101
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van de Sandt CE, Dou Y, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Westgeest KB, Pronk MR, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Hillaire MLB. Influenza B virus-specific CD8+ T-lymphocytes strongly cross-react with viruses of the opposing influenza B lineage. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2061-2073. [PMID: 25900135 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses fall in two antigenically distinct lineages (B/Victoria/2/1987 and B/Yamagata/16/1988 lineage) that co-circulate with influenza A viruses of the H3N2 and H1N1 subtypes during seasonal epidemics. Infections with influenza B viruses contribute considerably to morbidity and mortality in the human population. Influenza B virus neutralizing antibodies, elicited by natural infections or vaccination, poorly cross-react with viruses of the opposing influenza B lineage. Therefore, there is an increased interest in identifying other correlates of protection which could aid the development of broadly protective vaccines. blast analysis revealed high sequence identity of all viral proteins. With two online epitope prediction algorithms, putative conserved epitopes relevant for study subjects used in the present study were predicted. The cross-reactivity of influenza B virus-specific polyclonal CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) populations obtained from HLA-typed healthy study subjects, with intra-lineage drift variants and viruses of the opposing lineage, was determined by assessing their in vitro IFN-γ response and lytic activity. Here, we show for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that CTLs directed to viruses of the B/Victoria/2/1987 lineage cross-react with viruses of the B/Yamagata/16/1988 lineage and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - YingYing Dou
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kim B Westgeest
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark R Pronk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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102
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander van Boheemen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Enes Hajdarbegovic
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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103
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van Dijk JGB, Kleyheeg E, Soons MB, Nolet BA, Fouchier RAM, Klaassen M. Weak negative associations between avian influenza virus infection and movement behaviour in a key host species, the mallard
Anas platyrhynchos. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacintha G. B. van Dijk
- Dept of Animal Ecology Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Erik Kleyheeg
- Inst. of Environmental Biology, Utrecht Univ. Padualaan 8 NL‐3584 CH Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Merel B. Soons
- Dept of Animal Ecology Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Inst. of Environmental Biology, Utrecht Univ. Padualaan 8 NL‐3584 CH Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Bart A. Nolet
- Dept of Animal Ecology Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Dept of Viroscience Erasmus MC PO Box 2040, NL‐3000 CA Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Dept of Animal Ecology Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin Univ. Locked Bag 20000 Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
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104
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Westgeest KB, Bestebroer TM, Spronken MIJ, Gao J, Couzens L, Osterhaus ADME, Eichelberger M, Fouchier RAM, de Graaf M. Optimization of an enzyme-linked lectin assay suitable for rapid antigenic characterization of the neuraminidase of human influenza A(H3N2) viruses. J Virol Methods 2015; 217:55-63. [PMID: 25712563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to neuraminidase (NA), the second most abundant surface protein of the influenza virus, contribute to protection against influenza virus infection. Although traditional and miniaturized thiobarbituric acid (TBA) neuraminidase inhibition (NI) assays have been successfully used to characterize the antigenic properties of NA, these methods are cumbersome and not easily amendable to rapid screening. An additional difficulty of the NI assay is the interference by hemagglutinin (HA)-specific antibodies. To prevent interference of HA-specific antibodies, most NI assays are performed with recombinant viruses containing a mismatched HA. However, generation of these viruses is time consuming and unsuitable for large-scale surveillance. The feasibility of using the recently developed enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) to evaluate the antigenic relatedness of NA of wild type A(H3N2) viruses was assessed. Rather than using recombinant viruses, wild type A(H3N2) viruses were used as antigen with ferret sera elicited against recombinant viruses with a mismatched HA. In this study, details of the critical steps that are needed to modify and optimize the NI ELLA in a format that is reproducible, highly sensitive, and useful for influenza virus surveillance to monitor antigenic drift of NA are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim B Westgeest
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jin Gao
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Laura Couzens
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | - Maryna Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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105
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Affiliation(s)
- Josanne H Verhagen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
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106
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van Boheemen S, Jones T, Muhlemann B, Feltkamp MC, Fouchier RAM, Hajdarbegovic E. Cidofovir Gel as Treatment of Follicular Spicules in Multiple Myeloma. JAMA Dermatol 2015; 151:82-4. [DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander van Boheemen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Terry Jones
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Barbara Muhlemann
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Mariet C. Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Enes Hajdarbegovic
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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107
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Wiersma LCM, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, van Amerongen G, van Run P, Nieuwkoop NJ, Ladwig M, Banneke S, Schaefer H, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF. Pathogenesis of infection with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in isogenic guinea pigs after intranasal or intratracheal inoculation. Am J Pathol 2014; 185:643-50. [PMID: 25555619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the pathogenesis and transmission of influenza virus, the ferret model is typically used. To investigate protective immune responses, the use of inbred mouse strains has proven invaluable. Here, we describe a study with isogenic guinea pigs, which would uniquely combine the advantages of the mouse and ferret models for influenza virus infection. Strain 2 isogenic guinea pigs were inoculated with H1N1pdm09 influenza virus A/Netherlands/602/09 by the intranasal or intratracheal route. Viral replication kinetics were assessed by determining virus titers in nasal swabs and respiratory tissues, which were also used to assess histopathologic changes and the number of infected cells. In all guinea pigs, virus titers peaked in nasal secretions at day 2 after inoculation. Intranasal inoculation resulted in higher virus excretion via the nose and higher virus titers in the nasal turbinates than intratracheal inoculation. After intranasal inoculation, infectious virus was recovered only from nasal epithelium; after intratracheal inoculation, it was recovered also from trachea, lung, and cerebrum. Histopathologic changes corresponded with virus antigen distribution, being largely limited to nasal epithelium for intranasally infected guinea pigs and more widespread in the respiratory tract for intratracheally infected guinea pigs. In summary, isogenic guinea pigs show promise as a model to investigate the role of humoral and cell-mediated immunities to influenza and their effect on virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geert van Amerongen
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter van Run
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nella J Nieuwkoop
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mechtild Ladwig
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Banneke
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Schaefer
- Experimental Immunology, the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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108
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van Dijk JGB, Fouchier RAM, Klaassen M, Matson KD. Minor differences in body condition and immune status between avian influenza virus-infected and noninfected mallards: a sign of coevolution? Ecol Evol 2014; 5:436-49. [PMID: 25691969 PMCID: PMC4314274 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife pathogens can alter host fitness. Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infection is thought to have negligible impacts on wild birds; however, effects of infection in free-living birds are largely unstudied. We investigated the extent to which LPAIV infection and shedding were associated with body condition and immune status in free-living mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), a partially migratory key LPAIV host species. We sampled mallards throughout the species' annual autumn LPAIV infection peak, and we classified individuals according to age, sex, and migratory strategy (based on stable hydrogen isotope analysis) when analyzing data on body mass and five indices of immune status. Body mass was similar for LPAIV-infected and noninfected birds. The degree of virus shedding from the cloaca and oropharynx was not associated with body mass. LPAIV infection and shedding were not associated with natural antibody (NAbs) and complement titers (first lines of defense against infections), concentrations of the acute phase protein haptoglobin (Hp), ratios of heterophils to lymphocytes (H:L ratio), and avian influenza virus (AIV)-specific antibody concentrations. NAbs titers were higher in LPAIV-infected males and local (i.e., short distance) migrants than in infected females and distant (i.e., long distance) migrants. Hp concentrations were higher in LPAIV-infected juveniles and females compared to infected adults and males. NAbs, complement, and Hp levels were lower in LPAIV-infected mallards in early autumn. Our study demonstrates weak associations between infection with and shedding of LPAIV and the body condition and immune status of free-living mallards. These results may support the role of mallards as asymptomatic carriers of LPAIV and raise questions about possible coevolution between virus and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacintha G B van Dijk
