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Svetlov SI, Prima V, Glushakova O, Svetlov A, Kirk DR, Gutierrez H, Serebruany VL, Curley KC, Wang KKW, Hayes RL. Neuro-glial and systemic mechanisms of pathological responses in rat models of primary blast overpressure compared to "composite" blast. Front Neurol 2012; 3:15. [PMID: 22403567 PMCID: PMC3275793 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of experimental models of blast brain injury have been implemented in rodents and larger animals. However, the variety of blast sources and the complexity of blast wave biophysics have made data on injury mechanisms and biomarkers difficult to analyze and compare. Recently, we showed the importance of rat position toward blast generated by an external shock tube. In this study, we further characterized blast producing moderate traumatic brain injury and defined "composite" blast and primary blast exposure set-ups. Schlieren optics visualized interaction between the head and a shock wave generated by external shock tube, revealing strong head acceleration upon positioning the rat on-axis with the shock tube (composite blast), but negligible skull movement upon peak overpressure exposure off-axis (primary blast). Brain injury signatures of a primary blast hitting the frontal head were assessed and compared to damage produced by composite blast. Low to negligible levels of neurodegeneration were found following primary blast compared to composite blast by silver staining. However, persistent gliosis in hippocampus and accumulation of GFAP/CNPase in circulation was detected after both primary and composite blast. Also, markers of vascular/endothelial inflammation integrin alpha/beta, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and L-selectin along with neurotrophic factor nerve growth factor-beta were increased in serum within 6 h post-blasts and persisted for 7 days thereafter. In contrast, systemic IL-1, IL-10, fractalkine, neuroendocrine peptide Orexin A, and VEGF receptor Neuropilin-2 (NRP-2) were raised predominantly after primary blast exposure. In conclusion, biomarkers of major pathological pathways were elevated at all blast set-ups. The most significant and persistent changes in neuro-glial markers were found after composite blast, while primary blast instigated prominent systemic cytokine/chemokine, Orexin A, and Neuropilin-2 release, particularly when primary blast impacted rats with unprotected body.
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Papa L, Lewis LM, Falk JL, Zhang Z, Silvestri S, Giordano P, Brophy GM, Demery JA, Dixit NK, Ferguson I, Liu MC, Mo J, Akinyi L, Schmid K, Mondello S, Robertson CS, Tortella FC, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Elevated levels of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein breakdown products in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury are associated with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical intervention. Ann Emerg Med 2011; 59:471-83. [PMID: 22071014 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE This study examines whether serum levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein breakdown products (GFAP-BDP) are elevated in patients with mild and moderate traumatic brain injury compared with controls and whether they are associated with traumatic intracranial lesions on computed tomography (CT) scan (positive CT result) and with having a neurosurgical intervention. METHODS This prospective cohort study enrolled adult patients presenting to 3 Level I trauma centers after blunt head trauma with loss of consciousness, amnesia, or disorientation and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 9 to 15. Control groups included normal uninjured controls and trauma controls presenting to the emergency department with orthopedic injuries or a motor vehicle crash without traumatic brain injury. Blood samples were obtained in all patients within 4 hours of injury and measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for GFAP-BDP (nanograms/milliliter). RESULTS Of the 307 patients enrolled, 108 were patients with traumatic brain injury (97 with GCS score 13 to 15 and 11 with GCS score 9 to 12) and 199 were controls (176 normal controls and 16 motor vehicle crash controls and 7 orthopedic controls). Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that early GFAP-BDP levels were able to distinguish patients with traumatic brain injury from uninjured controls with an area under the curve of 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86 to 0.94) and differentiated traumatic brain injury with a GCS score of 15 with an area under the curve of 0.88 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.93). Thirty-two patients with traumatic brain injury (30%) had lesions on CT. The area under these curves for discriminating patients with CT lesions versus those without CT lesions was 0.79 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.89). Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve for distinguishing neurosurgical intervention from no neurosurgical intervention yielded an area under the curve of 0.87 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.96). CONCLUSION GFAP-BDP is detectable in serum within an hour of injury and is associated with measures of injury severity, including the GCS score, CT lesions, and neurosurgical intervention. Further study is required to validate these findings before clinical application.
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Ma W, Han W, Greer PA, Tuder RM, Toque HA, Wang KKW, Caldwell RW, Su Y. Calpain mediates pulmonary vascular remodeling in rodent models of pulmonary hypertension, and its inhibition attenuates pathologic features of disease. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4548-66. [PMID: 22005303 DOI: 10.1172/jci57734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a severe and progressive disease, a key feature of which is pulmonary vascular remodeling. Several growth factors, including EGF, PDGF, and TGF-β1, are involved in pulmonary vascular remodeling during pulmonary hypertension. However, increased knowledge of the downstream signaling cascades is needed if effective clinical interventions are to be developed. In this context, calpain provides an interesting candidate therapeutic target, since it is activated by EGF and PDGF and has been reported to activate TGF-β1. Thus, in this study, we examined the role of calpain in pulmonary vascular remodeling in two rodent models of pulmonary hypertension. These data showed that attenuated calpain activity in calpain-knockout mice or rats treated with a calpain inhibitor resulted in prevention of increased right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, as well as collagen deposition and thickening of pulmonary arterioles in models of hypoxia- and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Additionally, inhibition of calpain in vitro blocked intracellular activation of TGF-β1, which led to attenuated Smad2/3 phosphorylation and collagen synthesis. Finally, smooth muscle cells of pulmonary arterioles from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension showed higher levels of calpain activation and intracellular active TGF-β. Our data provide evidence that calpain mediates EGF- and PDGF-induced collagen synthesis and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via an intracrine TGF-β1 pathway in pulmonary hypertension.
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Guingab-Cagmat JD, Stevens SM, Ratliff MV, Zhang Z, Gold MS, Anagli J, Wang KKW, Kobeissy FH. Identification of tyrosine nitration in UCH-L1 and GAPDH. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1692-705. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Brophy GM, Mondello S, Papa L, Robicsek SA, Gabrielli A, Tepas J, Buki A, Robertson C, Tortella FC, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Biokinetic analysis of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) in severe traumatic brain injury patient biofluids. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:861-70. [PMID: 21309726 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) is a neuron-specific enzyme that has been identified as a potential biomarker of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study objectives were to determine UCH-L1 exposure and kinetic metrics, determine correlations between biofluids, and assess outcome correlations in severe TBI patients. Data were analyzed from a prospective, multicenter study of severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score ≤ 8). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum data from samples taken every 6 h after injury were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). UCH-L1 CSF and serum data from 59 patients were used to determine biofluid correlations. Serum samples from 86 patients and CSF from 59 patients were used to determine outcome correlations. Exposure and kinetic metrics were evaluated acutely and up to 7 days post-injury and compared to mortality at 3 months. There were significant correlations between UCH-L1 CSF and serum median concentrations (r(s)=0.59, p<0.001), AUC (r(s)=0.3, p=0.027), Tmax (r(s)=0.68, p<0.001), and MRT (r(s)=0.65, p<0.001). Outcome analysis showed significant increases in median serum AUC (2016 versus 265 ng/mL*min, p=0.006), and Cmax (2 versus 0.4 ng/mL, p=0.003), and a shorter Tmax (8 versus 19 h, p=0.04) in those who died versus those who survived, respectively. In the first 24 h after injury, there was a statistically significant acute increase in CSF and serum median Cmax((0-24h)) in those who died. This study shows a significant correlation between UCH-L1 CSF and serum median concentrations and biokinetics in severe TBI patients, and relationships with clinical outcome were detected.
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Zhang Z, Larner SF, Kobeissy F, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Systems biology and theranostic approach to drug discovery and development to treat traumatic brain injury. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 662:317-29. [PMID: 20824479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-800-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a significant disease affecting 1.4 to 2 million patients every year in the USA. Currently, there are no FDA-approved therapeutic remedies to treat TBI despite the fact that there have been over 200 clinical drug trials, all which have failed. These drugs used the traditional single drug-to-target approach of drug discovery and development. An alternative based upon the advances in genomics, proteomics, bioinformatic tools, and systems biology software has enabled us to use a Systems Biology-based approach to drug discovery and development for TBI. It focuses on disease-relevant converging pathways as potential therapeutic intervention points and is accompanied by downstream biomarkers that allow for the tracking of drug targeting and appears to correlate with disease mitigation. When realized, one is able to envision that a companion diagnostic will be codeveloped along the therapeutic compound. This "theranostic" approach is perfectly positioned to align with the emerging trend toward "personalized medicine".
