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76	Pang L, Liu S, Zhang X, Tian T. The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Optimal Strategy of the Tobacco Control. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019;2019:8189270. [PMID: 30863458 PMCID: PMC6378802 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8189270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Abstract This paper aims at investigating how the media coverage and smoking cessation treatment should be implemented, for a certain period, to reduce the numbers of smokers and patients caused by smoking while minimizing the total cost. To this end, we first propose a new mathematical model without any control strategies to investigate the dynamic behaviors of smoking. Furthermore, we calculate the basic reproduction number ℛ 0 and discuss the global asymptotic stabilities of the equilibria. Then, from the estimated parameter values, we know that the basic reproduction number ℛ 0 is more than 1, which reveals that smoking is one of the enduring problems of the society. Hence, we introduce two control measures (media coverage and smoking cessation treatment) into the model. Finally, in order to investigate their effects in smoking control and provide an analytical method for the strategic decision-makers, we apply a concrete example to calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and analyze the cost-effectiveness of all possible combinations of the two control measures. The results indicate that the combination of media coverage and smoking cessation treatment is the most cost-effective strategy for tobacco control. Collapse Key Words Collapse MESH Headings Algorithms Basic Reproduction Number China/epidemiology Cost-Benefit Analysis Health Promotion Humans Mass Media Models, Theoretical Smoking/physiopathology Smoking Cessation/economics Smoking Cessation/methods Nicotiana Tobacco Use Disorder/economics Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control Tobacco Use Disorder/therapy Collapse Grants Collapse
77	Jiang X, Finucane HK, Schumacher FR, Schmit SL, Tyrer JP, Han Y, Michailidou K, Lesseur C, Kuchenbaecker KB, Dennis J, Conti DV, Casey G, Gaudet MM, Huyghe JR, Albanes D, Aldrich MC, Andrew AS, Andrulis IL, Anton-Culver H, Antoniou AC, Antonenkova NN, Arnold SM, Aronson KJ, Arun BK, Bandera EV, Barkardottir RB, Barnes DR, Batra J, Beckmann MW, Benitez J, Benlloch S, Berchuck A, Berndt SI, Bickeböller H, Bien SA, Blomqvist C, Boccia S, Bogdanova NV, Bojesen SE, Bolla MK, Brauch H, Brenner H, Brenton JD, Brook MN, Brunet J, Brunnström H, Buchanan DD, Burwinkel B, Butzow R, Cadoni G, Caldés T, Caligo MA, Campbell I, Campbell PT, Cancel-Tassin G, Cannon-Albright L, Campa D, Caporaso N, Carvalho AL, Chan AT, Chang-Claude J, Chanock SJ, Chen C, Christiani DC, Claes KBM, Claessens F, Clements J, Collée JM, Correa MC, Couch FJ, Cox A, Cunningham JM, Cybulski C, Czene K, Daly MB, deFazio A, Devilee P, Diez O, Gago-Dominguez M, Donovan JL, Dörk T, Duell EJ, Dunning AM, Dwek M, Eccles DM, Edlund CK, Edwards DRV, Ellberg C, Evans DG, Fasching PA, Ferris RL, Liloglou T, Figueiredo JC, Fletcher O, Fortner RT, Fostira F, Franceschi S, Friedman E, Gallinger SJ, Ganz PA, Garber J, García-Sáenz JA, Gayther SA, Giles GG, Godwin AK, Goldberg MS, Goldgar DE, Goode EL, Goodman MT, Goodman G, Grankvist K, Greene MH, Gronberg H, Gronwald J, Guénel P, Håkansson N, Hall P, Hamann U, Hamdy FC, Hamilton RJ, Hampe J, Haugen A, Heitz F, Herrero R, Hillemanns P, Hoffmeister M, Høgdall E, Hong YC, Hopper JL, Houlston R, Hulick PJ, Hunter DJ, Huntsman DG, Idos G, Imyanitov EN, Ingles SA, Isaacs C, Jakubowska A, James P, Jenkins MA, Johansson M, Johansson M, John EM, Joshi AD, Kaneva R, Karlan BY, Kelemen LE, Kühl T, Khaw KT, Khusnutdinova E, Kibel AS, Kiemeney LA, Kim J, Kjaer SK, Knight JA, Kogevinas M, Kote-Jarai Z, Koutros S, Kristensen VN, Kupryjanczyk J, Lacko M, Lam S, Lambrechts D, Landi MT, Lazarus P, Le ND, Lee E, Lejbkowicz F, Lenz HJ, Leslie G, Lessel D, Lester J, Levine DA, Li L, Li CI, Lindblom A, Lindor NM, Liu G, Loupakis F, Lubiński J, Maehle L, Maier C, Mannermaa A, Marchand LL, Margolin S, May T, McGuffog L, Meindl A, Middha P, Miller A, Milne RL, MacInnis RJ, Modugno F, Montagna M, Moreno V, Moysich KB, Mucci L, Muir K, Mulligan AM, Nathanson KL, Neal DE, Ness AR, Neuhausen SL, Nevanlinna H, Newcomb PA, Newcomb LF, Nielsen FC, Nikitina-Zake L, Nordestgaard BG, Nussbaum RL, Offit K, Olah E, Olama AAA, Olopade OI, Olshan AF, Olsson H, Osorio A, Pandha H, Park JY, Pashayan N, Parsons MT, Pejovic T, Penney KL, Peters WHM, Phelan CM, Phipps AI, Plaseska-Karanfilska D, Pring M, Prokofyeva D, Radice P, Stefansson K, Ramus SJ, Raskin L, Rennert G, Rennert HS, van Rensburg EJ, Riggan MJ, Risch HA, Risch A, Roobol MJ, Rosenstein BS, Rossing MA, De Ruyck K, Saloustros E, Sandler DP, Sawyer EJ, Schabath MB, Schleutker J, Schmidt MK, Setiawan VW, Shen H, Siegel EM, Sieh W, Singer CF, Slattery ML, Sorensen KD, Southey MC, Spurdle AB, Stanford JL, Stevens VL, Stintzing S, Stone J, Sundfeldt K, Sutphen R, Swerdlow AJ, Tajara EH, Tangen CM, Tardon A, Taylor JA, Teare MD, Teixeira MR, Terry MB, Terry KL, Thibodeau SN, Thomassen M, Bjørge L, Tischkowitz M, Toland AE, Torres D, Townsend PA, Travis RC, Tung N, Tworoger SS, Ulrich CM, Usmani N, Vachon CM, Van Nieuwenhuysen E, Vega A, Aguado-Barrera ME, Wang Q, Webb PM, Weinberg CR, Weinstein S, Weissler MC, Weitzel JN, West CML, White E, Whittemore AS, Wichmann HE, Wiklund F, Winqvist R, Wolk A, Woll P, Woods M, Wu AH, Wu X, Yannoukakos D, Zheng W, Zienolddiny S, Ziogas A, Zorn KK, Lane JM, Saxena R, Thomas D, Hung RJ, Diergaarde B, McKay J, Peters U, Hsu L, García-Closas M, Eeles RA, Chenevix-Trench G, Brennan PJ, Haiman CA, Simard J, Easton DF, Gruber SB, Pharoah PDP, Price AL, Pasaniuc B, Amos CI, Kraft P, Lindström S. Shared heritability and functional enrichment across six solid cancers. Nat Commun 2019;10:431. [PMID: 30683880 PMCID: PMC6347624 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open Abstract Quantifying the genetic correlation between cancers can provide important insights into the mechanisms driving cancer etiology. Using genome-wide association study summary statistics across six cancer types based on a total of 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, here we estimate the pair-wise genetic correlations between breast, colorectal, head/neck, lung, ovary and prostate cancer, and between cancers and 38 other diseases. We observed statistically significant genetic correlations between lung and head/neck cancer (rg = 0.57, p = 4.6 × 10-8), breast and ovarian cancer (rg = 0.24, p = 7 × 10-5), breast and lung cancer (rg = 0.18, p =1.5 × 10-6) and breast and colorectal cancer (rg = 0.15, p = 1.1 × 10-4). We also found that multiple cancers are genetically correlated with non-cancer traits including smoking, psychiatric diseases and metabolic characteristics. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a significant excess contribution of conserved and regulatory regions to cancer heritability. Our comprehensive analysis of cross-cancer heritability suggests that solid tumors arising across tissues share in part a common germline genetic basis. Collapse Key Words cancer genetics genomics cancer epidemiology Collapse MESH Headings Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis Breast Neoplasms/ethnology Breast Neoplasms/genetics Breast Neoplasms/pathology Case-Control Studies Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis Colorectal Neoplasms/ethnology Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology Female Genetic Predisposition to Disease Genome-Wide Association Study Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis Head and Neck Neoplasms/ethnology Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology Humans Inheritance Patterns Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis Lung Neoplasms/ethnology Lung Neoplasms/genetics Lung Neoplasms/pathology Male Mental Disorders/ethnology Mental Disorders/genetics Mental Disorders/physiopathology Neoplasm Proteins/genetics Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis Ovarian Neoplasms/ethnology Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology Phenotype Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis Prostatic Neoplasms/ethnology Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology Smoking/ethnology Smoking/genetics Smoking/physiopathology White People Collapse Grants UL1 TR000117 NCATS NIH HHS U01 CA069417 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA092039 NCI NIH HHS P20 CA090578 NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA164917 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA199277 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA179715 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201100001I NHLBI NIH HHS 16563 Cancer Research UK U19 CA148127 NCI NIH HHS U54 CA156733 NCI NIH HHS P20 GM103534 NIGMS NIH HHS 10124 Cancer Research UK UL1 TR000445 NCATS NIH HHS R01 CA076366 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA059045 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA128931 NCI NIH HHS RP-PG-0707-10034 Department of Health R01 CA197350 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA092824 NCI NIH HHS Z01 CP010119 Intramural NIH HHS P30 CA016672 NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA164973 NCI NIH HHS U01 HG004438 NHGRI NIH HHS R35 CA197449 NCI NIH HHS P30 ES010126 NIEHS NIH HHS R01 CA176785 NCI NIH HHS N01 PC067010 NCI NIH HHS U01 HG004446 NHGRI NIH HHS P50 CA159981 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA089085 NCI NIH HHS RC4 CA153828 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA074799 NCI NIH HHS R01 DA017932 NIDA NIH HHS P30 CA016056 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA087538 NCI NIH HHS U10 CA037429 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201600002C NHLBI NIH HHS U01 CA182883 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA167462 NCI NIH HHS P50 CA125183 NCI NIH HHS P01 CA087969 NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA164920 NCI NIH HHS U19 CA203654 NCI NIH HHS HHSN261201000035C NCI NIH HHS R01 CA067262 