2351
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Leme DM, de Oliveira GAR, Meireles G, dos Santos TC, Zanoni MVB, de Oliveira DP. Genotoxicological assessment of two reactive dyes extracted from cotton fibres using artificial sweat. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:31-8. [PMID: 23811265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Human eyes have a remarkable ability to recognize hundreds of colour shades, which has stimulated the use of colorants, especially for clothing, but toxicological studies have shown that some textile dyes can be hazardous to human health. Under conditions of intense perspiration, dyes can migrate from coloured clothes and penetrate into human skin. Garments made from cotton fabrics are the most common clothing in tropical countries, due to their high temperatures. Aiming to identify safe textile dyes for dyeing cotton fabrics, the genotoxicity [in vitro Comet assay with normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF), Tail Intensity] and mutagenicity [Salmonella/microsome preincubation assay (30min), tester strains TA98, TA100, YG1041 and YG1042] of Reactive Blue 2 (RB2, CAS No. 12236-82-7, C.I. 61211) and Reactive Green 19 (RG19, CAS No. 61931-49-5, C.I. 205075) were evaluated both in the formulated form and as extracted from cotton fibres using different artificial sweats. Both the dyes could migrate from cotton fibres to sweat solutions, the sweat composition and pH being important factors during this extraction. However, the dye sweat solutions showed no genotoxic/mutagenic effects, whereas a weak mutagenic potential was detected by the Ames test for both dyes in their formulated form. These findings emphasize the relevance of textile dyes assessment under conditions that more closely resemble human exposure, in order to recognize any hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Morais Leme
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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2352
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Sant'Anna JR, Yajima JPRS, Rosada LJ, Franco CCS, Prioli AJ, Della-Rosa VA, Mathias PCF, Castro-Prado MAA. Metformin's performance in in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology studies. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:803-10. [PMID: 23788173 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213480744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a hypoglycemiant drug prescribed for the treatment and control of the type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, the potential efficacy of this antidiabetic drug as an anticancer agent has been demonstrated in various mammalian cancer cells. This report evaluates the mutagenic as well as the recombinogenic potentials of the metformin drug in therapeutically relevant plasma concentrations (12.5 µM, 25.0 µM or 50.0 µM). Since the loss of heterozygosity is a process associated with carcinogenesis, the recombinogenic potential of such a drug was evaluated by the homozygotization assay using a heterozygous diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans. The homozigotization indices (HI) for the genetic markers from the metformin-treated diploids were not statistically different from the negative control (non-treated diploids). For the first time, this indicated a lack of recombinogenic activity of the antidiabetic drug. The mutagenic potential of the metformin drug was evaluated by the chromosome aberrations and the micronuclei tests in human lymphocytes cultures. The metformin drug did not show any significant increase either in the numerical or in the structural chromosome aberrations and did not affect significantly the mitotic index when compared to the negative control. In the in vitro micronucleus test, the drug did not increase the number of micronuclei or nuclear buds when compared with the negative control. The data in this study suggest that the metformin drug is not a secondary cancer inducer, since it has neither showed recombinogenic nor mutagenic activities when used in pharmacological concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane R Sant'Anna
- Laboratório de Genética de Microorganismos e Mutagênese, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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2353
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Mantovani A, Fucic A. Puberty dysregulation and increased risk of disease in adult life: possible modes of action. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 44:15-22. [PMID: 23791931 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is the developmental window when the final maturation of body systems is orchestrated by hormones; lifelong sex-related differences and capacity to interact with the environment are defined during this life stage. Increased incidence in a number of chronic, multifactorial diseases could be related to environmental exposures during puberty: however, insight on the susceptibility of the peripubertal period is still limited. The estrogen/androgen balance is a crucial axis in harmonizing the whole pubertal development, pointing out the significance of exposures to endocrine disruptors. Besides the reproductive system, endocrine-related perturbations may affect the maturation of skeleton, adipose tissues, brain, immune system, as well as cancer predisposition. Thus, risk assessment of environmental stressors should duly consider specific aspects of the pubertal window. Besides endocrine-related mechanisms, suggested research priorities include signaling molecules (e.g., kisspeptins, dopamine) as xenobiotic targets and disturbances of specific pubertal methylation processes potentially involved in neurobehavioral disorders and cancer risk in adulthood.
