Disulfiram/copper shows potent cytotoxic effects on myelodysplastic syndromes via inducing Bip-mediated apoptosis and suppressing autophagy

Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who resist or fail to respond to hypomethylating agents (HMAs) show very poor outcomes and have no effective treatment strategies. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed for MDS patients harboring adverse prognostic factors. Repurposing disulfiram (DSF), an alcohol-abuse drug, with or without Copper (Cu) has attracted considerable attentions as a candidate anti-tumor therapy in diverse malignancies. However, the effect of DSF in the presence or absence of Cu on MDS has not been reported yet. In this study, we found that monotherapy with DSF showed mild cytotoxic effects on MDS preclinical models. However, the anti-tumor activity of DSF was significantly enhanced in the presence of Cu in MDS in vitro and in vivo with minimal safety profiles. DSF/Cu combination blocked MDS cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase, accompanied by reduction of the S phase. Accordingly, co-treatment with DSF and Cu downregulated the expression of Cyclin D1 and Cyclin A2, whereas this combination upregulated the level of P21 and P27. Mechanistically, the anti-MDS effectiveness of DSF/Cu was potentially associated with activation of the ER stress-related Bip pathway and inactivation of the Akt pathway. In addition, inhibition of autophagy process also contributed to the cytotoxicity of DSF/Cu in MDS cells. In conclusion, these findings provide impressive evidence that the DSF/Cu complex shows potent anti-tumor efficacies on MDS preclinical models, representing a potential alternative therapy for MDS patients and warranting further investigation in clinical contexts.

Increased zinc and albumin but lowered copper in children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia

BACKGROUND

Measurements of copper and zinc in transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) show contradictory results.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To examine serum levels of these minerals in TDT in relation to iron overload indices and erythron variables.

METHODS

This study recruited 60 children with TDT and 30 healthy controls aged 3-12 years old.

RESULTS

Zinc was significantly higher in TDT children than in controls, while copper and the copper to zinc ratio were significantly lowered in TDT. Serum zinc was significantly associated with the number of blood transfusions and iron overload variables (including serum iron and TS%) and negatively with erythron variables (including hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin). Serum copper was significantly and negatively associated with the same iron overload and erythron variables. The copper to zinc ratio was significantly correlated with iron, TS%, ferritin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Albumin levels were significantly higher in TDT children than in control children.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that the increase in zinc in children with TDT may be explained by iron loading anemia and hemolysis and the consequent shedding of high amounts of intracellular zinc into the plasma. Increased albumin levels and treatment with Desferral may further contribute towards higher zinc levels in TDT. We suggest that the elevations in zinc in TDT are a compensatory mechanism protecting against infection, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Previous proposals for prophylactic use of zinc supplements in TDT may not be warranted.

Cortical copper transporter expression in schizophrenia: interactions of risk gene dysbindin-1

Schizophrenia susceptibility factor dysbindin-1 is associated with cognitive processes. Downregulated dysbindin-1 expression is associated with lower expression of copper transporters ATP7A and CTR1, required for copper transport to the central nervous system. We measured dysbindin-1 isoforms-1A and -1BC, CTR1, and ATP7A via Western blots of the postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of schizophrenia subjects (n = 28) and matched controls (n = 14). In addition, we subdivided the schizophrenia group by treatment status and comorbidity of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and assessed the relationships between proteins. Schizophrenia subjects exhibited similar protein levels to that of controls, with no effect of antipsychotic treatment. We observed a shift towards more dysbindin-1A expression in schizophrenia, as revealed by the ratio of dysbindin-1 isoforms. Dysbindin-1A expression was negatively correlated with ATP7A in schizophrenia, with no correlation present in controls. AUD subjects exhibited less dysbindin-1BC and CTR1 than those without AUD. Our results, taken together with previous data, suggest that alterations in dysbindin-1 and copper transporters are brain-region specific. For example, protein levels of ATP7A, dysbindin 1BC, and CTR1 are lower in the substantia nigra in schizophrenia subjects. AUD in the DLPFC was associated with lower protein levels of dysbindin-1 and CTR1. Changes in dysbindin-1 isoform ratio and relationships appear to be prevalent in the disease, potentially impacting symptomology.