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA106414 NCI NIH HHS HHSN261201000006C NCI NIH HHS U01 CA194393 NCI NIH HHS P30 CA015704 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201600018C NHLBI NIH HHS P30 CA072720 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201100004I NHLBI NIH HHS R01 CA095023 NCI NIH HHS K01 DK110267 NIDDK NIH HHS R01 CA097396 NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA176726 NCI NIH HHS K05 CA154337 NCI NIH HHS U24 CA074783 NCI NIH HHS P01 CA055075 NCI NIH HHS P30 CA047904 NCI NIH HHS N01 CN067009 NCI NIH HHS R37 CA070867 NCI NIH HHS R03 CA113148 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA058598 NCI NIH HHS UG1 CA189974 NCI NIH HHS Z01 ES049030 Intramural NIH HHS K22 CA138563 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201100046C NHLBI NIH HHS U01 CA188392 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA058860 NCI NIH HHS P30 DK058404 NIDDK NIH HHS R01 CA092447 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA144034 NCI NIH HHS P20 RR018787 NCRR NIH HHS U01 CA181770 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA048998 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA080742 NCI NIH HHS S10 RR025141 NCRR NIH HHS U01 CA137088 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA074386 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA189184 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA167552 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201100003C WHI NIH HHS R01 CA074850 NCI NIH HHS MR/N003284/1 Medical Research Council Z01 CP010200 Intramural NIH HHS K07 CA172294 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA176568 NCI NIH HHS U24 CA074794 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA063678 NCI NIH HHS 20861 Cancer Research UK K07 CA092044 NCI NIH HHS P50 CA119997 NCI NIH HHS G0902313 Medical Research Council UL1 TR000124 NCATS NIH HHS U01 CA164930 NCI NIH HHS N01PC35137 NCI NIH HHS P50 CA105009 NCI NIH HHS U24 CA074806 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA100374 NCI NIH HHS P50 CA058223 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA206110 NCI NIH HHS K07 CA080668 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA098216 NCI NIH HHS P30 CA023108 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201200008C NHLBI NIH HHS R01 CA137178 NCI NIH HHS U24 CA097735 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA074794 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA116167 NCI NIH HHS P30 CA008748 NCI NIH HHS 23382 Cancer Research UK U01 CA167551 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA128978 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA090731 NCI NIH HHS HHSN261201300011C CCR NIH HHS HHSN261201300012I NCI NIH HHS P30 CA076292 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA064277 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA047147 NCI NIH HHS P30 CA014089 NCI NIH HHS P30 CA051008 NCI NIH HHS G0401527 Medical Research Council R01 CA116167 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA083918 NCI NIH HHS U19 CA148537 NCI NIH HHS D43 TW009112 FIC NIH HHS R01 CA148667 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA177150 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA081488 NCI NIH HHS P50 CA116201 NCI NIH HHS 16565 Cancer Research UK HHSN268201600003C NHLBI NIH HHS RP-PG-0707-10031 Department of Health N01PC35142 NCI NIH HHS HHSN271201100004C NIA NIH HHS R01 CA201407 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA063464 NCI NIH HHS P01 CA033619 NCI NIH HHS R03 CA115195 NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA186107 NCI NIH HHS P30 CA177558 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA054419 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201100002C WHI NIH HHS P50 CA097190 NCI NIH HHS P50 CA090578 NCI NIH HHS HHSN261201300021C NCI NIH HHS R01 CA122443 NCI NIH HHS P30 CA015083 NCI NIH HHS K05 CA175147 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201600004C NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN261201000035I NCI NIH HHS G1000143 Medical Research Council 16561 Cancer Research UK R01 CA144040 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA098233 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA042182 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA076016 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA063464 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA077398 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA054281 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA132839 NCI NIH HHS P30 CA068485 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA060987 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA160669 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA058860 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA097735 NCI NIH HHS T32 ES013678 NIEHS NIH HHS HHSN268201600001C NHLBI NIH HHS P30 CA014236 NCI NIH HHS 14136 Cancer Research UK 19169 Cancer Research UK U19 CA148112 NCI NIH HHS 10118 Cancer Research UK P50 CA070907 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA196386 NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA167552 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA149429 NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA167551 NCI NIH HHS N01RC37004 CCR NIH HHS U01 CA098758 NCI NIH HHS P01 CA017054 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA122839 NCI NIH HHS N01 CN025403 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA142081 NCI NIH HHS Z01 ES044005 Intramural NIH HHS R01 MH107649 NIMH NIH HHS U19 CA148065 NCI NIH HHS S10 OD020069 NIH HHS R01 CA069664 NCI NIH HHS Wellcome Trust HHSN268201100003I NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100002I NHLBI NIH HHS U01 CA074783 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA063682 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA194393 NCI NIH HHS 18504 Cancer Research UK R01 CA151989 NCI NIH HHS U01 HG004798 NHGRI NIH HHS R01 CA049449 NCI NIH HHS N01 CN045165 NCI NIH HHS MC_PC_14105 Medical Research Council U24 CA074799 NCI NIH HHS P01 CA196569 NCI NIH HHS 001 World Health Organization U01 CA074806 NCI NIH HHS Z01 ES049033 Intramural NIH HHS U24 CA074800 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA192393 NCI NIH HHS K07 CA095666 NCI NIH HHS P50 CA127003 NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA182883 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201200008I NHLBI NIH HHS UM1 CA167462 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA112523 NCI NIH HHS R37 CA054281 NCI NIH HHS P50 CA136393 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA074800 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA120120 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201100001C WHI NIH HHS K24 CA169004 NCI NIH HHS R01 DA035825 NIDA NIH HHS HHSN261201000121C NCI NIH HHS U01 CA164973 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA140286 NCI NIH HHS U01 CA098710 NCI NIH HHS 10119 Cancer Research UK R01 CA126841 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA047305 NCI NIH HHS R01 CA111703 NCI NIH HHS HHSN268201100004C WHI NIH HHS U19 CA148107 NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA182876 NCI NIH HHS Collapse
78	Cheng W, Rolls ET, Robbins TW, Gong W, Liu Z, Lv W, Du J, Wen H, Ma L, Quinlan EB, Garavan H, Artiges E, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Kendrick K, Feng J. Decreased brain connectivity in smoking contrasts with increased connectivity in drinking. eLife 2019;8:e40765. [PMID: 30616717 PMCID: PMC6336408 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open Abstract In a group of 831 participants from the general population in the Human Connectome Project, smokers exhibited low overall functional connectivity, and more specifically of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex which is associated with non-reward mechanisms, the adjacent inferior frontal gyrus, and the precuneus. Participants who drank a high amount had overall increases in resting state functional connectivity, and specific increases in reward-related systems including the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the cingulate cortex. Increased impulsivity was found in smokers, associated with decreased functional connectivity of the non-reward-related lateral orbitofrontal cortex; and increased impulsivity was found in high amount drinkers, associated with increased functional connectivity of the reward-related medial orbitofrontal cortex. The main findings were cross-validated in an independent longitudinal dataset with 1176 participants, IMAGEN. Further, the functional connectivities in 14-year-old non-smokers (and also in female low-drinkers) were related to who would smoke or drink at age 19. An implication is that these differences in brain functional connectivities play a role in smoking and drinking, together with other factors. Collapse Key Words addiction drinking functional connectivity human impulsivity neuroscience orbitofrontal cortex smoking Collapse MESH Headings Adolescent Adult Alcohol Drinking/physiopathology Brain/physiopathology Connectome Databases as Topic Female Humans Impulsive Behavior Male Neural Pathways/physiopathology Reproducibility of Results Smoking/physiopathology Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology Time Factors Young Adult Collapse Grants R01 MH085772 NIMH NIH HHS MR/N000390/1 Medical Research Council MR/N027558/1 Medical Research Council U54 EB020403 NIBIB NIH HHS National Natural Science Foundation of China Shanghai Sailing Program Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai The Shanghai AI Platform for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases Base for Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities The Key Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Plan Collapse
