151
|
Rouabhia M, Park H, Meng S, Derbali H, Zhang Z. Electrical stimulation promotes wound healing by enhancing dermal fibroblast activity and promoting myofibroblast transdifferentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71660. [PMID: 23990967 PMCID: PMC3747189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) has long been used as an alternative clinical treatment and an effective approach to modulate cellular behaviours. In this work we investigated the effects of ES on human skin fibroblast activity, myofibroblast transdifferentiation and the consequence on wound healing. Normal human fibroblasts were seeded on heparin-bioactivated PPy/PLLA conductive membranes, cultured for 24 h, and then exposed to ES of 50 or 200 mV/mm for 2, 4, or 6 h. Following ES, the cells were either subjected to various analyses or re-seeded to investigate their healing capacity. Our findings show that ES had no cytotoxic effect on the fibroblasts, as demonstrated by the similar LDH activity levels in the ES-exposed and non-exposed cultures, and by the comparable cell viability under both conditions. Furthermore, the number of viable fibroblasts was higher following exposure to 6 h of ES than in the non-exposed culture. This enhanced cell growth was likely due to the ES up-regulated secretion of FGF-1 and FGF-2. In an in vitro scratch-wound assay where cell monolayer was used as a healing model, the electrically stimulated dermal fibroblasts migrated faster following exposure to ES and recorded a high contractile behaviour toward the collagen gel matrix. This enhanced contraction was supported by the high level of α-smooth muscle actin expressed by the fibroblasts following exposure to ES, indicating the characteristics of myofibroblasts. Remarkably, the modulation of fibroblast growth continued long after ES. In conclusion, this work demonstrates for the first time that exposure to ES promoted skin fibroblast growth and migration, increased growth factor secretion, and promoted fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation, thus promoting wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Rouabhia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Research Group on Oral Ecology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hyunjin Park
- Faculty of Dentistry, Research Group on Oral Ecology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Saint-François d’Assise Hospital Research Center, CHU, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shiyun Meng
- College of Environment and Biotechnology, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Habib Derbali
- Faculty of Dentistry, Research Group on Oral Ecology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Saint-François d’Assise Hospital Research Center, CHU, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ze Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Saint-François d’Assise Hospital Research Center, CHU, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Harris WT, Kelly DR, Zhou Y, Wang D, MacEwen M, Hagood JS, Clancy JP, Ambalavanan N, Sorscher EJ. Myofibroblast differentiation and enhanced TGF-B signaling in cystic fibrosis lung disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70196. [PMID: 23950911 PMCID: PMC3741283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale TGF-β, a mediator of pulmonary fibrosis, is a genetic modifier of CF respiratory deterioration. The mechanistic relationship between TGF-β signaling and CF lung disease has not been determined. Objective To investigate myofibroblast differentiation in CF lung tissue as a novel pathway by which TGF-β signaling may contribute to pulmonary decline, airway remodeling and tissue fibrosis. Methods Lung samples from CF and non-CF subjects were analyzed morphometrically for total TGF-β1, TGF-β signaling (Smad2 phosphorylation), myofibroblast differentiation (α-smooth muscle actin), and collagen deposition (Masson trichrome stain). Results TGF-β signaling and fibrosis are markedly increased in CF (p<0.01), and the presence of myofibroblasts is four-fold higher in CF vs. normal lung tissue (p<0.005). In lung tissue with prominent TGF-β signaling, both myofibroblast differentiation and tissue fibrosis are significantly augmented (p<0.005). Conclusions These studies establish for the first time that a pathogenic mechanism described previously in pulmonary fibrosis is also prominent in cystic fibrosis lung disease. The presence of TGF-β dependent signaling in areas of prominent myofibroblast proliferation and fibrosis in CF suggests that strategies under development for other pro-fibrotic lung conditions may also be evaluated for use in CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Sampson N, Zenzmaier C, Heitz M, Hermann M, Plas E, Schäfer G, Klocker H, Berger P. Stromal insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) is elevated in the diseased human prostate and promotes ex vivo fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2586-99. [PMID: 23720424 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the IGF axis is implicated in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), 2 of the most common diseases affecting elderly males. PCa is the second leading cause of male-related cancer death in Western societies. Although distinct pathologies, BPH and PCa are both characterized by extensive stromal remodeling, in particular fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation, thought to be induced by elevated local production of TGFβ1. We previously showed that TGFβ1-mediated fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation of primary human prostatic stromal cells resulted in the dsyregulation of several components of the IGF axis, including the induction of IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3). Using isoform-specific lentiviral-mediated knockdown, we demonstrate herein that IGFBP3 is essential for TGFβ1-mediated differentiation. Although recombinant human IGFBP3 alone was not sufficient to induce differentiation, IGFBP3 synergistically potentiated TGFβ1-mediated stromal remodeling predominantly via an IGF-independent mechanism. Consistent with these in vitro findings, IGFBP3 immunohistochemistry revealed elevated levels of IGFBP3 in the hyperplastic fibromuscular stroma of BPH specimens and in the tumor-adjacent stroma of high-grade PCa. Collectively these data indicate that the dysregulation of the stromal IGF axis, in particular elevated IGFBP3, plays a crucial role in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation in the diseased prostatic stroma and indicate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting stromal remodeling and the resulting dysregulation of the stromal IGF axis as a novel strategy for the treatment of advanced PCa and BPH.
Collapse
|
154
|
van der Smissen A, Samsonov S, Hintze V, Scharnweber D, Moeller S, Schnabelrauch M, Pisabarro MT, Anderegg U. Artificial extracellular matrix composed of collagen I and highly sulfated hyaluronan interferes with TGFβ(1) signaling and prevents TGFβ(1)-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7775-86. [PMID: 23602877 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans are promising components for functional biomaterials since sulfate groups modulate the binding of growth factors and thereby influence wound healing. Here, we have investigated the influence of an artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) consisting of collagen I (coll) and hyaluronan (HA) or highly sulfated HA (hsHA) on dermal fibroblasts (dFb) with respect to their differentiation into myofibroblasts (MFb). Fibroblasts were cultured on aECM in the presence of aECM-adsorbed or soluble transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). The synthesis of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), collagen and the ED-A splice variant of fibronectin (ED-A FN) were analyzed at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we investigated the bioactivity and signal transduction of TGFβ1 in the presence of aECM and finally made interaction studies of soluble HA or hsHA with TGFβ1. Artificial ECM composed of coll and hsHA prevents TGFβ1-stimulated αSMA, collagen and ED-A FN expression. Our data suggest an impaired TGFβ1 bioactivity and downstream signaling in the presence of aECM containing hsHA, shown by massively reduced Smad2/3 translocation to the nucleus. These data are explained by in silico docking experiments demonstrating the occupation of the TGFβ-receptor I binding site by hsHA. Possibly, HA sulfation has a strong impact on TGFβ1-driven differentiation of dFb and thus could be used to modulate the properties of biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja van der Smissen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Chen MB, Srigunapalan S, Wheeler AR, Simmons CA. A 3D microfluidic platform incorporating methacrylated gelatin hydrogels to study physiological cardiovascular cell-cell interactions. Lab Chip 2013; 13:2591-8. [PMID: 23525275 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc00051f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is particularly well-suited to modelling with microfluidic technologies, and much progress has been made to create microfluidic devices that mimic the microvasculature. In contrast, microfluidic platforms that model larger blood vessels and heart valves are lacking, despite the clear potential benefits of improved physiological relevance and enhanced throughput over traditional cell culture technologies. To address this need, we developed a bilayer membrane microfluidic device to model the vascular/valvular three-dimensional environment. Key features of the platform include physiologically-relevant spatial arrangement of multiple cell types, fluid flow over an endothelial monolayer, a porous membrane that permits heterotypic cell interactions while maintaining cell compartmentalization, and a photopolymerizable gelatin methacrylate (gel-MA) hydrogel as a physiologically-relevant subendothelial 3D matrix. Processing guidelines were defined for successful in-channel polymerization of gel-MA hydrogels that were mechanically stable, had physiologically-relevant elastic moduli of 2-30 kPa, and supported over 80% primary cell viability for at least four days in culture. The platform was applied to investigate shear stress-regulated paracrine interactions between valvular endothelial cells and valvular interstitial cells. The presence of endothelial cells significantly suppressed interstitial cell pathological differentiation to α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts, an effect that was enhanced when the endothelium was exposed to flow-induced shear stress. We expect this versatile organ-on-a-chip platform to have broad utility for mechanistic vascular and valvular biology studies and to be useful for drug screening in physiologically-relevant 3D cardiovascular microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Faust I, Roch C, Kuhn J, Prante C, Knabbe C, Hendig D. Human xylosyltransferase-I - a new marker for myofibroblast differentiation in skin fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:449-54. [PMID: 23747722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Skin fibrosis is a severe type of fibrotic disorder emerging in terms of hypertrophic scars or systemic sclerosis. Key event of fibrogenesis is the transition of fibroblasts to matrix-producing myofibroblasts. In the presence of fibrotic triggers, for instance secretion of profibrotic growth factors like transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) or mechanical strain, myofibroblasts persist. Current research focuses on discovering innovative myofibroblast biomarkers which are regulated in fibrotic development and accessible for antifibrotic inhibition. Here, we consider the suitability of xylosyltransferase-I (XT-I) as a myofibroblast biomarker in skin fibrosis. XT-I catalyzes the initial step of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Its increase in enzymatic activity is known to refer only to manifested diseases which are characterized by an abnormal rate of proteoglycan biosynthesis. In this study, treatment of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) with TGF-β1 was followed by increased relative XYLT1 mRNA expression. Remarkably, this upregulation was strongly dependent on myofibroblast content, increasing during fibrogenesis. Moreover, XT activity increased time-dependently in response to progressive myofibroblast transformation. XYLT1 expression was inhibited by TGF-β receptor I (ALK5) inhibitor SB431542. In contrast, XYLT2 expression was only marginally affected by TGF-β1 as well as ALK5 inhibition. Our results strengthen the significance of XT expression and activity in fibrotic remodeling. Therefore, we propose XT activity, in addition to α-SMA expression, as a new biomarker for myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic development. Further studies are now needed to evaluate the option to control and inhibit fibrotic remodeling by interfering with XT expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Xie Y, Matsumoto H, Nalbantoglu ILK, Kerr TA, Luo J, Rubin DC, Kennedy S, Davidson NO. Intestine-Specific Mttp Deletion Increases the Severity of Experimental Colitis and Leads to Greater Tumor Burden in a Model of Colitis Associated Cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67819. [PMID: 23805328 PMCID: PMC3689718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut derived lipid factors have been implicated in systemic injury and inflammation but the precise pathways involved are unknown. In addition, dietary fat intake and obesity are independent risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer. Here we studied the severity of experimental colitis and the development of colitis associated cancer (CAC) in mice with an inducible block in chylomicron secretion and fat malabsorption, following intestine-specific deletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp-IKO). Methodology/Principal Findings Mttp-IKO mice exhibited more severe injury with ∼90% mortality following dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis, compared to <20% in controls. Intestinal permeability was increased in Mttp-IKO mice compared to controls, both at baseline and after DSS administration, in association with increased circulating levels of TNFα. DSS treatment increased colonic mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-17A as well as inflammasome expression in both genotypes, but the abundance of TNFα was selectively increased in DSS treated Mttp-IKO mice. There was a 2-fold increase in colonic tumor burden in Mttp-IKO mice following azoxymethane/DSS treatment, which was associated with increased colonic inflammation as well as alterations in cytokine expression. To examine the pathways by which alterations in fatty acid abundance might interact with cytokine signaling to regulate colonic epithelial growth, we used primary murine myofibroblasts to demonstrate that palmitate induced expression of amphiregulin and epiregulin and augmented the increase in both of these growth mediators when added to IL-1βor to TNFα. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that Mttp-IKO mice, despite absorbing virtually no dietary fat, exhibit augmented fatty acid dependent signaling that in turn exacerbates colonic injury and increases tumor formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - ILKe Nalbantoglu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Kerr