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands ; Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Kevin D Matson
- Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands ; Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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109
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Fonville JM, Wilks SH, James SL, Fox A, Ventresca M, Aban M, Xue L, Jones TC, Le NMH, Pham QT, Tran ND, Wong Y, Mosterin A, Katzelnick LC, Labonte D, Le TT, van der Net G, Skepner E, Russell CA, Kaplan TD, Rimmelzwaan GF, Masurel N, de Jong JC, Palache A, Beyer WEP, Le QM, Nguyen TH, Wertheim HFL, Hurt AC, Osterhaus ADME, Barr IG, Fouchier RAM, Horby PW, Smith DJ. Antibody landscapes after influenza virus infection or vaccination. Science 2014; 346:996-1000. [PMID: 25414313 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the antibody landscape, a method for the quantitative analysis of antibody-mediated immunity to antigenically variable pathogens, achieved by accounting for antigenic variation among pathogen strains. We generated antibody landscapes to study immune profiles covering 43 years of influenza A/H3N2 virus evolution for 69 individuals monitored for infection over 6 years and for 225 individuals pre- and postvaccination. Upon infection and vaccination, titers increased broadly, including previously encountered viruses far beyond the extent of cross-reactivity observed after a primary infection. We explored implications for vaccination and found that the use of an antigenically advanced virus had the dual benefit of inducing antibodies against both advanced and previous antigenic clusters. These results indicate that preemptive vaccine updates may improve influenza vaccine efficacy in previously exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fonville
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - S H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - S L James
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - A Fox
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M Ventresca
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - M Aban
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - L Xue
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - T C Jones
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - N M H Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Q T Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N D Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Y Wong
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - A Mosterin
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - L C Katzelnick
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - D Labonte
- Insect Biomechanics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - T T Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - G van der Net
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - E Skepner
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - C A Russell
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - T D Kaplan
- bobblewire.com, Saint Louis, MO 63112, US
| | - G F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - N Masurel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - J C de Jong
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - A Palache
- Abbott Laboratories, Weesp 1380 DA, the Netherlands
| | - W E P Beyer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - Q M Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T H Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H F L Wertheim
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - A C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - I G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - R A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - P W Horby
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - D J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
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110
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Gilbert M, Koel BF, Bestebroer TM, Lewis NS, Smith DJ, Fouchier RAM. Serological evidence for non-lethal exposures of Mongolian wild birds to highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113569. [PMID: 25502318 PMCID: PMC4266605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) in wild birds is logistically demanding due to the very low rates of virus detection. Serological approaches may be more cost effective as they require smaller sample sizes to identify exposed populations. We hypothesized that antigenic differences between classical Eurasian H5 subtype viruses (which have low pathogenicity in chickens) and H5N1 viruses of the Goose/Guangdong/96 H5 lineage (which are HPAIV) may be used to differentiate populations where HPAIVs have been circulating, from those where they have not. To test this we performed hemagglutination inhibition assays to compare the reactivity of serum samples from wild birds in Mongolia (where HPAIV has been circulating, n = 1,832) and Europe (where HPAIV has been rare or absent, n = 497) to a panel of reference viruses including classical Eurasian H5 (of low pathogenicity), and five HPAIV H5N1 antigens of the Asian lineage A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96. Antibody titres were detected against at least one of the test antigens for 182 Mongolian serum samples (total seroprevalence of 0.10, n = 1,832, 95% adjusted Wald confidence limits of 0.09–0.11) and 25 of the European sera tested (total seroprevalence of 0.05, n = 497, 95% adjusted Wald confidence limits of 0.03–0.07). A bias in antibody titres to HPAIV antigens was found in the Mongolian sample set (22/182) that was absent in the European sera (0/25). Although the interpretation of serological data from wild birds is complicated by the possibility of exposure to multiple strains, and variability in the timing of exposure, these findings suggest that a proportion of the Mongolian population had survived exposure to HPAIV, and that serological assays may enhance the targeting of traditional HPAIV surveillance toward populations where isolation of HPAIV is more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY, 10460, United States of America
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Björn F. Koel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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111
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Abstract
The debate on whether to allow experiments that increase the transmission and/or pathogenicity of potential pandemic pathogens has recently gained renewed attention, particularly as a result of studies on influenza viruses. Here, five experts discuss the benefits and risks associated with these gain-of-function experiments, and how the ongoing debate affects the scientific community and the general public. According to the WHO, dual use research of concern (DURC) is “life sciences research that is intended for benefit, but which might easily be misapplied to do harm”. Recent studies, particularly those on influenza viruses, have led to renewed attention on DURC, as there is an ongoing debate over whether the benefits of gain-of-function (GOF) experiments that result in an increase in the transmission and/or pathogenicity of potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) are outweighed by concerns over biosecurity and biosafety. In this Viewpoint article, proponents and opponents of GOF experiments discuss the benefits and risks associated with these studies, as well as the implications of the current debate for the scientific community and the general public, and suggest how the current discussion should move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Paul Duprex
- Boston University School of Medicine and the National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience of Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David A Relman
- Departments of Medicine, and of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, California 94305, USA; and at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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112
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Höfle U, Van de Bildt MWG, Leijten LM, Van Amerongen G, Verhagen JH, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. Tissue tropism and pathology of natural influenza virus infection in black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Avian Pathol 2014; 41:547-53. [PMID: 23237367 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.744447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) are a suitable host species to study the epidemiology of low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infection in wild waterbirds because they are a common colony-breeding species in which LPAIV infection is detected frequently, limited mainly to the H13 and H16 subtypes. However, the sites of virus replication and associated lesions are poorly understood. We therefore performed virological and pathological analyses on tissues of black-headed gulls naturally infected with LPAIV. We found that 24 of 111 black-headed gulls collected from breeding colonies were infected with LPAIV (10 birds with H16N3, one bird with H13N8, 13 birds undetermined), based on virus and viral genome detection in pharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Of these 24 gulls, 15 expressed virus antigen in their tissues. Virus antigen expression was limited to epithelial cells of intestine and cloacal bursa. No histological lesions were detected in association with virus antigen expression. Our findings show that LPAIV replication in the intestinal tract of black-headed gulls is mainly a superficial infection in absence of detectable lesions, as determined recently for natural LPAIV infection in free-living mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). These findings imply that LPAIV in black-headed gulls has adapted to minimal pathogenicity to its host and that potentially the primary transmission route is faecal-oral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Höfle
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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113