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Ottens AK, Bustamante L, Golden EC, Yao C, Hayes RL, Wang KKW, Tortella FC, Dave JR. Neuroproteomics: a biochemical means to discriminate the extent and modality of brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1837-52. [PMID: 20698760 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of stroke and traumatic brain injury remain significant health care challenges to society. Patient care stands to benefit from an improved understanding of the interactive biochemistry underlying neurotrauma pathobiology. In this study, we assessed the power of neuroproteomics to contrast biochemical responses following ischemic and traumatic brain injuries in the rat. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was employed in groups of 30-min and 2-h focal neocortical ischemia with reperfusion. Neuroproteomes were assessed via tandem cation-anion exchange chromatography-gel electrophoresis, followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MCAO results were compared with those from a previous study of focal contusional brain injury employing the same methodology to characterize homologous neocortical tissues at 2 days post-injury. The 30-min MCAO neuroproteome depicted abridged energy production involving pentose phosphate, modulated synaptic function and plasticity, and increased chaperone activity and cell survival factors. The 2-h MCAO data indicated near complete loss of ATP production, synaptic dysfunction with degraded cytoarchitecture, more conservative chaperone activity, and additional cell survival factors than those seen in the 30-min MCAO model. The TBI group exhibited disrupted metabolism, but with retained malate shuttle functionality. Synaptic dysfunction and cytoarchitectural degradation resembled the 2-h MCAO group; however, chaperone and cell survival factors were more depressed following TBI. These results underscore the utility of neuroproteomics for characterizing interactive biochemistry for profiling and contrasting the molecular aspects underlying the pathobiological differences between types of brain injuries.
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Cassar SC, Tovcimak AE, Rustay NR, Ellis TA, Hooker BA, Witte DG, Li J, Buck WR, Scharf D, Muller U, Jeromin A, Wang KKW, Waring JF. Comparing levels of biochemical markers in CSF from cannulated and non-cannulated rats. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 192:249-53. [PMID: 20692294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is commonly used for assessing biomarkers of drug efficacy or disease progression in the central nervous system. Studies of CSF from pre-clinical species can characterize biomarkers for use in clinical trials. However, obtaining CSF from pre-clinical species, particularly rodents, can be challenging due to small body sizes, and consequently, low volumes of CSF. Surgical cannulation of rats is commonly used to allow for CSF withdrawal from the cisterna magna. However, cannulae do not remain patent over multiple days, making chronic studies on the same rats difficult. Moreover, CSF biomarkers may be affected by cannulation. Thus cannulation may contribute confounding factors to the understanding of CSF biomarkers. To determine the potential impact on biomarkers, CSF was analyzed from cannulated rats, surgically implanted with catheters as well as from non-cannulated rats. Brain protein biomarkers (αII-spectrin SBDP150 and total tau) and albumin, were measured in the CSF using ELISA assays. Overall, cannulated rat CSF had elevated levels of the biomarkers examined compared to non-cannulated rat CSF. Additionally, the variation in biomarker levels observed among CSF from cannulated rats was greater than that observed for non-cannulated rat CSF. These results demonstrate that in some cases, biomarker assessment using CSF from cannulated rats may differ from that of non-cannulated animals and may contribute confounding factors to biomarker measurements and assay development for clinical use.
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Liu MC, Akinyi L, Scharf D, Mo J, Larner SF, Muller U, Oli MW, Zheng W, Kobeissy F, Papa L, Lu XC, Dave JR, Tortella FC, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 as a biomarker for ischemic and traumatic brain injury in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:722-32. [PMID: 20384815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), also called neuronal-specific protein gene product 9.5, is a highly abundant protein in the neuronal cell body and has been identified as a possible biomarker on the basis of a recent proteomic study. In this study, we examined whether UCH-L1 was significantly elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following controlled cortical impact (CCI) and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO; model of ischemic stroke) in rats. Quantitative immunoblots of rat CSF revealed a dramatic elevation of UCH-L1 protein 48 h after severe CCI and as early as 6 h after mild (30 min) and severe (2 h) MCAO. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay constructed to measure UCH-L1 sensitively and quantitatively showed that CSF UCH-L1 levels were significantly elevated as early as 2 h and up to 48 h after CCI. Similarly, UCH-L1 levels were also significantly elevated in CSF from 6 to 72 h after 30 min of MCAO and from 6 to 120 h after 2 h of MCAO. These data are comparable to the profile of the calpain-produced alphaII-spectrin breakdown product of 145 kDa biomarker. Importantly, serum UCH-L1 biomarker levels were also significantly elevated after CCI. Similarly, serum UCH-L1 levels in the 2-h MCAO group were significantly higher than those in the 30-min group. Taken together, these data from two rat models of acute brain injury strongly suggest that UCH-L1 is a candidate brain injury biomarker detectable in biofluid compartments (CSF and serum).
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Sadasivan S, Zhang Z, Larner SF, Liu MC, Zheng W, Kobeissy FH, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Acute NMDA toxicity in cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons is accompanied by autophagy induction and late onset autophagic cell death phenotype. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:21. [PMID: 20167092 PMCID: PMC2836363 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy, an intracellular response to stress, is characterized by double membrane cytosolic vesicles called autophagosomes. Prolonged autophagy is known to result in autophagic (Type II) cell death. This study examined the potential role of an autophagic response in cultured cerebellar granule neurons challenged with excitotoxin N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). RESULTS NMDA exposure induced light chain-3 (LC-3)-immunopositive and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) fluorescent dye-labeled autophagosome formation in both cell bodies and neurites as early as 3 hours post-treatment. Elevated levels of Beclin-1 and the autophagosome-targeting LC3-II were also observed following NMDA exposure. Prolonged exposure of the cultures to NMDA (8-24 h) generated MDC-, LC3-positive autophagosomal bodies, concomitant with the neurodegenerative phase of NMDA challenge. Lysosomal inhibition studies also suggest that NMDA-treatment diverted the autophagosome-associated LC3-II from the normal lysosomal degradation pathway. Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine significantly reduced NMDA-induced LC3-II/LC3-I ratio increase, accumulation of autophagosomes, and suppressed NMDA-mediated neuronal death. ATG7 siRNA studies also showed neuroprotective effects following NMDA treatment. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study shows that autophagy machinery is robustly induced in cultured neurons subjected to prolonged exposure to excitotoxin, while autophagosome clearance by lysosomal pathway might be impaired. Our data further show that prolonged autophagy contributes to cell death in NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Kobeissy FH, Sadasivan S, Buchanan M, Zhang Z, Gold MS, Wang KKW. Methods in systems biology of experimental methamphetamine drug abuse. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 662:303-316. [PMID: 20824478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-800-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of methamphetamine (METH) as recreational drugs is a growing problem worldwide with recent concerns that it might cause long-lasting harmful effects to the human brain. METH is an illicit drug that is known to exert neurotoxic effects on both dopaminergic and serotonergic neural systems. Our laboratory has been studying the biochemical mechanisms underlying METH-induced neurotoxic effects both in vivo and in vitro. Our psychoproteomics METH abuse research focuses on the global alteration of cortical protein expression in rats treated with acute METH. In our analysis, an altered protein expression was identified using a multistep protein separation/proteomic platform. Differential changes of the selected proteins were further confirmed by quantitative immunoblotting. Our study identified 82 differentially expressed proteins, 40 of which were downregulated and 42 of which were upregulated post acute METH treatment. In this chapter, we describe the current protocols for the neuronal cell culture in vitro and the in vivo rat model of acute METH treatment (4 x 10 mg/kg) coupled with the description current bioinformatics analysis utilized to analyze the different implicated interaction protein/gene maps that reflected on the altered functions observed. These methods and protocols are discussed in the paradigm of the acute model of METH drug abuse and neuronal cell culture and can be applied on other models of substance abuse such as on MDMA or cocaine.