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jianyang Luo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Deborah C. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Yang S, Cui H, Xie N, Icyuz M, Banerjee S, Antony VB, Abraham E, Thannickal VJ, Liu G. miR-145 regulates myofibroblast differentiation and lung fibrosis. FASEB J 2013; 27:2382-91. [PMID: 23457217 PMCID: PMC3659354 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-219493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression of smooth muscle actin-α (SMA-α) by fibroblasts defines phenotypic transition to myofibroblasts and is a primary contributor to contractile force generation by these differentiated cells. Although the regulation of SMA-α expression has been the focus of many studies, there is presently only limited information concerning miRNA regulation of lung myofibroblast differentiation and the involvement of these miRNAs in pulmonary fibrosis. To determine the role of miR-145 in regulating lung myofibroblast differentiation and pulmonary fibrosis. Wild-type and miR-145(-/-) mice were studied. Lung fibrosis models and cell culture systems were employed. miR-145 mimics or inhibitors were transfected into pulmonary fibroblasts. Fibrogenic and contractile activities of lung fibroblasts were determined. We found that miR-145 expression is upregulated in TGF-β1-treated lung fibroblasts. miR-145 expression is also increased in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as compared to in normal human lungs. Overexpression of miR-145 in lung fibroblasts increased SMA-α expression, enhanced contractility, and promoted formation of focal and fibrillar adhesions. In contrast, miR-145 deficiency diminished TGF-β1 induced SMA-α expression. miR-145 did not affect the activity of TGF-β1, but promoted the activation of latent TGF-β1. miR-145 targets KLF4, a known negative regulator of SMA-α expression. Finally, we found that miR-145(-/-) mice are protected from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. miR-145 plays an important role in the differentiation of lung myofibroblasts. miR-145 deficiency is protective against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, suggesting that miR-145 may be a potential target in the development of novel therapies to treat pathological fibrotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanzhong Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; and
| | - Huachun Cui
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; and
| | - Na Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; and
| | - Mert Icyuz
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; and
| | - Sami Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; and
| | - Veena B. Antony
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; and
| | - Edward Abraham
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; and
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; and
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a maladaptive response of the injured myocardium and is mediated through a complex interplay between molecular triggers and cellular responses. Interleukin (IL)-1β is a key inflammatory inducer in cardiac disease and promotes cell invasion and cardiomyocyte injury, but little is known of its impact on fibrosis. A major cornerstone of fibrosis is the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into myofibroblasts (myoFbs), which is highly promoted by Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β. Therefore, we asked how IL-1β functionally modulated CF-to-myoFb differentiation. Using a differentiation model of ventricular fibroblasts, we found that IL-1β instigated substantial anti-fibrogenic effects. In specific, IL-1β reduced proliferation, matrix activity, cell motility and α-smooth muscle actin expression, which are all hallmarks of myoFb differentiation. These findings suggest that IL-1β, besides from its acknowledged adverse role in the inflammatory response, can also exert beneficial effects in cardiac fibrosis by actively suppressing differentiation of CFs into fibrogenic myoFbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasse Brønnum
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Baarsma HA, Engelbertink LHJM, van Hees LJ, Menzen MH, Meurs H, Timens W, Postma DS, Kerstjens HAM, Gosens R. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) regulates TGF-β₁-induced differentiation of pulmonary fibroblasts. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 169:590-603. [PMID: 23297769 PMCID: PMC3682707 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lung diseases such as asthma, COPD and pulmonary fibrosis are characterized by abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. TGF-β is a key mediator stimulating ECM production by recruiting and activating lung fibroblasts and initiating their differentiation process into more active myofibroblasts. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) regulates various intracellular signalling pathways; its role in TGF-β₁-induced myofibroblast differentiation is currently largely unknown. PURPOSE To determine the contribution of GSK-3 signalling in TGF-β₁-induced myofibroblast differentiation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used MRC5 human lung fibroblasts and primary pulmonary fibroblasts of individuals with and without COPD. Protein and mRNA expression were determined by immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis respectively. RESULTS Stimulation of MRC5 and primary human lung fibroblasts with TGF-β₁ resulted in time- and dose-dependent increases of α-sm-actin and fibronectin expression, indicative of myofibroblast differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 by SB216763 dose-dependently attenuated TGF-β₁-induced expression of these myofibroblasts markers. Moreover, silencing of GSK-3 by siRNA or pharmacological inhibition by CT/CHIR99021 fully inhibited the TGF-β₁-induced expression of α-sm-actin and fibronectin. The effect of GSK-3 inhibition on α-sm-actin expression was similar in fibroblasts from individuals with and without COPD. Neither smad, NF-κB nor ERK1/2 were involved in the inhibitory actions of GSK-3 inhibition by SB126763 on myofibroblast differentiation. Rather, SB216763 increased the phosphorylation of CREB, which in its phosphorylated form acts as a functional antagonist of TGF-β/smad signalling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION We demonstrate that GSK-3 signalling regulates TGF-β₁-induced myofibroblast differentiation by regulating CREB phosphorylation. GSK-3 may constitute a useful target for treatment of chronic lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoeke A Baarsma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Sassoli C, Chellini F, Pini A, Tani A, Nistri S, Nosi D, Zecchi-Orlandini S, Bani D, Formigli L. Relaxin prevents cardiac fibroblast-myofibroblast transition via notch-1-mediated inhibition of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63896. [PMID: 23704950 PMCID: PMC3660557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone relaxin (RLX) is produced by the heart and has beneficial actions on the cardiovascular system. We previously demonstrated that RLX stimulates mouse neonatal cardiomyocyte growth, suggesting its involvement in endogenous mechanisms of myocardial histogenesis and regeneration. In the present study, we extended the experimentation by evaluating the effects of RLX on primary cultures of neonatal cardiac stromal cells. RLX inhibited TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, as judged by its ability to down-regulate α-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen expression. We also found that the hormone up-regulated metalloprotease (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression and downregulated the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 in TGF-β1-stimulated cells. Interestingly, the effects of RLX on cardiac fibroblasts involved the activation of Notch-1 pathway. Indeed, Notch-1 expression was significantly decreased in TGF-β1-stimulatedfibroblasts as compared to the unstimulated controls; this reduction was prevented by the addition of RLX to TGF-β1-stimulated cells. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of endogenous Notch-1 signaling by N-3,5-difluorophenyl acetyl-L-alanyl-2-phenylglycine-1,1-dimethylethyl ester (DAPT), a γ-secretase specific inhibitor, as well as the silencing of Notch-1 ligand, Jagged-1, potentiated TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and abrogated the inhibitory effects of RLX. Interestingly, RLX and Notch-1 exerted their inhibitory effects by interfering with TGF-β1 signaling, since the addition of RLX to TGF-β1-stimulated cells caused a significant decrease in Smad3 phosphorylation, a typical downstream event of TGF-β1 receptor activation, while the treatment with a prevented this effect. These data suggest that Notch signaling can down-regulate TGF-β1/Smad3-induced fibroblast-myofibroblast transition and that RLX could exert its well known anti-fibrotic action through the up-regulation of this pathway. In conclusion, the results of the present study beside supporting the role of RLX in the field of cardiac fibrosis, provide novel experimental evidence on the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Tani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Zecchi-Orlandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Formigli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine - Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
de Almeida EB, Cordeiro Cardoso J, Karla de Lima A, de Oliveira NL, de Pontes-Filho NT, Oliveira Lima S, Leal Souza IC, de Albuquerque-Júnior RLC. The incorporation of Brazilian propolis into collagen-based dressing films improves dermal burn healing. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 147:419-425. [PMID: 23542143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hydroalcoholic solutions of propolis, a resinous product produced by bees, have been currently employed in improving the cicatricial repair. Biological activity of propolis might be related to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomudalatory properties. AIM OF THIS STUDY Investigate the suitability of the collagen-based films containing hydroalcoholic extracts of two different varieties of Brazilian propolis (green and red ones) on the dermal burn healing in rodent model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hydroalcoholic extracts of red propolis (RP) or Green propolis (GP) were incorporated into collagen-based dressing films (COL). Burn wounds were performed in the dorsum of Wistar rats and dressing with COL, COL+GPa (0.5%), COL+GPb (1,0%) or COL+RP (0.5%). A control group (CTR) was performed keeping the wound undressed. The histological analyses were carried out after 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days for histological assessment of the inflammatory response, epithelization rates (ER), myofibroblastic count (MC) and collagenization pattern. RESULTS GPa, GPb and RP provided significant decrease of the inflammatory severity, improved the ER in GPa in 7 (p=0.000), 14 (p=0.000), 21 (p=0.005) and 30 days (p=0.015), and induced earlier replacement of type-III for type-I collagen (p<0.05) than COL and CTR. In all the groups, the MC increased progressively from 3 to 14 days, and then started to decrease slowly until 21 days. Although no significant difference was observed among the groups in 3, 7 and 30 days, the MC was significantly increased in RP in 14 (p=0.0001) and 21 days (p=0.04), as well as grosser interlacement of the collagen bundles compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION The incorporation of hydroalcoholic extracts of Brazilian propolis improved the biological events associated to burn healing without toxic effects, but the red variety provided the best results. Therefore, these collagen-based containing natural apicultural products films may be considered a promising new dressing for wound occlusion and tissue repairing.