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Verhagen JH, van Dijk JGB, Vuong O, Bestebroer T, Lexmond P, Klaassen M, Fouchier RAM. Migratory birds reinforce local circulation of avian influenza viruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112366. [PMID: 25391154 PMCID: PMC4229208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory and resident hosts have been hypothesized to fulfil distinct roles in infectious disease dynamics. However, the contribution of resident and migratory hosts to wildlife infectious disease epidemiology, including that of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in wild birds, has largely remained unstudied. During an autumn H3 LPAIV epizootic in free-living mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) — a partially migratory species — we identified resident and migratory host populations using stable hydrogen isotope analysis of flight feathers. We investigated the role of migratory and resident hosts separately in the introduction and maintenance of H3 LPAIV during the epizootic. To test this we analysed (i) H3 virus kinship, (ii) temporal patterns in H3 virus prevalence and shedding and (iii) H3-specific antibody prevalence in relation to host migratory strategy. We demonstrate that the H3 LPAIV strain causing the epizootic most likely originated from a single introduction, followed by local clonal expansion. The H3 LPAIV strain was genetically unrelated to H3 LPAIV detected both before and after the epizootic at the study site. During the LPAIV epizootic, migratory mallards were more often infected with H3 LPAIV than residents. Low titres of H3-specific antibodies were detected in only a few residents and migrants. Our results suggest that in this LPAIV epizootic, a single H3 virus was present in resident mallards prior to arrival of migratory mallards followed by a period of virus amplification, importantly associated with the influx of migratory mallards. Thus migrants are suggested to act as local amplifiers rather than the often suggested role as vectors importing novel strains from afar. Our study exemplifies that a multifaceted interdisciplinary approach offers promising opportunities to elucidate the role of migratory and resident hosts in infectious disease dynamics in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacintha G. B. van Dijk
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oanh Vuong
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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114
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Kreijtz JHCM, Goeijenbier M, Moesker FM, van den Dries L, Goeijenbier S, De Gruyter HLM, Lehmann MH, Mutsert GD, van de Vijver DAMC, Volz A, Fouchier RAM, van Gorp ECM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Sutter G, Osterhaus ADME. Safety and immunogenicity of a modified-vaccinia-virus-Ankara-based influenza A H5N1 vaccine: a randomised, double-blind phase 1/2a clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2014; 14:1196-207. [PMID: 25455987 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a promising viral vector platform for the development of an H5N1 influenza vaccine. Preclinical assessment of MVA-based H5N1 vaccines showed their immunogenicity and safety in different animal models. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the MVA-haemagglutinin-based H5N1 vaccine MVA-H5-sfMR in healthy individuals. METHODS In a single-centre, double-blind phase 1/2a study, young volunteers (aged 18-28 years) were randomly assigned with a computer-generated list in equal numbers to one of eight groups and were given one injection or two injections intramuscularly at an interval of 4 weeks of a standard dose (10(8) plaque forming units [pfu]) or a ten times lower dose (10(7) pfu) of the MVA-H5-sfMR (vector encoding the haemagglutinin gene of influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 virus [H5N1 subtype]) or MVA-F6-sfMR (empty vector) vaccine. Volunteers and physicians who examined and administered the vaccine were masked to vaccine assignment. Individuals who received the MVA-H5-sfMR vaccine were eligible for a booster immunisation 1 year after the first immunisation. Primary endpoint was safety. Secondary outcome was immunogenicity. The trial is registered with the Dutch Trial Register, number NTR3401. FINDINGS 79 of 80 individuals who were enrolled completed the study. No serious adverse events were identified. 11 individuals reported severe headache and lightheadedness, erythema nodosum, respiratory illness (accompanied by influenza-like symptoms), sore throat, or injection-site reaction. Most of the volunteers had one or more local (itch, pain, redness, and swelling) and systemic reactions (rise in body temperature, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, chills, malaise, and fatigue) after the first, second, and booster immunisations. Individuals who received the 10(7) dose had fewer systemic reactions. The MVA-H5-sfMR vaccine at 10(8) pfu induced significantly higher antibody responses after one and two immunisations than did 10(7) pfu when assessed with haemagglutination inhibition geometric mean titre at 8 weeks against H5N1 A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (30·2 [SD 3·8] vs 9·2 [2·3] and 108·1 [2·4] vs 15·8 [3·2]). 27 of 39 eligible individuals were enrolled in the booster immunisation study. A single shot of MVA-H5-sfMR 10(8) pfu prime immunisation resulted in higher antibody responses after the booster immunisation than did two shots of MVA-H5-sfMR at the ten times lower dose. INTERPRETATION The MVA-based H5N1 vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic and therefore the vaccine candidates arising from the MVA platform hold great promise for rapid development in response to a future influenza pandemic threat. However, the immunogenicity of this vaccine needs to be compared with conventional H5N1 inactivated non-adjuvanted vaccine candidates in head-to-head clinical trials. FUNDING European Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fleur M Moesker
- Viroscience Lab, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Michael H Lehmann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Viroscience Lab, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Artemis, Utrecht, Netherlands; Center for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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115
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Buijs PRA, van Amerongen G, van Nieuwkoop S, Bestebroer TM, van Run PRWA, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM, van Eijck CHJ, van den Hoogen BG. Intravenously injected Newcastle disease virus in non-human primates is safe to use for oncolytic virotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:463-71. [PMID: 25257305 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus with oncolytic potential. Detailed preclinical information regarding the safety of oncolytic NDV is scarce. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity, biodistribution and shedding of intravenously injected oncolytic NDVs in non-human primates (Macaca fascicularis). Two animals were injected with escalating doses of a non-recombinant vaccine strain, a recombinant lentogenic strain or a recombinant mesogenic strain. To study transmission, naive animals were co-housed with the injected animals. Injection with NDV did not lead to severe illness in the animals or abnormalities in hematologic or biochemistry measurements. Injected animals shed low amounts of virus, but this did not lead to seroconversion of the contact animals. Postmortem evaluation demonstrated no pathological changes or evidence of virus replication. This study demonstrates that NDV generated in embryonated chicken eggs is safe for intravenous administration to non-human primates. In addition, our study confirmed results from a previous report that naïve primate and human sera are able to neutralize egg-generated NDV. We discuss the implications of these results for our study and the use of NDV for virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R A Buijs
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - S van Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P R W A van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C H J van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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116
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Kreijtz JHCM, Wiersma LCM, De Gruyter HLM, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, van Amerongen G, Stittelaar KJ, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Sutter G, Rimmelzwaan GF. A single immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based influenza virus H7 vaccine affords protection in the influenza A(H7N9) pneumonia ferret model. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:791-800. [PMID: 25246535 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first reports in early 2013, >440 human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) have been reported including 122 fatalities. After the isolation of the first A(H7N9) viruses, the nucleotide sequences became publically available. Based on the coding sequence of the influenza virus A/Shanghai/2/2013 hemagglutinin gene, a codon-optimized gene was synthesized and cloned into a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). This MVA-H7-Sh2 viral vector was used to immunize ferrets and proved to be immunogenic, even after a single immunization. Subsequently, ferrets were challenged with influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013 via the intratracheal route. Unprotected animals that were mock vaccinated or received empty vector developed interstitial pneumonia characterized by a marked alveolitis, accompanied by loss of appetite, weight loss, and heavy breathing. In contrast, animals vaccinated with MVA-H7-Sh2 were protected from severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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117
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Hillaire MLB, van Eijk M, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Nieuwkoop NJ, van Riel D, Fouchier RAM, Kuiken T, Osterhaus ADME, Haagsman HP, Rimmelzwaan GF. Assessment of the antiviral properties of recombinant surfactant protein D against influenza B virus in vitro. Virus Res 2014; 195:43-6. [PMID: 25200748 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The armamentarium of antiviral drugs against influenza viruses is limited. Furthermore, influenza viruses emerge that are resistant to existing antiviral drugs like the M2 and NA inhibitors. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel classes of antiviral drugs. Here we investigated the antiviral properties of recombinant porcine surfactant protein D (RpSP-D), an innate defense molecule with lectin properties, against influenza B viruses. We have previously shown that porcine SP-D has more potent neutralizing activity against influenza A viruses than human SP-D. Here we show that RpSP-D neutralizes influenza B viruses efficiently and inhibited the binding of these viruses to epithelial cells of the human trachea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine L B Hillaire
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van Eijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nella J Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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118