Differential Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Copper Complexed with Disulfiram in Oral Cancer Cells

Disulfiram (DSF), an irreversible aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, is being used in anticancer therapy, as its effects in humans are known and less adverse than conventional chemotherapy. We explored the potential mechanism behind the cytotoxicity of DSF-Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ complexes in oral epidermoid carcinoma meng-1 (OECM-1) and human gingival epithelial Smulow-Glickman (SG) cells. Exposure to CuCl₂ or CuCl slightly but concentration-dependently decreased cell viability, while DSF-Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ induced cell death in OECM-1 cells, but not SG cells. DSF-Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ also increased the subG1 population and decreased the G1, S, and G2/M populations in OECM-1 cells, but not SG cells, and suppressed cell proliferation in both OECM-1 and SG cells. ALDH enzyme activity was inhibited by CuCl and DSF-Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ in SG cells, but not OECM-1 cells. ROS levels and cellular senescence were increased in DSF-Cu⁺/Cu²⁺-treated OECM-1 cells, whereas they were suppressed in SG cells. DSF-Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ induced mitochondrial fission in OECM-1 cells and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. CuCl₂ increased but DSF- Cu²⁺ impaired oxygen consumption rates and extracellular acidification rates in OECM-1 cells. CuCl₂ stabilized HIF-1α expression under normoxia in OECM-1 cells, and complex with DSF enhanced that effect. Levels of c-Myc protein and its phosphorylation at Tyr58 and Ser62 were increased, while levels of the N-terminal truncated form (Myc-nick) were decreased in DSF-Cu⁺/Cu²-treated OECM-1 cells. These effects were all suppressed by pretreatment with the ROS scavenger NAC. Overexpression of c-Myc failed to induce HIF-1α expression. These findings provide novel insight into the potential application of DSF-CuCl₂ complex as a repurposed agent for OSCC cancer therapy.

A Three-in-one ZIFs-Derived CuCo(O)/GOx@PCNs Hybrid Cascade Nanozyme for Immunotherapy/Enhanced Starvation/Photothermal Therapy

Glucose oxidase (GOx) is regarded as an ideal endogenous natural enzyme for tumor starvation therapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising strategy for the ablation of primary tumor. In this work, Cu-doped cobalt oxide and porous carbon nanocomposites (CuCo(O)@PCNs) were synthesized from double-layered ZIF-8@ZIF-67 and GOx was loaded in the porous carbon to form a CuCo(O)/GOx@PCNs hybrid nanozyme. CuCo(O) was characterized as the Cu_0.3Co_2.7O₄ phase through X-ray diffraction analysis and it can react with H₂O₂ to generate O₂ and alleviate tumor hypoxia, resulting in the recovered enzymatic activity of GOx and the enhanced starvation therapy. The porous nanocarbon can ablate the primary tumor because of its high photothermal conversion efficiency of 40.04%. The three-in-one functions of oxygen supply, glucose consumption, and photothermal conversion were realized in the ZIFs-derived CuCo(O)/GOx@PCNs nanozyme and the starvation therapy effect was improved by PTT and oxygen supplement. Furthermore, the inhibition effect of CuCo(O)/GOx@PCNs on metastatic tumor is similar to combined therapy of the nanozyme and the immune checkpoint-blocking antibody, α-PD-1. The related antitumor immune mechanism was studied through the analysis of immune-related proinflammatory cytokines and the activated T cells. This work may provide new ideas for the development and application of the ZIFs-derived hybrid nanozyme in tumor therapy and the CuCo(O)/GOx@PCNs nanozyme may be a promising alternative to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

NIR-Driven Intracellular Photocatalytic O2 Evolution on Z-Scheme Ni3S2/Cu1.8S@HA for Hypoxic Tumor Therapy