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Svetlov SI, Larner SF, Kirk DR, Atkinson J, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Biomarkers of blast-induced neurotrauma: profiling molecular and cellular mechanisms of blast brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:913-21. [PMID: 19422293 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of warfare in the 21st century has led to a significant increase in primary blast or over-pressurization injuries to the whole body and head, which manifest as a complex of neuro-somatic damage, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Identifying relevant pathogenic pathways in reproducible experimental models of primary blast wave exposure is therefore vital to the development of biomarkers for diagnostics of blast brain injury. Comparative analysis of mechanisms and putative biomarkers of blast brain injury is complicated by a deficiency of experimental studies. In this article, we present an overview of current TBI biomarkers, as well as outline experimental strategies to investigate molecular signatures of blast neurotrauma and to develop a pathway network map for novel biomarker discovery. These biomarkers will be effective for triaging and managing both combat and civilian casualities.
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Weiss ES, Wang KKW, Allen JG, Blue ME, Nwakanma LU, Liu MC, Lange MS, Berrong J, Wilson MA, Gott VL, Troncoso JC, Hayes RL, Johnston MV, Baumgartner WA. Alpha II-spectrin breakdown products serve as novel markers of brain injury severity in a canine model of hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88:543-50. [PMID: 19632410 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of specific biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of neuronal injury is of paramount importance in cardiac surgery. Alpha II-spectrin is a structural protein abundant in neurons of the central nervous system and cleaved into signature fragments by proteases involved in necrotic and apoptotic cell death. We measured cerebrospinal fluid alpha II-spectrin breakdown products (alphaII-SBDPs) in a canine model of hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) and cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS Canine subjects were exposed to either 1 hour of HCA (n = 8; mean lowest tympanic temperature 18.0 +/- 1.2 degrees C) or standard cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 7). Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected before treatment and 8 and 24 hours after treatment. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, SBDPs were isolated and compared between groups using computer-assisted densitometric scanning. Necrotic versus apoptotic cell death was indexed by measuring calpain and caspase-3 cleaved alphaII-SBDPs (SBDP 145+150 and SBDP 120, respectively). RESULTS Animals undergoing HCA demonstrated mild patterns of histologic cellular injury and clinically detectable neurologic dysfunction. Calpain-produced alphaII-SBDPs (150 kDa+145 kDa bands-necrosis) 8 hours after HCA were significantly increased (p = 0.02) as compared with levels before HCA, and remained elevated at 24 hours after HCA. In contrast, caspase-3 alphaII-SBDP (120 kDa band-apoptosis) was not significantly increased. Animals receiving cardiopulmonary bypass did not demonstrate clinical or histologic evidence of injury, with no increases in necrotic or apoptotic cellular markers. CONCLUSIONS We report the use of alphaII-SBDPs as markers of neurologic injury after cardiac surgery. Our analysis demonstrates that calpain- and caspase-produced alphaII-SBDPs may be an important and novel marker of neurologic injury after HCA.
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Gold MS, Kobeissy FH, Wang KKW, Merlo LJ, Bruijnzeel AW, Krasnova IN, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine- and trauma-induced brain injuries: comparative cellular and molecular neurobiological substrates. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:118-27. [PMID: 19345341 PMCID: PMC2810951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of methamphetamine (METH) is a growing public health problem, because its abuse is associated with long-term biochemical and structural effects on the human brain. Neurodegeneration is often observed in humans, because of mechanical injuries (e.g., traumatic brain injury [TBI]) and ischemic damage (strokes). In this review, we discuss recent findings documenting the fact that the psychostimulant drug METH can cause neuronal damage in several brain regions. The accumulated evidence from our laboratories and those of other investigators indicates that acute administration of METH leads to activation of calpain and caspase proteolytic systems. These systems are also involved in causing neuronal damage secondary to traumatic and ischemic brain injuries. Protease activation is accompanied by proteolysis of endogenous neuronal structural proteins (alphaII-spectrin protein and microtubule-associated protein-tau), evidenced by the appearance of their breakdown products after these injuries. When taken together, these observations suggest that METH exposure, like TBI, can cause substantial damage to the brain by causing both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in the brains of METH addicts who use large doses of the drug during their lifetimes. Finally, because METH abuse is accompanied by functional and structural changes in the brain similar to those in TBI, METH addicts might experience greater benefit if their treatment involved greater emphasis on rehabilitation in conjunction with potential neuroprotective pharmacological agents such as calpain and caspase inhibitors similar to those used in TBI.
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Zhang Z, Ottens AK, Larner SF, Kobeissy FH, Williams ML, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Direct Rho-associated kinase inhibition [correction of inhibiton] induces cofilin dephosphorylation and neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2009; 11:12-29. [PMID: 16847745 PMCID: PMC6276008 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-006-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons fail to regenerate in the adult central nervous system (CNS) following injury. Developing strategies to promote axonal regeneration is therapeutically attractive for various CNS pathologies such as traumatic brain injury, stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Because the RhoA pathway is involved in neurite outgrowth, Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs), downstream effectors of GTP-bound Rho, are potentially important targets for axonal repair strategies in CNS injuries. We investigated the effects and downstream mechanisms of ROCK inhibition in promoting neurite outgrowth in a PC-12 cell model. Robust neurite outgrowth (NOG) was induced by ROCK inhibitors Y-27632 and H-1152 in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Dramatic cytoskeletal reorganization was noticed upon ROCK inhibition. NOG initiated within 5 to 30 minutes followed by neurite extension between 6 and 10 hours. Neurite processes were then sustained for over 24 hours. Rapid cofilin dephosphorylation was observed within 5 minutes of Y-27632 and H-1152 treatment. Re-phosphorylation was observed by 6 hours after Y-27632 treatment, while H-1152 treatment produced sustained cofilin dephosphorylation for over 24 hours. The results suggest that ROCK-mediated dephosphorylation of cofilin plays a role in the initiation of NOG in PC-12 cells.
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Brophy GM, Pineda JA, Papa L, Lewis SB, Valadka AB, Hannay HJ, Heaton SC, Demery JA, Liu MC, Tepas JJ, Gabrielli A, Robicsek S, Wang KKW, Robertson CS, Hayes RL. alphaII-Spectrin breakdown product cerebrospinal fluid exposure metrics suggest differences in cellular injury mechanisms after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:471-9. [PMID: 19206997 PMCID: PMC2848834 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces alphaII-spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs) that are potential biomarkers for TBI. To further understand these biomarkers, the present study examined (1) the exposure and kinetic characteristics of SBDPs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of adults with severe TBI, and (2) the relationship between these exposure and kinetic metrics and severity of injury. This clinical database study analyzed CSF concentrations of 150-, 145-, and 120-kDa SBDPs in 38 severe TBI patients. Area under the curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), maximum concentration (C(max)), time to maximum concentration (T(max)), and half-life (t(1/2)) were determined for each SBDP. Markers of calpain proteolysis (SBDP150 and SBDP145) had a greater median AUC and C(max) and a shorter MRT than SBDP120, produced by caspase-3 proteolysis in the CSF in TBI patients ( p < 0.001). AUC and MRT for SBDP150 and SBDP15 were significantly greater in patients with worse Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores at 24 h after injury compared to those whose GCS scores improved (AUC p=0.013, MRT p=0.001; AUC p=0.009, MRT p=0.021, respectively). A positive correlation was found between patients with longer elevations in intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements of 25mmHg or higher and those with a greater AUC and MRT for all three biomarkers. This is the first study to show that the biomarkers of proteolysis differentially associated with calpain and caspase-3 activity have distinct CSF exposure profiles following TBI that suggest a prominent role for calpain activity. Further studies are being conducted to determine if exposure and kinetic metrics for biofluid-based biomarkers can predict clinical outcome.
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Zhang Z, Majava V, Greffier A, Hayes RL, Kursula P, Wang KKW. Collapsin response mediator protein-2 is a calmodulin-binding protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:526-36. [PMID: 19151921 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) plays a crucial role in axonal guidance and neurite outgrowth during neural development and regeneration. We have studied the interaction between calmodulin (CaM) and CRMP-2 and how Ca(2+)/CaM binding modulates the biological functions of CRMP-2. We have shown that CRMP-2 binds to CaM directly in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. The CaM binding site of CRMP-2 is proposed to reside in the last helix of the folded domain, and in line with this, a synthesized peptide representing this helix bound to CaM. In addition, CaM binding inhibits a homotetrameric assembly of CRMP-2 and attenuates calpainmediated CRMP-2 proteolysis. Furthermore, a CaM antagonist reduces the number and length of process induced by CRMP-2 overexpression in HEK293 cells. Take together, our data suggest that CRMP-2 is a novel CaM-binding protein and that CaM binding may play an important role in regulating CRMP-2 functions.
