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He Z, Zhang Z, Asare-Yeboah K, Bi S, Chen J, Li D. Polyferrocenylsilane Semicrystalline Polymer Additive for Solution-Processed p-Channel Organic Thin Film Transistors. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030402. [PMID: 33513894 PMCID: PMC7865563 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that a metal-containing semicrystalline polymer was used as an additive to mediate the thin film morphology of solution-grown, small-molecule organic semiconductors. By mixing polyferrocenylsilane (PFS) with an extensively-studied organic semiconductor 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS pentacene), PFS as a semicrystalline polymer independently forms nucleation and crystallization while simultaneously ameliorating diffusivity of the blend system and tuning the surface energies as a result of its partially amorphous property. We discovered that the resultant blend film exhibited a 6-fold reduction in crystal misorientation angle and a 3-fold enlargement in average grain width. Enhanced crystal orientation considerably reduces mobility variation, while minimized defects and trap centers located at grain boundaries lessen the adverse impact on the charge transport. Consequently, bottom-gate, top-contact organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) based on the TIPS pentacene/PFS mixture yielded a 40% increase in performance consistency (represented by the ratio of average mobility to the standard deviation of mobility). The PFS semicrystalline polymer-controlled crystallization can be used to regulate the thin film morphology of other high-performance organic semiconductors and shed light on applications in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengran He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA;
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Kyeiwaa Asare-Yeboah
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Penn State Behrend, Erie, PA 16563, USA;
| | - Sheng Bi
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (D.L.); Tel.: +1-(865)576-3385 (J.C.); +1-(205)348-9930 (D.L.)
| | - Dawen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (D.L.); Tel.: +1-(865)576-3385 (J.C.); +1-(205)348-9930 (D.L.)
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102
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Che Y, Perepichka DF. Quantifying Planarity in the Design of Organic Electronic Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1364-1373. [PMID: 33021029 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Planarity is essential for many organic electronic materials as it maximizes the intramolecular π-orbital overlap and enables efficient intermolecular interactions through π-stacking. We propose a statistical way of quantifying the planarity of a wide range of conjugated systems. The quantification takes into account all torsional conformations and their relative contribution to the overall structural disorder, through a planarity index ⟨cos2 ϕ⟩. The propensity for planarization and the effect of rotational disorder were examined for a series of commonly used building blocks. The application of the analysis to extended conjugated systems and the correlations between the gas-phase ⟨cos2 ϕ⟩ and crystallographically observed planarity in the solid state were explored. Our calculations also reveal a previously unrecognized effect of increasing band gap upon planarization for conjugated systems coupling strong electron donor and acceptor units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Che
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
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103
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Gu K, Wang Y, Li R, Tsai E, Onorato JW, Luscombe CK, Priestley RD, Loo YL. Role of Postdeposition Thermal Annealing on Intracrystallite and Intercrystallite Structuring and Charge Transport in Poly(3-hexylthiophene). ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:999-1007. [PMID: 33372509 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The performance of electronic devices comprising conjugated polymers as the active layer depends not only on the intrinsic characteristics of the materials but also on the details of the extrinsic processing conditions. In this study, we examine the effect of postdeposition thermal treatments on the microstructure of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films and its impact on their electrical properties. Unsurprisingly, we find thermal annealing of P3HT thin films to generally increase their crystallinity and crystallite coherence length while retaining the same crystal structure. Despite such favorable structural improvements of the polymer active layers, however, thermal annealing at high temperatures can lead to a net reduction in the mobility of transistors, implicating structural changes in the intercrystallite amorphous regions of these semicrystalline active layers take place on annealing, and the simplistic picture that crystallinity governs charge transport is not always valid. Our results instead suggest tie-chain pullout, which occurs during crystal growth and perfection upon thermal annealing to govern charge transport, particularly in low-molecular-weight systems in which the tie-chain fraction is low. By demonstrating the interplay between intracrystallite and intercrystallite structuring in determining the macroscopic charge transport, we shed light on how structural evolution and charge-transport properties of nominally the same polymer can vary depending on the details of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Esther Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jonathan W Onorato
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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104
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Cranston RR, Vebber MC, Berbigier JF, Rice NA, Tonnelé C, Comeau ZJ, Boileau NT, Brusso JL, Shuhendler AJ, Castet F, Muccioli L, Kelly TL, Lessard BH. Thin-Film Engineering of Solution-Processable n-Type Silicon Phthalocyanines for Organic Thin-Film Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:1008-1020. [PMID: 33370100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal and metalloid phthalocyanines are an abundant and established class of materials widely used in the dye and pigment industry as well as in commercial photoreceptors. Silicon phthalocyanines (SiPcs) are among the highest-performing n-type semiconductor materials in this family when used in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) as their performance and solid-state arrangement are often increased through axial substitution. Herein, we study eight axially substituted SiPcs and their integration into solution-processed n-type OTFTs. Electrical characterization of the OTFTs, combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM), determined that the length of the alkyl chain affects device performance and thin-film morphology. The effects of high-temperature annealing and spin coating time on film formation, two key processing steps for fabrication of OTFTs, were investigated by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to elucidate the relationship between thin-film microstructure and device performance. Thermal annealing was shown to change both film crystallinity and SiPc molecular orientation relative to the substrate surface. Spin time affected film crystallinity, morphology, and interplanar d-spacing, thus ultimately modifying device performance. Of the eight materials studied, bis(tri-n-butylsilyl oxide) SiPc exhibited the greatest electron field-effect mobility (0.028 cm2 V-1 s-1, a threshold voltage of 17.6 V) of all reported solution-processed SiPc derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary R Cranston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Mário C Vebber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Jônatas Faleiro Berbigier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Nicole A Rice
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia International Physics Center, 4 Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Zachary J Comeau
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Nicholas T Boileau
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Jaclyn L Brusso
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Luca Muccioli
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, 4 Viale Risorgimento, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Timothy L Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave. Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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105
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Richtar J, Ivanova L, Whang DR, Yumusak C, Wielend D, Weiter M, Scharber MC, Kovalenko A, Sariciftci NS, Krajcovic J. Tunable Properties of Nature-Inspired N, N'-Alkylated Riboflavin Semiconductors. Molecules 2020; 26:E27. [PMID: 33374613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel soluble nature-inspired flavin derivatives substituted with short butyl and bulky ethyl-adamantyl alkyl groups was prepared via simple and straightforward synthetic approach with moderate to good yields. The comprehensive characterization of the materials, to assess their application potential, has demonstrated that the modification of the conjugated flavin core enables delicate tuning of the absorption and emission properties, optical bandgap, frontier molecular orbital energies, melting points, and thermal stability. Moreover, the thin films prepared thereof exhibit smooth and homogeneous morphology with generally high stability over time.
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106
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Cataldo F. On the Optical Activity of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) (PLLA) Oligomers and Polymer: Detection of Multiple Cotton Effect on Thin PLLA Solid Film Loaded with Two Dyes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E8. [PMID: 33374944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) is a beautiful analytical technique for the study of chiral molecules and polymers. In this study, ORD was applied successfully to follow the degree of polycondensation of l-(+)-lactic acid toward the formation of poly(lactic acid) oligomers (PLAO) and high molecular weight poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) in a simple esterification reaction equipment. PLLA is a biodegradable polymer obtainable from renewable raw materials. The racemization of the intrinsically isotactic PLLA through thermal treatment can be easily followed through the use of ORD spectroscopy. Organic or molecular electronics is a hot topic dealing with the combination of π-conjugated organic compounds and polymers with specific properties (e.g., chirality) which can be exploited to construct optoelectronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaic (OPV) high efficiency cells, switchable chirality devices, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and so on. ORD spectroscopy was applied to study either the gigantic optical rotation of PLLA films, as well as to detect successfully the excitonic coupling, occurring in thin solid PLLA green film loaded with a combination of two dyes: SY96 (a pyrazolone dye) and PB16 (the metal-free phthalocyanine pigment). The latter compound PLLA loaded with SY96 and PB16 shows a really gigantic optical activity in addition to typical ORD signal due to exciton coupling and may be considered as a simple and easily accessible model composite of a chiral polymer matrix combined with π-conjugated dyes for molecular electronics studies.
