated from hospitalized patients significantly more often than from other individuals. These observations provide evidence (albeit indirectly) for nosocomial transmission of hospital-specific C. albicans strains. In contrast, no indication of hospital-specific transmission of C. albicans was found in Auckland Hospital. Since these results were obtained under conditions in which no candidiasis outbreak occurred in either hospital, they also suggest that Ca3 fingerprinting may be a useful tool in preventive nosocomial infection control programs, allowing assessment of the extent of C. albicans transmission occurring in a hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmid
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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138
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Abstract
The purpose of this project was to explore the accuracy and predictors of teachers' perceptions of their students' metacognition, self-concept, and attributional beliefs. Nineteen third grade teachers each nominated six children from their classrooms based on the children's maths abilities (high, medium, low). The children were tested on metacognitive knowledge, self-concept, and attributional beliefs. Teachers completed questionnaires estimating each child's metacognitive abilities, academic self-concept, and attributional beliefs about the reasons underlying academic success and failure. Analyses indicated that teachers' perceptions were biased by children's abilities, as higher ability children were portrayed more favourably on all variables. Regressions of teachers' perceptions on children's scores revealed that teachers were moderately accurate in their ratings of children's metacognitive abilities, but not of their attributional beliefs or self-concepts. Implications for metacognitive and motivational models of the learner are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carr
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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139
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Soraci SA, Franks JJ, Bransford JD, Chechile RA, Belli RF, Carr M, Carlin M. Incongruous item generation effects: a multiple-cue perspective. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 1994. [PMID: 8138789 DOI: 10.1037//0278-7393.20.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In a series of studies, generation effects were obtained under encoding conditions designed to induce incongruous, unrelated item generation. Experiments 1 and 2, using free- and cued-recall measures, respectively, provided evidence that this unrelated generation effect was due to response-specific processing. Experiment 3 demonstrated a lack of relation between free recall and indices of clustering. A preliminary protocol study suggested that Ss generate multiple items in their search for appropriate unrelated responses. In Experiments 4 and 5, conditions designed to produce more extensive multiple generations demonstrated enhanced free recall. These results supported a multiple-cue account of facilitated recall for incongruous item generation. The multiple-cue perspective is consistent with traditional conceptualizations of memory, such as the principle of congruity, and contemporary distinctions between cue-target relational and item-specific processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Soraci
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
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140
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De A, Brown DG, Gorman MA, Carr M, Sanderson MR, Freemont PS. Crystal structure of a disulfide-linked "trefoil" motif found in a large family of putative growth factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:1084-8. [PMID: 8302836 PMCID: PMC521458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.3.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine pancreatic spasmolytic polypeptide (PSP) belongs to a large family of homologous growth factor-like polypeptides characterized by a disulfide-linked "trefoil motif," duplicated and conserved in various family members. PSP contains two trefoil motifs, has several pharmacological actions on the gut, and has growth factor properties on epithelial cells in vitro. The human PSP analogue, human spasmolytic polypeptide, appears to be involved in many regenerative situations and, especially, in healing gastrointestinal ulcers. One member of the trefoil family, pS2, is secreted in approximately 50% of estrogen-dependent human breast carcinomas, which has led to its use as a tumor prognostic marker. Both pS2 and human spasmolytic polypeptide are also widely expressed in chronic gastrointestinal ulcerative conditions such as Crohn disease. Here we report the three-dimensional structure at 2.6-A resolution of a trefoil-containing protein, namely PSP, purified from porcine pancreas. The structure shows two homologous domains that share a supersecondary structure and disulfide bond pattern. The two domains pack asymmetrically giving rise to a number of protruding loops, exposed clefts, and an unusual electrostatic surface potential. Knowledge of the structure of PSP should allow the design of mutants to investigate further the function of PSP and other trefoil-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
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141
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Soraci SA, Franks JJ, Bransford JD, Chechile RA, Belli RF, Carr M, Carlin M. Incongruous item generation effects: a multiple-cue perspective. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 1994; 20:67-78. [PMID: 8138789 DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.20.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In a series of studies, generation effects were obtained under encoding conditions designed to induce incongruous, unrelated item generation. Experiments 1 and 2, using free- and cued-recall measures, respectively, provided evidence that this unrelated generation effect was due to response-specific processing. Experiment 3 demonstrated a lack of relation between free recall and indices of clustering. A preliminary protocol study suggested that Ss generate multiple items in their search for appropriate unrelated responses. In Experiments 4 and 5, conditions designed to produce more extensive multiple generations demonstrated enhanced free recall. These results supported a multiple-cue account of facilitated recall for incongruous item generation. The multiple-cue perspective is consistent with traditional conceptualizations of memory, such as the principle of congruity, and contemporary distinctions between cue-target relational and item-specific processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Soraci
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
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142
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Carr M, Carr M. Dangerous brew. Can Nurse 1994; 90:34-6. [PMID: 8313340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Polypharmacy, the use of multiple medications concurrently, is common among the elderly. Beers and Ouslander report that older North Americans consume 4.5 medications on average at any one time. In Canada, seniors take 25 per cent of all prescriptions but comprise only 12 per cent of the population. And according to Cartwright, 50 per cent of Britain's seniors take two or more medications on a regular basis.