Hypoxia in a tumor microenvironment (TME) has inhibited the photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. Here, Ni₃S₂/Cu_1.8S nanoheterostructures were synthesized as a new photosensitizer, which also realizes the intracellular photocatalytic O₂ evolution to relieve hypoxia in TME and enhance PDT as well. With the narrow band gap (below 1.5 eV), the near infrared (NIR) (808 nm) can stimulate their separation of the electron-hole. The novel Z-scheme nanoheterostructures, testified by experimental data and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, possess a higher redox ability, endowing the photoexited holes with sufficient potential to oxide H₂O into O₂, directly. Meanwhile, the photostimulated electrons can capture the dissolved O₂ to form a toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, Ni₃S₂/Cu_1.8S nanocomposites also possess the catalase-/peroxidase-like activity to convert the endogenous H₂O₂ into ·OH and O₂, which not only cause chemodynamic therapy (CDT) but also alleviate hypoxia to assist the PDT as well. In addition, owing to the narrow band gap, they possess a high NIR harvest and great photothermal conversion efficiency (49.5%). It is noted that the nanocomposites also exhibit novel biodegradation and can be metabolized and eliminated via feces and urine within 2 weeks. The present single electrons in Ni/Cu ions induce the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ability for Ni₃S₂/Cu_1.8S. To make sure that the cancer cells were specifically targeted, hyaluronic acid (HA) was grafted outside and Ni₃S₂/Cu_1.8S@HA integrated photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT) to exhibit the great anticancer efficiency for hypoxic tumor elimination.

Enzyme/Nanocopper Hybrid Nanozymes: Modulating Enzyme-like Activity by the Protein Structure for Biosensing and Tumor Catalytic Therapy

Artificial enzymes with modulated enzyme-mimicking activities of natural systems represent a challenge in catalytic applications. Here, we show the creation of artificial Cu metalloenzymes based on the generation of Cu nanoparticles in an enzyme matrix. Different enzymes were used, and the structural differences between the enzymes especially influenced the controlled the size of the nanoparticles and the environment that surrounds them. Herein, we demonstrated that the oxidase-like catalytic activity of these copper nanozymes was rationally modulated by enzyme used as a scaffold, with a special role in the nanoparticle size and their environment. In this sense, these nanocopper hybrids have confirmed the ability to mimic a unique enzymatic activity completely different from the natural activity of the enzyme used as a scaffold, such as tyrosinase-like activity or as Fenton catalyst, which has extremely higher stability than natural mushroom tyrosinase. More interestingly, the oxidoreductase-like activity of nanocopper hybrids was cooperatively modulated with the synergistic effect between the enzyme and the nanoparticles improving the catalase activity (no peroxidase activity). Additionally, a novel dual (metallic and enzymatic activity) of the nanozyme made the highly improved catechol-like activity interesting for the design of 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-DOPA) biosensor for detection of tyrosinase. These hybrids also showed cytotoxic activity against different tumor cells, interesting in biocatalytic tumor therapy.

Evaluation of the release of nickel and titanium under orthodontic treatment

The metal alloys used in dentistry are made mainly of nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), and other elements such as molybdenum (Mo), zirconium (Zr), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), chrome (Cr), carbon (C), copper (Cu) and niobium (Nb) which can release metal ions in unstable environments. The aim of this work was determine the salivary pH before and during orthodontic treatment; evaluate the release of metal ions, mainly Ni and Ti, in urine and saliva using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES); and evaluate the corrosion using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). In this study, we selected 35 individuals under orthodontic treatment, from whom saliva and urine samples were collected in 3 stages: (a) basal, (b) at 3 and (c) 6 months after the placement of the fixed appliances. SEM analyzed the Ni-Ti (0.016″) and stainless steel (SS) (0.016 × 0.022″) archs after 1 month of being in contact with the oral cavity. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata using the ANOVA model of repeated measures with a p < 0.05. A statistically significant difference in the concentration of Ni in saliva were found between 3 and 6 months of intervention and Ti in urine was found 3 and 6 months.