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107
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Abstract
The hierarchical assembly of conjugated polymers has gained much attention due to its critical role in determining optical/electrical/mechanical properties. The hierarchical morphology encompasses molecular-scale intramolecular conformation (torsion angle, chain folds) and intermolecular ordering (π-π stacking), mesoscale domain size, orientation and connectivity, and macroscale alignment and (para)crystallinity. Such complex morphology in the solid state is fully determined by the polymer assembly pathway in the solution state, which, in turn, is sensitively modulated by molecular structure and processing conditions. However, molecular pictures of polymer assembly pathways remain elusive due to the lack of detailed structural characterizations in the solution state and the lack of understanding on how various factors impact the assembly pathways. In this mini-review, we present possible assembly pathways of conjugated polymers and their characteristics across length scales. Recent advances in understanding and controlling of assembly pathways are highlighted. We also discuss the current gap in our knowledge of assembly pathways, with future perspectives on research needed on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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108
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Sun B, Li X, Feng T, Cai S, Chen T, Zhu C, Zhang J, Wang D, Liu Y. Resistive Switching Memory Performance of Two-Dimensional Polyimide Covalent Organic Framework Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:51837-51845. [PMID: 33161710 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polyimide covalent organic framework (2D PI-NT COF) films were constructed on indium tin oxide-coated glass substrates to fabricate two-terminal sandwiched resistive memory devices. The 2D PI-NT COF films condensated from the reaction between 4,4',4″-triaminotriphenylamine and naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride under solvothermal conditions demonstrated high crystallinity, good orientation preference, tunable thickness, and low surface roughness. The well-aligned electron-donor (triphenylamine unit) and -acceptor (naphthalene diimide unit) arrays rendered the 2D PI-NT COF films a promising candidate for electronic applications. The memory devices based on 2D PI-NT COF films exhibited a typical write-once-read-many-time resistive switching behavior under an operating voltage of +2.30 V on the positive scan and -2.64 V on the negative scan. A high ON/OFF current ratio (>106 for the positive scan and 104-106 for the negative scan) and long-term retention time indicated the high fidelity, low error, and high stability of the resistive memory devices. The memory behavior was attributed to an electric field-induced intramolecular charge transfer in an ordered donor-acceptor system, which provided the effective charge-transfer channels for injected charge carriers. This work represents the first example that explores the resistive memory properties of 2D PI-COF films, shedding light on the potential application of 2D COFs as information storage media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xinle Li
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tiantian Feng
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Songliang Cai
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Teresa Chen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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109
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Fidyk J, Waliszewski W, Sleczkowski P, Kiersnowski A, Pisula W, Marszalek T. Switching from Electron to Hole Transport in Solution-Processed Organic Blend Field-Effect Transistors. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2662. [PMID: 33187323 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic electronics became an attractive alternative for practical applications in complementary logic circuits due to the unique features of organic semiconductors such as solution processability and ease of large-area manufacturing. Bulk heterojunctions (BHJ), consisting of a blend of two organic semiconductors of different electronic affinities, allow fabrication of a broad range of devices such as light-emitting transistors, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaics, photodetectors, ambipolar transistors and sensors. In this work, the charge carrier transport of BHJ films in field-effect transistors is switched from electron to hole domination upon processing and post-treatment. Low molecular weight n-type N,N'-bis(n-octyl)-(1,7&1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI8-CN2) was blended with p-type poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT-C14) and deposited by spin-coating to form BHJ films. Systematic investigation of the role of rotation speed, solution temperature, and thermal annealing on thin film morphology was performed using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. It has been determined that upon thermal annealing the BHJ morphology is modified from small interconnected PDI8-CN2 crystals uniformly distributed in the polymer fraction to large planar PDI8-CN2 crystal domains on top of the blend film, leading to the switch from electron to hole transport in field-effect transistors.
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110
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Song R, Yao S, Liu Y, Wang H, Dong J, Zhu Y, O'Connor BT. Facile Approach to Fabricating Stretchable Organic Transistors with Laser-Patterned Ag Nanowire Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:50675-50683. [PMID: 33136358 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics are poised to revolutionize personal healthcare and robotics, where they enable distributed and conformal sensors. Transistors are fundamental building blocks of electronics, and there is a need to produce stretchable transistors using low-cost and scalable fabrication techniques. Here, we introduce a facile fabrication approach using laser patterning and transfer printing to achieve high-performance, solution-processed intrinsically stretchable organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The device consists of Ag nanowire (NW) electrodes, where the source and drain electrodes are patterned using laser ablation. The Ag NWs are then partially embedded in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) matrix. The electrodes are combined with a PDMS dielectric and polymer semiconductor, where the layers are individually transfer printed to complete the OTFT. Two polymer semiconductors, DPP-DTT and DPP-4T, are considered and show stable operation under the cyclic strain of 20 and 40%, respectively. The OTFTs maintain electrical performance by adopting a buckled structure after the first stretch-release cycle. The conformability and stretchability of the OTFT is also demonstrated by operating the transistor while adhered to a finger being flexed. The ability to pattern highly conductive Ag NW networks using laser ablation to pattern electrodes as well as interconnects provides a simple strategy to produce complex stretchable OTFT-based circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqiao Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jingyan Dong
- Department of Industrial and System Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Brendan T O'Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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111
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Li P, Jia C, Guo X. Molecule-Based Transistors: From Macroscale to Single Molecule. CHEM REC 2020; 21:1284-1299. [PMID: 33140918 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecule-based field-effect transistors (FETs) are of great significance as they have a wide range of application prospects, such as logic operations, information storage and sensor monitoring. This account mainly introduces and reviews our recent work in molecular FETs. Specifically, through molecular and device design, we have systematically investigated the construction and performance of FETs from macroscale to nanoscale and even single molecule. In particular, we have proposed the broad concept of molecular FETs, whose functions can be achieved through various external controls, such as light stimulation, and other physical, chemical or biological interactions. In the end, we tend to focus the discussion on the development challenges of single-molecule FETs, and propose prospects for further breakthroughs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihui Li
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
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112
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Marina S, Kaufmann NP, Karki A, Gutiérrez-Meza E, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Vollbrecht J, Solano E, Walker B, Bannock JH, de Mello J, Silva C, Nguyen TQ, Cangialosi D, Stingelin N, Martín J. The Importance of Quantifying the Composition of the Amorphous Intermixed Phase in Organic Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2005241. [PMID: 33089554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The relation of phase morphology and solid-state microstructure with organic photovoltaic (OPV) device performance has intensely been investigated over the last twenty years. While it has been established that a combination of donor:acceptor intermixing and presence of relatively phase-pure donor and acceptor domains is needed to get an optimum compromise between charge generation and charge transport/charge extraction, a quantitative picture of how much intermixing is needed is still lacking. This is mainly due to the difficulty in quantitatively analyzing the intermixed phase, which generally is amorphous. Here, fast scanning calorimetry, which allows measurement of device-relevant thin films (<200 nm thickness), is exploited to deduce the precise composition of the intermixed phase in bulk-heterojunction structures. The power of fast scanning calorimetry is illustrated by considering two polymer:fullerene model systems. Somewhat surprisingly, it is found that a relatively small fraction (<15 wt%) of an acceptor in the intermixed amorphous phase leads to efficient charge generation. In contrast, charge transport can only be sustained in blends with a significant amount of the acceptor in the intermixed phase (in this case: ≈58 wt%). This example shows that fast scanning calorimetry is an important tool for establishing a complete compositional characterization of organic bulk heterojunctions. Hence, it will be critical in advancing quantitative morphology-function models that allow for the rational design of these devices, and in delivering insights in, for example, solar cell degradation mechanisms via phase separation, especially for more complex high-performing systems such as nonfullerene acceptor:polymer bulk heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marina
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | | | - Akchheta Karki
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gutiérrez-Meza
- School of Physics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | | | - Joachim Vollbrecht
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Eduardo Solano
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, NCD-SWEET Beamline, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290, Spain
| | - Barnaby Walker
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James H Bannock
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John de Mello