79	Cai G, Huang Z, Yu L, Li L. A preliminary study showing no association between methylation levels of C3 gene promoter and the risk of CAD. Lipids Health Dis 2019;18:5. [PMID: 30611277 PMCID: PMC6320636 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open Abstract OBJECTIVE Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multi-factor disease. Complement component 3 (C3) plays an important role in the development of CAD. The present study investigated the association between DNA methylation status of C3 gene promoter and the risk of CAD. METHODS One hundred CAD patients and 1 hundred age-and gender- matched controls were recruited in current study. Methylation levels in CpG island in C3 promoter were determined by the method of bisulfite amplicon sequencing. RESULTS Methylation levels of four CpG sites in C3 promoter were measured. There were no significant difference in methylation level of each CpG site between CAD patients and controls. Average methylation rate was also calculated. No significant difference in average methylation rate was observed between CAD and control groups. Stratified analyses based on EH, DM and smoking status were carried out, no significant association between C3 promoter methylation levels and the susceptibility of CAD was observed. Furthermore, seven haplotypes were established and no significant difference in haplotypes was observed between CAD and control groups. However, our study showed that C3 DNA methylation levels were positively associated with LDL-C levels. CONCLUSION The present study showed no association between methylation levels of C3 promoter and the risk of CAD. However, the methylation levels might be related to LDL-C levels. Collapse Key Words Complement component 3 Coronary artery disease Epigenetics Methylation Collapse MESH Headings Aged Case-Control Studies Cholesterol, HDL/blood Cholesterol, LDL/blood Complement C3/genetics Complement C3/immunology Coronary Artery Disease/blood Coronary Artery Disease/genetics Coronary Artery Disease/immunology Coronary Artery Disease/pathology CpG Islands DNA Methylation Diabetes Mellitus/blood Diabetes Mellitus/immunology Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology Epigenesis, Genetic Female Gene Expression Haplotypes Humans Hypertension/blood Hypertension/immunology Hypertension/physiopathology Male Middle Aged Promoter Regions, Genetic Risk Factors Smoking/blood Smoking/immunology Smoking/physiopathology Triglycerides/blood Collapse Grants QNRC2016310 Jiangsu Youth Medical Talents Project Collapse
80	Dickens JA, Malzer E, Chambers JE, Marciniak SJ. Pulmonary endoplasmic reticulum stress-scars, smoke, and suffocation. FEBS J 2019;286:322-341. [PMID: 29323786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Abstract Protein misfolding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) can be a cause or consequence of pulmonary disease. Mutation of proteins restricted to the alveolar type II pneumocyte can lead to inherited forms of pulmonary fibrosis, but even sporadic cases of pulmonary fibrosis appear to be strongly associated with activation of the unfolded protein response and/or the integrated stress response. Inhalation of smoke can impair protein folding and may be an important cause of pulmonary ER stress. Similarly, tissue hypoxia can lead to impaired protein homeostasis (proteostasis). But the mechanisms linking smoke and hypoxia to ER stress are only partially understood. In this review, we will examine the role of ER stress in the pathogenesis of lung disease by focusing on fibrosis, smoke, and hypoxia. Collapse Key Words ER stress hypoxia pulmonary fibrosis smoke unfolded protein response Collapse MESH Headings Animals Asphyxia/physiopathology Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism Endoplasmic Reticulum/pathology Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Humans Hypoxia/physiopathology Protein Folding Pulmonary Fibrosis/physiopathology Smoking/physiopathology Unfolded Protein Response Collapse Grants G0601840 Medical Research Council G1002610 Medical Research Council MR/R009120/1 Medical Research Council MR/S005552/1 Medical Research Council Collapse
81	Rodrigues FM, Loeckx M, Hornikx M, Van Remoortel H, Louvaris Z, Demeyer H, Janssens W, Troosters T. Six years progression of exercise capacity in subjects with mild to moderate airflow obstruction, smoking and never smoking controls. PLoS One 2018;13:e0208841. [PMID: 30586370 PMCID: PMC6306213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open Abstract BACKGROUND Exercise capacity is an important feature in patients with COPD. Its impairment drives disability and dependency for daily activities performance. This study evaluated the six years change in exercise capacity in subjects with airflow obstruction and compared this to subjects without airflow obstruction, with and without a smoking history. METHODS Cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) were repeatedly performed during a six years follow up period. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), work rate (WRpeak), heart rate (HRpeak), minute ventilation (VEpeak), respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak) and ventilatory reserve (VE/MVV) were collected as effort dependent outcomes. The slopes of oxygen uptake, ventilatory and mechanical efficiency (OUES, ΔVE/ΔVCO2 and ΔVO2/ΔWR) were collected as effort independent outcomes. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-eight subjects were included. Thirty-eight presented airflow obstruction (63±6 years, 74% men, FEV1 90±15%pred), 44 had a smoking history but no airflow obstruction (61±5 years, 61% men, FEV1 105±15%pred) and 56 had never smoked (61±7 years, 57% men, FEV1 117±18%pred). At baseline, the airflow obstruction group had slightly worse exercise capacity in comparison to the never smoking control group, in absolute terms and expressed as percentage of the predicted value (VO2peak = 27±5 versus 32±8 ml/min/kg, p<0.01; 112±29 versus 130±33%pred, p = 0.04). Most exercise variables showed a statistically significant yearly deterioration, with exception of VE/MVV, ΔVE/ΔVCO2 and ΔVO2/ΔWR. The yearly decline in VO2peak and OUES was not faster in subjects with airflow obstruction than in smoking and never smoking controls (VO2peak -67 (9) versus -76 (9) ml/min, p = 0.44 and versus -58 (9), p = 0.47; OUES -32 (11) versus -68 (10), p = 0.03 and versus -68 (13), p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS With exception of VO2peak, effort dependent variables deteriorated faster in subjects with airflow obstruction compared to never smoking controls. The deterioration of effort independent variables, however, was not accelerated in the airflow obstruction group compared to controls. Collapse Key Words Collapse MESH Headings Aged Disease Progression Exercise/physiology Exercise Test Female Humans Lung/physiopathology Male Middle Aged Oxygen Consumption/physiology Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology Respiratory Function Tests Severity of Illness Index Smoking/physiopathology Collapse Grants Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FWO-Flanders Flemish Research Foundation Collapse
82	Bhatt SP, Nath HP, Kim YI, Ramachandran R, Watts JR, Terry NLJ, Sonavane S, Deshmane SP, Woodruff PG, Oelsner EC, Bodduluri S, Han MK, Labaki WW, Michael Wells J, Martinez FJ, Barr RG, Dransfield MT. Centrilobular emphysema and coronary artery calcification: mediation analysis in the SPIROMICS cohort. Respir Res 2018;19:257. [PMID: 30563576 PMCID: PMC6299495 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open Abstract BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a two-to-five fold increase in the risk of coronary artery disease independent of shared risk factors. This association is hypothesized to be mediated by systemic inflammation but this link has not been established. METHODS We included 300 participants enrolled in the SPIROMICS cohort, 75 each of lifetime non-smokers, smokers without airflow obstruction, mild-moderate COPD, and severe-very severe COPD. We quantified emphysema and airway disease on computed tomography, characterized visual emphysema subtypes (centrilobular and paraseptal) and airway disease, and used the Weston visual score to quantify coronary artery calcification (CAC). We used the Sobel test to determine whether markers of systemic inflammation mediated a link between spirometric and radiographic features of COPD and CAC. RESULTS FEV1/FVC but not quantitative emphysema or airway wall thickening was associated with CAC (p = 0.036), after adjustment for demographics, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, statin use, and CT scanner type. To explain this discordance, we examined visual subtypes of emphysema and airway disease, and found that centrilobular emphysema but not paraseptal emphysema or bronchial thickening was independently associated with CAC (p = 0.019). MMP3, VCAM1, CXCL5 and CXCL9 mediated 8, 8, 7 and 16% of the association between FEV1/FVC and CAC, respectively. Similar biomarkers partially mediated the association between centrilobular emphysema and CAC. CONCLUSIONS The association between airflow obstruction and coronary calcification is driven primarily by the centrilobular subtype of emphysema, and is linked through bioactive molecules implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: Identifier: NCT01969344 . Collapse Key Words COPD Cardiovascular disease Coronary artery calcification Emphysema Mediators Collapse MESH Headings Aged Biomarkers/blood Cohort Studies Coronary Artery Disease/blood Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology Female Humans Inflammation Mediators/blood Male Middle Aged Outcome Assessment, Health Care/methods Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/blood Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology Pulmonary Emphysema/blood Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis Pulmonary Emphysema/physiopathology Smoking/blood Smoking/physiopathology Vascular Calcification/blood Vascular Calcification/diagnosis Vascular Calcification/physiopathology Vital Capacity/physiology Collapse Grants HHSN268200900019C NHLBI NIH HHS U24 HL141762 NHLBI NIH HHS K24 HL137013 NHLBI NIH HHS K23HL133438 NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268200900015C NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268200900016C NHLBI NIH HHS U01 HL137880 NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268200900018C NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268200900013C NHLBI NIH HHS K23 HL130627 NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268200900014C NHLBI NIH HHS K23 HL133438 NHLBI NIH HHS K24 HL140108 NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268200900017C NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268200900020C NHLBI NIH HHS National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Collapse