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Hayes RL, Robinson G, Muller U, Wang KKW. Translation of neurological biomarkers to clinically relevant platforms. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 566:303-313. [PMID: 20058180 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-562-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Like proteomics more generally, neuroproteomics has recently been linked to the discovery of biochemical markers of central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease. Although neuroproteomics has enjoyed considerable success in discovery of candidate biomarkers, there are a number of challenges facing investigators interested in developing clinically useful platforms to assess biomarkers for damage to the CNS. These challenges include intrinsic physiological complications such as the blood-brain barrier. Effective translation of biomarkers to clinical practice also requires development of entirely novel pathways and product development strategies. Drawing from lessons learned from applications of biomarkers to traumatic brain injury, this study outlines major elements of such a pathway. As with other indications, biomarkers can have three major areas of application: (1) drug development; (2) diagnosis and prognosis; (3) patient management. Translation of CNS biomarkers to practical clinical platforms raises a number of integrated elements. Biomarker discovery and initial selection needs to be integrated at the earliest stages with components that will allow systematic prioritization and triage of biomarker candidates. A number of important criteria need to be considered in selecting clinical biomarker candidates. Development of proof of concept assays and their optimization and validation represent an often overlooked feature of biomarker translational research. Initial assay optimization should confirm that assays can detect biomarkers in relevant clinical samples. Since access to human clinical samples is critical to identification of biomarkers relevant to injury and disease as well as for assay development, design of human clinical validation studies is an important component of translational biomarker research platforms. Although these clinical studies share much in common with clinical trials for assessment of drug therapeutic efficacy, there are a number of considerations unique to these efforts. Finally, platform selection and potential assay commercialization need to be considered. Decisions regarding whether or not to seek FDA approval also significantly influence translational research structures.
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Kobeissy FH, Zhang Z, Sadasivan S, Gold MS, Wang KKW. Methods in drug abuse neuroproteomics: methamphetamine psychoproteome. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 566:217-228. [PMID: 20058175 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-562-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is recognized as one of the most abused psychostimulants in the USA. METH is an illicit drug that is known to exert neurotoxic effects on both dopaminergic and serotonergic neural systems. Our laboratory has been studying the biochemical mechanisms underlying MDMA and METH-induced neurotoxic effects both in vivo and in vitro. Our substance abuse research focuses on the global alteration of cortical protein expression in rats treated with acute METH. Altered protein expression was identified using a multistep protein separation/proteomic platform. Differential changes of the selected proteins were further confirmed by quantitative immunoblotting. Our study identified 82 differentially expressed proteins, 40 of which were downregulated and 42 of which were upregulated post acute METH treatment. Proteins that were shown to be downregulated included collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD 1), and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein-1 (PEBP-1). Proteins that were shown to be upregulated included authophagy-linked microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), synapsin-1, and Parkinsonism-linked ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydroxylase-L1 (UCH-L1). This differential protein expression highlights on the neurotoxic mechanism involved in METH exposure as well as to discover potential markers for METH-induced neurotoxicity. In this chapter, we describe the current protocols for the in vivo rat model of acute METH treatment (40 mg/kg) coupled with the description of the multistep separation platform applied. These methods and protocols are discussed in the paradigm of acute model of methamphetamine drug abuse and can be applied to other models of substance abuse such as to MDMA or cocaine.
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Oli MW, Hayes RL, Robinson G, Wang KKW. Traumatic brain injury biomarkers: from pipeline to diagnostic assay development. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 566:293-302. [PMID: 20058179 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-562-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the term proteomics is often mentioned together with biomarker discovery, as proteomic studies have the capability of identifying unique and unobvious protein biomarkers from tissues or biofluids derived from animal models or human clinical samples inflicted with various diseases. Proteomics has yielded hundreds of potential biomarker candidates. However, biomarker discovery is only the beginning of a long road for generating a validated, clinically relevant, and FDA-approved biomarker assay. Many technical, financial, legal, and regulatory hurdles have to be overcome before the components can be commercially produced (1, 2). This chapter outlines in a condensed version the steps to successfully develop clinically acceptable biomarkers, given the marker of choice withstands the rigor of developmental challenges along the road.
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Svetlov SI, Xiang Y, Oli MW, Foley DP, Huang G, Hayes RL, Ottens AK, Wang KKW. Identification and preliminary validation of novel biomarkers of acute hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury using dual-platform proteomic/degradomic approaches. Biomarkers 2008; 11:355-69. [PMID: 16908442 DOI: 10.1080/13547500600775110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), a major cause of liver damage associated with multiple trauma, haemorrhagic and septic shock, and liver transplantation, contributes significantly to multiple organ failure. Development of novel sensitive biomarkers that detect early stages of liver damage is vital for effective management and treatment of ischaemic liver injury. By using high-throughput immunoblotting and cation-anion exchange chromatography/reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry, we identified several hepatic proteins, including argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) and estrogen sulfotransferase (EST-1), which were degraded in the liver and rapidly released into circulation during I/R injury. ASS accumulated in serum within 10 min, reached a steady state at 30 min, and persisted up until 3 h after reperfusion following 30 min of total hepatic ischaemia. EST-1 appeared rapidly in blood and attained maximum within 1 hour followed by a decline at 3 h of reperfusion. No ASS or EST-1 protein was detected in serum of control or sham operated rats. ASS and EST-1 exhibited greater sensitivity and specificity toward I/R liver injury as compared with alanine aminotransferase (ALT), an established marker of hepatocellular necrosis. In contrast, serum ASS and EST-1 were undetectable in rats with chronic alcoholic liver disease, while the levels of ALT protein were significantly increased. In addition, ASS, but not EST-1 or ALT accumulated in blood only 6 h after treatment with hepatotoxic combination of lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine. These data demonstrate the utility of ASS and EST-1 as novel sensitive and specific biomarkers of acute liver ischaemic injury for prospective clinical studies.
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Kobeissy FH, Sadasivan S, Oli MW, Robinson G, Larner SF, Zhang Z, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Neuroproteomics and systems biology-based discovery of protein biomarkers for traumatic brain injury and clinical validation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1467-83. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kobeissy FH, Sadasivan S, Liu J, Gold MS, Wang KKW. Psychiatric research: psychoproteomics, degradomics and systems biology. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:293-314. [PMID: 18466058 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While proteomics has excelled in several disciplines in biology (cancer, injury and aging), neuroscience and psychiatryproteomic studies are still in their infancy. Several proteomic studies have been conducted in different areas of psychiatric disorders, including drug abuse (morphine, alcohol and methamphetamine) and other psychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia and psychosis). However, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these conditions have not been fully investigated. Thus, one of the primary objectives of this review is to discuss psychoproteomic application in the area of psychiatric disorders, with special focus on substance- and drug-abuse research. In addition, we illustrate the potential role of degradomic utility in the area of psychiatric research and its application in establishing and identifying biomarkers relevant to neurotoxicity as a consequence of drug abuse. Finally, we will discuss the emerging role of systems biology and its current use in the field of neuroscience and its integral role in establishing a comprehensive understanding of specific brain disorders and brain function in general.
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Liu J, Liu MC, Wang KKW. Physiological and pathological actions of calpains in glutamatergic neurons. Sci Signal 2008; 1:tr3. [PMID: 18544749 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.123tr3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
These animations show the activation and actions of neuronal calpains under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. They emphasize how physiological events involved in excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity-such as glutamate release, calcium influx, and activation of postsynaptic calpains-can become destructive under pathological conditions. These animations would be useful in a neurobiology or neuroscience course, where they could be used to illustrate proteolytic mechanisms underling activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, and how excessive activation of these signaling mechanisms can lead to excitotoxic neuronal death.
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Sadasivan S, Dunn WA, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Changes in autophagy proteins in a rat model of controlled cortical impact induced brain injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:478-81. [PMID: 18486600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases and recently its role in acute brain injury has received increased interest. In our study, we investigated the profiles of autophagy-linked proteins (MAP-LC3 (Atg8), beclin-1 (Atg6) and the beclin-1-binding protein, bcl-2, following controlled cortical impact injury in rats--a model for moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. We observed significant increases in the levels of the processed form of LC3 (LC3-II) in the ipsilateral cortex 2h to 2 days after injury when compared to sham. Furthermore, the beclin-1/bcl-2 ratio in the ipsilateral cortex was found to have increased from 1 and 2 days after injury. Since both of these changes are established autophagy-enabling events, and, based on these data, we propose that autophagy, plays a role in the manifestation of cell injury following brain trauma.