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Physics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques-LCPO, UMR5629 Universitéde Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Pessac Cedex, 33615, France
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo de Polímeros, Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra, Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Esteiro, Ferrol, 15471, Spain
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113
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Kerfoot J, Svatek SA, Korolkov VV, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Antolin E, Beton PH. Fluorescence and Electroluminescence of J-Aggregated Polythiophene Monolayers on Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS Nano 2020; 14:13886-13893. [PMID: 32897689 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The photophysics of a semiconducting polymer is manipulated through molecular self-assembly on an insulating surface. Adsorption of polythiophene (PT) monolayers on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) leads to a structurally induced planarization and a rebalancing of inter- and intrachain excitonic coupling. This conformational control results in a dominant 0-0 photoluminescence peak and a reduced Huang-Rhys factor, characteristic of J-type aggregates, and optical properties which are significantly different to both PT thin films and single polymer strands. Adsorption on hBN also provides a route to explore electroluminescence from PT monolayers though incorporation into hybrid van der Waals heterostructures whereby the polymer monolayer is embedded within a hBN tunnel diode. In these structures we observe up-converted singlet electroluminescence from the PT monolayer, with an excitation mechanism based upon inelastic electron scattering. We argue that surface adsorption provides a methodology for the study of fundamental optoelectronic properties of technologically relevant polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kerfoot
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Simon A Svatek
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Instituto de Energía Solar, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Vladimir V Korolkov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Elisa Antolin
- Instituto de Energía Solar, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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114
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Lin BR, Cheng HL, Lin JH, Wu FC, Wang YW, Chou WY. Enhanced Functionality of Dual-Gate Organic Transistors Based on Semiconducting/Insulating Polyblend-Induced Asymmetric Charge Modulation Layers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:47763-47773. [PMID: 32967424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dual-gate organic thin-film transistors (DG-OTFTs) with enhanced functionality, including large current enhancement behavior, highly efficient threshold voltage controllability, and self-contained dual-mode logic gate features, are reported. These DG-OTFTs are based on a semiconducting/insulating polyblend-based active layer with asymmetric top and bottom charge modulation layers (atb-CMLs). The atb-CMLs are automatically generated through the preparation of multilayer stacks of phase-separated semiconducting poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):insulating poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) polyblend layer, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) layer, and cross-linked-poly(4-vinylphenol) (cPVP) layer. They consist of a thin PMMA bottom layer and an uneven-shaped PMMA:PVDF miscible mixture-based top layer. The presence of the polarizable insulating PMMA, PVDF, and PMMA:PVDF mixture regions causes the bottom and top CMLs to experience electrical polarization, which induces the dipole field to achieve efficient charge modulation functions in DG-OTFTs. Owing to the presence of atb-CMLs, the DG-OTFTs exhibit unprecedented electrical characteristics, such as the easy depletion of the bottom channel by the top gate potential. However, the top channel can work properly only when given a bottom gate potential (either positive or negative). Given these unusual electrical features, the design of the fundamental dual-mode logic gates (e.g., AND and OR gates) can be achieved with just one DG transistor. This finding opens an interesting direction for the preparation of DG-OTFTs with diverse operating modes and increasing functionality, thereby widening the application potential of such transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ren Lin
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Long Cheng
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hui Lin
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chiao Wu
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wu Wang
- Institute of Photonics, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yang Chou
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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115
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Yano M, Kashiwagi Y, Inada Y, Hayashi Y, Mitsudo K, Kubono K. Crystal structure of tris-[4-(naphthalen-1-yl)phen-yl]amine. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:1649-1652. [PMID: 33117582 PMCID: PMC7534244 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020012529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In the crystal, two molecules of the title compound form an inversion dimer, through C—H⋯π interactions, which further interacts with adjacent dimers to form a one-dimensional column structure. In the title molecule, C48H33N, the central N atom shows no pyramidalization, so that the N atom and the three C atoms bound to the N atom lie almost in the same plane. The three para-phenylene rings bonded to the N atom are in a propeller form. All of the naphthalene ring systems are slightly bent. In the crystal, molecules form an inversion dimer, through two pairs of C—H⋯π interactions, which further interacts with the adjacent dimer via another two pairs of C—H⋯π interactions, forming a column structure along the a axis. There are no significant interactions between these column structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Yano
- Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Kashiwagi
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Inada
- Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Koichi Mitsudo
- Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Koji Kubono
- Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-1 Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-8582, Japan
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116
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Hager MD, Esser B, Feng X, Schuhmann W, Theato P, Schubert US. Polymer-Based Batteries-Flexible and Thin Energy Storage Systems. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2000587. [PMID: 32830378 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Batteries have become an integral part of everyday life-from small coin cells to batteries for mobile phones, as well as batteries for electric vehicles and an increasing number of stationary energy storage applications. There is a large variety of standardized battery sizes (e.g., the familiar AA-battery or AAA-battery). Interestingly, all these battery systems are based on a huge number of different cell chemistries depending on the application and the corresponding requirements. There is not one single battery type fulfilling all demands for all imaginable applications. One battery class that has been gaining significant interest in recent years is polymer-based batteries. These batteries utilize organic materials as the active parts within the electrodes without utilizing metals (and their compounds) as the redox-active materials. Such polymer-based batteries feature a number of interesting properties, like high power densities and flexible batteries fabrication, among many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum, 44780, Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces III (IBG3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, Jena, 07743, Germany
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117
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Nikolka M, Simatos D, Foudeh A, Pfattner R, McCulloch I, Bao Z. Low-Voltage, Dual-Gate Organic Transistors with High Sensitivity and Stability toward Electrostatic Biosensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:40581-40589. [PMID: 32805944 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High levels of performance and stability have been demonstrated for conjugated polymer thin-film transistors in recent years, making them promising materials for flexible electronic circuits and displays. For sensing applications, however, most research efforts have been focusing on electrochemical sensing devices. Here we demonstrate a highly stable biosensing platform using polymer transistors based on the dual-gate mechanism. In this architecture a sensing signal is transduced and amplified by the capacitive coupling between a low-k bottom dielectric and a high-k ionic elastomer top dielectric that is in contact with an analyte solution. The new design exhibits a high signal amplification, high stability under bias stress in various aqueous environments, and low signal drift. Our platform, furthermore, while responding expectedly to charged analytes such as the protein bovine serum albumin, is insensitive to changes of salt concentration of the analyte solution. These features make this platform a potentially suitable tool for a variety of biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nikolka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Foudeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Raphael Pfattner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CISC), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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118
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Kim D, Yokota T, Suzuki T, Lee S, Woo T, Yukita W, Koizumi M, Tachibana Y, Yawo H, Onodera H, Sekino M, Someya T. Ultraflexible organic light-emitting diodes for optogenetic nerve stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21138-46. [PMID: 32817422 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007395117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electronic devices implemented on flexible thin films are attracting increased attention for biomedical applications because they possess extraordinary conformity to curved surfaces. A neuronal device equipped with an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), used in combination with animals that are genetically engineered to include a light-gated ion channel, would enable cell type-specific stimulation to neurons as well as conformal contact to brain tissue and peripheral soft tissue. This potential application of the OLEDs requires strong luminescence, well over the neuronal excitation threshold in addition to flexibility. Compatibility with neuroimaging techniques such as MRI provides a method to investigate the evoked activities in the whole brain. Here, we developed an ultrathin, flexible, MRI-compatible OLED device and demonstrated the activation of channelrhodopsin-2-expressing neurons in animals. Optical stimulation from the OLED attached to nerve fibers induced contractions in the innervated muscles. Mechanical damage to the tissues was significantly reduced because of the flexibility. Owing to the MRI compatibility, neuronal activities induced by direct optical stimulation of the brain were visualized using MRI. The OLED provides an optical interface for modulating the activity of soft neuronal tissues.