Copper(II) Binding to PBT2 Differs from That of Other 8-Hydroxyquinoline Chelators: Implications for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Protein Misfolding Diseases

PBT2 (5,7-dichloro-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline) is a small Cu(II)-binding drug that has been investigated in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, namely, Alzheimer's disease (AD). PBT2 is thought to be highly effective at crossing the blood-brain barrier and has been proposed to exert anti-Alzheimer's effects through the modulation of metal ion concentrations in the brain, specifically the sequestration of Cu(II) from amyloid plaques. However, despite promising initial results in animal models and in clinical trials where PBT2 was shown to improve cognitive function, larger-scale clinical trials did not find PBT2 to have a significant effect on the amyloid plaque burden compared with controls. We propose that the results of these clinical trials likely point to a more complex mechanism of action for PBT2 other than simple Cu(II) sequestration. To this end, herein we have investigated the solution chemistry of Cu(II) coordination by PBT2 primarily using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), high-energy-resolution fluorescence-detected XAS, and electron paramagnetic resonance. We propose that a novel bis-PBT2 Cu(II) complex with asymmetric coordination may coexist in solution with a symmetric four-coordinate Cu(II)-bis-PBT2 complex distorted from coplanarity. Additionally, PBT2 is a more flexible ligand than other 8HQs because it can act as both a bidentate and a tridentate ligand as well as coordinate Cu(II) in both 1:1 and 2:1 PBT2/Cu(II) complexes.

Bioelements in the treatment of burn injuries - The complex review of metabolism and supplementation (copper, selenium, zinc, iron, manganese, chromium and magnesium)

Appropriate nutrition is a key component of burn treatment and should be regarded as an integral part of the therapeutic process in burn patients. A nutritional intervention plan should not only allow for adequate quantities of energy and protein but also carefully consider the supply of macro- and micronutrients. As a result of the severe inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and hypermetabolic state, accompanied by often extensive exudation in burn patients, there is a considerable loss of macro- and micronutrients, including essential trace elements. This leads to certain complications, involving e.g. more frequent infections and impaired wound healing. Our current body of knowledge is still insufficient, and the studies carried out to date focus for the most part on the imbalances in trace elements, such as copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn). Nevertheless, there are many other trace elements involved in immune functions, regulating gene expression or antioxidant defense, and many of those have not been properly investigated in a clinical setting. Due to the insufficient amount of unambiguous literature data and relatively few, often dated, studies carried out with small patient groups, further evaluation of macro- and microelements in burn patients seems indispensable, e.g. to bring up to date local nutritional protocols.

Development of coinage metal nanoclusters as antimicrobials to combat bacterial infections

Infections from antibiotic-resistant bacteria have caused huge economic loss and numerous deaths over the past decades. Researchers are exploring multiple strategies to combat these bacterial infections. Metal nanomaterials have been explored as therapeutics against these infections owing to their relatively low toxicity, broad-spectrum activity, and low bacterial resistance development. Some coinage metal nanoclusters, such as gold, silver, and copper nanoclusters, can be readily synthesized. These nanoclusters can feature multiple useful properties, including ultra-small size, high catalytic activity, unique photoluminescent properties, and photothermal effect. Coinage metal nanoclusters have been investigated as antimicrobials, but more research is required to tap their full potential. In this review, we discuss multiple advantages and the prospect of using gold/silver/copper nanoclusters as antimicrobials.

Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Copper and Selenium Status in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

In this study, we critically review the literature concerning the relation of Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Se and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Elemental status is estimated using peripheral blood parameters, hair, urine, daily intake and response to supplementation. The observed associations between concentration levels of the elements Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Se and ADHD symptoms are contradictory. This is partly due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the disorder. As a trend, lower ferritin and zinc levels can be observed. However, this correlation is not causative, as illustrated by placebo-controlled trials reporting conflicting evidence on the efficacy of supplementation. Well-defined studies on changes in concentration levels of the elements in relation to ADHD symptoms before and after treatment with therapeutics it will be possible to shed more light on the significance of these elements in this behavioral disorder. The discussion on whether a change in concentration of an element is cause or consequence of ADHD is not within the scope of this article.