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van de Sandt CE, Kreijtz JHCM, Geelhoed-Mieras MM, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Nieuwkoop NJ, van de Vijver DAMC, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Morein B, Rimmelzwaan GF. Novel G3/DT adjuvant promotes the induction of protective T cells responses after vaccination with a seasonal trivalent inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:5614-23. [PMID: 25140929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines used against seasonal influenza are poorly effective against influenza A viruses of novel subtypes that may have pandemic potential. Furthermore, pre(pandemic) influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic, which can be overcome by the use of adjuvants. A limited number of adjuvants has been approved for use in humans, however there is a need for alternative safe and effective adjuvants that can enhance the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines and that promote the induction of broad-protective T cell responses. Here we evaluated a novel nanoparticle, G3, as an adjuvant for a seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in a mouse model. The G3 adjuvant was formulated with or without steviol glycosides (DT, for diterpenoid). The use of both formulations enhanced the virus-specific antibody response to all three vaccine strains considerably. The adjuvants were well tolerated without any signs of discomfort. To assess the protective potential of the vaccine-induced immune responses, an antigenically distinct influenza virus strain, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (A/PR/8/34), was used for challenge infection. The vaccine-induced antibodies did not cross-react with strain A/PR/8/34 in HI and VN assays. However, mice immunized with the G3/DT-adjuvanted vaccine were partially protected against A/PR/8/34 infection, which correlated with the induction of anamnestic virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses that were not observed with the use of G3 without DT. Both formulations induced maturation of human dendritic cells and promoted antigen presentation to a similar extent. In conclusion, G3/DT is a promising adjuvant formulation that not only potentiates the antibody response induced by influenza vaccines, but also induces T cell immunity which could afford broader protection against antigenically distinct influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nella J Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bror Morein
- Infectious Diseases Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, MoreinX, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 34 A, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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119
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Verhagen JH, Majoor F, Lexmond P, Vuong O, Kasemir G, Lutterop D, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM, Kuiken T. Epidemiology of influenza A virus among black-headed gulls, the Netherlands, 2006-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:138-41. [PMID: 24377955 PMCID: PMC3884729 DOI: 10.3201/eid2001.130984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We sampled 7,511 black-headed gulls for influenza virus in the Netherlands during 2006–2010 and found that subtypes H13 and H16 caused annual epidemics in fledglings on colony sites. Our findings validate targeted surveillance of wild waterbirds and clarify underlying factors for influenza virus emergence in other species.
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120
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Gultyaev AP, Tsyganov-Bodounov A, Spronken MIJ, van der Kooij S, Fouchier RAM, Olsthoorn RCL. RNA structural constraints in the evolution of the influenza A virus genome NP segment. RNA Biol 2014; 11:942-52. [PMID: 25180940 DOI: 10.4161/rna.29730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved RNA secondary structures were predicted in the nucleoprotein (NP) segment of the influenza A virus genome using comparative sequence and structure analysis. A number of structural elements exhibiting nucleotide covariations were identified over the whole segment length, including protein-coding regions. Calculations of mutual information values at the paired nucleotide positions demonstrate that these structures impose considerable constraints on the virus genome evolution. Functional importance of a pseudoknot structure, predicted in the NP packaging signal region, was confirmed by plaque assays of the mutant viruses with disrupted structure and those with restored folding using compensatory substitutions. Possible functions of the conserved RNA folding patterns in the influenza A virus genome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gultyaev
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Tsyganov-Bodounov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;; Current address: Illumina UK Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex, UK
| | | | - Sander van der Kooij
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands; Current address: BaseClear B.V., Einsteinweg, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - René C L Olsthoorn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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121
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Linster M, van Boheemen S, de Graaf M, Schrauwen EJA, Lexmond P, Mänz B, Bestebroer TM, Baumann J, van Riel D, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME, Matrosovich M, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. Identification, characterization, and natural selection of mutations driving airborne transmission of A/H5N1 virus. Cell 2014; 157:329-339. [PMID: 24725402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, A/H5N1 influenza viruses were shown to acquire airborne transmissibility between ferrets upon targeted mutagenesis and virus passage. The critical genetic changes in airborne A/Indonesia/5/05 were not yet identified. Here, five substitutions proved to be sufficient to determine this airborne transmission phenotype. Substitutions in PB1 and PB2 collectively caused enhanced transcription and virus replication. One substitution increased HA thermostability and lowered the pH of membrane fusion. Two substitutions independently changed HA binding preference from α2,3-linked to α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors. The loss of a glycosylation site in HA enhanced overall binding to receptors. The acquired substitutions emerged early during ferret passage as minor variants and became dominant rapidly. Identification of substitutions that are essential for airborne transmission of avian influenza viruses between ferrets and their associated phenotypes advances our fundamental understanding of virus transmission and will increase the value of future surveillance programs and public health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Linster
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander van Boheemen
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eefje J A Schrauwen
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Mänz
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Baumann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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122
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van den Hoogen BG, van Boheemen S, de Rijck J, van Nieuwkoop S, Smith DJ, Laksono B, Gultyaev A, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Excessive production and extreme editing of human metapneumovirus defective interfering RNA is associated with type I IFN induction. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1625-1633. [PMID: 24760760 PMCID: PMC4103063 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFN production is one of the hallmarks of host innate immune responses upon virus infection. Whilst most respiratory viruses carry IFN antagonists, reports on human metapneumovirus (HMPV) have been conflicting. Using deep sequencing, we have demonstrated that HMPV particles accumulate excessive amounts of defective interfering RNA (DIs) rapidly upon in vitro passage, and that these are associated with IFN induction. Importantly, the DIs were edited extensively; up to 70% of the original A and T residues had mutated to G or C, respectively. Such high editing rates of viral RNA have not, to our knowledge, been reported before. Bioinformatics and PCR assays indicated that adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) was the most likely editing enzyme. HMPV thus has an unusually high propensity to generate DIs, which are edited at an unprecedented high frequency. The conflicting published data on HMPV IFN induction and antagonism are probably explained by DIs in virus stocks. The interaction of HMPV DIs with the RNA-editing machinery and IFN responses warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonneke de Rijck
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brigitta Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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123
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Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel avian A/H7N9 influenza virus in poultry and humans in China, as well as laboratory studies on adaptation and transmission of avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses, has shed new light on influenza virus adaptation to mammals. One of the biological traits required for animal influenza viruses to cross the species barrier that received considerable attention in animal model studies, in vitro assays, and structural analyses is receptor binding specificity. Sialylated glycans present on the apical surface of host cells can function as receptors for the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Avian and human influenza viruses typically have a different sialic acid (SA)-binding preference and only few amino acid changes in the HA protein can cause a switch from avian to human receptor specificity. Recent experiments using glycan arrays, virus histochemistry, animal models, and structural analyses of HA have added a wealth of knowledge on receptor binding specificity. Here, we review recent data on the interaction between influenza virus HA and SA receptors of the host, and the impact on virus host range, pathogenesis, and transmission. Remaining challenges and future research priorities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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124