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119
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Liu T, Yang J, Geyer F, Conrad-Burton FS, Hernández Sánchez R, Li H, Zhu X, Nuckolls CP, Steigerwald ML, Xiao S. Stringing the Perylene Diimide Bow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14303-14307. [PMID: 32495388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study explores a new mode of contortion in perylene diimides where the molecule is bent, like a bow, along its long axis. These bowed PDIs were synthesized through a facile fourfold Suzuki macrocyclization with aromatic linkers and a tetraborylated perylene diimide that introduces strain and results in a bowed structure. By altering the strings of the bow, the degree of bending can be controlled from flat to highly bent. Through spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations, it is demonstrated that the energy of the lowest unoccupied orbital can be controlled by the degree of bending in the structures and that the energy of the highest occupied orbital can be controlled to a large extent by the constitution of the aromatic linkers. The important finding is that the bowing results not only in red-shifted absorptions but also more facile reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifeng Liu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Florian Geyer
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | | | - Hexing Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Colin P Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Shengxiong Xiao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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120
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Más-Montoya M, Gómez P, Curiel D, da Silva I, Wang J, Janssen RAJ. A Self-Assembled Small-Molecule-Based Hole-Transporting Material for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. Chemistry 2020; 26:10276-10282. [PMID: 32133693 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have recently emerged as one of the most promising low-cost photovoltaic technologies. The remarkable progress of perovskite photovoltaics is closely related to advances in interfacial engineering and development of charge selective interlayers. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of a fused azapolyheteroaromatic small molecule, namely anthradi-7-azaindole (ADAI), with outstanding performance as a hole-transporting layer in perovskite solar cells with inverted architecture. Its molecular arrangement, induced by hydrogen-bond-directed self-assembly, favors a suitable morphology of the perovskite layer, reducing the effects of recombination as revealed by light intensity dependence, photoluminescence, and electroluminescence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Más-Montoya
- Multifunctional Molecular Materials, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paula Gómez
- Multifunctional Molecular Materials, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - David Curiel
- Multifunctional Molecular Materials, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ivan da Silva
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX110QX, United Kingdom
| | - Junke Wang
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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121
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Abstract
In this work, self-assembled amino-acid appended perylene bisimides (PBIs) have been studied that when processed into thin films change their resistivity in response to being bent. The PBIs assemble into structures in water and form thin films upon drying. These normally delicate thin films can be tolerant to bending, depending on the aggregates they form. Furthermore, the films then reversibly change their resistivity in response to this mechanical stimulus. This change is proportional to the degree of bending of the film giving them the potential to be used quantitatively to measure mechanical movement, such as in wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Adams
- School of ChemistryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Joseph Cameron
- School of ChemistryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
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122
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Sosorev A, Dominskiy D, Chernyshov I, Efremov R. Tuning of Molecular Electrostatic Potential Enables Efficient Charge Transport in Crystalline Azaacenes: A Computational Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5654. [PMID: 32781772 PMCID: PMC7460977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical versatility of organic semiconductors provides nearly unlimited opportunities for tuning their electronic properties. However, despite decades of research, the relationship between molecular structure, molecular packing and charge mobility in these materials remains poorly understood. This reduces the search for high-mobility organic semiconductors to the inefficient trial-and-error approach. For clarifying the abovementioned relationship, investigations of the effect of small changes in the chemical structure on organic semiconductor properties are particularly important. In this study, we computationally address the impact of the substitution of C-H atom pairs by nitrogen atoms (N-substitution) on the molecular properties, molecular packing and charge mobility of crystalline oligoacenes. We observe that besides decreasing frontier molecular orbital levels, N-substitution dramatically alters molecular electrostatic potential, yielding pronounced electron-rich and electron-deficient areas. These changes in the molecular electrostatic potential strengthen face-to-face and edge-to-edge interactions in the corresponding crystals and result in the crossover from the herringbone packing motif to π-stacking. When the electron-rich and electron-deficient areas are large, sharply defined and, probably, have a certain symmetry, calculated charge mobility increases up to 3-4 cm2V-1s-1. The results obtained highlight the potential of azaacenes for application in organic electronic devices and are expected to facilitate the rational design of organic semiconductors for the steady improvement of organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Sosorev
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Dominskiy
- Faculty of Physics and International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ivan Chernyshov
- ChemBio Cluster, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Roman Efremov
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
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123
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Levitsky A, Matrone GM, Khirbat A, Bargigia I, Chu X, Nahor O, Segal‐Peretz T, Moulé AJ, Richter LJ, Silva C, Stingelin N, Frey GL. Toward Fast Screening of Organic Solar Cell Blends. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2000960. [PMID: 32775168 PMCID: PMC7404169 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing library of materials systems developed for organic solar-cells, including highly promising non-fullerene acceptors and new, high-efficiency donor polymers, demands the development of methodologies that i) allow fast screening of a large number of donor:acceptor combinations prior to device fabrication and ii) permit rapid elucidation of how processing affects the final morphology/microstructure of the device active layers. Efficient, fast screening will ensure that important materials combinations are not missed; it will accelerate the technological development of this alternative solar-cell platform toward larger-area production; and it will permit understanding of the structural changes that may occur in the active layer over time. Using the relatively high-efficiency poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3'''-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2';5',2'';5'',2'''-quaterthiophen-5,5'''-diyl)] (PCE11):phenyl-C61-butyric acid-methyl-ester acceptor (PCBM) blend systems, it is demonstrated that by means of straight-forward thermal analysis, vapor-phase-infiltration imaging, and transient-absorption spectroscopy, various blend compositions and processing methodologies can be rapidly screened, information on promising combinations can be obtained, reliability issues with respect to reproducibility of thin-film formation can be identified, and insights into how processing aids, such as nucleating agents, affect structure formation, can be gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Levitsky
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringTechnion—Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
| | - Giovanni Maria Matrone
- Department of Materials and Centre of Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Aditi Khirbat
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Ilaria Bargigia
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Xiaolei Chu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Oded Nahor
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringTechnion—Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
| | - Tamar Segal‐Peretz
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTechnion—Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
| | - Adam J. Moulé
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Lee J. Richter
- Materials Science and Engineering DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMD20899USA
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- School of PhysicsGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Gitti L. Frey
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringTechnion—Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
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124
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Tang X, Kwon HJ, Hong J, Ye H, Wang R, Yun DJ, Park CE, Jeong YJ, Lee HS, Kim SH. Direct Printing of Asymmetric Electrodes for Improving Charge Injection/Extraction in Organic Electronics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:33999-34010. [PMID: 32633116 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the energy levels of organic conducting materials can be useful for developing high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), whose electrodes must be well controlled to facilitate easy charge carrier transport from the source to drain through an active channel. However, symmetric source and drain electrodes that have the same energy levels are inevitably unfavorable for either charge injection or charge extraction. In this study, asymmetric source and drain electrodes are simply prepared using the electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-jet printing technique after the careful work function engineering of organic conducting material composites. Two types of additives effectively tune the energy levels of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate-based composites. These solutions are alternately patterned using the EHD-jet printing process, where the use of an electric field makes fine jet control that enables to directly print asymmetric electrodes. The asymmetric combination of EHD-printed electrodes helps in obtaining advanced charge transport properties in p-type and n-type OFETs, as well as their organic complementary inverters. This strategy is believed to provide useful guidelines for the facile patterning of asymmetric electrodes, enabling the desirable properties of charge injection and extraction to be achieved in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Tang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Hyeok-Jin Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heqing Ye
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Rixuan Wang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Yun
- Analytical Engineering Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Eon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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125
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Kim KH, Park MJ, Kim JH. Crack-Assisted Charge Injection into Solvent-Free Liquid Organic Semiconductors via Local Electric Field Enhancement. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3349. [PMID: 32731446 PMCID: PMC7435465 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-volatile liquid organic semiconducting materials have received much attention as emerging functional materials for organic electronic and optoelectronic devices due to their remarkable advantages. However, charge injection and transport processes are significantly impeded at interfaces between electrodes and liquid organic semiconductors, resulting in overall lower performance compared to conventional solid-state electronic devices. Here we successfully demonstrate efficient charge injection into solvent-free liquid organic semiconductors via cracked metal structures with a large number of edges leading to local electric field enhancement. For this work, thin metal films on deformable polymer substrates were mechanically stretched to generate cracks on the metal surfaces in a controlled manner, and charge injection properties into a typical non-volatile liquid organic semiconducting material, (9-2-ethylhexyl)carbazole (EHCz), were investigated in low bias region (i.e., ohmic current region). It was found that the cracked structures significantly increased the current density at a fixed external bias voltage via the local electric field enhancement, which was strongly supported by field intensity calculation using COMSOL Multiphysics software. We anticipate that these results will significantly contribute to the development and further refinement of various organic electronic and optoelectronic devices based on non-volatile liquid organic semiconducting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (K.-H.K.); (M.-J.P.)
| | - Myung-June Park
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (K.-H.K.); (M.-J.P.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (K.-H.K.); (M.-J.P.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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126
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Bulumulla C, Gunawardhana R, Gamage PL, Miller JT, Kularatne RN, Biewer MC, Stefan MC. Pyrrole-Containing Semiconducting Materials: Synthesis and Applications in Organic Photovoltaics and Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:32209-32232. [PMID: 32584535 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconducting materials derived from π-electron-rich pyrroles have garnered attention in recent years for the development of organic semiconductors. Although pyrrole is the most electron-rich five-membered heteroaromatic ring, it has found few applications in organic photovoltaics and organic field-effect transistors due to synthetic challenges and instability. However, computational modeling assisted screening processes have indicated that relatively stable materials containing pyrrolic units can be synthesized without compromising their inherent electron-donating properties. In this work, we provide a complete, up-to-date review of pyrrole-containing semiconducting materials used for organic photovoltaics and organic field-effect transistors and highlight recent advances in the synthesis of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandima Bulumulla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ruwan Gunawardhana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Justin T Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ruvanthi N Kularatne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Michael C Biewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Mihaela C Stefan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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127
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Jessop IA, Chong A, Graffo L, Camarada MB, Espinoza C, Angel FA, Saldías C, Tundidor-Camba A, Terraza CA. Synthesis and Characterization of a 2,3-Dialkoxynaphthalene-Based Conjugated Copolymer via Direct Arylation Polymerization (DAP) for Organic Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1377. [PMID: 32575423 PMCID: PMC7362231 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly[(5,5'-(2,3-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)naphthalene-1,4-diyl)bis(thiophene-2,2'-diyl))-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)] (PEHONDTBT) was synthesized for the first time and through direct arylation polymerization (DAP) for use as p-donor material in organic solar cells. Optimized reaction protocol leads to a donor-acceptor conjugated polymer in good yield, with less structural defects than its analog obtained from Suzuki polycondensation, and with similar or even higher molecular weight than other previously reported polymers based on the 2,3-dialkoxynaphthalene monomer. The batch-to-batch repeatability of the optimized DAP conditions for the synthesis of PEHONDTBT was proved, showing the robustness of the synthetic strategy. The structure of PEHONDTBT was corroborated by NMR, exhibiting good solubility in common organic solvents, good film-forming ability, and thermal stability. PEHONDTBT film presented an absorption band centered at 498 nm, a band gap of 2.15 eV, and HOMO and LUMO energy levels of -5.31 eV and -3.17 eV, respectively. Theoretical calculations were performed to understand the regioselectivity in the synthesis of PEHONDTBT and to rationalize its optoelectronic properties. Bilayer heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices with PEHONDTBT as the donor layer were fabricated to test their photovoltaic performance, affording low power-conversion efficiency in the preliminary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A. Jessop
- Organic and Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, P.O. Box 7-D, Arica 1000007, Chile; (A.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Aylin Chong
- Organic and Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, P.O. Box 7-D, Arica 1000007, Chile; (A.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Linda Graffo
- Organic and Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, P.O. Box 7-D, Arica 1000007, Chile; (A.C.); (L.G.)