83	Pankova A, Kralikova E, Zvolska K, Stepankova L, Blaha M, Ovesna P, Aveyard P. Early weight gain after stopping smoking: a predictor of overall large weight gain? A single-site retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2018;8:e023987. [PMID: 30559159 PMCID: PMC6303564 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open Abstract OBJECTIVES Most people gain weight on stopping smoking but the extent of weight gain varies greatly. Interventions aimed at all quitters to prevent weight gain on cessation have proven unpopular but targeting people who have gained excess weight immediately after quitting may improve uptake and cost-effectiveness. We examined whether early large postcessation weight gain predicts overall large weight gain. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Primary care setting-smoking cessation centre in Prague, Czech Republic. PARTICIPANTS Out of 3537 patients treated between 2005 and 2013, 1050 were continuous abstainers (verified by carbon monoxide measurement) at 1-year follow-up and formed the cohort of the current report. 48.7% were women (n=511) with the mean age of 46 (±14.4) years. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, all patients underwent usual tobacco dependence treatment using evidence-based methods. Weight was measured prior to smoking cessation and at each visit after quitting. RESULTS The mean weight gain in the first month (n=763) was 0.79% (±2.03%), in the second month (n=646) was 1.49% (±2.58%), for the third month (n=566) 2.33% (±3.44%) and 4.1% (±5.31%) after 1-year follow-up (n=1050). The regression coefficient per 1% rise in the first 3 months was +0.13% (95% CI -0.04% to 0.30%). A receiver operating curve analysis showed that patients gaining more than 0.98% of their baseline weight during first 3 months had a sensitivity of 66% and specificity of 44% for gaining 7% or more weight by 12 months. In addition, lower body mass index and an increase in appetite at 3 months after quitting were associated with greater weight gain, while using nicotine replacement therapy was associated with less weight gain at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS People who stop smoking and gain a larger amount of weight early after quitting are not more likely to gain excessively at 1 year. Collapse Key Words body weight changes smoking smoking cessation weight weight gain Collapse MESH Headings Adult Appetite/drug effects Body Mass Index Czech Republic/epidemiology Female Humans Male Middle Aged Nicotine/pharmacology Overweight/diagnosis Overweight/epidemiology Overweight/etiology Overweight/physiopathology Prognosis Retrospective Studies Smoking/epidemiology Smoking/physiopathology Smoking/therapy Smoking Cessation/psychology Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data Smoking Cessation Agents/pharmacology Weight Gain/drug effects Collapse Grants MR/K023195/1 Medical Research Council Univerzita Karlova v Praze Collapse
84	Song F, Bachmann MO, Aveyard P, Barton GR, Brown TJ, Maskrey V, Blyth A, Notley C, Holland R, Sutton S, Brandon TH. Relapse to smoking and health-related quality of life: Secondary analysis of data from a study of smoking relapse prevention. PLoS One 2018;13:e0205992. [PMID: 30458010 PMCID: PMC6245517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that smoking and smoking cessation may be associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In this study, we compared changes in HRQoL in people who maintained abstinence with people who had relapsed to smoking. Methods This was a secondary analysis of data from a trial of a relapse prevention intervention in 1,407 short-term quitters. The European Quality of Life -5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) measured HRQoL at baseline, 3 and 12 months. Smoking outcome was continuous abstinence from 2 to 12 months, and 7-day smoking at 3 and 12 months. We used nonparametric test for differences in EQ-5D utility scores, and chi-square test for dichotomised response to each of the five EQ-5D dimensions. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to evaluate associations between smoking relapse and HRQoL or anxiety/depression problems. Results The mean EQ-5D tariff score was 0.8252 at baseline. People who maintained abstinence experienced a statistically non-significant increase in the EQ-5D score (mean change 0.0015, P = 0.88), while returning to smoking was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the EQ-5D score (mean change -0.0270, P = 0.004). After adjusting for multiple baseline characteristics, the utility change during baseline and 12 months was statistically significantly associated with continuous abstinence, with a difference of 0.0288 (95% CI: 0.0006 to 0.0571, P = 0.045) between relapsers and continuous quitters. The only difference in quality of life dimensions between those who relapsed and those who maintained abstinence was in the proportion of participants with anxiety/depression problems at 12 months (30% vs. 22%, P = 0.001). Smoking relapse was associated with a simultaneous increase in anxiety/depression problems. Conclusions People who achieve short-term smoking abstinence but subsequently relapse to smoking have a reduced quality of life, which appears mostly due to worsening of symptoms of anxiety and depression. Further research is required to more fully understand the relationship between smoking and health-related quality of life, and to develop cessation interventions by taking into account the impact of anxiety or depression on smoking. Collapse Key Words Collapse MESH Headings Adult Aged Anxiety/epidemiology Anxiety/psychology Depression/epidemiology Depression/psychology Female Humans Male Middle Aged Quality of Life Recurrence Regression Analysis Smoking/physiopathology Smoking Cessation/psychology Stress, Psychological Collapse Grants 09/91/36 Department of Health MR/K023195/1 Medical Research Council P30 CA076292 NCI NIH HHS Health Technology Assessment Programme Collapse
85	Najem SA, Groll A, Schmermund A, Nowak B, Voigtländer T, Kaltenbach U, Dohmann P, Andresen D, Scharhag J. Walking activity during ambulant cardiac rehabilitation is related to maximum working capacity, age, and smoking behavior. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2018;14:361-369. [PMID: 30519032 PMCID: PMC6235325 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s179798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open Abstract BACKGROUND A total of 6,500 to 8,000 steps per day are recommended for cardiovascular secondary prevention. The aim of this research was to examine how many steps per day patients achieve during ambulant cardiac rehabilitation (CR), and if there is a correlation between the number of steps and physical and cardiological parameters. METHODS In all, 192 stable CR patients were included and advised for sealed pedometry. The assessed parameters included maximum working capacity and heart rate, body mass index (BMI), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, ejection fraction (EF), coronary artery disease status, beta-blocker medication, age, sex, smoking behavior, and laboratory parameters. A regularized regression approach called least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used to detect a small set of explanatory variables associated with the response for steps per day. Based on these selected covariates, a sparse additive regression model was fitted. RESULTS The model noted that steps per day had a strong positive correlation with maximum working capacity (P=0.001), a significant negative correlation with higher age (P=0.01) and smoking (smoker: P<0.05; ex-smoker: P=0.01), a positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and a negative correlation with beta-blockers. Correlation between BMI and walking activity was nonlinear (BMI 18.5-24: 7,427±2,730 steps per day; BMI 25-29: 6,448±2,393 steps/day; BMI 30-34: 6,751±2,393 steps per day; BMI 35-39: 5,163±2,574; BMI >40: 6,077±1,567). CONCLUSION Walking activity during CR is reduced in patients who are unfit, older, smoke, or used to smoke. In addition to training recommendations, estimated steps per day during CR could be seen as a baseline orientation that helps patients to stay generally active or even to increase activity after CR. Collapse Key Words Step recommendation pedometer steps/day in cardiac patients Collapse MESH Headings Adult Age Factors Aged Cardiac Rehabilitation/methods Exercise Therapy/methods Exercise Tolerance Female Health Status Heart Diseases/diagnosis Heart Diseases/physiopathology Heart Diseases/psychology Heart Diseases/rehabilitation Humans Male Middle Aged Recovery of Function Risk Factors Secondary Prevention/methods Smoking/adverse effects Smoking/physiopathology Smoking/psychology Time Factors Treatment Outcome Walking Work Capacity Evaluation Collapse Grants Collapse