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143
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Carr M, May F, Lennard T, Westley B. A quantitative PCR assay for pNR-2/pS2 mRNA in breast cancer. Breast 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-9776(93)90095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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144
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De A, Gorman MA, Brown D, Sanderson MR, Carr M, Lane AN, Freemont PS. The crystal structure of porcine pancreatic spasmolytic polypeptide: a member of a novel family of growth factors. Acta Crystallogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767378096671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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145
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De A, Gorman MA, Brown D, Sanderson M, Carr M, Lane AN, Freemont PS. Crystallographic studies of pancreatic spasmolytic polypeptide. Acta Crystallogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767378098025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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146
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Edwards JG, Campbell G, Carr M, Edwards CC. Shapes of cells spreading on fibronectin: measurement of the stellation of BHK21 cells induced by raising cyclic AMP, and of its reversal by serum and lysophosphatidic acid. J Cell Sci 1993; 104 ( Pt 2):399-407. [PMID: 8389376 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.104.2.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In common with many other animal cells in culture, BHK21, CHO and NIH-3T3 cells adopt bizarre stellate or arborized shapes when exposed, in the absence of serum, to agents which increase cytoplasmic cyclic AMP (cAMP). Dibutyryl cAMP, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine, cholera toxin and the invasive adenylate cyclase from Bordetella pertussis all induce similar shapes. Time lapse video recording of BHK21 cells spreading on fibronectin shows that stellate shapes are generated by outgrowth of neurite-like processes led by small fans of ruffling membrane. These structures stain strongly for F actin, and their outgrowth is completely inhibited by cytochalasin D. Thus if stellation is caused by microfilament depletion, this must be selective for subsets of microfilaments. We have quantified the shape changes of BHK21 cells using the parameter dispersion. They are prevented by low concentrations (1% by volume and below) of bovine sera. The inhibitory component of foetal bovine serum acts humorally, behaves as a macromolecule and is itself inhibited by suramin, but platelet-derived growth factor, insulin, vasopressin and bradykinin are inactive. The inhibitory activity of serum may be due to phospholipids, since it can be replaced by lysophosphatidic acid in the presence of serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Glasgow, UK
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147
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Belton MJ, Veverka J, Thomas P, Helfenstein P, Simonelli D, Chapman C, Davies ME, Greeley R, Greenberg R, Head J, Murchie S, Klaasen K, Johnson TV, McEwen A, Morrison D, Neukum G, Fanale F, Anger C, Carr M, Pilcher C. Galileo Encounter with 951 Gaspra: First Pictures of an Asteroid. Science 1992; 257:1647-52. [PMID: 17841160 DOI: 10.1126/science.257.5077.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Galileo images of Gaspra reveal it to be an irregularly shaped object (19 by 12 by 11 kilometers) that appears to have been created by a catastrophic collisional disruption of a precursor parent body. The cratering age of the surface is about 200 million years. Subtle albedo and color variations appear to correlate with morphological features: Brighter materials are associated with craters especially along the crests of ridges, have a stronger 1-micrometer absorption, and may represent freshly excavated mafic materials; darker materials exhibiting a significantly weaker 1-micrometer absorption appear concentrated in interridge areas. One explanation of these patterns is that Gaspra is covered with a thin regolith and that some of this material has migrated downslope in some areas.