| | - María B. Camarada
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
- Núcleo de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Catalina Espinoza
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.E.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Felipe A. Angel
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.E.); (F.A.A.)
- Centro de Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Cesar Saldías
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Alain Tundidor-Camba
- Research Laboratory for Organic Polymers (RLOP), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (A.T.-C.); (C.A.T.)
- UC Energy Research Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Claudio A. Terraza
- Research Laboratory for Organic Polymers (RLOP), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (A.T.-C.); (C.A.T.)
- UC Energy Research Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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128
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Wilhelm P, Blank D, Lupton JM, Vogelsang J. Control of Intrachain Morphology in the Formation of Polyfluorene Aggregates on the Single-Molecule Level. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:961-965. [PMID: 32255242 PMCID: PMC7317353 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the morphology of π-conjugated polymers for organic optoelectronic devices has long been a goal in the field of materials science. Since the morphology of a polymer chain is closely intertwined with its photophysical properties, it is desirable to be able to change the arrangement of the polymers at will. We investigate the π-conjugated polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO), which can exist in three distinctly different structural phases: the α-, β-, and γ-phase. Every phase has a different chain structure and a unique photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. Due to its unique properties and the pronounced spectral structure-property relations, PFO can be used as a model system to study the morphology of π-conjugated polymers. To avoid ensemble averaging, we examine the PL spectrum of single PFO chains embedded in a non-fluorescent matrix. With single-molecule spectroscopy the structural phase of every single chain can be determined, and changes can be monitored very easily. To manipulate the morphology, solvent vapor annealing (SVA) was applied, which leads to a diffusion of the polymer chains in the matrix. The β- and γ-phases appear during the self-assembly of single α-phase PFO chains into mesoscopic aggregates. The extent of β- and γ-phase formation is directed by the solvent-swelling protocol used for aggregation. Aggregation unequivocally promotes formation of the more planar β- and γ-phases. Once these lower-energy more ordered structural phases are formed, SVA cannot return the polymer chain to the less ordered phase by aggregate swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wilhelm
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Dominik Blank
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - John M. Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
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129
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Zanotti G, Angelini N, Mattioli G, Paoletti AM, Pennesi G, Caschera D, Sobolev AP, Beverina L, Calascibetta AM, Sanzone A, Di Carlo A, Berionni Berna B, Pescetelli S, Agresti A. [1]Benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene-Phthalocyanine Derivatives: A Subclass of Solution-Processable Electron-Rich Hole Transport Materials. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2376-2386. [PMID: 32406580 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) planar system was used to functionalize the phthalocyanine ring aiming at synthesizing novel electron-rich π-conjugated macrocycles. The resulting ZnPc-BTBT and ZnPc-(BTBT)4 derivatives are the first two examples of a phthalocyanine subclass having potential use as solution-processable p-type organic semiconductors. In particular, the combination of experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations suggests compatible energy level alignments with mixed halide hybrid perovskite-based devices. Furthermore, ZnPc-(BTBT)4 features a high aggregation tendency, a useful tool to design compact molecular films. When tested as hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells under 100 mA cm-2 standard AM 1.5G solar illumination, ZnPc-(BTBT)4 gave power conversion efficiencies as high as 14.13 %, irrespective of the doping process generally required to achieve high photovoltaic performances. This work is a first step toward a new phthalocyanine core engineerization to obtain robust, yet more efficient and cost-effective materials for organic electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Zanotti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Nicola Angelini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mattioli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Paoletti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pennesi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Daniela Caschera
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | | | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milano, I-20125, Italy
| | - Adiel Mauro Calascibetta
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milano, I-20125, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sanzone
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milano, I-20125, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy.,CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,LASE - Laboratory of Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninsky prospect 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - Beatrice Berionni Berna
- CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Pescetelli
- CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Agresti
- CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,LASE - Laboratory of Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninsky prospect 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
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130
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Ðerek V, Rand D, Migliaccio L, Hanein Y, Głowacki ED. Untangling Photofaradaic and Photocapacitive Effects in Organic Optoelectronic Stimulation Devices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:284. [PMID: 32363183 PMCID: PMC7180391 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Light, as a versatile and non-invasive means to elicit a physiological response, offers solutions to problems in basic research as well as in biomedical technologies. The complexity and limitations of optogenetic methods motivate research and development of optoelectronic alternatives. A recently growing subset of approaches relies on organic semiconductors as the active light absorber. Organic semiconductors stand out due to their high optical absorbance coefficients, mechanical flexibility, ability to operate in a wet environment, and potential biocompatibility. They could enable ultrathin and minimally invasive form factors not accessible with traditional inorganic materials. Organic semiconductors, upon photoexcitation in an aqueous medium, can transduce light into (1) photothermal heating, (2) photochemical/photocatalytic redox reactions, (3) photocapacitive charging of electrolytic double layers, and (4) photofaradaic reactions. In realistic conditions, different effects may coexist, and understanding their role in observed physiological phenomena is an area of critical interest. This article serves to evaluate the emerging picture of photofaradaic vs. photocapacitive effects in the context of our group’s research efforts and that of others over the past few years. We present simple experiments which can be used to benchmark organic optoelectronic stimulation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Ðerek
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Rand
- Tel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Electrical Engineering Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ludovico Migliaccio
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yael Hanein
- Tel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Electrical Engineering Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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131
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Yousefi N, Maala JJ, Louie M, Storback J, Kaake LG. Physical Supercritical Fluid Deposition: Patterning Solution Processable Materials on Curved and Flexible Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:17949-17956. [PMID: 32207971 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We provide the initial demonstration of a general thin film deposition technique that leverages the unique solubility properties of supercritical fluids. The technique is the solution-phase analogue of physical vapor deposition and allows thin films of a semiconducting polymer to be grown without the need for in situ chemical reactions. Film growth is approximately linear with time, indicating that film thickness can be controlled in a straightforward manner by varying the time of deposition. To further demonstrate the flexibility of the technique, we demonstrate precise control over the location of material deposition using a combination of photolithography and resistive heating. The potential for scalable manufacturing is demonstrated by use of a master to control deposition onto a flexible polymer film. Finally, we demonstrate a unique deposition capability of this technique by depositing patterns onto the curved interior of a hemisphere made from a silicone elastomer. This capability is not possible with any printing or line-of-sight deposition technique. More generally, the ability to control the deposition of solution processed materials with high accuracy provides the long sought after bridge between top-down and bottom-up self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Yousefi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Janneus J Maala
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Mikayla Louie
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jacob Storback
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Loren G Kaake
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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132
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Sandell S, Maire J, Chávez-Ángel E, Sotomayor Torres CM, Kristiansen H, Zhang Z, He J. Enhancement of Thermal Boundary Conductance of Metal-Polymer System. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10040670. [PMID: 32252435 PMCID: PMC7221886 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In organic electronics, thermal management is a challenge, as most organic materials conduct heat poorly. As these devices become smaller, thermal transport is increasingly limited by organic-inorganic interfaces, for example that between a metal and a polymer. However, the mechanisms of heat transport at these interfaces are not well understood. In this work, we compare three types of metal-polymer interfaces. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films of different thicknesses (1-15 nm) were spin-coated on silicon substrates and covered with an 80 nm gold film either directly, or over an interface layer of 2 nm of an adhesion promoting metal-either titanium or nickel. We use the frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) technique to measure the effective thermal conductivity of the polymer film and then extract the metal-polymer thermal boundary conductance (TBC) with a thermal resistance circuit model. We found that the titanium layer increased the TBC by a factor of 2, from 59 × 106 W·m-2·K-1 to 115 × 106 W·m-2·K-1, while the nickel layer increased TBC to 139 × 106 W·m-2·K-1. These results shed light on possible strategies to improve heat transport in organic electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Sandell
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeremie Maire
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), (ICN-CSIC) Barcelona, Campus UAB, E08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Emigdio Chávez-Ángel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), (ICN-CSIC) Barcelona, Campus UAB, E08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), (ICN-CSIC) Barcelona, Campus UAB, E08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ICREA—Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helge Kristiansen