86	Mostafavi B, Diaz S, Piitulainen E, Stoel BC, Wollmer P, Tanash HA. Lung function and CT lung densitometry in 37- to 39-year-old individuals with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018;13:3689-3698. [PMID: 30510411 PMCID: PMC6231508 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s167497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open Abstract BACKGROUND Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a hereditary disorder that predisposes to emphysema. A cohort of severe (PiZZ) and moderate (PiSZ) AAT-deficient newborn infants was identified by the Swedish national neonatal AAT screening program in 1972-1974 and has been followed-up since birth. Our aim was to study whether the cohort has signs of emphysema in pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and computed tomography (CT) densitometry at 38 years of age in comparison with an age-matched control group, randomly selected from the population registry. METHODS Forty-one PiZZ, 18 PiSZ, and 61 control subjects (PiMM) underwent complete PFTs, measurement of resistance and reactance in the respiratory system by impulse oscillometry (IOS)/forced oscillation technique (FOT), and CT densitometry. The results were related to self-reported smoking habits. RESULTS The total lung capacity (TLC) % of the predicted value was significantly higher in the PiZZ ever-smokers than in the PiZZ never-smokers (P<0.05), PiSZ never-smokers (P=0.01) and the PiMM never-smokers (P=0.01). The residual volume (RV) % of the predicted value was significantly higher in the PiZZ ever-smokers compared to the PiMM never-smokers (P<0.01). The PiZZ ever-smokers had a significantly lower carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (Kco) than the PiSZ never-smokers (P<0.01) and PiMM never-smokers (P<0.01). Respiratory system resistance at 5 Hz (P<0.01), at 20 Hz (P<0.01), and the area of low reactance (Alx; P<0.05) were significantly lower and respiratory system reactance at 5 Hz (P<0.05) was significantly higher in PiZZ subjects compared to the PiMM subjects. No statistically significant differences in the CT densitometry parameters were found between the Pi subgroups. CONCLUSION The physiological parameters in the PiZZ ever-smokers showed evidence of hyperinflation and emphysema before the age of 40 years. Collapse Key Words alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency impulse oscillometry lung disease lung function screening Collapse MESH Headings Adult Age Factors Case-Control Studies Densitometry Disease Progression Female Humans Lung/diagnostic imaging Lung/physiopathology Male Predictive Value of Tests Prognosis Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnostic imaging Pulmonary Emphysema/genetics Pulmonary Emphysema/physiopathology Registries Residual Volume Respiratory Function Tests Severity of Illness Index Smoking/adverse effects Smoking/physiopathology Sweden Tomography, X-Ray Computed Total Lung Capacity alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency/diagnostic imaging alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency/genetics alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency/physiopathology Collapse Grants Collapse
87	Munhoz da Rocha Lemos Costa T, Costa FM, Hoffman Jonasson T, Aguiar Moreira C, Boguszewski CL, Cunha Borges JL, Zeghbi Cochenski Borba V. Bone mineral density and vertebral fractures and their relationship with pulmonary dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Osteoporos Int 2018;29:2537-2543. [PMID: 30043107 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Abstract UNLABELLED To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and morphometric vertebral fractures (MVF) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in comparison with two control groups. BMD was lower in the disease group (DG) and was associated with the worst disease severity and prognosis. The prevalence of MVF was high and greater in the DG than in the control groups. INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. It is still unclear whether the presence of fractures and changes in bone mineral density (BMD) are associated with disease severity and prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate BMD and morphometric vertebral fractures (MVF) in COPD patients in comparison with two control groups and to correlate these parameters with indices of COPD severity (VEF1 and GOLD) and prognosis (BODE). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study in COPD patients (disease group, DG) who underwent BMD and vertebral fracture assessment (VFA). Two control groups were used: smokers without COPD (smoker group, SG) and healthy never-smoker individuals (never-smoker group, NSG). RESULTS The DG comprised 121 patients (65 women, mean age 67.9 ± 8.6 years). Altered BMD was observed in 88.4% of the patients in the DG, which was more prevalent when compared with the control groups (p < 0.001). The BMD values were lower in the DG than in the control groups (p < 0.05). BMD was associated with the worst disease severity and prognosis (p < 0.05). The prevalence of MVF was high (57.8%) and greater than that in the SG (23.8%) and the NSG (14.8%; p < 0.001). The prevalence of fractures was not associated with disease severity and prognosis. CONCLUSIONS COPD patients have a higher prevalence of MVF and low BMD, and the latter was associated with the severity and poor prognosis of the disease. Collapse Key Words BODE Bone mineral density COPD GOLD Vertebral fractures Collapse MESH Headings Aged Bone Density/physiology Case-Control Studies Cross-Sectional Studies Female Femur/physiopathology Femur Neck/physiopathology Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology Humans Lumbar Vertebrae/physiopathology Male Middle Aged Osteoporosis/etiology Osteoporosis/physiopathology Osteoporotic Fractures/etiology Osteoporotic Fractures/physiopathology Prognosis Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology Severity of Illness Index Smoking/adverse effects Smoking/physiopathology Spinal Fractures/etiology Spinal Fractures/physiopathology Collapse Grants Collapse
88	Perez-Padilla R, Wehrmeister FC, de Oca MM, Lopez MV, Jardim JR, Muiño A, Valdivia G, Menezes AMB. Outcomes for symptomatic non-obstructed individuals and individuals with mild (GOLD stage 1) COPD in a population based cohort. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018;13:3549-3561. [PMID: 30464437 PMCID: PMC6208535 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s175527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open Abstract BACKGROUND We aimed to study the adverse outcomes of symptomatic and asymptomatic non-obstructed individuals and those with mild COPD longitudinally in participants from three Latin-American cities. METHODS Two population-based surveys of adults with spirometry were conducted for these same individuals with a 5- to 9-year interval. We evaluated the impact of respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm, wheezing or dyspnea) in non-obstructed individuals, and among those classified as Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage 1, COPD on exacerbation frequency, mortality and FEV1 decline, compared with asymptomatic individuals without airflow obstruction or restriction. RESULTS Non-obstructed symptomatic individuals had a marginal increased risk of mortality (HR 1.3; 95% CI 0.9-1.94), increased FEV1 decline (-4.5 mL/year; 95% CI -8.6, -0.4) and increased risk of 2+ exacerbations in the previous year (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.2-6.5). Individuals with GOLD stage 1 had a marginal increase in mortality (HR 1.5; 95% CI 0.93-2.3) but a non-significant impact on FEV1 decline or exacerbations compared with non-obstructed individuals. CONCLUSIONS The presence of respiratory symptoms in non-obstructed individuals was a predictor of mortality, lung-function decline and exacerbations, whereas the impact of GOLD stage 1 was mild and inconsistent. Respiratory symptoms were associated with asthma, current smoking, and the report of heart disease. Spirometric case-finding and treatment should target individuals with moderate-to-severe airflow obstruction and those with restriction, the groups with consistent increased mortality. Collapse Key Words COPD COPD exacerbations airflow obstruction lung function decline mild COPD screening for COPD spirometry Collapse MESH Headings Adult Aged Asthma/epidemiology Asthma/physiopathology Disease Progression Female Forced Expiratory Volume Humans Lung/physiopathology Male Mexico/epidemiology Middle Aged Prognosis Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/mortality Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology Risk Factors Severity of Illness Index Smoking/adverse effects Smoking/epidemiology Smoking/physiopathology South America/epidemiology Spirometry Time Factors Collapse Grants Collapse
89	Alomari MA, Al-Sheyab NA, Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH. Serum VEGF Level Is Different in Adolescents Smoking Waterpipe versus Cigarettes: The Irbid TRY. Biomolecules 2018;8:E102. [PMID: 30274185 PMCID: PMC6316401 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open Abstract Waterpipe (Wp) use is associated with most devastating diseases and particularly popular among adolescents. Vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) is essential for generating new vessels. The effect of smoking tobacco on VEGF is controversial and unknown among adolescents. Therefore, the current study compared serum VEGF in adolescents smoking cigarettes (Cg) only (9.3%), Wp only (19.6%), and dual (Wp and Cg) (36.4%) versus nonsmokers (34.6%) in adolescents. A self-reported questionnaire and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to obtain smoking status and serum VEGF, respectively, in 475 (age: 14.6 ± 1.0 years) boys (n = 263) and girls (n = 212) from Irbid, Jordan. The analysis showed that smoking status (R² = 0.021; p = 0.001) and gender (R² = 0.035; p = 0.000) can predict VEGF. Furthermore, 2-way-ANCOVA revealed that VEGF was lower in the dual cohort versus the Cg (33.4%; p = 0.04) and nonsmoker (29.6%; p = 0.003) cohorts; VEGF in smokers, was lower (33.6%; p = 0.04) in the Wp versus nonsmokers in the boys but not the girls. These results are unique and suggest that smoking lowers VEGF, which might adversely affect vascular growth and function. This is alarming given that adolescents are still in the development stage and smoking, particularly Wp, is popular among them. Therefore, interventions targeting smoking among schoolchildren are urgently needed to avoid the negative effects of smoking, especially on vascular health. Collapse Key Words Irbid-TRY tobacco vascular endothelium growth factor waterpipe cigarette Collapse MESH Headings Adolescent Female Humans Jordan/epidemiology Male Smoking/adverse effects Smoking/blood Smoking/physiopathology Smoking Water Pipes Surveys and Questionnaires Tobacco Products/adverse effects Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/blood Collapse Grants Collapse