Collapse
|
163
|
Cui Q, Fu S, Li Z. Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation in tendon fibroblasts: role of AMPK signaling pathway. J Physiol Sci 2013; 63:163-70. [PMID: 23371911 PMCID: PMC10718008 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced myofibroblastic differentiation in tendon fibroblasts was thought to be one of the most important features of scar fibrosis formation, which is associated with occurrence of re-rupture. Previously, we reported that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibited TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition in the Achilles tendon of rats. Here, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of HGF on TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation. We found that treatment with HGF (10, 20, and 40 ng/ml) increased phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in tendon fibroblasts. Pharmacological inhibition of the AMPK signaling pathway using compound C, a specific blocker of AMPK signaling, remarkably attenuated the inhibitory effect of HGF on TGF-β1-induced myofibroblastic differentiation in tendon fibroblasts. Moreover, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of AMPKα1 subunit decreased the inhibitory effect of HGF on TGF-β1-induced myofibroblastic differentiation in tendon fibroblasts. Finally, overexpression of constitutively active AMPKα1, which led to constitutive activation of the AMPK signaling pathway in tendon fibroblasts, mimicked the inhibitory effect of HGF on the TGF-β1-induced myofibroblastic differentiation. Our study therefore suggests that HGF inhibits TGF-β1-induced myofibroblastic differentiation via an AMPK signaling pathway-dependent manner in tendon fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Cui
- Pediatric Orthopedics Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaozhu Li
- Pediatric Orthopedics Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081 China
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Liu ML, Zou WJ, Huang MH, Zhao JB, Fu XY, Wang S. [Inhibitory effects of doxycycline on argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions and a-smooth muscle actin expression in proliferative bovine corneal myofibroblasts in vitro]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2013; 49:433-437. [PMID: 24021185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of doxycycline on the nucleolar organizing regions and a-smooth muscle actin expression in bovine corneal myofibroblasts in vitro and assess its contribution to ocular surface repair mechanisms. METHODS Cell culture and identification: bovine corneal fibroblasts were cultured after the stroma was incubated in 1.0 and 2.0 g/L type I collagenase in two stages.Isolated cells were plated at mantaryay culture flask in 10% of BSA RPMI-1640. Vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) organization were evaluated by immunocytochemistry. The cells staining positive for Vimentin and α-SMA indicated the presence of corneal myofibroblasts. Bovine corneal myofibroblasts were treated with different concentrations of doxycycline (10, 20, 40, 60, 80 mg/L) , a bland control group and the dexamethasone group (120 mg/L) were set up, each group had 30 cases. The argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions (AgNOR) staining and the immunohistochemistry for α-SMA were performed when the cells were treated for 24 hours and 48 hours. The AgNOR count (Ag-c), AgNOR area (Ag-a) and the expression of α-SMA in the bovine corneal myofibroblasts among each experiment group and control group were compared using one-way ANOVA, further pairwise comparisons using Independent-Samples t test. RESULTS Cell culture techniques were successfully used to establish a method for the isolation and culture of bovine corneal myofibroblasts. Microscopic examination and immunohistochemical staining confirmed that the cells cultured were bovine corneal myofibroblasts. The Ag-c and Ag-a of bovine corneal myofibroblasts progressively decreased as the concentrations of doxycycline was increase. 24 h:bland control group Ag-c was 6.40 ± 0.6, 60 mg/L doxycycline group Ag-c was 2.23 ± 0.43;bland control group Ag-a was (34.80 ± 2.36) µm(2), 60 mg/L doxycycline hormone group Ag-a was (19.91 ± 2.15) µm(2). 48 h: bland control group Ag-c was 7.27 ± 0.6,60 mg/L doxycycline hormone group Ag-c was 2.80 ± 0.76, bland control group Ag-a was (36.27 ± 1.99) µm(2), 60 mg/L doxycycline group Ag-a was (13.75 ± 2.09) µm(2). The differences were statistically significant: in the same time intervention (FAg-c 24 h = 252.55, FAg-a 24 h = 202.16, P < 0.05, FAg-c 48 h = 169.38, FAg-a 48 h = 853.23, P < 0.05), in the same concentrations intervention (tAg-c = 6.98, tAg-a = 11.62, P < 0.05). And 60 mg/L of doxycycline had an obviously inhibitory action as 120 mg/L dexamethasone in the same treated hours (dexamethasone group Ag-a 24 h = 30.56 ± 3.66, dexamethasone group Ag-a 48 h = 28.35 ± 1.23 ),the differences were not statistically significant (tAg-a 24h = 1.182, P = 0.242,tAg-a 48 h = 0.21, P = 0.832). As the concentrations investigated, doxycycline can inhibit the expression of α-SMA in the bovine corneal myofibroblasts (189.90 ± 7.48, 140.20 ± 7.79, 113.20 ± 8.98, 98.00 ± 3.50, 85.50 ± 4.99), the difference was statistically significant (F = 761.79, P = 0.00). While dexamethasone had no significant role in the expression of α-SMA (bland control group was 225.10 ± 6.74, the dexamethasone group was 228.50 ± 7.12), and the statistically difference was not obvious (t = 1.096, P = 0.287). CONCLUSIONS As the concentrations of doxycycline was increased from 10 mg/L to 80 mg/L, the AgNOR count and AgNOR area of bovine corneal myofibroblasts can be significantly reduced in vitro. Compared with dexamethasone, doxycycline significantly suppressed the expression of α-SMA in bovine corneal myofibroblasts in a dose-dependent positive trend.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-li Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Chen WD, Chu YF, Liu JJ, Hong MN, Gao PJ. RhoA-Rho kinase signaling pathway mediates adventitial fibroblasts differentiation to myofibroblasts induced by TGF-β1. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2013; 65:113-21. [PMID: 23598865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular adventitial fibroblasts (AF) differentiation to myofibroblasts (MF) is the critical physiopathologic feature of vascular remodeling. This study was to investigate the role of RhoA-Rho kinase signaling pathway in AF differentiation to MF induced by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). The results showed that TGF-β1 up-regulated total RhoA protein expression and RhoA activity in cultured AF by Western blotting and Rho pull-down assay, respectively. TGF-β1 up-regulated phospho-Myosin phosphatase target subunit (MYPT1, a downstream substrate of Rho kinase) expression without altering Rho kinase protein expression, indicating TGF-β1 induced the enhancement of activity of Rho kinase. Ad-N19RhoA-hrGFP virus infection and Y27632, a specific inhibitor of Rho kinase, dose-dependently inhibited TGF-β1-induced α-SM-actin and Calponin expression, as markers of MF differentiation. In conclusion, the RhoA-Rho kinase pathway is involved in AF differentiation to MF induced by TGF-β1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology at Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Li S, Li B, Jiang H, Wang Y, Qu M, Duan H, Zhou Q, Shi W. Macrophage depletion impairs corneal wound healing after autologous transplantation in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61799. [PMID: 23613940 PMCID: PMC3628839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Macrophages have been shown to play a critical role in the wound healing process. In the present study, the role of macrophages in wound healing after autologous corneal transplantation was investigated by depleting local infiltrated macrophages. Methods Autologous corneal transplantation model was used to induce wound repair in Balb/c mice. Macrophages were depleted by sub-conjunctival injections of clodronate-containing liposomes (Cl2MDP-LIP). The presence of CD11b+ F4/80+ macrophages, α-smooth muscle actin+ (α-SMA+) myofibroblasts, CD31+ vascular endothelial cells and NG2+ pericytes was examined by immunohistochemical and corneal whole-mount staining 14 days after penetrating keratoplasty. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated from Balb/c mice and transfused into conjunctiva to examine the recovery role of macrophages depletion on wound healing after autologous corneal transplantation. Results Sub-conjunctival Cl2MDP-LIP injection significantly depleted the corneal resident phagocytes and infiltrated macrophages into corneal stroma. Compared with the mice injected with PBS-liposome, the Cl2MDP-LIP-injected mice showed few inflammatory cells, irregularly distributed extracellular matrix, ingrowth of corneal epithelium into stroma, and even the detachment of donor cornea from recipient. Moreover, the number of macrophages, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells and pericytes was also decreased in the junction area between the donor and recipient cornea in macrophage-depleted mice. Peritoneal macrophages transfusion recovered the defect of corneal wound healing caused by macrophages depletion. Conclusions Macrophage depletion significantly impairs wound healing after autologous corneal transplantation through at least partially impacting on angiogenesis and wound closure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Li
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Haoran Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingli Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Haoyun Duan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (QZ); (WS)
| | - Weiyun Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (QZ); (WS)
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Hao Y, Zhang L, He J, Guo Z, Ying L, Xu Z, Zhang J, Lu J, Wang Q. Functional investigation of NCI-H460-inducible myofibroblasts on the chemoresistance to VP-16 with a microfluidic 3D co-culture device. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61754. [PMID: 23613925 PMCID: PMC3629031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, the major cell type in tumor stroma, are essential for tumor growth and survival, and represent an important therapeutic target for cancers. Here we presented a microfluidic co-culture device in which the three-dimensional (3D) matrix was employed to reconstruct an in vivo-like fibroblast-tumor cell microenvironment for investigation of the role of myofibroblasts induced by lung cancer cells in the chemoresistance to VP-16. Composed of a double-layer chip and an injection pump, the device houses fibroblasts and lung cancer cells co-cultured in 3D matrix and 2D mode to induce fibroblasts to become myofibroblasts with the supplement of the medium continuously. With this device, we verified that the cytokines secreted by lung cancer cells could effectively transform the fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Moreover, compared to fibroblasts, the myofibroblasts showed higher resistance to anticancer drug VP-16. We also demonstrated that this kind of acquired resistance in myofibroblasts was associated with the expression of Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GP78). We concluded that this device allows for the assay to characterize various cellular events in a single device sequentially, facilitating a better understanding of the interactions among heterotypic cells in a sophisticated microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lichuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Jiarui He
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Guo
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Li Ying
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Xu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (QW); (JXL)
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (QW); (JXL)