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Kobeissy FH, Warren MW, Ottens AK, Sadasivan S, Zhang Z, Gold MS, Wang KKW. Psychoproteomic analysis of rat cortex following acute methamphetamine exposure. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1971-83. [PMID: 18452277 DOI: 10.1021/pr800029h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is recognized as one of the most abused psychostimulants in the United States. METH is an illicit drug that is known to exert neurotoxic effects on both dopaminergic and serotonergic neural systems both in vivo and in vitro. Our laboratory and others have been studying the biochemical mechanisms underlying METH-induced neurotoxicity. Here, we applied a novel psychoproteomic approach to evaluate METH-induced neurotoxicity following acute METH administration (4x10 mg/kg, ip injections every 1 h). Samples of cortical tissue collected 24 h post METH treatment were pooled, processed and analyzed via a selective psychoproteomic platform. Protein separation was performed using our previously established offline tandem cation-anion exchange chromatography-SDS-1D-PAGE platform (CAX-PAGE). Gel bands exhibiting 2 or more fold changes were extracted, trypsinized and subjected to reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS/MS) analyses for protein identification. Differential changes of the selected proteins were further confirmed by quantitative immunoblotting. We identified 82 differentially expressed proteins, 40 of which were downregulated and 42 of which were upregulated following acute METH treatment. Proteins that decreased in abundance included collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD 1), phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein-1 (PEBP-1) and mitogen activated kinase kinase-1 (MKK-1). Proteins that increased in abundance included authophagy-linked microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), synapsin-1, and Parkinsonism linked ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydroxylase-L1 (UCH-L1). Lastly, we used these differentially expressed protein subsets to construct a "psychoproteomic" spectrum map in an effort to uncover potential protein interactions relevant to acute METH neurotoxicity.
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Abstract
The calpains are a class of cellular cysteine proteases that require calcium and are functionally active at neutral pH. Calpain activation can take place in two modes: controlled activation under physiological conditions (in which only a few molecules of calpain are activated per cell), and hyperactivation under pathological conditions that involve sustained calcium overload (in which all available calpain molecules are activated). Regulated activation of calpain in the central nervous system (CNS) may be critical to synaptic function and memory formation, with possible substrates including various structural and scaffolding proteins, enzymes, and glutamate receptors. Hyperactivation of calpain in the central nervous system is generally associated with severe cellular challenge or damage. Calpain cleavage products may thus provide useful biomarkers for the presence of neurodegenerative processes or neuronal injury.
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Ottens AK, Golden EC, Bustamante L, Hayes RL, Denslow ND, Wang KKW. Proteolysis of multiple myelin basic protein isoforms after neurotrauma: characterization by mass spectrometry. J Neurochem 2007; 104:1404-14. [PMID: 18036155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrauma, as in the case of traumatic brain injury, promotes protease over-activation characterized by the select fragmentation of brain proteins. The resulting polypeptides are indicators of biochemical processes, which can be used to study post-injury dynamics and may also be developed into biomarkers. To this end, we devised a novel mass spectrometry approach to characterize post-injury calpain proteolytic processing of myelin basic protein (MBP), a biomarker of brain injury that denotes white matter damage and recovery. Our approach exceeds conventional immunological assays in its deconvolution of multiple protein isoforms, its absolute quantification of proteolytic fragments and its polypeptide selectivity. We quantified and characterized post-injury proteolytic processing of all MBP isoforms identified in adult rat cortex. Further, the translation of calpain-cleaved MBP into CSF was verified following brain injury. We ascertained that the exon-6 sequence of MBP resulted in a characteristic shift in gel migration for intact and fragmented protein alike. We also found evidence for a second post-TBI cleavage event within exon-2 and for the dimerization of the post-TBI 4.3 kDa fragment. Ultimately, the novel methodology described here can be used to study MBP dynamics and other similar proteolytic events of relevance to brain injury and other CNS processes.
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Lewis SB, Velat GJ, Miralia L, Papa L, Aikman JM, Wolper RA, Firment CS, Liu MC, Pineda JA, Wang KKW, Hayes RL. Alpha-II spectrin breakdown products in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a novel biomarker of proteolytic injury. J Neurosurg 2007; 107:792-6. [PMID: 17937225 DOI: 10.3171/jns-07/10/0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASAH) is a serious event with grave consequences. Delayed ischemic neurological deficits caused by cerebral arterial vasospasm contribute significantly to death and disability. Biomarkers may reflect brain injury and provide an early warning of impending neurological decline and stroke from ASAH-induced vasospasm. Alpha-II spectrin is a cytoskeletal protein whose breakdown products are candidate surrogate markers of injury magnitude, treatment efficacy, and outcome. In addition, all spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs) can provide information on the proteolytic mechanisms of injury. METHODS Twenty patients who received a diagnosis of Fisher Grade 3 ASAH were enrolled in this study to examine the clinical utility of SBDPs in the detection of cerebral vasospasm in patients with ASAH. All patients underwent placement of a ventriculostomy for continual cerebrospinal fluid drainage within 72 hours of ASAH onset. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected every 6 hours and analyzed using Western Blotting for SBDPs. Onset of vasospasm was defined as an acute onset of a focal neurological deficit or a change in Glasgow Coma Scale score of two or more points. All suspected cases of vasospasm were confirmed on imaging studies. RESULTS Both calpain- and caspase-mediated SBDP levels are significantly increased in patients suffering ASAH. The concentration of SBDPs was found to increase significantly over baseline level up to 12 hours before the onset of cerebral arterial vasospasm. CONCLUSIONS Differential expression of SBDPs suggests oncotic necrotic proteolysis may be predominant in acute brain injury after ASAH and cerebral arterial vasospasm.
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Warren MW, Larner SF, Kobeissy FH, Brezing CA, Jeung JA, Hayes RL, Gold MS, Wang KKW. Calpain and caspase proteolytic markers co-localize with rat cortical neurons after exposure to methamphetamine and MDMA. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:277-86. [PMID: 17647000 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of the club drugs Methamphetamine (Meth) and Ecstasy (MDMA) is an international problem. The seriousness of this problem is the result of what appears to be programmed cell death (PCD) occurring within the brain following their use. This follow up study focused on determining which cell types, neurons and/or glial cells, were affected in the brains of drug-injected rats. Two proteolytic enzyme families involved in PCD, calpains and caspases, were previously shown to be activated and to degrade the brain cytoskeletal associated protein alphaII-spectrin. Using methods employed and confirmed in traumatic brain injury (TBI) studies, rat brain tissues were examined, 24 and 48 h after Meth and MDMA exposure, for the activation of calpain-1 and caspase-3, and their subsequent alphaII-spectrin cleavage breakdown products (SBDPs), SBDP145, and SBDP120, respectively. Based upon our previous studies we know that activated calpain-1 and caspase-3 were up-regulated after drug use as were the levels of their cleaved SBDPs, SBDP145, and SBDP120, respectively, which is indicative of PCD. Here we show that activated calpain-1 and caspase-3 increases could be localized to neurons in the cortex where the products of their cleaved targets were found to be concentrated, particularly, to the axonal regions. These findings support the hypothesis that calpains and caspases mediate PCD in cortical neurons following club drug abuse and, more importantly, appear to contribute to the neuropathology suffered by abusers.
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Warren MW, Zheng W, Kobeissy FH, Cheng Liu M, Hayes RL, Gold MS, Larner SF, Wang KKW. Calpain- and caspase-mediated alphaII-spectrin and tau proteolysis in rat cerebrocortical neuronal cultures after ecstasy or methamphetamine exposure. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 10:479-89. [PMID: 16882358 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145706007061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) and methamphetamine (Meth or Speed) is a growing international problem with an estimated 250 million users of psychoactive drugs worldwide. It is important to demonstrate and understand the mechanism of neurotoxicity so potential prevention and treatment therapies can be designed. In this study rat primary cerebrocortical neuron cultures were challenged with MDMA and Meth (1 or 2 mM) for 24 and 48 h and compared to the excitotoxin N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The neurotoxicity of these drugs, as assessed by microscopy, lactate dehydrogenase release and immunoblot, was shown to be both dose- and time-dependent. Immunoblot analysis using biomarkers of cell death showed significant proteolysis of both alphaII-spectrin and tau proteins. Breakdown products of alphaII-spectrin (SBDPs) of 150, 145, and 120 kDa and tau breakdown products (TBDPs) of 45, 32, 26, and 14 kDa were observed. The use of the protease inhibitors calpain inhibitor SJA6017 and caspase inhibitors z-VAD-fmk and Z-D-DCB, attenuated drug-induced alphaII-spectrin and tau proteolysis. The calpain inhibitor reduced the calpain-induced breakdown products SBDP145 and TBDP14, but there was an offset increase in the caspase-mediated breakdown products SBDP120 and TBDP45. The caspase inhibitors, on the other hand, decreased SBDP120 and TBDP45. These data suggest that both MDMA and Meth trigger concerted proteolytic attacks of the structural proteins by both calpain and caspase family of proteases. The ability of the protease inhibitors to reduce the damage caused by these drugs suggests that the treatment arsenal could include similar drugs as possible tools to combat the drug-induced neurotoxicity in vivo.