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2354
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Ihsan A, Wang X, Zhang W, Tu H, Wang Y, Huang L, Iqbal Z, Cheng G, Pan Y, Liu Z, Tan Z, Zhang Y, Yuan Z. Genotoxicity of quinocetone, cyadox and olaquindox in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:207-14. [PMID: 23774262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Quinocetone (QCT) and Cyadox (CYA) are important derivative of heterocyclic N-oxide quinoxaline (QdNO), used actively as antimicrobial feed additives in China. Here, we tested and compared the genotoxic potential of QCT and CYA with olaquindox (OLA) in Ames test, HGPRT gene mutation (HGM) test in V79 cells, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay in human peripheral lymphocytes, chromosome aberration (CA) test, and micronucleus (MN) test in mice bone marrow. OLA was found genotoxic in all 5 assays. In Ames test, QCT produced His(+) mutants at 6.9 μg/plate in Salmonella typhimurium TA 97, at 18.2 μg/plate in TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, and at 50 μg/plate in TA 98. CYA produced His(+) mutants at 18.2 μg/plate in TA 97, TA 1535, and at 50 μg/plate in TA 98, TA 100 and TA 1537. QCT was found positive in HGM and UDS assay at concentrations ≥10 μg/ml while negative results were reported in CA test and MN test. Collectively, we found that OLA was more genotoxic than QCT and CYA. Genotoxicity of QCT was found at higher concentration levels in Ames test, HGM and UDS assays while CYA showed weak mutagenic potential to bacterial cells in Ames test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Ihsan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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2355
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Kienzler A, Tronchère X, Devaux A, Bony S. UV-induced Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) and Photoreactivation Repair (PER) in two trout fish cell lines used in ecotoxicological assessment studies. J Photochem Photobiol B 2013; 125:51-5. [PMID: 23742810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A better knowledge of DNA repair capacities in permanent fish cell lines would contribute to establish their interest in genotoxicity testing for environmental risk assessment studies including the effects of an increase in solar UV radiations on aquatic organisms. NER (Nucleotide Excision Repair) and PER (Photoreactivation Repair) are the two repair pathways of choice for UV-induced photo-lesions. In the present paper, these repair processes were characterized in the two rainbow trout cell lines, RTGill-W1 and RTL-W1 (liver), by means of a T4-modified comet assay which allowed to follow the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers repair kinetics specifically. Both repair processes have been found in the cell lines, PER repairing much faster UV lesions than NER, and NER being slightly more efficient in the gill cell line than in the liver one.
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2356
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Bulcão RP, de Freitas FA, Dallegrave E, Venturini CG, Baierle M, Durgante J, Sauer E, Cassini C, Cerski CT, Zielinsky P, Salvador M, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Garcia SC. In vivo toxicological evaluation of polymeric nanocapsules after intradermal administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:167-77. [PMID: 23643792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanocarriers have shown great promise as delivery systems. An alternative strategy has been to explore new delivery routes, such as intradermal (i.d.), that can be used for vaccines and patch-based drug delivery. Despite their many advantages, there are few toxicity studies, especially in vivo. We report a safety assessment of biodegradable poly(ɛ-caprolactone) lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC) with a mean size of 245±10nm following single and repeated intradermal injections to Wistar rats. Suspensions were prepared by interfacial deposition of polymer. The animals (n=6/group) received a single-dose of saline solution (1.2ml/kg) or LNC (7.2×10(12)LNC/kg), or repeated-doses of two controls, saline solution or Tween 80 (0.9ml/kg), or three different concentrations of LNC (1.8, 3.6, and 5.4×10(12)LNC/kg) for 28 consecutive days. Clinical and physiological signs and mortality were observed. Samples of urine, blood, and tissue were used to perform toxicological evaluation. There were no clinical signs of toxicity or mortality, but there was a slight decrease in the relative body weights in the Tween 80-treated group (p<0.01) after repeated administration. No histopathological alterations were observed in tissues or significant changes in blood and urinary biomarkers for tissue damage. Mild alterations in white blood cells count with increases in granulocytes in the Tween-80 group (p<0.05) were found. Genotoxicity was evaluated through the comet assay, and no statistical difference was observed among the groups. Therefore, we conclude that, under the conditions of these experiments, biodegradable LNC did not present appreciable toxicity after 28 consecutive days of intradermal administration and is promising for its future application in vaccines and patch-based devices for enhancing the delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Bulcão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando A de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristina G Venturini
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marília Baierle
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliano Durgante
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elisa Sauer
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto de Cardiologia, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carina Cassini
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos T Cerski