Copper as a potential adjunct therapy for critically ill COVID-19 patients

COVID-19 is a major health problem affecting all people worldwide and has a high mortality rate especially in critically ill patients. Although much is known about its different clinical symptoms, there are significant knowledge gaps about its pathology and cellular responses to the virus. Copper plays an essential role in respiration, immune function and free-radical defense. Despite its important action in physiochemical properties, only small amount of copper is presented in biological fluid, none of which presents as free ion form that readily affirms its depletion in critically ill patients. Recent studies confirmed its anti-viral capacity. Closer understanding of copper signaling, its vulnerability, method of assessment and interpretation, administration rout and dosage opens up new perspectives regarding therapeutic copper administration against critically ill COVID-19 patients. So, it seems that physicians should consider copper insufficiency in their critically ill COVID-19 patients. However, an attention should be paid to copper toxicity and estimating the adverse responses depending on copper dose or severity of copper limitation, as well as the duration of copper misbalance.

Multifunctional molybdenum disulfide-copper nanocomposite that enhances the antibacterial activity, promotes rice growth and induces rice resistance

Molybdenum disulfide sheets loaded with copper nanoparticles (MoS₂-CuNPs) was prepared and its antibacterial activity against phytopathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was investigated in vitro and in vivo for the first time. In a 2 h co-incubation, MoS₂-CuNPs exhibited 19.2 times higher antibacterial activity against Xoo cells than a commercial copper bactericide (Kocide 3000). In the detached leaf experiment, the disease severity decreased from 86.25 % to 7.5 % in the MoS₂-CuNPs treated rice leaves. The results further demonstrated that foliar application of MoS₂-CuNPs could form a protective film and increase the density of trichome on the surface of rice leaves, finally prevent the infection of Xoo cells. This was probably due to the synergistic effect of MoS₂-CuNPs. Additionally, foliar application of MoS₂-CuNPs (4-32 μg/mL) increased obviously the content of Mo and chlorophyll (up 30.85 %), and then improved the growth of rice seedlings. Furthermore, the obtained MoS₂-CuNPs could activate the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in rice, indicating higher resistance of rice under abiotic/biotic stresses. The multifunctional MoS₂-CuNPs with superior antibacterial activity provided a promising alternative to the traditional antibacterial agents and had great potential in plant protection.

Copper chalcogenide materials as photothermal agents for cancer treatment

Copper-based chalcogenide nanomaterials have made tremendous progress for cancer theranostics due to their simple preparation, low cost, stable performance, and easy functionalization. But a systematic review and analysis about them does not exist. Therefore, we offer an account, mainly focusing on the design and functionalization of the copper-based chalcogenide nanomaterials for cancer theranostics, aiming to briefly demonstrate the design and concepts, summarize some of the past studies and analyze the development trends in the copper-based chalcogenide nanomaterials for clinical application.

Quaternized Chitosan-Coated Montmorillonite Interior Antimicrobial Metal-Antibiotic in Situ Coordination Complexation for Mixed Infections of Wounds

Conventional drug delivery systems for natural clay materials still face critical challenges in their practical application, including multiple bacterial infections, combined infection of bacteria and fungi, and low sterilization efficiency. In this work, we address these challenges using the multifunctional montmorillonite nanosheet-based (MMT-based) drug nanoplatform, which involves the antibiotic 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), antibacterial metal copper ions, and quaternized chitosan (QCS). Composite material QCS/MMT/5-FCCu can can strongly inhibit Staphylococcus aureus (a typical Gram-positive bacterium), Escherichia coli (a typical Gram-negative bacterium), and Candida albicans (a fungus) because 5-FC coordinates with copper ions in situ and due to the deposition of QCS. The subsequent drug release behavior of 5-FCCu was studied, and the results show an initial high concentration kills microorganisms and long-acting sustained release inhibition. Moreover, in vivo wound experiments and toxicity experiments show the promotion of wound healing and excellent biocompatibility. As a demonstration of the utility of the latter, we have shown that the MMT-based smart platform can be used for the treatment of mixed infections of wounds.