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Yu TS, Ling Y, Guan DW. [Progress in myofibroblast and its application in forensic medicine]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2013; 29:140-143. [PMID: 23930512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The myofibroblasts have dual characteristics of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. In repairing tissular wound, myofibroblasts are involved in fibrogenesis and remodeling the extracellular matrix of the fibrotic cascades reaction. The review describes the morphological characteristics and biological behaviors of myofibroblasts and the application of skin wound age determination, which may provide reference for research in forensic medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Shui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Ministry of Education, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100040, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Huang JW, Pan HJ, Yao WY, Tsao YW, Liao WY, Wu CW, Tung YC, Lee CH. Interaction between lung cancer cell and myofibroblast influenced by cyclic tensile strain. Lab Chip 2013; 13:1114-20. [PMID: 23348149 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using a cell culture chip with a deformable substrate driven by a hydraulic force, we investigated the motility of cancer cells affected by myofibroblasts undergoing cyclic tensile strain (CTS). CTS reduced both the expression of α-smooth muscle actin in the myofibroblast and the ability of the myofibroblast to accelerate cancer cell migration. However, with the treatment of a pro-inflammatory factor interleukin-1β on the myofibroblasts, the effects of CTS on the myofibroblast were diminished. This result suggests an antagonism between mechanical and chemical stimulations on mediating cancer metastasis by the stromal myofibroblast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Wei Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Vaithilingam V, Fung C, Ratnapala S, Foster J, Vaghjiani V, Manuelpillai U, Tuch BE. Characterisation of the xenogeneic immune response to microencapsulated fetal pig islet-like cell clusters transplanted into immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59120. [PMID: 23554983 PMCID: PMC3598741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of microencapsulated fetal pig islet-like cell clusters (FP ICCs) offers a potential cellular therapy for type 1 diabetes. Although microcapsules prevent direct contact of the host immune system with the xenografted tissue, poor graft survival is still an issue. This study aimed to characterise the nature of the host immune cells present on the engrafted microcapsules and effects on encapsulated FP ICCs that were transplanted into immunocompetent mice. Encapsulated FP ICCs were transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice. Grafts retrieved at days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-transplantation were analysed for pericapsular fibrotic overgrowth (PFO), cell viability, intragraft porcine gene expression, macrophages, myofibroblasts and intraperitoneal murine cytokines. Graft function was assessed ex vivo by insulin secretion studies. Xenogeneic immune response to encapsulated FP ICCs was associated with enhanced intragraft mRNA expression of porcine antigens MIP-1α, IL-8, HMGB1 and HSP90 seen within the first two weeks post-transplantation. This was associated with the recruitment of host macrophages, infiltration of myofibroblasts and collagen deposition leading to PFO which was evident from day 7 post-transplantation. This was accompanied by a decrease in cell viability and loss of FP ICC architecture. The only pro-inflammatory cytokine detected in the murine peritoneal flushing was TNF-α with levels peaking at day 7 post transplantation. This correlated with the onset of PFO at day 7 implying activated macrophages as its source. The anti-inflammatory cytokines detected were IL-5 and IL-4 with levels peaking at days 1 and 7, respectively. Porcine C-peptide was undetectable at all time points post-transplantation. PFO was absent and murine intraperitoneal cytokines were undetectable when empty microcapsules were transplanted. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the macrophages are direct effectors of the xenogeneic immune response to encapsulated FP ICCs leading to PFO mediated by a combination of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaganapathy Vaithilingam
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Materials, Science and Engineering, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cherry Fung
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sabina Ratnapala
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jayne Foster
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vijesh Vaghjiani
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ursula Manuelpillai
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernard E. Tuch
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Materials, Science and Engineering, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Hou L, Hu B, Jalife J. Genetically engineered excitable cardiac myofibroblasts coupled to cardiomyocytes rescue normal propagation and reduce arrhythmia complexity in heterocellular monolayers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55400. [PMID: 23393574 PMCID: PMC3564921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale and Objective The use of genetic engineering of unexcitable cells to enable expression of gap junctions and inward rectifier potassium channels has suggested that cell therapies aimed at establishing electrical coupling of unexcitable donor cells to host cardiomyocytes may be arrhythmogenic. Whether similar considerations apply when the donor cells are electrically excitable has not been investigated. Here we tested the hypothesis that adenoviral transfer of genes coding Kir2.1 (IK1), NaV1.5 (INa) and connexin-43 (Cx43) proteins into neonatal rat ventricular myofibroblasts (NRVF) will convert them into fully excitable cells, rescue rapid conduction velocity (CV) and reduce the incidence of complex reentry arrhythmias in an in vitro model. Methods and Results We used adenoviral (Ad-) constructs encoding Kir2.1, NaV1.5 and Cx43 in NRVF. In single NRVF, Ad-Kir2.1 or Ad-NaV1.5 infection enabled us to regulate the densities of IK1 and INa, respectively. At varying MOI ratios of 10/10, 5/10 and 5/20, NRVF co-infected with Ad-Kir2.1+ NaV1.5 were hyperpolarized and generated action potentials (APs) with upstroke velocities >100 V/s. However, when forming monolayers only the addition of Ad-Cx43 made the excitable NRVF capable of conducting electrical impulses (CV = 20.71±0.79 cm/s). When genetically engineered excitable NRVF overexpressing Kir2.1, NaV1.5 and Cx43 were used to replace normal NRVF in heterocellular monolayers that included neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM), CV was significantly increased (27.59±0.76 cm/s vs. 21.18±0.65 cm/s, p<0.05), reaching values similar to those of pure myocytes monolayers (27.27±0.72 cm/s). Moreover, during reentry, propagation was faster and more organized, with a significantly lower number of wavebreaks in heterocellular monolayers formed by excitable compared with unexcitable NRVF. Conclusion Viral transfer of genes coding Kir2.1, NaV1.5 and Cx43 to cardiac myofibroblasts endows them with the ability to generate and propagate APs. The results provide proof of concept that cell therapies with excitable donor cells increase safety and reduce arrhythmogenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luqia Hou
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bin Hu
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - José Jalife
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Jean JC, George E, Kaestner KH, Brown LAS, Spira A, Joyce-Brady M. Transcription factor Klf4, induced in the lung by oxygen at birth, regulates perinatal fibroblast and myofibroblast differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54806. [PMID: 23372771 PMCID: PMC3553006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluid-filled lung exists in relative hypoxia in utero (∼25 mm Hg), but at birth fills with ambient air where the partial pressure of oxygen is ∼150 mm Hg. The impact of this change was studied in mouse lung with microarrays to analyze gene expression one day before, and 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours after birth into room air or 10% O2. The expression levels of >150 genes, representing transcriptional regulation, structure, apoptosis and antioxidants were altered 2 hrs after birth in room air but blunted or absent with birth in 10% O2. Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), a regulator of cell growth arrest and differentiation, was the most significantly altered lung gene at birth. Its protein product was expressed in fibroblasts and airway epithelial cells. Klf4 mRNA was induced in lung fibroblasts exposed to hyperoxia and constitutive expression of Klf4 mRNA in Klf4-null fibroblasts induced mRNAs for p21cip1/Waf1, smooth muscle actin, type 1 collagen, fibronectin and tenascin C. In Klf4 perinatal null lung, p21cip1/Waf1mRNA expression was deficient prior to birth and associated with ongoing cell proliferation after birth; connective tissue gene expression was deficient around birth and smooth muscle actin protein expression was absent from myofibroblasts at tips of developing alveoli; p53, p21cip1/Waf1 and caspase-3 protein expression were widespread at birth suggesting excess apoptosis compared to normal lung. We propose that the changing oxygen environment at birth acts as a physiologic signal to induce lung Klf4 mRNA expression, which then regulates proliferation and apoptosis in fibroblasts and airway epithelial cells, and connective tissue gene expression and myofibroblast differentiation at the tips of developing alveoli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Chang Jean
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth George
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- College of Engineering, Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Klaus H. Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lou Ann Scism Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Avrum Spira
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- College of Engineering, Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin Joyce-Brady
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Ruiz-Villalba A, Ziogas A, Ehrbar M, Pérez-Pomares JM. Characterization of epicardial-derived cardiac interstitial cells: differentiation and mobilization of heart fibroblast progenitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53694. [PMID: 23349729 PMCID: PMC3548895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-muscular cells that populate the space found between cardiomyocyte fibers are known as ‘cardiac interstitial cells’ (CICs). CICs are heterogeneous in nature and include different cardiac progenitor/stem cells, cardiac fibroblasts and other cell types. Upon heart damage CICs soon respond by initiating a reparative response that transforms with time into extensive fibrosis and heart failure. Despite the biomedical relevance of CICs, controversy remains on the ontogenetic relationship existing between the different cell kinds homing at the cardiac interstitium, as well as on the molecular signals that regulate their differentiation, maturation, mutual interaction and role in adult cardiac homeostasis and disease. Our work focuses on the analysis of epicardial-derived cells, the first cell type that colonizes the cardiac interstitium. We present here a characterization and an experimental analysis of the differentiation potential and mobilization properties of a new cell line derived from mouse embryonic epicardium (EPIC). Our results indicate that these cells express some markers associated with cardiovascular stemness and retain part of the multipotent properties of embryonic epicardial derivatives, spontaneously differentiating into smooth muscle, and fibroblast/myofibroblast-like cells. Epicardium-derived cells are also shown to initiate a characteristic response to different growth factors, to display a characteristic proteolytic expression profile and to degrade biological matrices in 3D in vitro assays. Taken together, these data indicate that EPICs are relevant to the analysis of epicardial-derived CICs, and are a god model for the research on cardiac fibroblasts and the role these cells play in ventricular remodeling in both ischemic or non/ischemic myocardial disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Algirdas Ziogas
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - José M. Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Veerasamy M, Phanish M, Dockrell MEC. Smad mediated regulation of inhibitor of DNA binding 2 and its role in phenotypic maintenance of human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51842. [PMID: 23320068 PMCID: PMC3540025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic-Helix-Loop-Helix family (bHLH) of transcriptional factors plays a major role in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation and phenotype maintenance. The downregulation of one of the members of bHLH family protein, inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) has been shown to induce de-differentiation of epithelial cells. Opposing regulators of epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTEC), TGFβ1 and BMP7 also have counter-regulatory effects in models of renal fibrosis. We investigated the regulation of Id2 by these growth factors in human PTECs and its implication in the expression of markers of epithelial versus myofibroblastic phenotype. Cellular Id2 levels were reduced by TGFβ1 treatment; this was prevented by co-incubation with BMP7. BMP7 alone increased cellular levels of Id2. TGFβ1 and BMP7 regulated Id2 through Smad2/3 and Smad1/5 dependent mechanisms respectively. TGFβ1 mediated Id2 suppression was essential for α-SMA induction in PTECs. Although Id2 over-expression prevented α-SMA induction, it did not prevent E-cadherin loss under the influence of TGFβ1. This suggests that the loss of gate keeper function of E-cadherin alone may not necessarily result in complete EMT and further transcriptional re-programming is essential to attain mesenchymal phenotype. Although BMP7 abolished TGFβ1 mediated α-SMA expression by restoring Id2 levels, the loss of Id2 was not sufficient to induce α-SMA expression even in the context of reduced E-cadherin expression. Hence, a reduction in Id2 is critical for TGFβ1-induced α-SMA expression in this model of human PTECs but is not sufficient in it self to induce α-SMA even in the context of reduced E-cadherin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mangalakumar Veerasamy
- South West Thames Institute for Renal Research, St.Helier University Hospital NHS Trust, Carshalton, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Etich J, Bergmeier V, Frie C, Kreft S, Bengestrate L, Eming S, Mauch C, Eckes B, Ulus H, Lund FE, Rappl G, Abken H, Paulsson M, Brachvogel B. PECAM1(+)/Sca1(+)/CD38(+) vascular cells transform into myofibroblast-like cells in skin wound repair. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53262. [PMID: 23308177 PMCID: PMC3537615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin injury induces the formation of new blood vessels by activating the vasculature in order to restore tissue homeostasis. Vascular cells may also differentiate into matrix-secreting contractile myofibroblasts to promote wound closure. Here, we characterize a PECAM1+/Sca1+ vascular cell population in mouse skin, which is highly enriched in wounds at the peak of neoangiogenesis and myofibroblast formation. These cells express endothelial and perivascular markers and present the receptor CD38 on their surface. PECAM1+/Sca1+/CD38+ cells proliferate upon wounding and could give rise to α-SMA+ myofibroblast-like cells. CD38 stimulation in immunodeficient mice reduced the wound size at the peak of neoangiogenesis and myofibroblast formation. In humans a corresponding cell population was identified, which was enriched in sprouting vessels of basal cell carcinoma biopsies. The results indicate that PECAM1+/Sca1+/CD38+ vascular cells could proliferate and differentiate into myofibroblast-like cells in wound repair. Moreover, CD38 signaling modulates PECAM1+/Sca1+/CD38+ cell activation in the healing process implying CD38 as a target for anti-angiogenic therapies in human basal cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Etich