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Martín-Valls GE, Simon-Grifé M, van Boheemen S, de Graaf M, Bestebroer TM, Busquets N, Martín M, Casal J, Fouchier RAM, Mateu E. Phylogeny of Spanish swine influenza viruses isolated from respiratory disease outbreaks and evolution of swine influenza virus within an endemically infected farm. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:266-77. [PMID: 24685238 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, outbreaks of respiratory disease were investigated for the presence of swine influenza virus (SIV). In 14 cases the circulating SIV strains were isolated, fully sequenced and compared with other known SIVs. The viruses causing the outbreaks belonged to the H1N1 (including human pandemic H1N1), H3N2 and H1N2 subtypes. In 11/14 cases the phylogenetic analyses indicated the occurrence of probable reassortment events. In the second part of the study, the genetic evolution of H1N1 SIV was assessed in a longitudinal study in closed groups of pigs over six months. Sequencing of the 22 isolates indicated co-circulation of two different variants for the same virus, as well as the emergence of SIV reassortants at certain time-points. These results indicate that reassortment events in SIV are common, and point towards the need for a better understanding of the epidemiology of SIV, particularly in endemic farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E Martín-Valls
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Simon-Grifé
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sander van Boheemen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Núria Busquets
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margarita Martín
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Casal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Enric Mateu
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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125
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Latorre-Margalef N, Tolf C, Grosbois V, Avril A, Bengtsson D, Wille M, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Long-term variation in influenza A virus prevalence and subtype diversity in migratory mallards in northern Europe. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20140098. [PMID: 24573857 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on long-term circulation of pathogens in wildlife populations are seldom collected, and hence understanding of spatial-temporal variation in prevalence and genotypes is limited. Here, we analysed a long-term surveillance series on influenza A virus (IAV) in mallards collected at an important migratory stopover site from 2002 to 2010, and characterized seasonal dynamics in virus prevalence and subtype diversity. Prevalence dynamics were influenced by year, but retained a common pattern for all years whereby prevalence was low in spring and summer, but increased in early autumn with a first peak in August, and a second more pronounced peak during October-November. A total of 74 haemagglutinin (HA)/neuraminidase (NA) combinations were isolated, including all NA and most HA (H1-H12) subtypes. The most common subtype combinations were H4N6, H1N1, H2N3, H5N2, H6N2 and H11N9, and showed a clear linkage between specific HA and NA subtypes. Furthermore, there was a temporal structuring of subtypes within seasons based on HA phylogenetic relatedness. Dissimilar HA subtypes tended to have different temporal occurrence within seasons, where the subtypes that dominated in early autumn were rare in late autumn, and vice versa. This suggests that build-up of herd immunity affected IAV dynamics in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS ), Linnaeus University, , Kalmar 391 82, Sweden, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, , Athens, GA 30602, USA, International Research Center in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD)-UPR AGIRs, Animal and Integrate Risk Management, , Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier 34398, France, Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, , Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, , Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
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126
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Hillaire MLB, van Eijk M, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Haagsman HP, Rimmelzwaan GF. Recombinant porcine surfactant protein D inhibits influenza A virus replication ex vivo. Virus Res 2014; 181:22-6. [PMID: 24389095 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a major burden to public health. Due to high mutation rates and selection pressure, mutant viruses emerge which are resistant to currently used antiviral drugs. Therefore, there is a need for the development of novel classes of antiviral drugs that suffer less from the emergence of resistant viruses. Antiviral drugs based on collectin-like surfactant protein D (SP-D) may fulfil these requirements. Especially porcine SP-D displays strong antiviral activity to influenza A viruses. In the present study the antiviral activity of recombinant porcine SP-D was investigated in ex vivo cultures of respiratory tract tissue infected with human influenza A virus of the H3N2 subtype. Porcine SP-D has antiviral activity in these test systems. It is suggested that porcine SP-D may be used as a venue to develop a novel class of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine L B Hillaire
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van Eijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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127
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics. In addition, zoonotic influenza A viruses sporadically infect humans and may cause severe respiratory disease and fatalities. Fortunately, most of these viruses do not have the ability to be efficiently spread among humans via aerosols or respiratory droplets (airborne transmission) and to subsequently cause a pandemic. However, adaptation of these zoonotic viruses to humans by mutation or reassortment with human influenza A viruses may result in airborne transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. Although our knowledge of factors that affect mammalian adaptation and transmissibility of influenza viruses is still limited, we are beginning to understand some of the biological traits that drive airborne transmission of influenza viruses among mammals. Increased understanding of the determinants and mechanisms of airborne transmission may aid in assessing the risks posed by avian influenza viruses to human health, and preparedness for such risks. This chapter summarizes recent discoveries on the genetic and phenotypic traits required for avian influenza viruses to become airborne transmissible between mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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128
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Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a fatal complication of influenza infection. In this Review we provide an integrated model for its pathogenesis. ARDS involves damage to the epithelial-endothelial barrier, fluid leakage into the alveolar lumen, and respiratory insufficiency. The most important part of the epithelial-endothelial barrier is the alveolar epithelium, strengthened by tight junctions. Influenza virus targets these epithelial cells, reducing sodium pump activity, damaging tight junctions, and killing infected cells. Infected epithelial cells produce cytokines that attract leucocytes--neutrophils and macrophages--and activate adjacent endothelial cells. Activated endothelial cells and infiltrated leucocytes stimulate further infiltration, and leucocytes induce production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide that damage the barrier. Activated macrophages also cause direct apoptosis of epithelial cells. This model for influenza-induced ARDS differs from the classic model, which is centred on endothelial damage, and provides a rationale for therapeutic intervention to moderate host response in influenza-induced ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Short
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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129
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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130
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Bodewes R, Morick D, de Mutsert G, Osinga N, Bestebroer T, van der Vliet S, Smits SL, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME. Recurring influenza B virus infections in seals. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:511-2. [PMID: 23750359 PMCID: PMC3647654 DOI: 10.3201/eid1903.120965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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131
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van Riel D, Leijten LME, de Graaf M, Siegers JY, Short KR, Spronken MIJ, Schrauwen EJA, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. Novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus attaches to epithelium in both upper and lower respiratory tract of humans. Am J Pathol 2013; 183:1137-1143. [PMID: 24029490 PMCID: PMC3791677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses from animal reservoirs have the capacity to adapt to humans and cause influenza pandemics. The occurrence of an influenza pandemic requires efficient virus transmission among humans, which is associated with virus attachment to the upper respiratory tract. Pandemic severity depends on virus ability to cause pneumonia, which is associated with virus attachment to the lower respiratory tract. Recently, a novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza A virus with unknown pandemic potential emerged in humans. We determined the pattern of attachment of two genetically engineered viruses containing the hemagglutinin of either influenza virus A/Shanghai/1/13 or A/Anhui/1/13 to formalin-fixed human respiratory tract tissues using histochemical analysis. Our results show that the emerging H7N9 virus attached moderately or abundantly to both upper and lower respiratory tract, a pattern not seen before for avian influenza A viruses. With the caveat that virus attachment is only the first step in the virus replication cycle, these results suggest that the emerging H7N9 virus has the potential both to transmit efficiently among humans and to cause severe pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke M E Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurre Y Siegers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsty R Short
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique I J Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eefje J A Schrauwen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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132