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jianying He
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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133
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Abstract
Next-generation wearable electronics will need to be mechanically flexible and stretchable such that they can be conformally attached onto the human body. Photodetectors that are available in today's market are based on rigid inorganic crystalline materials and they have limited mechanical flexibility. In contrast, photodetectors based on organic polymers and molecules have emerged as promising alternatives due to their inherent mechanical softness, ease of processing, tunable optoelectronic properties, good light sensing performance, and biocompatibility. Here, the recent advances of organic photodetectors in terms of both optoelectronic and mechanical properties are outlined and discussed, and their application in wearable electronics including health monitoring sensors, artificial vision, and self-powering integrated devices are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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134
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Osw P, Nitti A, Abdullah MN, Etkind SI, Mwaura J, Galbiati A, Pasini D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Scalable D-A-D π-Extended Oligomers as p-Type Organic Materials for Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E720. [PMID: 32213915 PMCID: PMC7183272 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of four novel donor-acceptor-donor π-extended oligomers, incorporating naphtha(1-b)thiophene-4-carboxylate or benzo(b)thieno(3,2-g) benzothiophene-4-carboxylate 2-octyldodecyl esters as end-capping moieties, and two different conjugated core fragments, is reported. The end-capping moieties are obtained via a cascade sequence of sustainable organic reactions, and then coupled to benzo(c)(1,2,5)thiadiazole and its difluoro derivative as the electron-poor π-conjugated cores. The optoelectronic properties of the oligomers are reported. The novel compounds revealed good film forming properties, and when tested in bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic cell devices in combination with PC61BM, revealed good fill factors, but low efficiencies, due to their poor absorption profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peshawa Osw
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (P.O.); (A.N.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq;
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (P.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Media N. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq;
| | - Samuel I. Etkind
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Jeremiah Mwaura
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Alessandro Galbiati
- New Polyurethane Technologies s.r.l., Via Stazione 12, 27030 Villanova D’ardenghi, Pavia, Italy;
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (P.O.); (A.N.)
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135
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Chen Y, Jamshidi R, Montazami R. Study of Partially Transient Organic Epidermal Sensors. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13051112. [PMID: 32131433 PMCID: PMC7085048 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an all-organic, partially transient epidermal sensor with functional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) conjugated polymer printed onto a water-soluble polyethylene oxide (PEO) substrate is studied and presented. The sensor's electronic properties were studied under static stress, dynamic load, and transient status. Electrode resistance remained approximately unchanged for up to 2% strain, and increased gradually within 6.5% strain under static stress. The electronic properties' dependence on dynamic load showed a fast response time in the range of 0.05-3 Hz, and a reversible stretching threshold of 3% strain. A transiency study showed that the PEO substrate dissolved completely in water, while the PEDOT:PSS conjugated polymer electrode remained intact. The substrate-less, intrinsically soft PEDOT:PSS electrode formed perfect contact on human skin and stayed attached by Van der Waals force, and was demonstrated as a tattoolike epidermal sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfen Chen
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Reihaneh Jamshidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA;
| | - Reza Montazami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (R.M.)
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136
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Nguyen NN, Lee HC, Yoo MS, Lee E, Lee H, Lee SB, Cho K. Charge-Transfer-Controlled Growth of Organic Semiconductor Crystals on Graphene. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:1902315. [PMID: 32195079 PMCID: PMC7080519 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the growth behavior of organic semiconductors (OSCs) is essential because it determines their optoelectronic properties. In order to accomplish this, graphene templates with electronic-state tunability are used to affect the growth of OSCs by controlling the van der Waals interaction between OSC ad-molecules and graphene. However, in many graphene-molecule systems, the charge transfer between an ad-molecule and a graphene template causes another important interaction. This charge-transfer-induced interaction is never considered in the growth scheme of OSCs. Here, the effects of charge transfer on the formation of graphene-OSC heterostructures are investigated, using fullerene (C60) as a model compound. By in situ electrical doping of a graphene template to suppress the charge transfer between C60 ad-molecules and graphene, the layer-by-layer growth of a C60 film on graphene can be achieved. Under this condition, the graphene-C60 interface is free of Fermi-level pinning; thus, barristors fabricated on the graphene-C60 interface show a nearly ideal Schottky-Mott limit with efficient modulation of the charge-injection barrier. Moreover, the optimized C60 film exhibits a high field-effect electron mobility of 2.5 cm2 V-1 s-1. These results provide an efficient route to engineering highly efficient optoelectronic graphene-OSC hybrid material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngan Nguyen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Chan Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Yoo
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Eunho Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Baek Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Republic of Korea
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137
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Ko J, Kim Y, Kang JS, Berger R, Yoon H, Char K. Enhanced Vertical Charge Transport of Homo- and Blended Semiconducting Polymers by Nanoconfinement. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1908087. [PMID: 31984584 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of conjugated polymers has critical influences on electronic and optical properties of optoelectronic devices. Even though lots of techniques and methods are suggested to control the morphology of polymers, very few studies have been performed inducing high charge transport along out-of-plane direction. In this study, the self-assembly of homo- and blended conjugated polymers which are confined in nanostructures is utilized. The resulting structures lead to high charge mobility along vertical direction for both homo- and blended conjugated polymers. Both semicrystalline and amorphous polymers show highly increased population of face-on crystallite despite intrinsic crystallinity of polymers. They result in more than two orders of magnitude enhanced charge mobility along vertical direction revealed by nanoscale conductive scanning force microscopy and macroscale IV characteristic measurements. Moreover, blends of semicrystalline and amorphous polymers, which are known to show inferior optical and electrical properties due to their structural incompatibility, are formed into harmonious states by this approach. Assembly of blends of semicrystalline and amorphous polymers under nanoconfinement shows charge mobility in out-of-plane direction of 0.73 cm2 V-1 s-1 with wide range of absorption wavelength from 300 to 750 nm demonstrating the synergistic effects of two different polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkuk Ko
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Youngkeol Kim
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hyunsik Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Korea
| | - Kookheon Char
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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138
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Sosorev AY, Trukhanov VA, Maslennikov DR, Borshchev OV, Polyakov RA, Skorotetcky MS, Surin NM, Kazantsev MS, Dominskiy DI, Tafeenko VA, Ponomarenko SA, Paraschuk DY. Fluorinated Thiophene-Phenylene Co-Oligomers for Optoelectronic Devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:9507-9519. [PMID: 32009377 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic optoelectronics requires materials combining bright luminescence and efficient ambipolar charge transport. Thiophene-phenylene co-oligomers (TPCOs) are promising highly emissive materials with decent charge-carrier mobility; however, they typically show poor electron injection in devices, which is usually assigned to high energies of their lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs). A widely used approach to lower the frontier orbitals energy levels of a conjugated molecule is its fluorination. In this study, we synthesized three new fluorinated derivatives of one of the most popular TPCOs, 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis[5-phenylthiophene] (PTPTP) and studied them by cyclic voltammetry, absorption, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopies. The obtained data reveal a positive effect of fluorination on the optoelectronic properties of PTPTP: LUMO levels are finely tuned, and photoluminescence quantum yield and absorbance are increased. We then grew crystals from fluorinated PTPTPs, resolved their structures, and showed that fluorination dramatically affects the packing motif and facilitates π-stacking. Finally, we fabricated thin-film organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and demonstrated a strong impact of fluorination on charge injection/transport for both types of charge carriers, namely, electrons and holes. Specifically, balanced ambipolar charge transport and electroluminescence were observed only in the OFET active channel based on the partially fluorinated PTPTP. The obtained results can be extended to other families of conjugated oligomers and highlight the efficiency of fluorination for rational design of organic semiconductors for optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu Sosorev
- Faculty of Physics and International Laser Center , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1/62 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
- Institute of Spectroscopy , Russian Academy of Sciences , Fizicheskaya 5, Troitsk , Moscow 108840 , Russia
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials , Russian Academy of Science , Profsoyuznaya 70 , Moscow 117393 , Russia
| | - Vasiliy A Trukhanov
- Faculty of Physics and International Laser Center , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1/62 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials , Russian Academy of Science , Profsoyuznaya 70 , Moscow 117393 , Russia
| | - Dmitry R Maslennikov
- Faculty of Physics and International Laser Center , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1/62 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
- Institute of Spectroscopy , Russian Academy of Sciences , Fizicheskaya 5, Troitsk , Moscow 108840 , Russia
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials , Russian Academy of Science , Profsoyuznaya 70 , Moscow 117393 , Russia
| | - Oleg V Borshchev
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials , Russian Academy of Science , Profsoyuznaya 70 , Moscow 117393 , Russia