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Vera Bergmeier
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Christian Frie
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sandra Kreft
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Lena Bengestrate
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sabine Eming
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Cornelia Mauch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Beate Eckes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Hikmet Ulus
- Clinic for Paediatric Surgery, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Gunter Rappl
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Tumorgenetics, Department I of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Tumorgenetics, Department I of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging - Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly complex tissue composed of neoplastic and stromal cells. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are commonly found in the cancer stroma, where they promote tumor growth and enhance vascularity in the microenvironment. Upon exposure to oxidative stress, fibroblasts undergo activation to become myofibroblasts. These cells are highly mobile and contractile and often express numerous mesenchymal markers. CAF activation is irreversible, making them incapable of being removed by nemosis. In breast cancer, almost 80% of stromal fibroblasts acquire an activated phenotype that manifests by secretion of elevated levels of growth factors, cytokines, and metalloproteinases. They also produce hydrogen peroxide, which induces the generation of subsequent sets of activated fibroblasts and tumorigenic alterations in epithelial cells. While under oxidative stress, the tumor stroma releases high energy nutrients that fuel cancer cells and facilitate their growth and survival. This review describes how breast cancer progression is dependent upon oxidative stress activated stroma and proposes potential new therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jezierska-Drutel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Steven A. Rosenzweig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carola A. Neumann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Magee-Womens-Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Kordes C, Sawitza I, Götze S, Häussinger D. Stellate cells from rat pancreas are stem cells and can contribute to liver regeneration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51878. [PMID: 23272184 PMCID: PMC3521726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells is still under discussion. They were suggested to derive from the pancreatic ductal epithelium and/or islets. Here we report that rat pancreatic stellate cells (PSC), which are thought to contribute to pancreatic fibrosis, have stem cell characteristics. PSC reside in islets and between acini and display a gene expression pattern similar to umbilical cord blood stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Cytokine treatment of isolated PSC induced the expression of typical hepatocyte markers. The PSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells expressed endodermal proteins such as bile salt export pump along with the mesodermal protein vimentin. The transplantation of culture-activated PSC from enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing rats into wild type rats after partial hepatectomy in the presence of 2-acetylaminofluorene revealed that PSC were able to reconstitute large areas of the host liver through differentiation into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. This developmental fate of transplanted PSC was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization of chromosome Y after gender-mismatched transplantation of male PSC into female rats. Transplanted PSC displayed long-lasting survival, whereas muscle fibroblasts were unable to integrate into the host liver. The differentiation potential of PSC was further verified by the transplantation of clonally expanded PSC. PSC clones maintained the expression of stellate cell and stem cell markers and preserved their differentiation potential, which indicated self-renewal potential of PSC. These findings demonstrate that PSC have stem cell characteristics and can contribute to the regeneration of injured organs through differentiation across tissue boundaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Kordes
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Iris Sawitza
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Silke Götze
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Du YY, Yao R, Pu S, Zhao XY, Liu GH, Zhao LS, Chen QH, Li L. [Mesenchymal stem cells implantation increases the myofibroblasts congregating in infarct region in a rat model of myocardial infarction]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2012; 40:1045-1050. [PMID: 23363722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the modulation effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) implantation on the myofibroblasts congregating in the infarct region after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS MI was induced in SD rats by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation, and the experimental animals were assigned randomly into the sham group, MI + PBS group and MI + MSC group (myocardial injection of 0.1 ml 2×10(7)/ml in four locations in the infarct region). Echocardiography, hemodynamic examinations and Masson trichrome staining were performed. Implanted MSC differentiation and myofibroblasts congregating in infarct region were investigated by immunofluorescence staining. TGF-β(1)-Smad2 signaling pathway was examined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS (1) Four weeks late, heart-weight/body-weight ratio [(3.04 ± 0.16) mg/g vs. (3.34 ± 0.14) mg/g, P < 0.01] and myocardial infarction size [(38.72 ± 2.38)% vs. (46.36 ± 2.81)%, P < 0.01] were significantly reduced in MI + MSC group than in MI + PBS group, while scar thickness of infarct region was thicker [(0.93 ± 0.17) mm vs. (0.65 ± 0.16) mm, P = 0.01], and LVEF was higher [LVEF: (32.5 ± 5.9)% vs. (26.5 ± 4.5)%, P = 0.03] in MI + MSC group than in MI + PBS group. (2) Myofibroblasts congregating in the infarct region was significantly enhanced in MI + MSC group compared with MI + PBS group [(196 ± 20) cells/mm(2) vs. (89 ± 25) cells/mm(2), P < 0.01], and part of implanted MSC expressed α-SMA(+). (3) TGF-β(1) expression and the phosphorylating of Smad2 in the infarct region were significantly upregulated in MI + MSC group compared with MI + PBS group (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MSC could improve myocardial function and promote myofibroblasts congregating in the infarct region via activating the TGF-β(1)-Smad2 signaling pathway in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-you Du
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Yu W, Zeidel ML, Hill WG. Cellular expression profile for interstitial cells of cajal in bladder - a cell often misidentified as myocyte or myofibroblast. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48897. [PMID: 23145014 PMCID: PMC3492220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been identified in urinary bladder of several species, but their presence in mice remains uncertain. Meanwhile, dozens of reports indicate that dysregulation of connexin 43 plays an important role in bladder overactivity, but its localization has not been clearly defined, with reports of expression in either the smooth muscle or in myofibroblasts. We recently identified a population of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) positive cells that resemble ICC and are distinct from smooth muscle, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and neurons. Thus we sought to define more clearly the molecular signature of ICC and in doing so resolve some of these uncertainties. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Immunofluorescent localization revealed that NTPDase2-positive cells lie closely adjacent to smooth muscle but are separate from them. NTPDase2 positive cells exhibited co-localization with the widely accepted ICC marker - c-kit. They were further shown to co-localize with other ICC markers CD34 and Ano1, but not with mast cell marker tryptase. Significantly, they show convincing co-localization with connexin 43, which was not present in smooth muscle. The identity of these cells as ICC was further confirmed by the presence of three mesenchymal markers - vimentin, desmin, and PDGFβ receptor, which indicates their mesenchymal origin. Finally, we observed for the first time, the presence of merlin/neurofibromin 2 in ICC. Normally considered a neuronal protein, the presence of merlin suggests ICC in bladder may have a role in neurotransmission. CONCLUSIONS NTPDase2 positive cells in mice bladder are ICC, which can be defined by the presence of c-Kit, CD34, Ano1, NTPDase2, connexin 43, vimentin, desmin, PDGFβ receptor and merlin/NF2. These data establish a definitive molecular expression profile, which can be used to assist in explorations of their functional roles, and the presence of NTPDase2 suggests that purinergic signaling plays a role in regulation of ICC function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Yu
- Laboratory of Voiding Dysfunction, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
Zenzmaier C, Kern J, Sampson N, Heitz M, Plas E, Untergasser G, Berger P. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition reverts prostate fibroblast-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5546-55. [PMID: 22948216 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors have been demonstrated to improve lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Because BPH is primarily driven by fibroblast-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of the PDE5 inhibitor vardenafil to inhibit and reverse trans-differentiation of primary human prostatic stromal cells (PrSC). Vardenafil, sodium nitroprusside, lentiviral-delivered short hairpin RNA-mediated PDE5 knockdown, sodium orthovanadate, and inhibitors of MAPK kinase, protein kinase G, Ras homolog family member (Rho) A, RhoA/Rho kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and protein kinase B (AKT) were applied to PrSC treated with basic fibroblast growth factor (fibroblasts) or TGFβ1 (myofibroblasts) in vitro, in chicken chorioallantoic membrane xenografts in vivo, and to prostatic organoids ex vivo. Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation was monitored by smooth muscle cell actin and IGF binding protein 3 mRNA and protein levels. Vardenafil significantly attenuated TGFβ1-induced PrSC trans-differentiation in vitro and in chorioallantoic membrane xenografts. Enhancement of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling by vardenafil, sodium nitroprusside, or PDE5 knockdown reduced smooth muscle cell actin and IGF binding protein 3 mRNA and protein levels and restored fibroblast-like morphology in trans-differentiated myofibroblast. This reversal of trans-differentiation was not affected by MAPK kinase, protein kinase G, RhoA, or RhoA/Rho kinase inhibition, but vardenafil attenuated phospho-AKT levels in myofibroblasts. Consistently, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase or AKT inhibition induced reversal of trans-differentiation, whereas the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate abrogated the effect of vardenafil. Treatment of prostatic organoids with vardenafil ex vivo reduced expression of myofibroblast markers, indicating reverse remodeling of stroma towards a desired higher fibroblast/myofibroblast ratio. Thus, enhancement of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway by vardenafil attenuates and reverts fibroblast-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation, hypothesizing that BPH patients might benefit from long-term therapy with PDE5 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zenzmaier
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
Zhou X, Dobrev D. Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels: novel players in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition with a potential role in atrial arrhythmogenesis? J Physiol 2012; 590:4975. [PMID: 23082023 PMCID: PMC3497552 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.241455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhou
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Perugorria MJ, Wilson CL, Zeybel M, Walsh M, Amin S, Robinson S, White SA, Burt AD, Oakley F, Tsukamoto H, Mann DA, Mann J. Histone methyltransferase ASH1 orchestrates fibrogenic gene transcription during myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Hepatology 2012; 56:1129-39. [PMID: 22488473 PMCID: PMC3430805 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to a myofibroblast-like phenotype is the pivotal event in liver fibrosis. The dramatic change in phenotype associated with transdifferentiation is underpinned by a global change in gene expression. Orchestrated changes in gene expression take place at the level of chromatin packaging which is regulated by enzymatic activity of epigenetic regulators that in turn affect histone modifications. Using expression profiling of epigenetic regulators in quiescent and activated primary HSCs we found a number of histone methyltransferases including MLL1, MLL5, Set1 and ASH1 to be highly up-regulated during transdifferentiation of HSCs. All of these histone methyltransferases regulate methylation of lysine 4 of histone H3, which is a signature of actively transcribed genes. We therefore postulated that one or more of these enzymes may be involved in positively influencing expression of profibrogenic genes. CONCLUSION We find that ASH1 directly binds to the regulatory regions of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), collagen I, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) in activated HSCs while depletion of ASH1 caused broad suppression of fibrogenic gene expression. We also discovered that MeCP2 positively regulates ASH1 expression and therefore identify ASH1 as a key transcriptional activator component of the MeCP2 epigenetic relay pathway that orchestrates coordinated induction of multiple profibrogenic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesus Perugorria
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Caroline L Wilson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mujdat Zeybel
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Meagan Walsh
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Shilu Amin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stuart Robinson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Steven A White
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alastair D Burt
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derek A Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jelena Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Quinlan AMT, Billiar KL. Investigating the role of substrate stiffness in the persistence of valvular interstitial cell activation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2474-82. [PMID: 22581728 PMCID: PMC3880130 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During heart valve remodeling and in many disease states, valvular interstitial cells (VICs) shift to an activated myofibroblast phenotype characterized by enhanced synthetic and contractile activity. Pronounced alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive stress fibers, the hallmark of activated myofibroblasts, are also observed in VICs cultured on stiff substrates especially in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), however, the detailed relationship between stiffness and VIC phenotype has not been explored. The goal of this study was to characterize VIC activation as a function of substrate stiffness over a wide range of stiffness levels including that of diseased valves (stiff), normal valves (compliant), and hydrogels for heart valve tissue engineering (very soft). VICs obtained from porcine aortic valves were cultured on stiff tissue culture plastic to activate them, then, cultured on collagen-coated polyacrylamide substrates of predefined stiffness in a high-throughput culture system to assess the persistence of activation. Metrics extracted from regression analysis demonstrate that relative to a compliant substrate, stiff substrates result in higher cell numbers, more pronounced expression of αSMA-positive stress fibers, and larger spread area which is in qualitative agreement with previous studies. Our data also indicate that VICs require a much lower substrate stiffness level to "deactivate" them than previously thought. The high sensitivity of VICs to substrate stiffness demonstrates the importance of the mechanical properties of materials used for valve repair or for engineering valve tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Throm Quinlan
- Dept of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Kristen L. Billiar
- Dept of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA
- Dept of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Wang H, Haeger SM, Kloxin AM, Leinwand LA, Anseth KS. Redirecting valvular myofibroblasts into dormant fibroblasts through light-mediated reduction in substrate modulus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39969. [PMID: 22808079 PMCID: PMC3396623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts residing in connective tissues throughout the body are responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and repair. In response to tissue damage, they activate to become myofibroblasts, which have organized contractile cytoskeletons and produce a myriad of proteins for ECM remodeling. However, persistence of myofibroblasts can lead to fibrosis with excessive collagen deposition and tissue stiffening. Thus, understanding which signals regulate de-activation of myofibroblasts during normal tissue repair is critical. Substrate modulus has recently been shown to regulate fibrogenic properties, proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts isolated from different organs. However, few studies track the cellular responses of fibroblasts to dynamic changes in the microenvironmental modulus. Here, we utilized a light-responsive hydrogel system to probe the fate of valvular myofibroblasts when the Young’s modulus of the substrate was reduced from ∼32 kPa, mimicking pre-calcified diseased tissue, to ∼7 kPa, mimicking healthy cardiac valve fibrosa. After softening the substrata, valvular myofibroblasts de-activated with decreases in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) stress fibers and proliferation, indicating a dormant fibroblast state. Gene signatures of myofibroblasts (including α-SMA and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)) were significantly down-regulated to fibroblast levels within 6 hours of in situ substrate elasticity reduction while a general fibroblast gene vimentin was not changed. Additionally, the de-activated fibroblasts were in a reversible state and could be re-activated to enter cell cycle by growth stimulation and to express fibrogenic genes, such as CTGF, collagen 1A1 and fibronectin 1, in response to TGF-β1. Our data suggest that lowering substrate modulus can serve as a cue to down-regulate the valvular myofibroblast phenotype resulting in a predominantly quiescent fibroblast population. These results provide insight in designing hydrogel substrates with physiologically relevant stiffness to dynamically redirect cell fate in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Haeger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Peng CC, Chen KC, Hsieh CL, Peng RY. Swimming exercise prevents fibrogenesis in chronic kidney disease by inhibiting the myofibroblast transdifferentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37388. [PMID: 22761655 PMCID: PMC3384651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The renal function of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients may be improved by a number of rehabilitative mechanisms. Swimming exercise training was supposed to be beneficial to its recovery. Methodology/Principal Findings Doxorubicin-induced CKD (DRCKD) rat model was performed. Swimming training was programmed three days per week, 30 or 60 min per day for a total period of 11 weeks. Serum biochemical and pathological parameters were examined. In DRCKD, hyperlipidemia was observed. Active mesangial cell activation was evidenced by overexpression of PDGFR, P-PDGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9, α-SMA, and CD34 with a huge amount collagen deposition. Apparent myofibroblast transdifferentiation implicating fibrogenesis in the glomerular mesangium, glomerulonephritis and glomeruloscelorosis was observed with highly elevated proteinuria and urinary BUN excretion. The 60-min swimming exercise but not the 30 min equivalent rescued most of the symptoms. To quantify the effectiveness of exercise training, a physical parameter, i.e. “the strenuosity coefficient” or “the myokine releasing coefficient”, was estimated to be 7.154×10−3 pg/mL-J. Conclusions The 60-min swimming exercise may ameliorate DRCKD by inhibiting the transdifferentiation of myofibroblasts in the glomerular mesangium. Moreover, rehabilitative exercise training to rescue CKD is a personalized remedy. Benefits depend on the duration and strength of exercise, and more importantly, on the individual physiological condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Weiss M, Unterhauser FN, Weiler A. Crimp frequency is strongly correlated to myofibroblast density in the human anterior cruciate ligament and its autologous tendon grafts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:889-95. [PMID: 21879329 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Collagen crimp is essential for maintaining viscoelastic properties of normal ligament and tendon tissue. The actin isoform α-smooth muscle actin (ASMA) has been identified in fibroblastic cells of these tissues. These highly differentiated cells, so-called myofibroblasts may transmit tensile forces to the extracellular matrix, thus it has been suggested that they are responsible for the wrinkling of the extracellular matrix and the formation of crimp. During anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft remodeling, crimp formation plays an integral role. Thus, it was our purpose to determine the relationship between myofibroblast density and crimp frequency in human tendon graft tissue and the ACL. METHODS Different tendon grafts and ACLs were harvested from young human multi-organ donors immediately after death. Myofibroblasts were immunostained with a monoclonal antibody, and histomorphometry was performed using a digital imaging system. Crimp length was measured, and data were correlated. RESULTS All tendons and ACLs showed a significant correlation of myofibroblast density and crimp frequency (R(2) 0.81-0.43). The strongest correlation was found for the patellar tendon, the poorest for the gracilis tendon. There is also evidence that the phenotype respectively the shape of myofibroblasts might be responsible for different stages of crimp formation. CONCLUSION With the present investigation, we found that myofibroblasts might be involved in crimp formation and should be viewed as an integral part of normal tendon and ligament tissue. Furthermore, the shape of myofibroblasts may further indicate the contractile potency of the extracellular matrix, thus presenting a dynamic and variable crimp rather than a static situation. This study is an experimental study. In terms of clinical relevance all the mentioned tendons can be used as auto- or allografts for ACL reconstruction, nevertheless their microscopic structure and cellular population have yet not been adequately investigated and compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weiss
- Klinik für Arthroskopische Chirurgie und Sporttraumatologie, Krankenhaus St. Josef, Bergstr. 6 - 12, 42105, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Wilson SE. Corneal myofibroblast biology and pathobiology: generation, persistence, and transparency. Exp Eye Res 2012; 99:78-88. [PMID: 22542905 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Important advances have led to a better understanding of the biology and pathobiology of corneal myofibroblasts and their generation after surgery, injury, infection and disease. Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta, along with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and interleukin (IL)-1, has been shown to regulate myofibroblast development and death in in-vitro and in-situ animal models. The myofibroblast precursor cells regulated by these cytokines include both keratocyte-derived and bone marrow-derived cells. Cytokines that promote and maintain myofibroblasts associated with late haze after photorefractive keratectomy are modulated in part by the epithelial basement membrane functioning as barrier between the epithelium and stroma. Structural and functional defects in the basement membrane likely lead to prolonged elevation of TGFβ, and perhaps other cytokine, levels in the stroma necessary to promote differentiation of myofibroblasts. Conversely, repair of the epithelial basement membrane likely leads to a decrease in stromal TGFβ levels and apoptosis of myofibroblasts. Repopulating keratocytes subsequently reorganize the associated fibrotic extracellular matrix deposited in the anterior stroma by the myofibroblasts. Investigations of myofibroblast biology are likely to lead to safer pharmacological modulators of corneal wound healing and transparency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wilson