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Pineda JA, Lewis SB, Valadka AB, Papa L, Hannay HJ, Heaton SC, Demery JA, Liu MC, Aikman JM, Akle V, Brophy GM, Tepas JJ, Wang KKW, Robertson CS, Hayes RL. Clinical significance of alphaII-spectrin breakdown products in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:354-66. [PMID: 17375999 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.003789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the cytoskeletal protein alpha-II-spectrin is proteolyzed by calpain and caspase-3 to signature breakdown products. To determine whether alpha -II-spectrin proteolysis is a potentially reliable biomarker for TBI in humans, the present study (1) examined levels of spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from adults with severe TBI and (2) examined the relationship between these levels, severity of injury, and clinical outcome. This prospective case control study enrolled 41 patients with severe TBI, defined by a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of < or =8, who underwent intraventricular intracranial pressure monitoring. Patients without TBI requiring CSF drainage for other medical reasons served as controls. Ventricular CSF was sampled from each patient at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h following TBI and analyzed for SBDPs. Outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) 6 months after injury. Calpain and caspase-3 mediated SBDP levels in CSF were significantly increased in TBI patients at several time points after injury, compared to control subjects. The time course of calpain mediated SBDP150 and SBDP145 differed from that of caspase-3 mediated SBDP120 during the post-injury period examined. Mean SBDP densitometry values measured early after injury correlated with severity of injury, computed tomography (CT) scan findings, and outcome at 6 months post-injury. Taken together, these results support that alpha -II-spectrin breakdown products are potentially useful biomarker of severe TBI in humans. Our data further suggests that both necrotic/oncotic and apoptotic cell death mechanisms are activated in humans following severe TBI, but with a different time course after injury.
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Germanò A, Caffo M, Angileri FF, Arcadi F, Newcomb-Fernandez J, Caruso G, Meli F, Pineda JA, Lewis SB, Wang KKW, Bramanti P, Costa C, Hayes RL. NMDA receptor antagonist felbamate reduces behavioral deficits and blood-brain barrier permeability changes after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:732-44. [PMID: 17439355 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of glutamate and aspartate have been detected after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) that correlate with neurological status. The NMDA receptor antagonist felbamate (FBM; 2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate) is an anti-epileptic drug that elicits neuroprotective effects in different experimental models of hypoxia-ischemia. The aim of this dose-response study was to evaluate the effect of FBM after experimental SAH in rats on (1) behavioral deficits (employing a battery of assessment tasks days 1-5 post-injury) and (2) blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability changes (quantifying microvascular alterations according to the extravasation of protein-bound Evans Blue by a spectrophotofluorimetric technique 2 days post-injury). Animals were injected with 400 muL of autologous blood into the cisterna magna. Within 5 min, rats received daily oral administration of FBM (15, 30, or 45 mg/kg) for 2 or 5 days. Results were compared with sham-injured controls treated with oral saline or FBM (15, 30, or 45 mg/kg). FBM administration significantly ameliorated SAH-related changes in Beam Balance scores on days 1 and 2 and Beam Balance time on days 1-3, Beam Walking performance on days 1 and 2, and Body Weight on days 3-5. FBM also decreased BBB permeability changes in frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and cerebellar cortices; subcortical and cerebellar gray matter; and brainstem. This study demonstrates that, in terms of behavioral and microvascular effects, FBM is beneficial in a dose-dependent manner after experimental SAH in rats. These results reinforce the concept that NMDA excitotoxicity is involved in the cerebral dysfunction that follows SAH.
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Zhang Z, Ottens AK, Sadasivan S, Kobeissy FH, Fang T, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Calpain-mediated collapsin response mediator protein-1, -2, and -4 proteolysis after neurotoxic and traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:460-72. [PMID: 17402852 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are important molecules in neurite outgrowth and axonal guidance. Within the CRMP family, CRMP-2 has been implicated in several neurological diseases (Alzheimer's, epilepsy, and ischemia). Here, we investigated the integrity of CRMPs (CRMP-1, -2, -4, -5) after in vitro neurotoxin treatment and in vivo traumatic brain injury (TBI). After maitotoxin (MTX) and NMDA treatment of primary cortical neurons, a dramatic decrease of intact CRMP-1, -2 and -4 proteins were observed, accompanied by the appearance of distinct 55-kDa and 58-kDa breakdown products (BDP) for CRMP-2 and -4, respectively. Inhibition of calpain activation prevented NMDA-induced CRMP-2 proteolysis and redistribution of CRMP-2 from the neurites to the cell body, while attenuating neurite damage and neuronal cell injury. Similarly, CRMP-1, -2, and -4 were also found degraded in rat cortex and hippocampus following controlled cortical impact (CCI), an in vivo model of TBI. The appearance of the 55-kDa CRMP-2 BDP was observed to increase, in a time-dependent manner, between 24 and 48 h in the ipsilateral cortex, and by 48 hours in the hippocampus. The observed 55-kDa CRMP-2 BDP following TBI was reproduced by in vitro incubation of naive brain lysate with activated calpain-2, but not activated caspase-3. Sequence analysis revealed several possible cleavage sites near the C-terminus of CRMP-2. Collectively, this study demonstrated that CRMP-1, -2, and -4 are degraded following both acute traumatic and neurotoxic injury. Furthermore, calpain-2 was identified as the possible proteolytic mediator of CRMP-2 following excitotoxic injury and TBI, which appears to correlate well with neuronal cell injury and neurite damage. It is possible that the calpain-mediated truncation of CRMPs following TBI may be an inhibiting factor for post-injury neurite regeneration.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The scarcity of pharmacological neuroprotective treatments for traumatic brain injury is a concern being targeted on various fronts. This review examines the latest treatments under investigation. RECENT FINDINGS In the last 12-18 months, no drug has completed phase III clinical trials as a clearly proven method to treat traumatic brain injury. While the drugs work in rodents, when they make it to clinical trial they have failed primarily due to negative side-effects. Those still in trial show promise, and even those rejected have undergone modifications and now show potential, e.g. second-generation N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-methyl-4-isoxazolyl-propionic acid receptor antagonists, calpain inhibitors, and cyclosporine A analogues. Also, several drugs not previously given much attention, such as the antibiotic minocycline, estrogen and progesterone, and a drug already approved for other diseases, erythropoietin, are being examined. Finally, a treatment generating some controversy, but showing potential, is the application of hypothermia to the patients. SUMMARY Clearly, finding treatments for traumatic brain injury is not going to be easy and is evidently going to require numerous trials. The good news is that we are closer to finding one or more methods for treating traumatic brain injury patients.
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Wang KKW, Ottens AK, Liu MC, Lewis SB, Meegan C, Oli MW, Tortella FC, Hayes RL. Proteomic identification of biomarkers of traumatic brain injury. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 2:603-14. [PMID: 16097892 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.4.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major national health problem without a US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy. This review summarizes the importance of discovering relevant TBI protein biomarkers and presents logical rationale that neuroproteomic technologies are uniquely suited for the discovery of otherwise unnoticed TBI biomarkers. It highlights that one must make careful decisions when choosing which paradigm (human vs. animal models) and which biologic samples to use for such proteomic studies. It further outlines some of the desirable attributes of an ideal TBI biomarker and discusses how biomarkers discovered proteomically are complementary to those identified by traditional approaches. Lastly, the most important sequela of any proteomically identified TBI biomarker is validation in preclinical or clinical samples.