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo Zielinsky
- Instituto de Cardiologia, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mirian Salvador
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriana R Pohlmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sílvia S Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Solange C Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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2357
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Land AM, Law EK, Carpenter MA, Lackey L, Brown WL, Harris RS. Endogenous APOBEC3A DNA cytosine deaminase is cytoplasmic and nongenotoxic. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17253-60. [PMID: 23640892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.458661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3A (A3A) is a myeloid lineage-specific DNA cytosine deaminase with a role in innate immunity to foreign DNA. Previous studies have shown that heterologously expressed A3A is genotoxic, suggesting that monocytes may have a mechanism to regulate this enzyme. Indeed, we observed no significant cytotoxicity when interferon was used to induce the expression of endogenous A3A in CD14(+)-enriched primary cells or the monocytic cell line THP-1. In contrast, doxycycline-induced A3A in HEK293 cells caused major cytotoxicity at protein levels lower than those observed when CD14(+) cells were stimulated with interferon. Immunofluorescent microscopy of interferon-stimulated CD14(+) and THP-1 cells revealed that endogenous A3A is cytoplasmic, in stark contrast to stably or transiently transfected A3A, which has a cell-wide localization. A3A constructs engineered to be cytoplasmic are also nontoxic in HEK293 cells. These data combine to suggest that monocytic cells use a cytoplasmic retention mechanism to control A3A and avert genotoxicity during innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Land
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Masonic Cancer Center, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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2358
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Kim HR, Park YJ, Shin DY, Oh SM, Chung KH. Appropriate in vitro methods for genotoxicity testing of silver nanoparticles. Environ Health Toxicol 2013; 28:e2013003. [PMID: 23440978 PMCID: PMC3577117 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2013.28.e2013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the genotoxic effects of 40-59 nm silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), in vitro comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay. In particular, we directly compared the effect of cytochalasin B (cytoB) and rat liver homogenate (S9 mix) in the formation of MN by Ag-NPs. METHODS Before testing, we confirmed that Ag-NPs were completely dispersed in the experimental medium by sonication (three times in 1 minute) and filtration (0.2 µm pore size filter), and then we measured their size in a zeta potential analyzer. After that the genotoxicity were measured and especially, S9 mix and with and without cytoB were compared one another in MN assay. RESULTS Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 strains revealed that Ag-NPs with or without S9 mix did not display a mutagenic effect. The genotoxicity of Ag-NPs was also evaluated in a mammalian cell system using Chinese hamster ovary cells. The results revealed that Ag-NPs stimulated DNA breakage and MN formation with or without S9 mix in a dose-dependent manner (from 0.01 µg/mL to 10 µg/mL). In particular, MN induction was affected by cytoB. CONCLUSIONS All of our findings, with the exception of the Ames test results, indicate that Ag-NPs show genotoxic effects in mammalian cell system. In addition, present study suggests the potential error due to use of cytoB in genotoxic test of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Ryong Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yong Joo Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Da Young Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Min Oh
- Fusion Technology Laboratory, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
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2359
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Niamat Ali M, Nazam N, Lone MI, Shaikh S, Ahmad W. Evidence of apoptosis in some cell types due to pentachlorophenol (PCP) in Heteropneustes fossilis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2012; 20:45-9. [PMID: 23961218 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to clarify the role of apoptosis in pentachlorophenol (PCP) induced testicular, ovarian and renal cell genotoxicity of Heteropneustes fossilis. It was further intended to find the target germ cell type and assess the cellular and nuclear damage. Treatment of PCP was used for multiduration on the germinal tissues and they were processed to detect structural changes by light and electron microscopic evaluation and kidney cells for subsequent detection of DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis. Findings suggest functional and morphological changes in the tissues are due to apoptosis, as evidenced by some biochemical and cytological signs. Histological observation on germinal epithelium reveals cell suicidal symptoms such as vacuolization, liquefied regions in the cytoplasm of oocytes, margination of nuclei, clumping of chromatin, and compaction of cytoplasmic organelle. Biochemical manifestation concurrent to this, is; cleavage of kidney cell DNA into low molecular weight fragments confirming apoptosis. Subsequently, it is further cleaved into nucleosome size fragments or its multiples. Ultra-structural histopathology and DNA studies conclusively lead to the PCP induced apoptosis in the exposed cell types. Results further support the usefulness of this assay in the related studies and its feasibility in generating a base line data.