The Combined Effects of Cr(III) Supplementation and Iron Deficiency on the Copper and Zinc Status in Wistar Rats

The aim of the study was to assess the combined effects of chromium(III) supplementation and iron deficiency on the copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) status in female rats. The Cr, Fe, Cu and Zn dietary and tissular levels were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method. The data show that chromium(III) supplementation compensated for the negative effects of Fe deficiency on the Cu content but it deepened the effect on Zn levels in the female rats. Detailed data on the status of trace elements and their interactions in healthy subjects and patients with metabolic disorders (e.g. anaemia, diabetes mellitus) are strongly required for effective nutritional and therapeutic strategies.

Long surviving classical Menkes disease treated with weekly intravenous copper therapy

Menkes diseases (MD) is an X-linked recessive neurodegenerative disorder of copper metabolism, characterized by progressive multisystemic involvement. Death in the early childhood is usually observed in classical patients. Although a definite cure has not been established, copper replacement therapy administered parenterally may modify the severity of MD and permitted survival into adolescence. Subcutaneous copper-histidine supplementation is the current choice of therapy, and long-term administration is not desirable because of the expected nephrotoxicity. We report here the case of a 29-year-old male with MD who tolerated long-term intravenous copper therapy initiated at 2 months. Molecular analysis revealed hemizygous deletion mutation of ATP7A previously reported in classical MD. Although neurodevelopement is poor, no major event of central nervous system is observed, and he enjoys a good social life by interacting using gestures. Optimum management is unknown, and closed follow-up is mandatory for clarification of this phenotype.

Intelligent Hollow Pt-CuS Janus Architecture for Synergistic Catalysis-Enhanced Sonodynamic and Photothermal Cancer Therapy

As a noninvasive treatment modality, ultrasound (US)-triggered sonodynamic therapy (SDT) shows broad and promising applications to overcome the drawbacks of traditional photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combating cancer. However, the SDT efficacy is still not satisfactory without oxygen (O₂) assistance. In addition, there is also much space to explore the SDT-based synergistic therapeutic modalities. Herein, a novel Pt-CuS Janus composed of hollow semiconductor CuS and noble metallic Pt was rationally designed and successfully synthesized. The hollow CuS shows a large inner cavity for loading sonosensitizer molecules (tetra-(4-aminophenyl) porphyrin, TAPP) to implement SDT. Moreover, the deposition of Pt not only enhances photothermal performance compared with those of CuS nanoparticles (NPs) due to the effect of the local electric field enhancement but also possesses nanozyme activity for catalyzing decomposition of endogenous overexpressed hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to produce O₂ that can overcome tumor hypoxia and augment the SDT-induced highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production for efficient cancer cell apoptosis. Importantly, the generated heat of Pt-CuS by 808 nm laser irradiation can accelerate the catalytic activity of Pt and elevate the O₂ level that further facilitates SDT efficacy. Interestingly, the thermally sensitive copolymer coated around the Janus can act as a smart switch to regulate the catalytic ability of Pt and control TAPP release that has a significant effect on modulating the therapeutic effect. The synergistic catalysis-enhanced SDT efficiency and highly photothermal effect almost realized complete tumor resection without obvious reoccurrence and simultaneously displayed a highly therapeutic biosafety. Furthermore, the high optical absorbance allows the as-synthesized Pt-CuS Janus for photoacoustic (PA) imaging and NIR thermal imaging. This work develops a versatile nanoplatform for a multifunctional theranostic strategy and broadens the biological applications by rationally designing their structure.