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van Dijk JGB, Hoye BJ, Verhagen JH, Nolet BA, Fouchier RAM, Klaassen M. Juveniles and migrants as drivers for seasonal epizootics of avian influenza virus. J Anim Ecol 2013; 83:266-75. [PMID: 24033258 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Similar to other infectious diseases, the prevalence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) has been seen to exhibit marked seasonal variation. However, mechanisms driving this variation in wild birds have yet to be tested. We investigated the validity of three previously suggested drivers for the seasonal dynamics in LPAIV infections in wild birds: (i) host density, (ii) immunologically naïve young and (iii) increased susceptibility in migrants. To address these questions, we sampled a key LPAIV host species, the mallard Anas platyrhynchos, on a small spatial scale, comprehensively throughout a complete annual cycle, measuring both current and past infection (i.e. viral and seroprevalence, respectively). We demonstrate a minor peak in LPAIV prevalence in summer, a dominant peak in autumn, during which half of the sampled population was infected, and no infections in spring. Seroprevalence of antibodies to a conserved gene segment of avian influenza virus (AIV) peaked in winter and again in spring. The summer peak of LPAIV prevalence coincided with the entrance of unfledged naïve young in the population. Moreover, juveniles were more likely to be infected, shed higher quantities of virus and were less likely to have detectable antibodies to AIV than adult birds. The arrival of migratory birds, as identified by stable hydrogen isotope analysis, appeared to drive the autumn peak in LPAIV infection, with both temporal coincidence and higher infection prevalence in migrants. Remarkably, seroprevalence in migrants was substantially lower than viral prevalence throughout autumn migration, further indicating that each wave of migrants amplified local AIV circulation. Finally, while host abundance increased throughout autumn, it peaked in winter, showing no direct correspondence with either of the LPAIV infection peaks. At an epidemiologically relevant spatial scale, we provide strong evidence for the role of migratory birds as key drivers for seasonal epizootics of LPAIV, regardless of their role as vectors of these viruses. This study exemplifies the importance of understanding host demography and migratory behaviour when examining seasonal drivers of infection in wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacintha G B van Dijk
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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133
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Fouchier RAM, Kawaoka Y, Cardona C, Compans RW, García-Sastre A, Govorkova EA, Guan Y, Herfst S, Orenstein WA, Peiris JSM, Perez DR, Richt JA, Russell C, Schultz-Cherry SL, Smith DJ, Steel J, Tompkins SM, Topham DJ, Treanor JJ, Tripp RA, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Gain-of-function experiments on H7N9. Science 2013. [PMID: 23929965 DOI: 10.1126/science.341.6146.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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134
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Fouchier RAM, Kawaoka Y, Cardona C, Compans RW, García-Sastre A, Govorkova EA, Guan Y, Herfst S, Orenstein WA, Peiris JSM, Perez DR, Richt JA, Russell C, Schultz-Cherry SL, Smith DJ, Steel J, Tompkins SM, Topham DJ, Treanor JJ, Tripp RA, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Gain-of-Function Experiments on H7N9. Science 2013; 341:612-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1243325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Carol Cardona
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Richard W. Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Walter A. Orenstein
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Charles Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey L. Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - John Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David J. Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John J. Treanor
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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135
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Richard M, Schrauwen EJA, de Graaf M, Bestebroer TM, Spronken MIJ, van Boheemen S, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Linster M, Herfst S, Smith DJ, van den Brand JM, Burke DF, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Limited airborne transmission of H7N9 influenza A virus between ferrets. Nature 2013; 501:560-3. [PMID: 23925116 PMCID: PMC3819191 DOI: 10.1038/nature12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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136
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Latorre-Margalef N, Grosbois V, Wahlgren J, Munster VJ, Tolf C, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus infections in mallards may explain existence of multiple virus subtypes. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003443. [PMID: 23818849 PMCID: PMC3688562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds, particularly duck species, are the main reservoir of influenza A virus (IAV) in nature. However, knowledge of IAV infection dynamics in the wild bird reservoir, and the development of immune responses, are essentially absent. Importantly, a detailed understanding of how subtype diversity is generated and maintained is lacking. To address this, 18,679 samples from 7728 Mallard ducks captured between 2002 and 2009 at a single stopover site in Sweden were screened for IAV infections, and the resulting 1081 virus isolates were analyzed for patterns of immunity. We found support for development of homosubtypic hemagglutinin (HA) immunity during the peak of IAV infections in the fall. Moreover, re-infections with the same HA subtype and related prevalent HA subtypes were uncommon, suggesting the development of natural homosubtypic and heterosubtypic immunity (p-value = 0.02). Heterosubtypic immunity followed phylogenetic relatedness of HA subtypes, both at the level of HA clades (p-value = 0.04) and the level of HA groups (p-value = 0.05). In contrast, infection patterns did not support specific immunity for neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. For the H1 and H3 Clades, heterosubtypic immunity showed a clear temporal pattern and we estimated within-clade immunity to last at least 30 days. The strength and duration of heterosubtypic immunity has important implications for transmission dynamics of IAV in the natural reservoir, where immune escape and disruptive selection may increase HA antigenic variation and explain IAV subtype diversity. Influenza A viruses (IAV) infect a range of hosts, with the largest diversity being found in waterfowl, particularly dabbling ducks. In these hosts, IAV causes only mild disease, while viruses that infect other hosts, such as poultry, horses or humans, can cause fatal infections. In fact, all known pandemic flu viruses have contained gene segments that originated in the wild bird reservoir. We sampled a wild population of Mallards over eight seasons and characterized infection histories in 7728 birds. For hemagglutinin (HA) the subtype recoveries indicated that once a Mallard has been infected, re-infection with the same HA subtype is uncommon within the next month, clearly indicating homosubtypic immunity. Moreover, we found evidence for natural heterosubtypic immunity, where phylogenetically related HA subtypes at clade and group levels were less common in re-infections than expected. On the contrary no specific patterns of immunity was found for neuraminidase subtypes. IAVs exist in numerous antigenic subtypes that co-circulate. The strength of heterosubtypic immunity in natural infections provides evidence that HA subtypes compete over hosts and that immune escape may result in positive selection for HA antigenic variation in the virus, and thus explain IAV subtype diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Grosbois
- International Research Center in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD)–UPR AGIRs, Animal and Integrate Risk Management, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - John Wahlgren
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Conny Tolf
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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137
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Lewis NS, Javakhishvili Z, Russell CA, Machablishvili A, Lexmond P, Verhagen JH, Vuong O, Onashvili T, Donduashvili M, Smith DJ, Fouchier RAM. Avian influenza virus surveillance in wild birds in Georgia: 2009-2011. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58534. [PMID: 23516501 PMCID: PMC3596303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caucasus, at the border of Europe and Asia, is important for migration and over-wintering of wild waterbirds. Three flyways, the Central Asian, East Africa-West Asia, and Mediterranean/Black Sea flyways, converge in the Caucasus region. Thus, the Caucasus region might act as a migratory bridge for influenza virus transmission when birds aggregate in high concentrations in the post-breeding, migrating and overwintering periods. Since August 2009, we have established a surveillance network for influenza viruses in wild birds, using five sample areas geographically spread throughout suitable habitats in both eastern and western Georgia. We took paired tracheal and cloacal swabs and fresh feces samples. We collected 8343 swabs from 76 species belonging to 17 families in 11 orders of birds, of which 84 were real-time RT-PCR positive for avian influenza virus (AIV). No highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) H5 or H7 viruses were detected. The overall AIV prevalence was 1.6%. We observed peak prevalence in large gulls during the autumn migration (5.3–9.8%), but peak prevalence in Black-headed Gulls in spring (4.2–13%). In ducks, we observed increased AIV prevalence during the autumn post-moult aggregations and migration stop-over period (6.3%) but at lower levels to those observed in other more northerly post-moult areas in Eurasia. We observed another prevalence peak in the overwintering period (0.14–5.9%). Serological and virological monitoring of a breeding colony of Armenian Gulls showed that adult birds were seropositive on arrival at the breeding colony, but juveniles remained serologically and virologically negative for AIV throughout their time on the breeding grounds, in contrast to gull AIV data from other geographic regions. We show that close phylogenetic relatives of viruses isolated in Georgia are sourced from a wide geographic area throughout Western and Central Eurasia, and from areas that are represented by multiple different flyways, likely linking different host sub-populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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138