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2360
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Lu Y, Takeshita T, Morimoto K. Single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCG)-A review and discussion. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 2:53-8. [PMID: 21432452 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/1997] [Accepted: 03/06/1997] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCG) is a simple, sensitive and effective technique. Being able to reflect quantitatively the genotoxicity of many hazardous agents, it is promising for application in environmental genotoxic monitoring and the study of carcinogenesis. In clinics, it can be used to evaluate the DNA repair ability and monitor DNA breaks during cancer therapy. As a biomarker, it has its own merits and limitations, being different from other biomarkers such as sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test and micronuclei (MN) assay. In many studies, it is more sensitive than SCE or MN. Combination studies with other biomarkers like SCE, MN, chromosomal aberration, bcl-2 and genetic polymorphisms have begun to demonstrate its great importance for the understanding of carcinogenesis and the genotoxicities of environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Osaka University School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565, Osaka, Japan
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2361
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Abstract
The present article deals with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotoxicity evaluation of neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, by using the genome of a mosquito Anopheles stephensi taken as an experimental model. After treatment of the second instar larvae with LC20 of the pesticides for 24 h, the induced nucleotide sequence variations in the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of freshly hatched unfed control and treated individuals was studied from the sequence alignment data and the mutations in the form of insertion, deletion and substitution of bases were recorded. Measurable differences, indicative of the genetic damage due to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were observed when ITS2 sequences of control and treated individuals were compared. It was found that imidacloprid-treated individual had 8 deletions, 29 insertions, 18 transitions and 33 transversions, whereas thiamethoxam-treated individual had 10 deletions, 8 insertions, 47 transitions and 68 transversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Bhinder
- Department of Zoology, Punjab University, Chandigarh - 160 014, India
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2362
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Kim HR, Son BH, Lee SY, Chung KH, Oh SM. The Role of p53 in Marijuana Smoke Condensates-induced Genotoxicity and Apoptosis. Environ Health Toxicol 2012; 27:e2012017. [PMID: 23106039 PMCID: PMC3479268 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Marijuana is one of the most frequently abused drug in Korea and its adverse health effects are controversial. p53 is known to be crucial in regulating the DNA damage responses, and adverse effects can occur when it is regulated by marijuana smoke. We evaluated a role of p53 on genotoxic effect and apoptosis in lung cancer cells exposed to marijuana smoke condensates (MSCs). METHODS The p53-related genotoxicity and apoptosis of MSCs were evaluated using in vitro bioassay, viz., comet assay, cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and apoptosis assay. We used two cell lines with differential p53 expression (p53-wildtype (WT) H460 and p53-null H1299). RESULTS MSCs significantly increased DNA breakages and chromosomal changes in p53-WT H460 and p53-null H1299 cells. The genotoxicity induced by MSCs in p53-null H1299 cells showed greater sensitivity than p53-WT H460 cells. Moreover, MSCs showed a significant increase in reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis. The apoptotic responses induced by MSCs were higher in p53-WT H460 cells than in p53-null H1299 cells. Significantly increased mRNA expression or apoptosis related genes, including p53, caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were observed in the p53-WT H460 cells exposed to MSCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MSCs induce DNA/chromosomal damages and apoptosis in human lung cancer cells and p53 plays an important role in the cellular response to MSCs. The present study may have border implications for our understanding of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Ryong Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Bo Hee Son
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soo Yeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Seung Min Oh
- Fusion Technology Laboratory, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
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2363