90	Rüther T, Schultz Y, Wirth C, Chrobok A, Rabenstein A, Keeser D, Ertl-Wagner B, Pogarell O, Karch S. Effect of smoking status on neuronal responses to graphic cigarette warning labels. PLoS One 2018;13:e0201360. [PMID: 30235214 PMCID: PMC6147412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open Abstract Background Smoking is responsible for a large proportion of cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular deaths. Nevertheless the health risks of smoking are still underestimated in many smokers. The present study aimed to examine neurobiological responses to graphical warnings on cigarette packings in non-smokers and patients with tobacco dependence. Methods Twenty non-smokers and twenty-four patients with tobacco dependence participated in a functional MRI study during that pictures of different categories were presented ((a) EU-warning pictures, (b) text-only warnings, (c) neutral pictures with short information). Patients contributed twice in the experiment (after 10 hours nicotine withdrawal / about 5 minutes after nicotine consumption). Results Smokers during withdrawal demonstrated increased neuronal responses predominantly in subcortical, temporal and frontal brain regions that are associated with emotional and cognitive processes during the presentation of graphical warnings compared to neutral pictures. In smokers after smoking and non-smokers, the differences between graphical warnings and neutral pictures were increased compared to smokers during withdrawal. The comparison of the graphical warnings with text-only labels demonstrated the importance of affective brain regions especially in smokers after smoking and in non-smokers. During withdrawal, the neural responses associated with graphical warnings and text-only labels differed only marginally. Discussion and conclusion The results suggest that emotional and cognitive reactions to graphical warnings are predominantly seen in smokers after smoking and in non-smokers. The impact of these pictures during withdrawal seems to be less pronounced; in this case, more unspecific processes seem to be important, including the projection of sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. Collapse Key Words Collapse MESH Headings Adult Brain/diagnostic imaging Brain/physiopathology Cognition Emotions Female Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Middle Aged Neurons Product Labeling Smoking/physiopathology Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnostic imaging Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology Collapse Grants Collapse
91	Liberman K, Van Schuerbeek P, Herremans S, Meysman M, De Mey J, Buls N. The effect of nicotine patches on craving in the brain: A functional MRI study on heavy smokers. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97:e12415. [PMID: 30278517 PMCID: PMC6181594 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open Abstract BACKGROUND Smoking is a common phenomenon and kills over 6 million people every year. Many smokers try to quit smoking by using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Most of the time, relapse occurs in less than six months after finishing the program of NRT. We performed a single blinded study in which our aim was to figure out what the effect of the nicotine patch is on craving in the brain of smokers deprived from smoking. METHODS Five heavy smokers (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence ≥4) underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 4 random conditions: smoking (S); smoking deprivation (SD); SD combined with a NP (SD + NP); SD combined with a placebo patch (SD + PP). Visual stimulation provoked craving in block design by randomly displaying images of smoking related scenes. After image preprocessing, a fixed-effect analysis was performed to compare average group activations. The Questionnaire for Smoking Urges (QSU) was obtained before and after each scan. RESULTS The fMRI results showed higher activation in areas involved in craving in S compared with SD + NP, SD + PP, and SD. In the SD + NP, limbic circuit and attention area were higher activated compared with SD and SD + PP. The SD + PP and SD showed higher activation in the frontal cortex and limbic system compared with S and SD + NP. Nonsmokers showed higher limbic activation compared with SD.The QSU increased significantly after the fMRI experiment in S (P = .036).The SD had higher QSU scores compared with the S before (P = .002), and also after (P = .022) the fMRI experiment. The NP showed lower scores than the SD before the experiment (P = .046). CONCLUSION The fMRI experiment revealed lower activity in areas associated with attention when subjects were nicotine deprived (SD + PP and SD). Areas involved with craving showed less activity when nicotine is present (S and SD + NP). The QSU showed a significant difference between SD and when nicotine is present (S and SD + NP). Collapse Key Words addiction brain cigarettes craving functional mri nicotine patch Collapse MESH Headings Adult Brain/physiopathology Craving/physiology Female Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Male Single-Blind Method Smokers Smoking/physiopathology Smoking/therapy Tobacco Use Cessation Devices Tobacco Use Disorder/physiopathology Tobacco Use Disorder/therapy Collapse Grants Collapse
92	Huang L, Abe EM, Li XX, Bergquist R, Xu L, Xue JB, Ruan Y, Cao CL, Li SZ. Space-time clustering and associated risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis in southwest China. Infect Dis Poverty 2018;7:91. [PMID: 30115099 PMCID: PMC6097331 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open Abstract BACKGROUND Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB,both smear positive and smear negative) is an airborne infectious disease of major public health concern in China and other parts of the world where PTB endemicity is reported. This study aims at identifying PTB spatio-temporal clusters and associated risk factors in Zhaotong prefecture-level city, located in southwest China, where the PTB notification rate was higher than the average rate in the entire country. METHODS Space-time scan statistics were carried out using PTB registered data in the nationwide TB online registration system from 2011 to 2015, to identify spatial clusters. PTB patients diagnosed between October 2015 and February 2016 were selected and a structured questionnaire was administered to collect a set of variables that includes socio-economic status, behavioural characteristics, local environmental and biological characteristics. Based on the discovery of detailed town-level spatio-temporal PTB clusters, we divided selected subjects into two groups including the cases that resides within and outside identified clusters. Then, logistic regression analysis was applied comparing the results of variables between the two groups. RESULTS A total of 1508 subjects consented and participated in the survey. Clusters for PTB cases were identified in 38 towns distributed over south-western Zhaotong. Logistic regression analysis showed that history of chronic bronchitis (OR = 3.683, 95% CI: 2.180-6.223), living in an urban area (OR = 5.876, 95% CI: 2.381-14.502) and using coal as the main fuel (OR = 9.356, 95% CI: 5.620-15.576) were independently associated with clustering. While, not smoking (OR = 0.340, 95% CI: 0.137-0.843) is the protection factor of spatial clustering. CONCLUSIONS We found PTB specially clustered in south-western Zhaotong. The strong associated factors influencing the PTB spatial cluster including: the history of chronic bronchitis, living in the urban area, smoking and the use of coal as the main fuel for cooking and heating. Therefore, efforts should be made to curtail these associated factors. Collapse Key Words China Pulmonary tuberculosis Regression analysis method Risk factors Spatio-temporal clustering Collapse MESH Headings Adolescent Adult Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use Bronchitis, Chronic/physiopathology China/epidemiology Cities Female Humans Logistic Models Male Middle Aged Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification Risk Factors Smoking/physiopathology Social Class Space-Time Clustering Spatio-Temporal Analysis Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/transmission Collapse Grants 2012ZX10004-220, 2016ZX10004222-006 the National Special Science and Technology Project for Major Infectious Diseases of China GHSP-CS-OP1-01 the China-UK Global Health Support Programme 15GWZK0101, GWIV-29 The Forth Round of Three-Year Public Health Action Plan of Shanghai, China the National Special Science and Technology Project for Major Infectious Diseases of China the China-UK Global Health Support Programme Collapse
93	Kopiczko A, Gryko K, Łopuszańska-Dawid M. Bone mineral density, hand grip strength, smoking status and physical activity in Polish young men. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2018;69:209-216. [PMID: 30143235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Abstract The human skeleton undergoes constant changes encompassing the phases of growth, consolidation and involution of the bone tissue. The aim of the research was to assess the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and such factors as hand grip strength, somatic structure or attitudes to tobacco smoking in men with different levels of physical activity. The study included 172 males aged 20-30 years. Mineral density and forearm bone mass were measured using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. Physical activity levels were assessed with the use of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Hand grip strength was measured with Jamar hand dynamometer. Attitudes towards smoking were assessed using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey. The correlation between a high level of physical activity among men and higher BMD and bone mass both in the distal and proximal parts of the forearm was statistically significantly greater compared to individuals with an insufficient level of physical activity. A better state of BMD and higher bone mass in both forearm bones was noted among non-smoking men. A high level of physical activity was the most significant predictor of BMD in the distal part of the forearm. The regression analysis in the proximal part revealed that body mass and a high level of physical activity were the most important predictors of BMD. The lack of physical activity was associated with more frequent occurrence of low bone mass in men. Tobacco smoking may be one of the most important risk factors of poor bone mineralization in young men. Collapse Key Words Bone mineral content Densitometry Dynamometer IPAQ Tobacco Collapse MESH Headings Adult Attitude to Health Bone Density/physiology Exercise/physiology Hand Strength/physiology Humans Male Osteoporosis/etiology Poland Regression Analysis Risk Factors Smoking/adverse effects Smoking/physiopathology Smoking/psychology Young Adult Collapse Grants Collapse