| | - Roman A Polyakov
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials , Russian Academy of Science , Profsoyuznaya 70 , Moscow 117393 , Russia
| | - Maxim S Skorotetcky
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials , Russian Academy of Science , Profsoyuznaya 70 , Moscow 117393 , Russia
| | - Nikolay M Surin
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials , Russian Academy of Science , Profsoyuznaya 70 , Moscow 117393 , Russia
| | - Maxim S Kazantsev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry , Lavrentieva 9 , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Dmitry I Dominskiy
- Faculty of Physics and International Laser Center , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1/62 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials , Russian Academy of Science , Profsoyuznaya 70 , Moscow 117393 , Russia
| | - Viktor A Tafeenko
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1/3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Sergey A Ponomarenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials , Russian Academy of Science , Profsoyuznaya 70 , Moscow 117393 , Russia
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1/3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Dmitry Yu Paraschuk
- Faculty of Physics and International Laser Center , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1/62 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials , Russian Academy of Science , Profsoyuznaya 70 , Moscow 117393 , Russia
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139
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Xie K, Wang N, Lin X, Wang Z, Zhao X, Fang P, Yue H, Kim J, Luo J, Cui S, Yan F, Shi P. Organic electrochemical transistor arrays for real-time mapping of evoked neurotransmitter release in vivo. eLife 2020; 9:50345. [PMID: 32043970 PMCID: PMC7075691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Though neurotransmitters are essential elements in neuronal signal transduction, techniques for in vivo analysis are still limited. Here, we describe an organic electrochemical transistor array (OECT-array) technique for monitoring catecholamine neurotransmitters (CA-NTs) in rat brains. The OECT-array is an active sensor with intrinsic amplification capability, allowing real-time and direct readout of transient CA-NT release with a sensitivity of nanomolar range and a temporal resolution of several milliseconds. The device has a working voltage lower than half of that typically used in a prevalent cyclic voltammetry measurement, and operates continuously in vivo for hours without significant signal drift, which is inaccessible for existing methods. With the OECT-array, we demonstrate simultaneous mapping of evoked dopamine release at multiple striatal brain regions in different physiological scenarios, and reveal a complex cross-talk between the mesolimbic and the nigrostriatal pathways, which is heterogeneously affected by the reciprocal innervation between ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China
| | - Xudong Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Zixun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Peilin Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Haibing Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Junhwi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoyang Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
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140
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Jeon J, Kim MJ, Shin G, Lee M, Kim YJ, Kim B, Lee Y, Cho JH, Lee S. Functionalized Organic Material Platform for Realization of Ternary Logic Circuit. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:6119-6126. [PMID: 31913001 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Negative differential resistance/transconductance (NDR/NDT) has been attracting significant attention as a key functionality in the development of multivalued logic (MVL) systems that can overcome the limits of conventional binary logic devices. A high peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) and more than double-peak transfer characteristics are required to achieve a stable MVL operation. In this study, an organic NDR (ONDR) device with double-peak transfer characteristics and a high peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR; >102) is fabricated by utilizing an organic material platform for the development of a key element device for MVL applications. The organic NDT (ONDT) device is fabricated using a series connection of electron-dominant (P(NDI2OD-Se2)) and hole-dominant (P(DPP2DT-T2)) channel ambipolar organic field-effect transistors (AOFETs), and the NDR feature is achieved via correlated biasing of the ONDT device. The PVCR of the ONDT device can reach up to 13,000 via carrier transfer modulation of the AOFETs by varying the PMMA:P(VDF-TrFE) ratio of the mixed layer that is used as the top-gate dielectric of each AOFET. Further, ternary latch circuit operation is demonstrated using the developed ONDR device that stores three logic states with three distinct and controllable output states by adjusting the PMMA:P(VDF-TrFE) ratio of the dielectric layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Jeon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Je Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gicheol Shin
- Deptartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - BongSoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonmyung Lee
- Deptartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoo Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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141
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Li W, Li W, Gan L, Li M, Zheng N, Ning C, Chen D, Wu YC, Su SJ. J-Aggregation Enhances the Electroluminescence Performance of a Sky-Blue Thermally Activated Delayed-Fluorescence Emitter in Nondoped Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:2717-2723. [PMID: 31850735 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A pivotal thermally activated delayed-fluorescence (TADF) emitter, DspiroAc-TRZ, was developed, and it exhibits greatly enhanced electroluminescence performance in nondoped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) owing to the concurrent manipulation of aggregation behavior and monomolecular structure. The delicate non-planar packing pattern in the DspiroAc-TRZ crystal can not only lead to highly efficient solid-state luminescence but also form a loose intermolecular packing pattern, greatly decreasing the HOMO or LUMO overlaps in dimers and shortening the triplet exciton diffusion length. In addition, the rigid donor and acceptor moieties in DspiroAc-TRZ can rigidify the molecular backbone, resulting in a tiny geometric vibrational relaxation in the excited state. Impressively, high photoluminescent quantum yields of 78.5 and 83.7% were achieved for the DspiroAc-TRZ single crystal and nondoped film. A high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25.7% was achieved in a nondoped sky-blue TADF OLED, which is higher than any reported EQE value of nondoped sky-blue TADF OLEDs so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan-Chun Wu
- Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Semiconductor Display Technology Co., Ltd. , No.9-2, Tang Ming Avenue , Guang Ming District, Shenzhen 518132 , Guangdong Province , P. R. China
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142
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Ahn KS, Jo H, Kim JB, Seo I, Lee HH, Lee DR. Structural Transition and Interdigitation of Alkyl Side Chains in the Conjugated Polymer Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Their Effects on the Device Performance of the Associated Organic Field-Effect Transistor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:1142-1150. [PMID: 31840490 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Direct grazing-angle X-ray scattering evidence of the order-disorder transition and interdigitation of side chains in a conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is presented. The free methyl ends of the side chains exhibit closest packing, as in n-alkane crystallization, and cause a structural mismatch due to the difference between their packing density and the areal density of the attached ends. This mismatch is resolved by increases in the tilt angle of the side chains and local interdigitation. In situ X-ray scattering and electrical measurements show that the structural transition and interdigitation of these side chains strongly affect its surface morphology as well as the charge transport properties of the resulting P3HT-based organic field-effect transistor. Since most conjugated polymers have side chains, the results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the effects of side chains on the structural and electrical properties of conjugated backbones. These results also provide a new perspective on the formation of a metastable polymorph consisting of interdigitated P3HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Hyerin Jo
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Jong Beom Kim
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Ilwan Seo
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Hyun Hwi Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH , Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Dong Ryeol Lee
- Department of Physics , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
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143
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Liu Q, Bottle SE, Sonar P. Developments of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Dye-Based Organic Semiconductors for a Wide Range of Applications in Electronics. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1903882. [PMID: 31797456 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, fused aromatic diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based functional semiconductors have attracted considerable attention in the developing field of organic electronics. Over the past few years, DPP-based semiconductors have demonstrated remarkable improvements in the performance of both organic field-effect transistor (OFET) and organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices due to the favorable features of the DPP unit, such as excellent planarity and better electron-withdrawing ability. Driven by this success, DPP-based materials are now being exploited in various other electronic devices including complementary circuits, memory devices, chemical sensors, photodetectors, perovskite solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, and more. Recent developments in the use of DPP-based materials for a wide range of electronic devices are summarized, focusing on OFET, OPV, and newly developed devices with a discussion of device performance in terms of molecular engineering. Useful guidance for the design of future DPP-based materials and the exploration of more advanced applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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144
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Melianas A, Felekidis N, Puttisong Y, Meskers SCJ, Inganäs O, Chen WM, Kemerink M. Nonequilibrium site distribution governs charge-transfer electroluminescence at disordered organic heterointerfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23416-23425. [PMID: 31690666 PMCID: PMC6876215 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908776116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface between electron-donating (D) and electron-accepting (A) materials in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices is commonly probed by charge-transfer (CT) electroluminescence (EL) measurements to estimate the CT energy, which critically relates to device open-circuit voltage. It is generally assumed that during CT-EL injected charges recombine at close-to-equilibrium energies in their respective density of states (DOS). Here, we explicitly quantify that CT-EL instead originates from higher-energy DOS site distributions significantly above DOS equilibrium energies. To demonstrate this, we have developed a quantitative and experimentally calibrated model for CT-EL at organic D/A heterointerfaces, which simultaneously accounts for the charge transport physics in an energetically disordered DOS and the Franck-Condon broadening. The 0-0 CT-EL transition lineshape is numerically calculated using measured energetic disorder values as input to 3-dimensional kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We account for vibrational CT-EL overtones by selectively measuring the dominant vibrational phonon-mode energy governing CT luminescence at the D/A interface using fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy. Our model numerically reproduces the measured CT-EL spectra and their bias dependence and reveals the higher-lying manifold of DOS sites responsible for CT-EL. Lowest-energy CT states are situated ∼180 to 570 meV below the 0-0 CT-EL transition, enabling photogenerated carrier thermalization to these low-lying DOS sites when the OPV device is operated as a solar cell rather than as a light-emitting diode. Nonequilibrium site distribution rationalizes the experimentally observed weak current-density dependence of CT-EL and poses fundamental questions on reciprocity relations relating light emission to photovoltaic action and regarding minimal attainable photovoltaic energy conversion losses in OPV devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armantas Melianas