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Santo CE, Quaranta D, Grass G. Antimicrobial metallic copper surfaces kill Staphylococcus haemolyticus via membrane damage. Microbiologyopen 2012; 1:46-52. [PMID: 22950011 PMCID: PMC3426407 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, copper (Cu) in its metallic form has regained interest for its antimicrobial properties. Use of metallic Cu surfaces in worldwide hospital trials resulted in remarkable reductions in surface contaminations. Yet, our understanding of why microbes are killed upon contact to the metal is still limited and different modes of action have been proposed. This knowledge, however, is crucial for sustained use of such surfaces in hospitals and other hygiene-sensitive areas. Here, we report on the molecular mechanisms by which the Gram-positive Staphylococcus haemolyticus is inactivated by metallic Cu. Staphylococcus haemolyticus was killed within minutes on Cu but not on stainless steel demonstrating the antimicrobial efficacy of metallic Cu. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis and in vivo staining with Coppersensor-1 indicated that cells accumulated large amounts of Cu ions from metallic Cu surfaces contributing to lethal damage. Mutation rates of Cu- or steel-exposed cells were similarly low. Instead, live/dead staining indicated cell membrane damage in Cu- but not steel-exposed cells. These findings support a model of the cellular targets of metallic Cu toxicity in bacteria, which suggests that metallic Cu is not genotoxic and does not kill via DNA damage. In contrast, membranes constitute the likely Achilles’ heel of Cu surface-exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Espírito Santo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra and Marine and Environmental Research Center (IMAR-CMA)3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-LincolnNE 68588
| | - Davide Quaranta
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-LincolnNE 68588
| | - Gregor Grass
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-LincolnNE 68588
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2364
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Abstract
The cytotoxicity of alpha- and beta-asarone was investigated with the BrdU assay in HepG2-cells. Alpha-asarone was found to be more toxic than beta-asarone after 24 hours of treatment. Investigation of the genotoxicity using the micronucleus assay in the HepG2-cell system showed that only after metabolic activation by a liver microsomal preparation, beta-asarone was able to induce micronuclei at concentrations higher than 50 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Unger
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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2365
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Abdella EM. Short-term comparative study of the cyclophosphamide genotoxicity administered free and liposome-encapsulated in mice. Iran J Cancer Prev 2012; 5:51-60. [PMID: 25628821 PMCID: PMC4299619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is used to treat a wide range of human tumors. However, the mutagenic effect of CYP is still the primary limitation for wider applications to treat a variety of human malignancies. It has been reported that CYP entrapped in liposomes reduces non-specific toxicity and enhances anticancer effects in animal systems. METHODS In the present experiment, mice were injected with 50 mg/kg free CYP or encapsulated in liposomes to compare their ability to induce mutagenic damages including chromosomal aberrations, changes in Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCEs) frequencies, and in Mitotic Index (MI), as well as in cell cycle kinetics. RESULTS Both forms of CYP induced an increase in chromosomal aberrations and SCEs at the different sampling time. On the contrary, a decrease in mitotic index and delay in cell cycle kinetics was observed at all stages of the experiment. CONCLUSION Encapsulation of CYP increased its mutagenicity, especially at a longer sampling time. This may due to interaction of liposomes with cells which is mainly through endocytosis or fusion resulting in accumulation of drug inside the cell causing chromosomal damage. Further evaluation of possible toxicity of encapsulation drugs in healthy tissue is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mohammed Abdella
- Dept. of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt,Corresponding Author:
Ehab Mohammed Abdella
Associate Professor of Genetics
Tel: (+20) 164 00 66 05
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2366