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Daoust PY, van de Bildt M, van Riel D, van Amerongen G, Bestebroer T, Vanderstichel R, Fouchier RAM, Kuiken T. Replication of 2 subtypes of low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus of duck and gull origins in experimentally infected Mallard ducks. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:548-59. [PMID: 23242805 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812469633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many subtypes of low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus circulate in wild bird reservoirs, but their prevalence may vary among species. We aimed to compare by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, histology, and immunohistochemistry the distribution and pathogenicity of 2 such subtypes of markedly different origins in Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos): H2N3 isolated from a Mallard duck and H13N6 isolated from a Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis). Following intratracheal and intraesophageal inoculation, neither virus caused detectable clinical signs, although H2N3 virus infection was associated with a significantly decreased body weight gain during the period of virus shedding. Both viruses replicated in the lungs and air sacs until approximately day 3 after inoculation and were associated with a locally extensive interstitial, exudative, and proliferative pneumonia. Subtype H2N3, but not subtype H13N6, went on to infect the epithelia of the intestinal mucosa and cloacal bursa, where it replicated without causing lesions until approximately day 5 after inoculation. Larger quantities of subtype H2N3 virus were detected in cloacal swabs than in pharyngeal swabs. The possible clinical significance of LPAI virus-associated pulmonary lesions and intestinal tract infection in ducks deserves further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Daoust
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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139
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Macken
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alexander I. Karasin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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140
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Hillaire MLB, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Kreijtz JHCM, de Mutsert G, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF. Human T-cells directed to seasonal influenza A virus cross-react with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) and swine-origin triple-reassortant H3N2 influenza viruses. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:583-592. [PMID: 23152369 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.048652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8(+) T-cells contribute to protective immunity against influenza A virus (IAV) infections. As the majority of these cells are directed to conserved viral proteins, they may afford protection against IAVs of various subtypes. The present study assessed the cross-reactivity of human CD8(+) T-lymphocytes, induced by infection with seasonal A (H1N1) or A (H3N2) influenza virus, with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus [A(H1N1)pdm09] and swine-origin triple-reassortant A (H3N2) [A(H3N2)v] viruses that are currently causing an increasing number of human cases in the USA. It was demonstrated that CD8(+) T-cells induced after seasonal IAV infections exerted lytic activity and produced gamma interferon upon in vitro restimulation with A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2)v influenza A viruses. Furthermore, CD8(+) T-cells directed to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus displayed a high degree of cross-reactivity with A(H3N2)v viruses. It was concluded that cross-reacting T-cells had the potential to afford protective immunity against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during the pandemic and offer some degree of protection against infection with A(H3N2)v viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine L B Hillaire
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrie de Mutsert
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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141
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Abstract
A previously unknown coronavirus was isolated from the sputum of a 60-year-old man who presented with acute pneumonia and subsequent renal failure with a fatal outcome in Saudi Arabia. The virus (called HCoV-EMC) replicated readily in cell culture, producing cytopathic effects of rounding, detachment, and syncytium formation. The virus represents a novel betacoronavirus species. The closest known relatives are bat coronaviruses HKU4 and HKU5. Here, the clinical data, virus isolation, and molecular identification are presented. The clinical picture was remarkably similar to that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and reminds us that animal coronaviruses can cause severe disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Zaki
- Dr Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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142
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Hillaire MLB, van Eijk M, Nieuwkoop NJ, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Haagsman HP, Rimmelzwaan GF. The number and position of N-linked glycosylation sites in the hemagglutinin determine differential recognition of seasonal and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus by porcine surfactant protein D. Virus Res 2012; 169:301-5. [PMID: 22921759 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectins are important molecules of the innate immune system. These molecules, like surfactant protein D (SP-D) can recognize glycans on pathogens and neutralize these. Also influenza viruses are recognized by SP-D and their susceptibility to neutralization by SP-D is dependent on the number of N-linked glycosylation sites in the hemagglutinin in particular. Porcine SP-D displayed stronger neutralizing activity to human influenza A viruses than to swine influenza A viruses. Although viruses from these species differ with regard to the number of glycosylation sites in the hemagglutinin, the mechanism underlying the differential recognition by porcine SP-D is poorly understood. Here we investigated the molecular basis for the differential recognition of a seasonal H1N1 and a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus by porcine SP-D. We demonstrated that the number and position of glycosylation sites determine viral susceptibility to the neutralizing activity of porcine SP-D. However, predicting the effect remains difficult as it was shown to be dependent on the strain and the position of the glycosylation sites.
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143
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Bodewes R, Nieuwkoop NJ, Verburgh RJ, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF. Use of influenza A viruses expressing reporter genes to assess the frequency of double infections in vitro. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1645-1648. [PMID: 22535774 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.042671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exchange of gene segments between mammalian and avian influenza A viruses may lead to the emergence of potential pandemic influenza viruses. Since co-infection of single cells with two viruses is a prerequisite for reassortment to take place, we assessed frequencies of double-infection in vitro using influenza A/H5N1 and A/H1N1 viruses expressing the reporter genes eGFP or mCherry. Double-infected A549 and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were detected by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bodewes
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N J Nieuwkoop
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R J Verburgh
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A M Fouchier
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- ViroClinics Biosciences, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G F Rimmelzwaan
- ViroClinics Biosciences, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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144
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Verhagen JH, Munster VJ, Majoor F, Lexmond P, Vuong O, Stumpel JBG, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME, Schutten M, Slaterus R, Fouchier RAM. Avian influenza a virus in wild birds in highly urbanized areas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38256. [PMID: 22761671 PMCID: PMC3384661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance studies in wild birds are usually conducted in rural areas and nature reserves. Less is known of avian influenza virus prevalence in wild birds located in densely populated urban areas, while these birds are more likely to be in close contact with humans. Influenza virus prevalence was investigated in 6059 wild birds sampled in cities in the Netherlands between 2006 and 2009, and compared with parallel AIV surveillance data from low urbanized areas in the Netherlands. Viral prevalence varied with the level of urbanization, with highest prevalence in low urbanized areas. Within cities virus was detected in 0.5% of birds, while seroprevalence exceeded 50%. Ring recoveries of urban wild birds sampled for virus detection demonstrated that most birds were sighted within the same city, while few were sighted in other cities or migrated up to 2659 km away from the sample location in the Netherlands. Here we show that urban birds were infected with AIVs and that urban birds were not separated completely from populations of long-distance migrants. The latter suggests that wild birds in cities may play a role in the introduction of AIVs into cities. Thus, urban bird populations should not be excluded as a human-animal interface for influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josanne H. Verhagen
- National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Frank Majoor
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oanh Vuong
- National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Job B. G. Stumpel
- National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schutten
- National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Slaterus
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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145
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Herfst S, Schrauwen EJA, Linster M, Chutinimitkul S, de Wit E, Munster VJ, Sorrell EM, Bestebroer TM, Burke DF, Smith DJ, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science 2012; 336:1534-41. [PMID: 22723413 PMCID: PMC4810786 DOI: 10.1126/science.1213362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1147] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory droplet ("airborne transmission") between humans. To address the concern that the virus could acquire this ability under natural conditions, we genetically modified A/H5N1 virus by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent serial passage in ferrets. The genetically modified A/H5N1 virus acquired mutations during passage in ferrets, ultimately becoming airborne transmissible in ferrets. None of the recipient ferrets died after airborne infection with the mutant A/H5N1 viruses. Four amino acid substitutions in the host receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin, and one in the polymerase complex protein basic polymerase 2, were consistently present in airborne-transmitted viruses. The transmissible viruses were sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir and reacted well with antisera raised against H5 influenza vaccine strains. Thus, avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host and therefore constitute a risk for human pandemic influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Air Microbiology