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Liu T, Zhang J. [Role of PDGF-A/PDGFR-α in proliferation and transdifferentiation of fibroblasts from skin lesions of patients with systemic sclerosis]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2012; 32:496-501. [PMID: 22543129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A)/PDGF receptor-α (PDGFR-α) signaling pathway in the proliferation and transdifferentiation of fibroblasts (FB) into myofibroblasts (MFB) in the skin lesions of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS The primary FBs isolated from the skin lesions of SSc patients and normal adult skin cultured in vitro were examined for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) using immunocytochemistry. The FBs were incubated with different concentrations of PDGF-AA and the changes in their proliferative activity were quantified with MTT assay. RT-PCR was used to determine the effects of transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)) and PDGF-AA, either alone or in combination, on the expression levels of PDGFR-α and α-SMA mRNA in the FBs. RESULTS Although the FBs of the two groups were morphologically similar, only FBs from the skin lesion showed positive staining for α-SMA. Below the saturated concentration of PDGF, the FBs in the two groups both proliferated in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), but the FBs from the SSc lesions always showed a significantly higher proliferative activity (P<0.05). PDGF-AA and TGF-β(1), alone or in combination, up-regulated the expression level of PDGFR-α and α-SMA mRNA in the FBs from SSc lesions; similar results were obtained in the control FBs, except that TGF-β(1) alone did not influence PDGFR-α mRNA expression. PDGFR-α and α-SMA mRNA always showed higher expressions in FBs in SSc lesions than in the control FBs with the same treatments (P<0.05). The expression levels of PDGFR-α and α-SMA mRNA increased in the order of untreated, PDGF-AA, TGF-β(1) and PDGF-AA plus TGF-β(1) groups and showed a strong positive correlation between them (r=0.925, P<0.05). CONCLUSION The FBs from the skin lesions of SSc patients have a distinct feature of transdifferentiation into MFB. Over-expression of PDGFR-α on the surface of FBs from SSc lesions can bind more PDGF-AA ligands to increase cell proliferation and promote transdifferentiation to MFB, and TGF-β(1) further enhances this effect .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Collge of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Waxman AS, Kornreich BG, Gould RA, Moïse NS, Butcher JT. Interactions between TGFβ1 and cyclic strain in modulation of myofibroblastic differentiation of canine mitral valve interstitial cells in 3D culture. J Vet Cardiol 2012; 14:211-21. [PMID: 22386586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanisms of myxomatous valve degeneration (MVD) are poorly understood. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFβ1) induces myofibroblastic activation in mitral valve interstitial cells (MVIC) in static 2D culture, but the roles of more physiological 3D matrix and cyclic mechanical strain are unclear. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that cyclic strain and TGFβ1 interact to modify MVIC phenotype in 3D culture. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS MVIC were isolated from dogs with and without MVD and cultured for 7 days in type 1 collagen hydrogels with and without 5 ng/ml TGFβ1. MVIC with MVD were subjected to 15% cyclic equibiaxial strain with static cultures serving as controls. Myofibroblastic phenotype was assessed via 3D matrix compaction, cell morphology, and expression of myofibroblastic (TGFβ3, alpha-smooth muscle actin - αSMA) and fibroblastic (vimentin) markers. RESULTS Exogenous TGFβ1 increased matrix compaction by canine MVIC with and without MVD, which correlated with increased cell spreading and elongation. TGFβ1 increased αSMA and TGFβ3 gene expression, but not vimentin expression, in 15% cyclically stretched MVIC. Conversely, 15% cyclic strain significantly increased vimentin protein and gene expression, but not αSMA or TGFβ3. 15% cyclic strain however was unable to counteract the effects of TGFβ1 stimulation on MVIC. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TGFβ1 induces myofibroblastic differentiation (MVD phenotype) of canine MVIC in 3D culture, while 15% cyclic strain promotes a more fibroblastic phenotype. Mechanical and biochemical interactions likely regulate MVIC phenotype with dose dependence. 3D culture systems can systematically investigate these phenomena and identify their underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Waxman
- Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Bourlier V, Sengenès C, Zakaroff-Girard A, Decaunes P, Wdziekonski B, Galitzky J, Villageois P, Esteve D, Chiotasso P, Dani C, Bouloumié A. TGFbeta family members are key mediators in the induction of myofibroblast phenotype of human adipose tissue progenitor cells by macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31274. [PMID: 22355352 PMCID: PMC3280291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study was undertaken to characterize the remodeling phenotype of human adipose tissue (AT) macrophages (ATM) and to analyze their paracrine effects on AT progenitor cells. Research Design and Methods The phenotype of ATM, immunoselected from subcutaneous (Sc) AT originating from subjects with wide range of body mass index and from paired biopsies of Sc and omental (Om) AT from obese subjects, was studied by gene expression analysis in the native and activated states. The paracrine effects of ScATM on the phenotype of human ScAT progenitor cells (CD34+CD31−) were investigated. Results Two main ATM phenotypes were distinguished based on gene expression profiles. For ScAT-derived ATM, obesity and adipocyte-derived factors favored a pro-fibrotic/remodeling phenotype whereas the OmAT location and hypoxic culture conditions favored a pro-angiogenic phenotype. Treatment of native human ScAT progenitor cells with ScATM-conditioned media induced the appearance of myofibroblast-like cells as shown by expression of both α-SMA and the transcription factor SNAIL, an effect mimicked by TGFβ1 and activinA. Immunohistochemical analyses showed the presence of double positive α-SMA and CD34 cells in the stroma of human ScAT. Moreover, the mRNA levels of SNAIL and SLUG in ScAT progenitor cells were higher in obese compared with lean subjects. Conclusions Human ATM exhibit distinct pro-angiogenic and matrix remodeling/fibrotic phenotypes according to the adiposity and the location of AT, that may be related to AT microenvironment including hypoxia and adipokines. Moreover, human ScAT progenitor cells have been identified as target cells for ScATM-derived TGFβ and as a potential source of fibrosis through their induction of myofibroblast-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Bourlier
- UMR1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
van Vlimmeren MAA, Driessen-Mol A, Oomens CWJ, Baaijens FPT. Passive and active contributions to generated force and retraction in heart valve tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2012; 11:1015-27. [PMID: 22246054 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-011-0370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In tissue engineered heart valves, cell-mediated stress development during culture results in leaflet retraction at time of implantation. This tissue retraction is partly active due to traction forces exerted by the cells and partly passive due to release of residual stress in the extracellular matrix and the cells. Within this study, we unraveled the passive and active contributions of cells and matrix to generated force and retraction in engineered heart valve tissues. Tissue engineered rectangular strips, fabricated from PGA/P4HB scaffolds and seeded with human myofibroblasts, were cultured for 4 weeks, after which the cellular contribution was changed at different levels. Elimination of the active cellular traction forces was achieved with Cytochalasin D and inhibition of the Rho-associated kinase pathway. Both active and passive cellular contributions were eliminated by lysation and/or decellularization of the tissue. Maximum cell activity was reached by increasing the fetal bovine serum concentration to 50%. The generated force decreased ~20% after elimination of the active cellular component, ~25% when the passive cellular component was removed as well and remained unaffected by increased serum concentrations. Passive retraction accounted for ~60% of total retraction, of which ~15% was residual stress in the matrix and ~45% was passive cell retraction. Cell traction forces accounted for the remainder ~40% of the retraction. Full activation of the cells increased retraction by ~45%. These results illustrate the importance of the cells in the process of tissue retraction, not only actively retracting the tissue, but also in a passive manner to a large extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke A A van Vlimmeren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, WH4.12, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Paiushina OV, Domaratskaia EI, Starostin VI. [Cellular composition and regulatory function of fetal liver stroma]. Tsitologiia 2012; 54:369-380. [PMID: 22827034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic differentiation and formation of hepatic tissue both take place in mammalian liver during its prenatal development. Hematopoietic and hepatic stem cells self-renew, proliferate and differentiate within specific microenvironment that is organized by stromal elements. Stroma of developing liver consists of different cell populations such as mesenchymal stromal cells, Ito cells, portal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In this review, their phenotypical and functional properties, possible derivation and role in the regulation of hematopoiesis and hepatogenesis are discussed.
Collapse
|
193
|
Nini G, Raica M, Neamţiu V, Onel M. Morphological study of bronchial mucosa in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease under the influence of therapeutic algorithm. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2012; 53:121-134. [PMID: 22395511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immunohistochemical evaluation of the effectiveness of bronchodilator treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MATERIALS AND METHODS There have been examined bronchial mucosa biopsies taken endoscopically from 18 patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. The biopsies were fixed in 4% buffered formalin for 24-48 hours and paraffin inclusion was made using the standard technique. For each biopsy, there were performed 10 serial sections with a thickness of 5 μm. The sections were stained using morphological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. At three of the cases, the paraffin blocks were reconverted for the electron microscopy study, in order to assess subcellular details, with special reference to "target" cells involved in local immune response. Morphohistochemical and immunohistochemical analysis was effectuated on biopsies removed before and after the treatment with bronchodilators. RESULTS The analysis of the biopsies removed before treatment revealed the following aspects: degenerative alterations of the surface epithelium, loss of ciliary differentiation, absence of caliciform cells, hyperexfoliation, formation of pseudopapillary structures, degenerative lesions of the glands, mucoid and oncocytary metaplasia, stasis in the dilated blood vessels, partly hyalinized wall, multiforme chronic inflammatory infiltrate, myofibroblasts in the depth of lamina propria; argyrophilic basement membrane, fragmentation and lysis of elastic fibers, degranulated mast cells associated with inflammatory infiltrate, with electron-dense typical granules, inflammatory infiltrate with CD20 positive B-lymphocytes, arranged perivasculary and in the vicinity of the basement membrane; rare positive CD4 T-lymphocytes; reduced number of plasma cells. After treatment we found the following aspects: partial or complete regeneration of the covering epithelium, with the presence of cilia cells and occasionally of caliciform cells; remaining myofibroblastic reaction in the lamina propria; increased number of mast cells with minimal or no degranulation; immature, lamelled mast cells. CONCLUSIONS The application of management principles in group therapy study was done by the study which aims to demonstrate the beneficial role in COPD therapy of combining a β2-agonist with an anticholinergic, obtaining in this way an additional bronchodilator effect, compared with the one obtained by administrating bronchodilators of type β2 agonists. Deepening the molecular and cellular mechanisms of COPD can lead to more effective methods for early detection of disease, pharmacotherapy targeted and effective conduct exacerbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gh Nini
- Clinical Department of Pneumology, Vasile Goldis Western University Arad, Romania.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Shi Q, Liu X, Bai Y, Cui C, Li J, Li Y, Hu S, Wei Y. In vitro effects of pirfenidone on cardiac fibroblasts: proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, migration and cytokine secretion. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28134. [PMID: 22132230 PMCID: PMC3223242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are the primary cell type responsible for cardiac fibrosis during pathological myocardial remodeling. Several studies have illustrated that pirfenidone (5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-[1H]-pyridone) attenuates cardiac fibrosis in different animal models. However, the effects of pirfenidone on cardiac fibroblast behavior have not been examined. In this study, we investigated whether pirfenidone directly modulates cardiac fibroblast behavior that is important in myocardial remodeling such as proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, migration and cytokine secretion. Fibroblasts were isolated from neonatal rat hearts and bioassays were performed to determine the effects of pirfenidone on fibroblast function. We demonstrated that treatment of CFs with pirfenidone resulted in decreased proliferation, and attenuated fibroblast α-smooth muscle actin expression and collagen contractility. Boyden chamber assay illustrated that pirfenidone inhibited fibroblast migration ability, probably by decreasing the ratio of matrix metalloproteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Furthermore, pirfenidone attenuated the synthesis and secretion of transforming growth factor-β1 but elevated that of interleukin-10. These direct and pleiotropic effects of pirfenidone on cardiac fibroblasts point to its potential use in the treatment of adverse myocardial remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Chuanjue Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Yishi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
| | - Shengshou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
- * E-mail: (YW); (SH)
| | - Yingjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People Republic China
- * E-mail: (YW); (SH)