94	Li J, Shen J, Liu S, Chauvel M, Yang W, Mei J, Lei L, Wu L, Gao J, Yang Y. Responses of Patients with Disorders of Consciousness to Habit Stimulation: A Quantitative EEG Study. Neurosci Bull 2018;34:691-699. [PMID: 30019216 PMCID: PMC6060212 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open Abstract Whether habit stimulation is effective in DOC patient arousal has not been reported. In this paper, we analyzed the responses of DOC patients to habit stimulation. Nineteen DOC patients with alcohol consumption or smoking habits were recruited and 64-channel EEG signals were acquired both at the resting state and at three stimulation states. Wavelet transformation and nonlinear dynamics were used to extract the features of EEG signals and four brain lobes were selected to investigate the degree of EEG response to habit stimulation. Results showed that the highest degree of EEG response was from the call-name stimulation, followed by habit and music stimulations. Significant differences in EEG wavelet energy and response coefficient were found both between habit and music stimulation, and between habit and call-name stimulation. These findings prove that habit stimulation induces relatively more intense EEG responses in DOC patients than music stimulation, suggesting that it may be a relevant additional method for eliciting patient arousal. Collapse Key Words Differential analysis Disorder of consciousness EEG Habit stimulation Nonlinear dynamics Wavelet transformation Collapse MESH Headings Adult Alcohol Drinking/physiopathology Brain/physiopathology Consciousness Disorders/physiopathology Consciousness Disorders/therapy Electroencephalography Female Habits Humans Male Middle Aged Music Names Nonlinear Dynamics Physical Stimulation Rest Smoking/physiopathology Speech Treatment Outcome Wavelet Analysis Collapse Grants Collapse
95	Morton G, Nasirova N, Sparks DW, Brodsky M, Sivakumaran S, Lambe EK, Turner EE. Chrna5-Expressing Neurons in the Interpeduncular Nucleus Mediate Aversion Primed by Prior Stimulation or Nicotine Exposure. J Neurosci 2018;38:6900-6920. [PMID: 29954848 PMCID: PMC6070661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0023-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open Abstract Genetic studies have shown an association between smoking and variation at the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene locus encoding the α5, α3, and β4 nicotinic receptor subunits. The α5 receptor has been specifically implicated because smoking-associated haplotypes contain a coding variant in the CHRNA5 gene. The Chrna5/a3/b4 locus is conserved in rodents and the restricted expression of these subunits suggests neural pathways through which the reinforcing and aversive properties of nicotine may be mediated. Here, we show that, in the interpeduncular nucleus (IP), the site of the highest Chrna5 mRNA expression in rodents, electrophysiological responses to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation are markedly reduced in α5-null mice. IP neurons differ markedly from their upstream ventral medial habenula cholinergic partners, which appear unaltered by loss of α5. To probe the functional role of α5-containing IP neurons, we used BAC recombineering to generate transgenic mice expressing Cre-recombinase from the Chrna5 locus. Reporter expression driven by Chrna5Cre demonstrates that transcription of Chrna5 is regulated independently from the Chrna3/b4 genes transcribed on the opposite strand. Chrna5-expressing IP neurons are GABAergic and project to distant targets in the mesopontine raphe and tegmentum rather than forming local circuits. Optogenetic stimulation of Chrna5-expressing IP neurons failed to elicit physical manifestations of withdrawal. However, after recent prior stimulation or exposure to nicotine, IP stimulation becomes aversive. These results using mice of both sexes support the idea that the risk allele of CHRNA5 may increase the drive to smoke via loss of IP-mediated nicotine aversion.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the receptors and neural pathways underlying the reinforcing and aversive effects of nicotine may suggest new treatments for tobacco addiction. Part of the individual variability in smoking is associated with specific forms of the α5 nicotinic receptor subunit gene. Here, we show that deletion of the α5 subunit in mice markedly reduces the cellular response to nicotine and acetylcholine in the interpeduncular nucleus (IP). Stimulation of α5-expressing IP neurons using optogenetics is aversive, but this effect requires priming by recent prior stimulation or exposure to nicotine. These results support the idea that the smoking-associated variant of the α5 gene may increase the drive to smoke via loss of IP-mediated nicotine aversion. Collapse Key Words acetylcholine chrna5 habenula interpeduncular nucleus nicotine optogenetics Collapse MESH Headings Animals Avoidance Learning/physiology Crosses, Genetic Exploratory Behavior/drug effects Exploratory Behavior/physiology Female Genes, Reporter Injections, Subcutaneous Interpeduncular Nucleus/physiology Male Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Mice, Knockout Mice, Transgenic Nicotine/administration & dosage Nicotine/pharmacology Nicotine/toxicity Optogenetics Patch-Clamp Techniques Receptors, Nicotinic/deficiency Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism Smoking/genetics Smoking/physiopathology Smoking/psychology Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/genetics Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology Collapse Grants N01NS02331 NINDS NIH HHS R01 DA035838 NIDA NIH HHS R01 MH093667 NIMH NIH HHS U54 HD083091 NICHD NIH HHS Collapse
96	Dusingize JC, Olsen CM, Pandeya N, Thompson BS, Webb PM, Green AC, Neale RE, Whiteman DC. Smoking and Cutaneous Melanoma: Findings from the QSkin Sun and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27:874-881. [PMID: 29789324 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open Abstract Background: Previous studies suggest that smokers have lower risks of cutaneous melanoma than nonsmokers, but data from population-based prospective studies are scarce. We investigated associations between smoking and melanoma in a cohort study purpose-designed to investigate skin cancer outcomes.Methods: Participants with no prior history of melanoma (n = 38,697) completed a risk factor survey at baseline (2011). Patients were followed through linkage to the cancer registry. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between smoking (including intensity, duration, time since quitting) and melanoma using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, accounting for death as a competing event.Results: During a mean follow-up of 3.5 years, invasive melanomas developed in 247 participants. Compared with never smokers, former smokers (but not current smokers) had lower risks of invasive melanoma (HR 0.76; 95% CI, 0.57-1.01). Among former smokers, risks were lower with greater quantity of cigarettes smoked (HR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.56-0.98 per 10 cigarettes/day). No association was observed with duration of smoking while longer time since quitting was associated with a relative risk of melanoma that was not significantly different from the null (HR 1.18; 95% CI, 0.91-1.51, for every 10 years since quitting).Conclusions: We observed complex associations between smoking and melanoma, with some suggestion that former smokers had lower risks than never or current smokers. The apparent inverse association among former smokers may be due to residual confounding, although surveillance bias or biological effects cannot be excluded entirely.Impact: Smoking does not increase the risk of cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(8); 874-81. ©2018 AACR. Collapse Key Words Collapse MESH Headings Adult Aged Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Incidence Male Melanoma/epidemiology Melanoma/pathology Middle Aged Neoplasm Invasiveness Prognosis Prospective Studies Queensland/epidemiology Registries Risk Assessment/methods Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology Skin Neoplasms/pathology Smoking/physiopathology Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant Collapse Grants Collapse