Effect of Different Sources of Supplemental Zinc on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Lambs

Zinc (Zn) is an essential element in the growth of all animals and plays structural and catalytic roles in many enzymes and functional proteins. Two completely randomized trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of different sources of zinc on performance, nutrient digestibility, blood mineral profile, and antioxidant enzyme activities in male growing lambs on a barley-based diet. The first trial was conducted for 70 days and consisted of 30 lambs (30.8 ± 2.8 kg mean body weight, 4-5 months of age) which were randomly allocated to five treatments consisting of a basal diet (19.72 mg Zn/kg DM), or the basal diet supplemented with 30 mg Zn/kg DM, added as either zinc-sulfate (ZnSulf; inorganic), zinc-methionine (ZnMet), zinc-proteinate (ZnProt) or zinc-glycinate (ZnGly). For the second trial, to measure the effects of dietary Zn on nutrient digestibility, four lambs from each group of the first experiment were randomly allocated to individual digestibility cages for 12 days (first 7 days as an adaptation period followed by 5 days of sample collection). Among the groups, dietary Zn supplementation above basal level significantly improved average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed/gain ratio, and superoxide dismutase activity of red blood cells (P < 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase activity of lambs supplemented with organic Zn was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than inorganic and control groups. At the end of the trial, the concentration of plasma Zn, tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and the activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased (P < 0.05) in all groups receiving Zn as compared with controls (P < 0.05). In addition, thyroxine level in animals supplemented with Zn-methionine and Zn-proteinate was greater than in animals receiving Zn-glycine and Zn-sulfate. The results of the second trial revealed that the supplementation with Zn-methionine and Zn-proteinate increased the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) compared to groups supplemented with Zn sulfate and control (P < 0.05). All organic sources of Zn improved organic matter (OM) digestibility compared to inorganic and control (P < 0.05). Results indicated that, regardless of source, supplementation of Zn in growing lambs improved growth performance, blood antioxidants, and thyroid hormone levels. Furthermore, Zn-methionine and Zn-proteinate supplementation appeared to improve the digestibility of CP, OM, and ADF more effectively than Zn-sulfate.

Biodegradable Biomimic Copper/Manganese Silicate Nanospheres for Chemodynamic/Photodynamic Synergistic Therapy with Simultaneous Glutathione Depletion and Hypoxia Relief

The integration of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-involved photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) holds great promise for enhanced anticancer effects. Herein, we report biodegradable cancer cell membrane-coated mesoporous copper/manganese silicate nanospheres (mCMSNs) with homotypic targeting ability to the cancer cell lines and enhanced ROS generation through singlet oxygen (¹O₂) production and glutathione (GSH)-activated Fenton reaction, showing excellent CDT/PDT synergistic therapeutic effects. We demonstrate that mCMSNs are able to relieve the tumor hypoxia microenvironment by catalytic decomposition of endogenous H₂O₂ to O₂ and further react with O₂ to produce toxic ¹O₂ with a 635 nm laser irradiation. GSH-triggered mCMSNs biodegradation can simultaneously generate Fenton-like Cu⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions and deplete GSH for efficient hydroxyl radical (•OH) production. The specific recognition and homotypic targeting ability to the cancer cells were also revealed. Notably, relieving hypoxia and GSH depletion disrupts the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cellular antioxidant defense system, achieving exceptional cancer-targeting therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo. The cancer cells growth was significantly inhibited. Moreover, the released Mn²⁺ can also act as an advanced contrast agent for cancer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, together with photosensitizers, Fenton agent provider and MRI contrast effects along with the modulating of the TME allow mCMSNs to realize MRI-monitored enhanced CDT/PDT synergistic therapy. It provides a paradigm to rationally design TME-responsive and ROS-involved therapeutic strategies based on a single polymetallic silicate nanomaterial with enhanced anticancer effects.