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Containment of Biohazards
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ferrets
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Sera
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Oseltamivir/pharmacology
- Pandemics
- Poultry
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/chemistry
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Respiratory System/virology
- Reverse Genetics
- Serial Passage
- Sialic Acids/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
- Virus Shedding
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Herfst
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Linster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erin M. Sorrell
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David F. Burke
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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146
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Russell CA, Fonville JM, Brown AEX, Burke DF, Smith DL, James SL, Herfst S, van Boheemen S, Linster M, Schrauwen EJ, Katzelnick L, Mosterín A, Kuiken T, Maher E, Neumann G, Osterhaus ADME, Kawaoka Y, Fouchier RAM, Smith DJ. The potential for respiratory droplet-transmissible A/H5N1 influenza virus to evolve in a mammalian host. Science 2012; 336:1541-7. [PMID: 22723414 PMCID: PMC3426314 DOI: 10.1126/science.1222526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat. As few as five amino acid substitutions, or four with reassortment, might be sufficient for mammal-to-mammal transmission through respiratory droplets. From surveillance data, we found that two of these substitutions are common in A/H5N1 viruses, and thus, some viruses might require only three additional substitutions to become transmissible via respiratory droplets between mammals. We used a mathematical model of within-host virus evolution to study factors that could increase and decrease the probability of the remaining substitutions evolving after the virus has infected a mammalian host. These factors, combined with the presence of some of these substitutions in circulating strains, make a virus evolving in nature a potentially serious threat. These results highlight critical areas in which more data are needed for assessing, and potentially averting, this threat.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Air Microbiology
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Birds
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genetic Fitness
- Glycosylation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mammals
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Probability
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Respiratory System/virology
- Selection, Genetic
- Sialic Acids/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A. Russell
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Judith M. Fonville
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - David F. Burke
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Smith
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sarah L. James
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Linster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eefje J. Schrauwen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leah Katzelnick
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mosterín
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- Center for Research in Health and Economics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eileen Maher
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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147
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Westgeest KB, de Graaf M, Fourment M, Bestebroer TM, van Beek R, Spronken MIJ, de Jong JC, Rimmelzwaan GF, Russell CA, Osterhaus ADME, Smith GJD, Smith DJ, Fouchier RAM. Genetic evolution of the neuraminidase of influenza A (H3N2) viruses from 1968 to 2009 and its correspondence to haemagglutinin evolution. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1996-2007. [PMID: 22718569 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year, influenza viruses cause epidemics by evading pre-existing humoral immunity through mutations in the major glycoproteins: the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). In 2004, the antigenic evolution of HA of human influenza A (H3N2) viruses was mapped (Smith et al., Science 305, 371-376, 2004) from its introduction in humans in 1968 until 2003. The current study focused on the genetic evolution of NA and compared it with HA using the dataset of Smith and colleagues, updated to the epidemic of the 2009/2010 season. Phylogenetic trees and genetic maps were constructed to visualize the genetic evolution of NA and HA. The results revealed multiple reassortment events over the years. Overall rates of evolutionary change were lower for NA than for HA1 at the nucleotide level. Selection pressures were estimated, revealing an abundance of negatively selected sites and sparse positively selected sites. The differences found between the evolution of NA and HA1 warrant further analysis of the evolution of NA at the phenotypic level, as has been done previously for HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim B Westgeest
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Fourment
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Beek
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique I J Spronken
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C de Jong
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin A Russell
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Gavin J D Smith
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Derek J Smith
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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148
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van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Verhagen JH, Osterhaus ADME, Pas SD, Herfst S, Fouchier RAM. A family-wide RT-PCR assay for detection of paramyxoviruses and application to a large-scale surveillance study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34961. [PMID: 22496880 PMCID: PMC3319594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Family-wide molecular diagnostic assays are valuable tools for initial identification of viruses during outbreaks and to limit costs of surveillance studies. Recent discoveries of paramyxoviruses have called for such assay that is able to detect all known and unknown paramyxoviruses in one round of PCR amplification. We have developed a RT-PCR assay consisting of a single degenerate primer set, able to detect all members of the Paramyxoviridae family including all virus genera within the subfamilies Paramyxovirinae and Pneumovirinae. Primers anneal to domain III of the polymerase gene, with the 3′ end of the reverse primer annealing to the conserved motif GDNQ, which is proposed to be the active site for nucleotide polymerization. The assay was fully optimized and was shown to indeed detect all available paramyxoviruses tested. Clinical specimens from hospitalized patients that tested positive for known paramyxoviruses in conventional assays were also detected with the novel family-wide test. A high-throughput fluorescence-based RT-PCR version of the assay was developed for screening large numbers of specimens. A large number of samples collected from wild birds was tested, resulting in the detection of avian paramyxoviruses type 1 in both barnacle and white-fronted geese, and type 8 in barnacle geese. Avian metapneumovirus type C was found for the first time in Europe in mallards, greylag geese and common gulls. The single round family-wide RT-PCR assay described here is a useful tool for the detection of known and unknown paramyxoviruses, and screening of large sample collections from humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Suzan D. Pas
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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149
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Abstract
Recently, we and others obtained experimental evidence that highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5 can acquire the ability to transmit via aerosols between ferrets. Upon submission of manuscripts describing the results of these studies, the US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity was consulted and recommended that the main conclusions of the work be published but without the experimental details and mutation data that would enable replication of the experiments. Over the past few months, these events have led to intense discussions. Should this type of experiment be conducted? If so, under what conditions? Do the scientific and public health benefits of the work and its publication outweigh the potential risks? In February 2012, public health and influenza experts discussed these issues during a World Health Organization–organized technical consultation. This perspective article reviews the current state of the field and the recommendations made during the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Herfst
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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150
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Kuiken T, Riteau B, Fouchier RAM, Rimmelzwaan GF. Pathogenesis of influenza virus infections: the good, the bad and the ugly. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:276-86. [PMID: 22709515 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The clinical outcome of different influenza virus infections ranges from subclinical upper respiratory tract disease to fatal lower respiratory tract disease. An important determinant in the pathogenesis of these diseases is the tissue tropism of the influenza virus. Furthermore, virulence is often correlated with virus replication and is regulated by multiple virus genes. Host defense against virus infection consists of both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, excessive or dysbalanced immune response may result in lung tissue damage, reduced respiratory capacity, and severe disease or even death. By interdisciplinary efforts to better understand the intricate interaction between virus, tissue, and immune response, we may be able to find new ways to improve the outcome of influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuiken
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Virology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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