97	Orr MF, Lederhos Smith C, Finlay M, Martin SC, Brooks O, Oluwoye OA, Leickly E, McDonell M, Burduli E, Barbosa-Leiker C, Layton M, Roll JM, McPherson SM. Pilot investigation: randomized-controlled analog trial for alcohol and tobacco smoking co-addiction using contingency management. Behav Pharmacol 2018;29:462-468. [PMID: 29561290 PMCID: PMC6035091 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Abstract Contingency management (CM) is associated with decreases in off-target drug and alcohol use during primary target treatment. The primary hypothesis for this trial was that targeting alcohol use or tobacco smoking would yield increased abstinence in the opposite, nontargeted drug. We used a 2 [CM vs. noncontingent control (NC) for alcohol]×2 (CM vs. NC for smoking tobacco) factorial design, with alcohol intake (through urinary ethyl glucuronide) and tobacco smoking (through urinary cotinine) as the primary outcomes. Thirty-four heavy-drinking smokers were randomized into one of four groups, wherein they received CM, or equivalent NC reinforcement, for alcohol abstinence, smoking abstinence, both drugs, or neither drug. The CM for alcohol and tobacco group had only two participants and therefore was not included in analysis. Compared with the NC for alcohol and tobacco smoking group, both the CM for the tobacco smoking group [odds ratio (OR)=12.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.50-96.31] and the CM for the alcohol group (OR=37.55; 95% CI: 4.86-290.17) submitted significantly more tobacco-abstinent urinalyses. Similarly, compared with the NC for the alcohol and tobacco group, both the CM for smoking (OR=2.57; 95% CI: 1.00-6.60) and the CM for alcohol groups (OR=3.96; 95% CI: 1.47-10.62) submitted significantly more alcohol-abstinent urinalyses. These data indicate cross-over effects of CM on indirect treatment targets. Although this is a pilot investigation, it could help to inform the design of novel treatments for alcohol and tobacco co-addiction. Collapse Key Words alcohol use disorder treatment smoking cessation contingency management ethyl glucuronide treatment biomarkers randomized clinical analog trial human Collapse MESH Headings Adult Alcohol Abstinence/psychology Alcohol-Related Disorders/physiopathology Alcoholism/physiopathology Behavior, Addictive/physiopathology Behavior, Addictive/psychology Ethanol/adverse effects Female Humans Male Middle Aged Pilot Projects Smoking/physiopathology Smoking Cessation/methods Smoking Cessation/psychology Nicotiana/adverse effects Tobacco Use Disorder/physiopathology Collapse Grants L30 DA038339 NIDA NIH HHS P20 MD006871 NIMHD NIH HHS UG1 DA013714 NIDA NIH HHS Collapse
98	Si B, Dumkrieger G, Wu T, Zafonte R, Valadka AB, Okonkwo DO, Manley GT, Wang L, Dodick DW, Schwedt TJ, Li J. Sub-classifying patients with mild traumatic brain injury: A clustering approach based on baseline clinical characteristics and 90-day and 180-day outcomes. PLoS One 2018;13:e0198741. [PMID: 29995912 PMCID: PMC6040703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open Abstract Background The current classification of traumatic brain injury (TBI) into “mild”, “moderate”, or “severe” does not adequately account for the patient heterogeneity that still exists within each of these categories. The objective of this study was to identify “sub-groups” of mild TBI (mTBI) patients based on data available at the time of the initial post-TBI patient evaluation and to determine if the sub-grouping correlates with patient outcomes at 90 and 180 days post-TBI. Methods Data from patients in the TRACK-TBI Pilot dataset who had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13 to 15 at arrival to the Emergency Department and a closed head injury were included. Considering 53 clinical variables that are typically available during the initial evaluation of the patient with mild TBI, sparse heirarchial clustering with cluster quality assessment was used to identify the optimal number of patient sub-groups. Patient sub-groups were then compared for ten outcomes measured at 90 or 180 days post-TBI. Results Amongst the 485 patients with mTBI, optimal clustering was based on the inclusion of 12 clinical variables that divided the patients into 5 mild TBI sub-groups. Clinical variables driving the sub-clustering included: gender, employment status, marital status, TBI due to falling, brain CT scan result, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, administration of IV fluids in the Emergency Department, alcohol use, tobacco use, history of neurologic disease, and history of psychiatric disease. These 5 mild TBI sub-groups differed in their 90 day and 180 day outcomes within several domains including global outcomes, persistence of TBI-related symptoms, and neuropsychological impairment. Conclusions Sub-groups of patients with mTBI can be identified according to clinical variables that are relatively easy to obtain at the time of initial patient evaluation. A patient’s sub-group assignment is associated with multidimensional patient outcomes at 90 and 180 days. These findings support the notion that there are clinically meaningful subgroups of patients amongst those currently classified as having mTBI. Collapse Key Words Collapse MESH Headings Adult Alcohol Drinking/physiopathology Blood Pressure Brain Concussion/classification Brain Concussion/diagnostic imaging Brain Concussion/pathology Brain Injuries, Traumatic/classification Brain Injuries, Traumatic/diagnostic imaging Brain Injuries, Traumatic/pathology Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy/classification Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy/diagnostic imaging Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy/pathology Cluster Analysis Employment Female Glasgow Coma Scale Humans Male Marital Status Middle Aged Risk Factors Sex Factors Smoking/physiopathology Tomography, X-Ray Computed Collapse Grants R21 HD089035 NICHD NIH HHS Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collapse
99	Weaver SR, Huang J, Pechacek TF, Heath JW, Ashley DL, Eriksen MP. Are electronic nicotine delivery systems helping cigarette smokers quit? Evidence from a prospective cohort study of U.S. adult smokers, 2015-2016. PLoS One 2018;13:e0198047. [PMID: 29985948 PMCID: PMC6037369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open Abstract Background The potential of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) to reduce the cardiovascular and other disease risks of smoking is of great interest. While many smokers report using ENDS for cessation, their impact under real-world use patterns and conditions on adult smokers’ quitting behavior is uncertain. The objective of this study was to generate more recent and comprehensive evidence on the effect of “real world” ENDS use on the population quit rates of adult smokers while taking account of frequency and duration of use, device type, e-liquid flavor, and reasons for use. Methods and findings We conducted a population-based, prospective cohort study of a random probability sample of 1284 U.S. adult smokers recruited in August/September 2015 and re-contacted one-year later (September 2016) from GfK’s KnowledgePanel, a national, probability-based web-panel designed to be representative of non-institutionalized U.S. adults. Among the 1081 baseline smokers who remained members of KnowledgePanel, 858 completed the follow-up survey. The primary outcome was smoking abstinence for at least 30 days prior to follow-up. Secondary outcomes were making a quit attempt during the 12-month study period and number of cigarettes smoked per day at follow-up. The adjusted odds of quitting smoking were lower for those that used ENDS at baseline (9.4%, 95% CI = 5.22%-16.38%; AOR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.13–0.72) compared to smokers who did not use at ENDS (18.9%, 95% CI = 14.24%-24.68%). Smokers who used ENDS daily at some point during the study period were also less likely to quit smoking than nonusers (AOR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.04–0.82). Limited ability to draw causal inferences from the observational design and a lack of biochemical verification of quitting smoking or ENDS use are limitations of this study. Conclusions We found no evidence that ENDS use, within context of the 2015–2016 US regulatory and tobacco/vaping market landscape, helped adult smokers quit at rates higher than smokers who did not use these products. Absent any meaningful changes, ENDS use among adult smokers is unlikely to be a sufficient solution to obtaining a meaningful increase in population quit rates. Additional research is needed to reconcile the divergent literature and monitor the impact of ENDS in an environment of rapidly evolving markets and regulatory policies. Collapse Key Words Collapse MESH Headings Adult Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems/methods Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems/statistics & numerical data Female Humans Male Middle Aged Prospective Studies Smokers/psychology Smoking/epidemiology Smoking/physiopathology Smoking Cessation/methods Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data United States/epidemiology Collapse Grants P50 DA036128 NIDA NIH HHS National Institute on Drug Abuse Collapse
100	Salloum NC, Buchalter ELF, Chanani S, Espejo G, Ismail MS, Laine RO, Nageeb M, Srivastava AB, Trapp N, Trillo L, Vance E, Wenzinger M, Hartz SM, David SP, Chen LS. From genes to treatments: a systematic review of the pharmacogenetics in smoking cessation. Pharmacogenomics 2018;19:861-871. [PMID: 29914292 PMCID: PMC6219447 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open Abstract Smoking cessation treatment outcomes may be heavily influenced by genetic variations among smokers. Therefore, identifying specific variants that affect response to different pharmacotherapies is of major interest to the field. In the current study, we systematically review all studies published in or after the year 1990 which examined one or more gene-drug interactions for smoking cessation treatment. Out of 644 citations, 46 articles met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. We summarize evidence on several genetic polymorphisms (CHRNA5-A3-B4, CYP2A6, DBH, CHRNA4, COMT, DRD2, DRD4 and CYP2B6) and their potential moderating pharamacotherarpy effects on patient cessation efficacy rates. These findings are promising and call for further research to demonstrate the effectiveness of genetic testing in personalizing treatment decision-making and improving outcome. Collapse Key Words nicotine replacement therapy pharmacogenetics precision medicine smoking cessation Collapse MESH Headings Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6/genetics Genetic Variation Humans Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics Nicotine/genetics Nicotine/metabolism Pharmacogenetics/trends Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics Smoking/genetics Smoking/physiopathology Smoking Cessation Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology Tobacco Use Disorder/genetics Tobacco Use Disorder/pathology Collapse Grants K08 DA030398 NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA038076 NIDA NIH HHS U54 MD010724 NIMHD NIH HHS P30 CA091842 NCI NIH HHS KL2 TR002346 NCATS NIH HHS KL2 RR024994 NCRR NIH HHS KL2 TR000450 NCATS NIH HHS Collapse