Copper and Zinc Nutritional Issues for Agricultural Animal Production

Livestock have presented unique requirements and toxicity issues depending on the species for the various concentrations of Cu and Zn and their interactions with other nutrients especially Fe, Se, Mo, and S. Soil concentrations of these elements and their availability to crops influence the health of the crop and the amount found in vegetative tissues and seeds. Hence, many livestock issues are a result of the soils in the area where production is occurring (Loneragan et al. 1981). While water can provide minerals to animals, the amount consumed and availability are highly variable. Many discoveries about Cu were a result of low Cu concentrations and its availability due to interactions with other nutrients in the soils. Anemia, bone disorders, cardiovascular abnormalities, defective wool and hair, and infertility are signs/symptoms of Cu deficiency. Toxicity due to excess Cu is more likely to occur in sheep than other farm species. Swine are tolerant of high concentrations of dietary Cu, and it is often used as a growth stimulant in production. There are many species and physiological stages where the animal's Cu requirement is not known. Grazing animals can exhibit Zn deficiency when soils and forages contain limited concentrations of Zn. Pastures have been observed to be Zn-deficient in many parts of the world. However, non-ruminant animals usually receive adequate Zn when fed corn and soybean meal diets if there is not excessive Ca and Fe in their diets, but this is not true for rapidly growing young animals. Characteristics of a Zn deficiency include loss of appetite, reduced growth and reproduction, and impaired health of bone and skin tissues.

Magnetic Semiconductor Gd-Doping CuS Nanoparticles as Activatable Nanoprobes for Bimodal Imaging and Targeted Photothermal Therapy of Gastric Tumors

Targeted delivery of enzyme-activatable probes into cancer cells to facilitate accurate imaging and on-demand photothermal therapy (PTT) of cancers with high spatiotemporal precision promises to advance cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, we report a tumor-targeted and matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2)-activatable nanoprobe (T-MAN) formed by covalent modification of Gd-doping CuS micellar nanoparticles with cRGD and an MMP-2-cleavable fluorescent substrate. T-MAN displays a high r₁ relaxivity (∼60.0 mM^-1 s^-1 per Gd³⁺ at 1 T) and a large near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence turn-on ratio (∼185-fold) in response to MMP-2, allowing high-spatial-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and low-background fluorescence imaging of gastric tumors as well as lymph node (LN) metastasis in living mice. Moreover, T-MAN has a high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE, ∼70.1%) under 808 nm laser irradiation, endowing it with the ability to efficiently generate heat to kill tumor cells. We demonstrate that T-MAN can accumulate preferentially in gastric tumors (∼23.4% ID%/g at 12 h) after intravenous injection into mice, creating opportunities for fluorescence/MR bimodal imaging-guided PTT of subcutaneous and metastatic gastric tumors. For the first time, accurate detection and laser irradiation-initiated photothermal ablation of orthotopic gastric tumors in intraoperative mice was also achieved. This study highlights the versatility of using a combination of dual biomarker recognition (i.e., α_vβ₃ and MMP-2) and dual modality imaging (i.e., MRI and NIR fluorescence) to design tumor-targeting and activatable nanoprobes with improved selectivity for cancer theranostics in vivo.

Laser-Activatable CuS Nanodots to Treat Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Release Copper Ion to Accelerate Healing of Infected Chronic Nonhealing Wounds

Chronic nonhealing wounds have imposed serious challenges in the clinical practice, especially for the patients infected with multidrug-resistant microbes. Herein, we developed an ultrasmall copper sulfide (covellite) nanodots (CuS NDs) based dual functional nanosystem to cure multidrug-resistant bacteria-infected chronic nonhealing wound. The nanosystem could eradicate multidrug-resistant bacteria and expedite wound healing simultaneously owing to the photothermal effect and remote control of copper-ion release. The antibacterial results indicated that the combination treatment of photothermal CuS NDs with photothermal effect initiated a strong antibacterial effect for drug-resistant pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase Escherichia coli both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, the released Cu2+ could promote fibroblast cell migration and endothelial cell angiogenesis, thus accelerating wound-healing effects. In MRSA-infected diabetic mice model, the nanosystem exhibited synergistic wound healing effect of infectious wounds in vivo and demonstrated negligible toxicity and nonspecific damage to major organs. The combination of ultrasmall CuS NDs with photothermal therapy displayed enhanced therapeutic efficacy for chronic nonhealing wound in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, which may represent a promising class of antibacterial strategy for clinical translation.