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148
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Abstract
Congenital bladder obstruction causes significant immediate and long-term consequences yet its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. A model of early fetal bladder obstruction in sheep has been developed to study the response of the developing bladder to high grade obstruction, with particular emphasis on the regulation of growth and development. Congenital bladder obstruction was produced in fetal sheep at 60 days of gestation and studied at 95 days of gestation (14 sheep) or term (12 sheep). A total of 24 age-matched normal sheep served as controls. Bladders were analyzed by total weight, stereological estimation of smooth muscle cell size, number and total mass, deoxyribonucleic acid concentration, muscarinic cholinergic receptor density, myosin isoform analysis and/or passive cystometrics. Congenital bladder obstruction caused a 4.6 times increase in bladder weight at term reflecting a 5.8 times increase in smooth muscle mass. This increase was predominantly that of cellular hypertrophy and less so of hyperplasia, based upon increased cell volume, increased protein-to-deoxyribonucleic acid ratio, and no significant increase in total cell number. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor number per smooth muscle cell increased 3.2 times but it did not change relative to myosin content. The ratio of myosin heavy chain isoforms SM1:SM2 is developmentally regulated and was seen to change from 1.6 at 100 days of gestation to 1.13 at term in normals. After 5 weeks of obstruction SM1:SM2 was 1.27 and it was 1.25 at term, indicating an effect on the developmental regulation of smooth muscle. Rapid fill cystometry in vivo measured the rate of stress relaxation to assess accommodative properties. The half-decay time was increased in all 3 obstructed bladders tested to greater than 15 seconds at 50% capacity (normal less than 5 seconds), suggesting reduced compliance. This study shows that an in utero model of bladder obstruction is feasible. Congenital bladder obstruction produces a variety of structural, biochemical and functional changes in the developing bladder indicative of alterations in the regulation of growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Peters
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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149
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Carr M, Posnick JC, Pron G, Armstrong D. Cranio-orbito-zygomatic measurements from standard CT scans in unoperated Crouzon and Apert infants: comparison with normal controls. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1992; 29:129-36. [PMID: 1307852 DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0129_cozmfs_2.3.co_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranio-orbito-zygomatic measurements taken from standard axial computed tomographic (CT) scans of unoperated patients with Crouzon syndrome (6 males, 14 females) and Apert syndrome (6 males, 10 females) under 1 year of age were compared to each other and to normal controls (40 males, 35 females). Fifteen cranio-orbito-zygomatic variables were measured and repeated. Means and standard deviations were computed for each sex, and means were pooled since they were not significantly different. Correlation coefficients for repeat measures (intra-observer error) of each variable showed good reproducibility. Only the lateral orbital wall angle differed between the syndromes (p = .034), suggesting that upper facial differences (as measured by these variables) do not manifest themselves at this young age. All measurements for both syndromes, except one, were outside the 95 percent confidence range for age-matched controls. Measurements taken from standard CT scans provide an objective comparison between specific syndromes and the normal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carr
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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150
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Peters CA, Reid LM, Docimo S, Luetic T, Carr M, Retik AB, Mandell J. The role of the kidney in lung growth and maturation in the setting of obstructive uropathy and oligohydramnios. J Urol 1991; 146:597-600. [PMID: 1861308 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the kidneys to lung development, which includes growth and maturation, is uncertain but it appears to be complex. Obstructive uropathy with oligohydramnios produces pulmonary hypoplasia characterized by small lungs (decreased lung volume/body weight) and retarded maturation (reduced total airspace). Lung growth and maturation were studied in a model of early gestation obstructive uropathy to understand better their relationship and their prenatal regulation. Of 26 fetal sheep studied at near term (135 days of gestation) 9 had bladder obstruction created at 60 days of gestation, 11 had bladder obstruction at 60 days with in utero decompression at 95 days, and 6 served as controls and shams. Amniotic fluid volume was measured, kidneys were prepared and evaluated histologically, lungs were inflation-fixed and volumes were measured, and airspace volume percentage was measured morphometrically. Experimental and serendipitous variations in the condition of the kidneys and amniotic fluid at delivery permitted an analysis of the contribution of the kidneys and the amniotic fluid to lung growth and maturation. Impairment of growth and maturation was dissociated in certain animals, and this dissociation was referable to the histological status of the kidneys and the presence or absence of amniotic fluid at delivery. Growth was normal when amniotic fluid was present or likely to have been present in late gestation, even with structurally damaged kidneys. With severe renal damage amniotic fluid was not restored even with in utero decompression and it resulted in severely impaired lung growth. Maturation was normal only in the presence of amniotic fluid and intact kidneys. The dissociation of lung growth and structural maturity suggests their independent regulation. The data suggest that the kidneys are important in early lung growth, while the presence of amniotic fluid contributes to growth later in gestation. Lung maturity requires both factors, suggesting a primary kidney contribution with the amniotic fluid acting in a permissive or supportive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Peters
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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