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137
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Ottens AK, Kobeissy FH, Fuller BF, Liu MC, Oli MW, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Novel neuroproteomic approaches to studying traumatic brain injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2007; 161:401-18. [PMID: 17618994 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)61029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroproteomics entails wide-scope study of the nervous system proteome in both its content and dynamics. The field employs high-end analytical mass spectrometry and novel high-throughput antibody approaches to characterize as many proteins as possible. The most common application has been differential analysis to identify a limited set of highly dynamic proteins associated with injury, disease, or other altered states of the nervous system. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important neurological condition where neuroproteomics has revolutionized the characterization of protein dynamics, leading to a greater understanding of post-injury biochemistry. Further, proteins of altered abundance or post-translational modifications identified by neuroproteomic studies are candidate biochemical markers of TBI. This chapter explores the use of neuroproteomics in the study of TBI and the validation of identified putative biomarkers for subsequent clinical translation into novel injury diagnostics.
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Sadasivan S, Waghray A, Larner SF, Dunn WA, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Amino acid starvation induced autophagic cell death in PC-12 cells: evidence for activation of caspase-3 but not calpain-1. Apoptosis 2006; 11:1573-82. [PMID: 16703260 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-7690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While the apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways have been well studied, there lacks a comprehensive understanding of the molecular events involving autophagic cell death. We examined the potential roles of the apoptosis-linked caspase-3 and the necrosis/apoptosis-linked calpain-1 after autophagy induction under prolonged amino acid (AA) starvation conditions in PC-12 cells. Autophagy induction was observed as early as three hours following amino acid withdrawal. Cell death, measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays occurred within 24 h following starvation and was accompanied by an upregulation in caspase-3 activity but not calpain-1. The cell death that occurred following AA starvation was significantly alleviated by treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyl adenine but not with the broad spectrum caspase inhibitors. Thus, this study demonstrates that 3-methyladenine-sensitive autophagic cell death due to AA starvation in PC-12 cells is mechanistically and biochemically similar to, yet distinct from, classic caspase dependent apoptosis.
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139
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Abstract
Ecstasy use is a growing problem in the United States. Techniques to demonstrate and characterize the toxicity associated with its use have been limited and employed infrequently. In this study, we compare the deleterious effects of ecstasy use in rats with that of methamphetamine and traumatic brain injury. Specifically, we investigate the degradation of structural proteins alphaII-spectrin and tau by the pro-necrotic calpain and pro-apoptotic caspase systems. Ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity is shown after 24 hours, although to a much lesser extent than that of methamphetamine or traumatic brain injury. Neurotoxicity is still evident after 72 hours. Furthermore, apoptosis of the liver is seen 72 hours after ecstasy use. Use of protease inhibitors may be useful in preventing ecstasy-induced toxicity.
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140
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Aikman J, O'Steen B, Silver X, Torres R, Boslaugh S, Blackband S, Padgett K, Wang KKW, Hayes R, Pineda J. Alpha-II-spectrin after controlled cortical impact in the immature rat brain. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:457-65. [PMID: 16943668 DOI: 10.1159/000094171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing plays an important role in regulating a wide range of important cellular functions, including processing of cytoskeletal proteins. Loss of cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin is an important characteristic in a variety of acute central nervous system injuries including ischemia, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The literature contains extensive information on the proteolytic degradation of alpha-II-spectrin after TBI in the adult brain. By contrast, there is limited knowledge on the characteristics and relevance of these important processes in the immature brain. The present experiments examine TBI-induced proteolytic processing of alpha-II-spectrin after TBI in the immature rat brain. Distinct proteolytic products resulting from the degradation of the cytoskeletal protein alpha-II-spectrin by calpain and caspase 3 were readily detectable in cortical brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid after TBI in immature rats.
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141
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Liu MC, Akle V, Zheng W, Kitlen J, O'Steen B, Larner SF, Dave JR, Tortella FC, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Extensive degradation of myelin basic protein isoforms by calpain following traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2006; 98:700-12. [PMID: 16893416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Axonal injury is one of the key features of traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet little is known about the integrity of the myelin sheath. We report that the 21.5 and 18.5-kDa myelin basic protein (MBP) isoforms degrade into N-terminal fragments (of 10 and 8 kDa) in the ipsilateral hippocampus and cortex between 2 h and 3 days after controlled cortical impact (in a rat model of TBI), but exhibit no degradation contralaterally. Using N-terminal microsequencing and mass spectrometry, we identified a novel in vivo MBP cleavage site between Phe114 and Lys115. A MBP C-terminal fragment-specific antibody was then raised and shown to specifically detect MBP fragments in affected brain regions following TBI. In vitro naive brain lysate and purified MBP digestion showed that MBP is sensitive to calpain, producing the characteristic MBP fragments observed in TBI. We hypothesize that TBI-mediated axonal injury causes secondary structural damage to the adjacent myelin membrane, instigating MBP degradation. This could initiate myelin sheath instability and demyelination, which might further promote axonal vulnerability.
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142
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Kobeissy FH, Ottens AK, Zhang Z, Liu MC, Denslow ND, Dave JR, Tortella FC, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Novel differential neuroproteomics analysis of traumatic brain injury in rats. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:1887-98. [PMID: 16801361 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600157-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately two million traumatic brain injury (TBI) incidents occur annually in the United States, yet there are no specific therapeutic treatments. The absence of brain injury diagnostic endpoints was identified as a significant roadblock to TBI therapeutic development. To this end, our laboratory has studied mechanisms of cellular injury for biomarker discovery and possible therapeutic strategies. In this study, pooled naïve and injured cortical samples (48 h postinjury; rat controlled cortical impact model) were processed and analyzed using a differential neuroproteomics platform. Protein separation was performed using combined cation/anion exchange chromatography-PAGE. Differential proteins were then trypsinized and analyzed with reversed-phase LC-MSMS for protein identification and quantitative confirmation. The results included 59 differential protein components of which 21 decreased and 38 increased in abundance after TBI. Proteins with decreased abundance included collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, microtubule-associated proteins MAP2A/2B, and hexokinase. Conversely C-reactive protein, transferrin, and breakdown products of CRMP-2, synaptotagmin, and alphaII-spectrin were found to be elevated after TBI. Differential changes in the above mentioned proteins were confirmed by quantitative immunoblotting. Results from this work provide insight into mechanisms of traumatic brain injury and yield putative biochemical markers to potentially facilitate patient management by monitoring the severity, progression, and treatment of injury.
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143
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, which actively monitors the synthesis, folding, and modification of newly synthesized transmembrane and secretory proteins as well as lipids, is quite sensitive to homeostatic perturbations. The biochemical, molecular, and physiological events that elevate cellular ER stress levels and disrupt Ca2+ homeostasis trigger secondary reactions. These reactions are factors in the ongoing neurological pathology contributing to the continual tissue loss. However, the cells are not without defensive systems. One of the reactive mechanisms, the unfolded protein response (UPR), when evoked, provides some measure of protection, unless the stress conditions become prolonged or overwhelming. UPR activation occurs when key ER membrane-bound sensor proteins detect the excess accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins within the ER lumen. The activation of these sensors leads to a general protein translation shut-down, transcriptional induction, and translation of select proteins to deal with the difficult and miscreant protein or to encourage their degradation so they will do no harm. If the stress is prolonged, caspase-12, along with other apoptotic proteins, are activated, triggering programmed cell death. UPR, once considered to be a rather simple response, can now be characterized as a multifaceted labyrinth of reactions that continues expanding as research intensifies. This review will examine what has been learned to date about how this highly efficient and specific signaling pathway copes with ER stress, by centering on the basic components, their roles, and the complex interactions engendered. Finally, the UPR impact in various central nervous system injuries is summarized.
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Ottens AK, Kobeissy FH, Golden EC, Zhang Z, Haskins WE, Chen SS, Hayes RL, Wang KKW, Denslow ND. Neuroproteomics in neurotrauma. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:380-408. [PMID: 16498609 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrauma in the form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts more Americans annually than Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease combined, yet few researchers have used neuroproteomics to investigate the underlying complex molecular events that exacerbate TBI. Discussed in this review is the methodology needed to explore the neurotrauma proteome-from the types of samples used to the mass spectrometry identification and quantification techniques available. This neuroproteomics survey presents a framework for large-scale protein research in neurotrauma, as applied for immediate TBI biomarker discovery and the far-reaching systems biology understanding of how the brain responds to trauma. Ultimately, knowledge attained through neuroproteomics could lead to clinical diagnostics and therapeutics to lessen the burden of neurotrauma on society.