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Nikolaos Felekidis
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Functional Electronic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stefan C J Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Weimin M Chen
- Functional Electronic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden;
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145
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Abstract
The unusual electronic properties of directly linked 1,4-polyanthraquinones (14PAQs) are investigated. The dihedral angle between the molecular planes of anthraquinones (AQs) is found to be close to 90°. Contrary to the prevailing notion that the interaction between orthogonal units is negligible due to broken π-electron conjugation, the coupling between neighboring AQ units does not have a minimum at 90° and is much larger than that expected. The unexpectedly large electronic coupling between orthogonal AQ units is explained by the interaction between the lone pairs of the carbonyl oxygen and the π system of the neighboring unit, which allows favorable overlap between frontier molecular orbitals at the orthogonal geometry. It is shown that this effect, which is described computationally for the first time, can be strengthened by adding more quinone units. The effect of thermal fluctuations on the couplings is assessed through ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The distributions of the couplings reveal that electron transport is resilient to dynamic disorder in all systems considered, whereas the hole couplings are much more sensitive to disorder. Lone pair-π interactions are described, as a previously largely overlooked conjugation mechanism, for incorporation into a new class of disorder-resilient semiconducting redox polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco P Fornari
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Piotr de Silva
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 309, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
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146
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Eder T, Vogelsang J, Bange S, Remmerssen K, Schmitz D, Jester SS, Keller TJ, Höger S, Lupton JM. Interplay Between J- and H-Type Coupling in Aggregates of π-Conjugated Polymers: A Single-Molecule Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18898-18902. [PMID: 31596527 PMCID: PMC6973276 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Strong dipole–dipole coupling within and between π‐conjugated segments shifts electronic transitions, and modifies vibronic coupling and excited‐state lifetimes. Since J‐type coupling between monomers along the conjugated‐polymer (CP) chain and H‐type coupling of chromophores between chains of a CP compete, a superposition of the spectral modifications arising from each type of coupling emerges, making the two couplings hard to discern in the ensemble. We introduce a single‐molecule H‐type aggregate of fixed spacing and variable length of up to 10 nm. HJ‐type aggregate formation is visualized intuitively in the scatter of single‐molecule spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Eder
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaas Remmerssen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Schmitz
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan-S Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tristan J Keller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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147
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Schweicher G, D'Avino G, Ruggiero MT, Harkin DJ, Broch K, Venkateshvaran D, Liu G, Richard A, Ruzié C, Armstrong J, Kennedy AR, Shankland K, Takimiya K, Geerts YH, Zeitler JA, Fratini S, Sirringhaus H. Chasing the "Killer" Phonon Mode for the Rational Design of Low-Disorder, High-Mobility Molecular Semiconductors. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1902407. [PMID: 31512304 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular vibrations play a critical role in the charge transport properties of weakly van der Waals bonded organic semiconductors. To understand which specific phonon modes contribute most strongly to the electron-phonon coupling and ensuing thermal energetic disorder in some of the most widely studied high-mobility molecular semiconductors, state-of-the-art quantum mechanical simulations of the vibrational modes and the ensuing electron-phonon coupling constants are combined with experimental measurements of the low-frequency vibrations using inelastic neutron scattering and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. In this way, the long-axis sliding motion is identified as a "killer" phonon mode, which in some molecules contributes more than 80% to the total thermal disorder. Based on this insight, a way to rationalize mobility trends between different materials and derive important molecular design guidelines for new high-mobility molecular semiconductors is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Gabriele D'Avino
- Institut Néel-CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Boîte Postale 166, F-38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael T Ruggiero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - David J Harkin
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Katharina Broch
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Deepak Venkateshvaran
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guoming Liu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Audrey Richard
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP206/01, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Ruzié
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP206/01, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeff Armstrong
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Kenneth Shankland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Kazuo Takimiya
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Group, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP206/01, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Simone Fratini
- Institut Néel-CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Boîte Postale 166, F-38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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148
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Seitanidou M, Blomgran R, Pushpamithran G, Berggren M, Simon DT. Modulating Inflammation in Monocytes Using Capillary Fiber Organic Electronic Ion Pumps. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900813. [PMID: 31502760 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) delivers ions and drugs from a source, through a charge selective membrane, to a target upon an electric bias. Miniaturization of this technology is crucial and will provide several advantages, ranging from better spatiotemporal control of delivery to reduced invasiveness for implanted OEIPs. To miniaturize OEIPs, new configurations have been developed based on glass capillary fibers filled with an anion exchange membrane (AEM). Fiber capillary OEIPs can be easily implanted in proximity to targeted cells and tissues. Herein, the efficacy of such a fiber capillary OEIP for modulation of inflammation in human monocytes is demonstrated. The devices are located on inflammatory monocytes and local delivery of salicylic acid (SA) is initiated. Highly localized SA delivery results in a significant decrease in cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6) levels after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The findings-the first use of such capillary OEIPs in mammalian cells or systems-demonstrate the utility of the technology for optimizing transport and delivery of different therapeutic substances at low concentrations, with the benefit of local and controlled administration that limits the adverse effect of oral/systemic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping University 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Giggil Pushpamithran
- Division of Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping University 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
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149
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Wilhelm P, Vogelsang J, Höger S, Lupton JM. Homo-FRET in π-Conjugated Polygons: Intermediate-Strength Dipole-Dipole Coupling Makes Energy Transfer Reversible. Nano Lett 2019; 19:5483-5488. [PMID: 31294999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The concept of homo-FRET is often used to describe energy transfer between like chromophores of molecular aggregates such as in π-conjugated polymers. Homo-FRET is revealed by a dynamic depolarization in fluorescence but strictly only applies to the limit of weak dipole-dipole coupling, where energy transfer occurs on time scales much longer than those of nuclear relaxation. By considering the polarization anisotropy of photoluminescence emission and excitation of model multichromophoric aggregates on the single-molecule level, we demonstrate the transition of energy-transfer dynamics from the case of weak coupling to that of strong coupling, revealing the elusive regime of intermediate-strength coupling where energy transfer between degenerate donor and acceptor chromophores becomes reversible so that information on the excitation route of the emitting chromophore is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wilhelm
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
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150
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Li J, Lau C, Wu F, Zhang A, Li Z, Chen M, Fu H, Draper J, Cao X, Zhou C. Fully Printed All-Solid-State Organic Flexible Artificial Synapse for Neuromorphic Computing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:16749-16757. [PMID: 31025562 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nonvolatile, flexible artificial synapses that can be used for brain-inspired computing are highly desirable for emerging applications such as human-machine interfaces, soft robotics, medical implants, and biological studies. Printed devices based on organic materials are very promising for these applications due to their sensitivity to ion injection, intrinsic printability, biocompatibility, and great potential for flexible/stretchable electronics. Herein, we report the experimental realization of a nonvolatile artificial synapse using organic polymers in a scalable fabrication process. The three-terminal electrochemical neuromorphic device successfully emulates the key features of biological synapses: long-term potentiation/depression, spike timing-dependent plasticity learning rule, paired-pulse facilitation, and ultralow energy consumption. The artificial synapse network exhibits an excellent endurance against bending tests and enables a direct emulation of logic gates, which shows the feasibility of using them in futuristic hierarchical neural networks. Based on our demonstration of 100 distinct, nonvolatile conductance states, we achieved a high accuracy in pattern recognition and face classification neural network simulations.
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