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Lahar N, Lei NY, Wang J, Jabaji Z, Tung SC, Joshi V, Lewis M, Stelzner M, Martín MG, Dunn JCY. Intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts support in vitro and in vivo growth of human small intestinal epithelium. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26898. [PMID: 22125602 PMCID: PMC3219641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal crypt-niche interaction is thought to be essential to the function, maintenance, and proliferation of progenitor stem cells found at the bases of intestinal crypts. These stem cells are constantly renewing the intestinal epithelium by sending differentiated cells from the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn to the villus tips where they slough off into the intestinal lumen. The intestinal niche consists of various cell types, extracellular matrix, and growth factors and surrounds the intestinal progenitor cells. There have recently been advances in the understanding of the interactions that regulate the behavior of the intestinal epithelium and there is great interest in methods for isolating and expanding viable intestinal epithelium. However, there is no method to maintain primary human small intestinal epithelium in culture over a prolonged period of time. Similarly no method has been published that describes isolation and support of human intestinal epithelium in an in vivo model. We describe a technique to isolate and maintain human small intestinal epithelium in vitro from surgical specimens. We also describe a novel method to maintain human intestinal epithelium subcutaneously in a mouse model for a prolonged period of time. Our methods require various growth factors and the intimate interaction between intestinal sub-epithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) and the intestinal epithelial cells to support the epithelial in vitro and in vivo growth. Absence of these myofibroblasts precluded successful maintenance of epithelial cell formation and proliferation beyond just a few days, even in the presence of supportive growth factors. We believe that the methods described here can be used to explore the molecular basis of human intestinal stem cell support, maintenance, and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lahar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nan Ye Lei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jiafang Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ziyad Jabaji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephaine C. Tung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vaidehi Joshi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias Stelzner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Martín G. Martín
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James C. Y. Dunn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Bioengineering, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Horowitz JC, Ajayi IO, Kulasekaran P, Rogers DS, White JB, Townsend SK, White ES, Nho RS, Higgins PDR, Huang SK, Sisson TH. Survivin expression induced by endothelin-1 promotes myofibroblast resistance to apoptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:158-69. [PMID: 22041029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis of the lungs and other organs is characterized by the accumulation of myofibroblasts, effectors of wound-repair that are responsible for the deposition and organization of new extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to tissue injury. During the resolution phase of normal wound repair, myofibroblast apoptosis limits the continued deposition of ECM. Mounting evidence suggests that myofibroblasts from fibrotic wounds acquire resistance to apoptosis, but the mechanisms regulating this resistance have not been fully elucidated. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a soluble peptide strongly associated with fibrogenesis, decreases myofibroblast susceptibility to apoptosis through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-OH kinase (PI3K)/AKT. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) also promotes myofibroblast resistance to apoptosis through PI3K/AKT-dependent and -independent mechanisms, although the role of FAK in ET-1 mediated resistance to apoptosis has not been explored. The goal of this study was to investigate whether FAK contributes to ET-1 mediated myofibroblast resistance to apoptosis and to examine potential mechanisms downstream of FAK and PI3K/AKT by which ET-1 regulates myofibroblast survival. Here, we show that ET-1 regulates myofibroblast survival by Rho/ROCK-dependent activation of FAK. The anti-apoptotic actions of FAK are, in turn, dependent on activation of PI3K/AKT and the subsequent increased expression of Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. Collectively, these studies define a novel mechanism by which ET-1 promotes myofibroblast resistance to apoptosis through upregulation of Survivin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Conte E, Fruciano M, Fagone E, Gili E, Caraci F, Iemmolo M, Crimi N, Vancheri C. Inhibition of PI3K prevents the proliferation and differentiation of human lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts: the role of class I P110 isoforms. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24663. [PMID: 21984893 PMCID: PMC3184941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibroproliferative disease characterized by an accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the alveolar wall. Even though the pathogenesis of this fatal disorder remains unclear, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced differentiation and proliferation of myofibroblasts is recognized as a primary event. The molecular pathways involved in TGF-β signalling are generally Smad-dependent yet Smad-independent pathways, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), have been recently proposed. In this research we established ex-vivo cultures of human lung fibroblasts and we investigated the role of the PI3K/Akt pathway in two critical stages of the fibrotic process induced by TGF-β: fibroblast proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts. Here we show that the pan-inhibitor of PI3Ks LY294002 is able to abrogate the TGF-β-induced increase in cell proliferation, in α- smooth muscle actin expression and in collagen production besides inhibiting Akt phosphorylation, thus demonstrating the centrality of the PI3K/Akt pathway in lung fibroblast proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, for the first time we show that PI3K p110δ and p110γ are functionally expressed in human lung fibroblasts, in addition to the ubiquitously expressed p110α and β. Finally, results obtained with both selective inhibitors and gene knocking-down experiments demonstrate a major role of p110γ and p110α in both TGF-β-induced fibroblast proliferation and differentiation. This finding suggests that specific PI3K isoforms can be pharmacological targets in IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Conte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Paxson JA, Gruntman A, Parkin CD, Mazan MR, Davis A, Ingenito EP, Hoffman AM. Age-dependent decline in mouse lung regeneration with loss of lung fibroblast clonogenicity and increased myofibroblastic differentiation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23232. [PMID: 21912590 PMCID: PMC3166052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While aging leads to a reduction in the capacity for regeneration after pneumonectomy (PNX) in most mammals, this biological phenomenon has not been characterized over the lifetime of mice. We measured the age-specific (3, 9, 24 month) effects of PNX on physiology, morphometry, cell proliferation and apoptosis, global gene expression, and lung fibroblast phenotype and clonogenicity in female C57BL6 mice. The data show that only 3 month old mice were fully capable of restoring lung volumes by day 7 and total alveolar surface area by 21 days. By 9 months, the rate of regeneration was slower (with incomplete regeneration by 21 days), and by 24 months there was no regrowth 21 days post-PNX. The early decline in regeneration rate was not associated with changes in alveolar epithelial cell type II (AECII) proliferation or apoptosis rate. However, significant apoptosis and lack of cell proliferation was evident after PNX in both total cells and AECII cells in 24 mo mice. Analysis of gene expression at several time points (1, 3 and 7 days) post-PNX in 9 versus 3 month mice was consistent with a myofibroblast signature (increased Tnc, Lox1, Col3A1, Eln and Tnfrsf12a) and more alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) positive myofibroblasts were present after PNX in 9 month than 3 month mice. Isolated lung fibroblasts showed a significant age-dependent loss of clonogenicity. Moreover, lung fibroblasts isolated from 9 and 17 month mice exhibited higher αSMA, Col3A1, Fn1 and S100A expression, and lower expression of the survival gene Mdk consistent with terminal differentiation. These data show that concomitant loss of clonogenicity and progressive myofibroblastic differentiation contributes to the age-dependent decline in the rate of lung regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Paxson
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alisha Gruntman
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Parkin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melissa R. Mazan
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Airiel Davis
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward P. Ingenito
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Hoffman
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Wang JP, Hui YJ, Wang ST, Yu HHM, Huang YC, Chiang ER, Liu CL, Chen TH, Hung SC. Recapitulation of fibromatosis nodule by multipotential stem cells in immunodeficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24050. [PMID: 21901157 PMCID: PMC3162023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal fibromatosis remains a disease of unknown etiology. Surgical excision is the standard of care, but the recurrence rate remains high. Superficial fibromatosis typically presents as subcutaneous nodules caused by rapid myofibroblast proliferation followed by slow involution to dense acellular fibrosis. In this study, we demonstrate that fibromatosis stem cells (FSCs) can be isolated from palmar nodules but not from cord or normal palm tissues. We found that FSCs express surface markers such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166 but do not express CD34, CD45, or CD133. We also found that FSCs are capable of expanding up to 20 passages, that these cells include myofibroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, hepatocytes, and neural cells, and that these cells possess multipotentiality to develop into the three germ layer cells. When implanted beneath the dorsal skin of nude mice, FSCs recapitulated human fibromatosis nodules. Two weeks after implantation, the cells expressed immunodiagnostic markers for myofibroblasts such as α-smooth muscle actin and type III collagen. Two months after implantation, there were fewer myofibroblasts and type I collagen became evident. Treatment with the antifibrogenic compound Trichostatin A (TSA) inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of FSCs in vitro. Treatment with TSA before or after implantation blocked formation of fibromatosis nodules. These results suggest that FSCs are the cellular origin of fibromatosis and that these cells may provide a promising model for developing new therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Pan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Hui
- Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tien Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hsuan Michael Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yi-Chao Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - En-Rung Chiang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lin Liu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tain-Hsiung Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Tsoporis JN, Izhar S, Proteau G, Slaughter G, Parker TG. S100B-RAGE dependent VEGF secretion by cardiac myocytes induces myofibroblast proliferation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:464-73. [PMID: 21889514 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-infarct remodeling is associated with the upregulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), the induction of its ligand the calcium binding protein S100B and the release of the potent endothelial-cell specific mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To determine a possible functional interaction between S100B, RAGE and VEGF we stimulated rat neonatal cardiac myocyte cultures transfected with either RAGE or a dominant-negative cytoplasmic deletion mutant of RAGE with S100B for 48 h. Under baseline conditions, cardiac myocytes express low levels of RAGE and VEGF and secrete VEGF in the medium as measured by ELISA. In RAGE overexpressing myocytes, S100B (100 nM) resulted in increases in VEGF mRNA, VEGF protein, VEGF secretion, and activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Pre-treatment of RAGE overexpressing myocytes with the NF-κB inhibitor caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibited increases in VEGF mRNA, VEGF protein and VEGF in the medium by S100B. In myocytes expressing dominant-negative RAGE, S100B did not induce VEGF mRNA, VEGF protein, VEGF secretion or NF-κB activation. In culture, rat neonatal and adult cardiac fibroblasts undergo phenotypic transition to myofibroblasts. Treatment of neonatal and adult myofibroblasts with VEGF (10 ng/mL) induces VEGFR-2 (flk-1/KDR) tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and myofibroblast proliferation. Together these data demonstrate that secreted VEGF by cardiac myocytes in response to S100B via RAGE ligation induces myofibroblast proliferation potentially contributing to scar formation observed in infarcted myocardium. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Local Signaling in Myocytes".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James N Tsoporis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|