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145
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Bernath E, Kupina N, Liu MC, Hayes RL, Meegan C, Wang KKW. Elevation of cytoskeletal protein breakdown in aged Wistar rat brain. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:624-32. [PMID: 15913844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated there is an overall increase of proteolysis in aging rat brains. We monitored the potential degradation of cytoskeletal proteins in neuronal tissue taken from cerebral cortex and cerebellum of young (3 month) and aging (17, 21 and 23.5 month) Wistar rats. We found significant age-dependent proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins (alphaII-spectrin and microtubule-associated protein MAP-2A/B) in the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum. The pattern of alphaII-spectrin breakdown shows a marked increase in 150- and 145-kDa fragments (SBDP150 and SBDP145, respectively), but we did not detect the caspase-3-mediated 120-kDa fragment (SBDP120) in aged rat brains, suggesting the involvement of the calpain proteases. The pattern of MAP-2A/B breakdown in aged rat brains mirrors that produced by in vitro calpain digestion of 3-month control rat brain MAP-2A/B. In aged rat brains, there is no significant increase in pro-caspase-3 processing; rather, there is a moderate reduction in pro-caspase-3 protein and caspase-3 hydrolytic activity in the cortex. These results point to selective susceptibility of cytoskeletal proteins to calpain-mediated degradation, but not caspase-3 in aging rat brains.
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146
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Johnson EA, Svetlov SI, Wang KKW, Hayes RL, Pineda JA. Cell-specific DNA fragmentation may be attenuated by a survivin-dependent mechanism after traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Brain Res 2005; 167:17-26. [PMID: 16193270 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-2362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Survivin attenuates apoptosis by inhibiting cleavage of some cell proteins by activated caspase-3. We recently discovered strong up-regulation of survivin, primarily in astrocytes and a sub-set of neurons, after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. In this study we characterized co-expression of survivin with activated caspase-3 and downstream DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) in astrocytes and neurons after TBI. Western blot analysis revealed significant time-dependent increases in active caspase-3 between 5 and 14 days post-injury. No difference was observed between the proportion of survivin-positive and survivin-negative cells labeled with active caspase-3 at 5 or 7 days post-injury, as indicated by dual fluorescent immunostaining. Labeling of survivin-negative cells with TUNEL was, however, significantly greater than for survivin-positive cells, suggesting that expression of survivin may attenuate DNA cleavage and progression of apoptosis. A higher proportion of astrocytes than neurons accumulated active caspase-3. In contrast, co-localization with TUNEL was significantly higher for neurons than for astrocytes. These data suggest that survivin expression may attenuate DNA cleavage and cell death, and that this mechanism operates in a cell type-specific manner after TBI.
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147
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French JP, Quindry JC, Falk DJ, Staib JL, Lee Y, Wang KKW, Powers SK. Ischemia-reperfusion-induced calpain activation and SERCA2a degradation are attenuated by exercise training and calpain inhibition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 290:H128-36. [PMID: 16155100 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00739.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-activated protease calpain has been shown to play a deleterious role in the heart during ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). We tested the hypothesis that exercise training would minimize I/R-induced calpain activation and provide cardioprotection against I/R-induced injury. Hearts from adult male rats were isolated in a working heart preparation, and myocardial injury was induced with 25 min of global ischemia followed by 45 min of reperfusion. In sedentary control rats, I/R significantly increased calpain activity and impaired cardiac performance (cardiac work during reperfusion = 24% of baseline). Compared with sedentary animals, exercise training prevented the I/R-induced rise in calpain activity and improved cardiac work (recovery = 80% of baseline). Similar to exercise, pharmacological inhibition of calpain activity resulted in comparable cardioprotection against I/R injury (recovery = 86% of baseline). The exercise-induced protection against I/R-induced calpain activation was not due to altered myocardial protein levels of calpain or calpastatin. However, exercise training was associated with increased myocardial antioxidant enzyme activity (Mn-SOD, catalase) and a reduction in oxidative stress. Importantly, exercise training also prevented the I/R-induced degradation of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA)2a. These findings suggest that increases in endogenous antioxidants may diminish the free radical-mediated damage and/or degradation of Ca2+ handling proteins (such as SERCA2a) typically observed after I/R. In conclusion, these results support the concept that calpain activation is an important component of I/R-induced injury and that exercise training provides cardioprotection against I/R injury, at least in part, by attenuating I/R-induced calpain activation.
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148
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Haskins WE, Kobeissy FH, Wolper RA, Ottens AK, Kitlen JW, McClung SH, O'Steen BE, Chow MM, Pineda JA, Denslow ND, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Rapid discovery of putative protein biomarkers of traumatic brain injury by SDS-PAGE-capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Neurotrauma 2005; 22:629-44. [PMID: 15941373 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2005.22.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the rapid discovery of putative protein biomarkers of traumatic brain injury (TBI) by SDS-PAGE-capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SDS-PAGE-Capillary LC-MS(2)). Ipsilateral hippocampus (IH) samples were collected from naive rats and rats subjected to controlled cortical impact (a rodent model of TBI). Protein database searching with 15,558 uninterpreted MS(2) spectra, collected in 3 days via data-dependent capillary LC-MS(2) of pooled cyanine dye-labeled samples separated by SDS-PAGE, identified more than 306 unique proteins. Differential proteomic analysis revealed differences in protein sequence coverage for 170 mammalian proteins (57 in naive only, 74 in injured only, and 39 of 64 in both), suggesting these are putative biomarkers of TBI. Confidence in our results was obtained by the presence of several known biomarkers of TBI (including alphaII-spectrin, brain creatine kinase, and neuron-specific enolase) in our data set. These results show that SDS-PAGE prior to in vitro proteolysis and capillary LC-MS(2) is a promising strategy for the rapid discovery of putative protein biomarkers associated with a specific physiological state (i.e., TBI) without a priori knowledge of the molecules involved.
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149
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Warren MW, Kobeissy FH, Liu MC, Hayes RL, Gold MS, Wang KKW. Concurrent calpain and caspase-3 mediated proteolysis of alpha II-spectrin and tau in rat brain after methamphetamine exposure: a similar profile to traumatic brain injury. Life Sci 2005; 78:301-9. [PMID: 16125733 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity in rat cortex and hippocampus following acute methamphetamine administration was characterized and compared to changes following traumatic brain injury. Doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg of methamphetamine produced significant increases in calpain- and caspase-cleaved alpha II-spectrin and tau protein fragments, suggesting cell injury or death. Changes in proteolytic products were significantly increased over vehicle controls. Use of fragment specific biomarkers detected prominent calpain-mediated protein fragments in the cortex and hippocampus while caspase-mediated protein fragments were also detected in the hippocampus. Remarkably, proteolytic product increases at the 40 mg/kg dose after 24 h were as high as those observed in experimental traumatic brain injury. Use of calpain and caspase proteolytic inhibitors may be useful in preventing methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.
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150
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Ottens AK, Kobeissy FH, Wolper RA, Haskins WE, Hayes RL, Denslow ND, Wang KKW. A Multidimensional Differential Proteomic Platform Using Dual-Phase Ion-Exchange Chromatography−Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis/Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2005; 77:4836-45. [PMID: 16053296 DOI: 10.1021/ac050478r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Differential proteomic analysis has arisen as a large-scale means to discern proteome-wide changes upon treatment, injury, or disease. Tandem protein separation methods are required for large-scale differential proteomic analysis. Here, a novel multidimensional platform for resolving and differentially analyzing complex biological samples is presented. The platform, collectively termed CAX-PAGE/RPLC-MSMS, combines biphasic ion-exchange chromatography with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for protein separation, quantification, and differential band targeting, followed by capillary reversed-phase liquid chromatography and data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry for quantitative and qualitative peptide analysis. CAX-PAGE provides high protein resolving power with a theoretical peak capacity of 3570, extendable to 7600, a wide protein mass range verified from 16 to 273 kDa, and reproducible differential sample comparison without the added expense of fluorescent dyes and imaging equipment. Demonstrated using a neuroproteomic model, CAX-PAGE revealed an increased number of differential proteins, 137, compared with 82 found by 2D difference gel electrophoresis. When combined with RPLC-MSMS for protein identification, an additional quantification step is performed for internal validation, confirming a 2-fold or greater change in 89% of identified differential targets.
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