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Vandghanooni S, Eskandani M. Comet assay: a method to evaluate genotoxicity of nano-drug delivery system. Bioimpacts 2011; 1:87-97. [PMID: 23678412 PMCID: PMC3648950 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2011.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug delivery systems could induce cellular toxicity as side effect of nanomaterials. The mechanism of toxicity usually involves DNA damage. The comet assay or single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) is a sensitive method for detecting strand damages in the DNA of a cell with applications in genotoxicity testing and molecular epidemiology as well as fundamental research in DNA damage and repair. METHODS In the current study, we reviewed recent drug delivery researches related to SCGE. RESULTS We found that one preference for choosing the assay is that comet images may result from apoptosis-mediated nuclear fragmentation. This method has been widely used over the last decade in several different areas. Overall cells, such as cultured cells are embedded in agarose on a microscope slide, lysed with detergent, and treated with high salt. Nucleoids are supercoiled DNA form. When the slide is faced to alkaline electrophoresis any breakages present in the DNA cause the supercoiling to relax locally and loops of DNA extend toward the anode as a ''comet tail''. CONCLUSION This article provides a relatively comprehensive review upon potentiality of the comet assay for assessment of DNA damage and accordingly it can be used as an informative platform in genotoxicity studies of drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Vandghanooni
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2367
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Chung IK, Cheon WH, Ku SK. Micronucleus Test of Picrorrhiza Rhizoma Aqueous Extract in Bone Marrow Cells of Male ICR Mice. Toxicol Res 2011; 27:119-23. [PMID: 24278560 PMCID: PMC3834366 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, the genotoxic effect of Picrorrhiza Rhizoma (PR) aqueous extract was evaluated using the mouse micronucleus test. PR extract was administered once a day for 2 continuous days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at doses of 2000, 1000 and 500 mg/kg. Cyclophosphamide was used as a known genotoxic agent in a positive control. The appearance of a micronucleus (MN) in polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) is used as an index for genotoxic potential, and PCE ratio is used as an index of cytotoxicity. Although significant (p < 0.01) increase of the number of PCE with one or more nuclei (MNPCE) was detected in cyclophosphamide treated groups, no significant increases of MNPCE numbers were observed in all three different dosages of PR extracts treated mice with over 0.39 of the individual polychromatic erythrocyte ratio in all mice used in this study. The results obtained indicated that PR extract shows no genotoxicity effects up to 2000 mg/kg dosing levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kwon Chung
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Korea
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2368
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Kim JS, Sung JH, Ji JH, Song KS, Lee JH, Kang CS, Yu IJ. In vivo Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles after 90-day Silver Nanoparticle Inhalation Exposure. Saf Health Work 2011; 2:34-8. [PMID: 22953185 DOI: 10.5491/SHAW.2011.2.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles has resulted in their widespread use in many consumer products. Yet, despite their many advantages, it is also important to determine whether silver nanoparticles may represent a hazard to the environment and human health. Methods Thus, to evaluate the genotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles, in vivo genotoxicity testing (OECD 474, in vivo micronuclei test) was conducted after exposing male and female Sprague-Dawley rats to silver nanoparticles by inhalation for 90 days according to OECD test guideline 413 (Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90 Day Study) with a good laboratory practice system. The rats were exposed to silver nanoparticles (18 nm diameter) at concentrations of 0.7 × 106 particles/cm3 (low dose), 1.4 × 106 particles/cm3 (middle dose), and 2.9 × 106 particles/cm3 (high dose) for 6 hr/day in an inhalation chamber for 90 days. The rats were killed 24 hr after the last administration, then the femurs were removed and the bone marrow collected and evaluated for micronucleus induction. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes or in the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes among the total erythrocytes after silver nanoparticle exposure when compared with the control. Conclusion The present results suggest that exposure to silver nanoparticles by inhalation for 90 days does not induce genetic toxicity in male and female rat bone marrow in vivo.
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2369
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Park JH, Kwon JT, Arassh MT, Hwang SK, Chang SH, Lim HT, Cho HS, Cho MH. Inhalation toxicity of particulate matters doped with arsenic induced genotoxicity and altered akt signaling pathway in lungs of mice. Toxicol Res 2010; 26:261-6. [PMID: 24278533 PMCID: PMC3834502 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.4.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the workplace, the arsenic is used in the semiconductor production and the manufacturing of pigments, glass, pesticides and fungicides. Therefore, workers may be exposed to airborne arsenic during its use in manufacturing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of particulate matters (PMs) doped with arsenic (PMs-Arsenic) using a rodent model and to compare the genotoxicity in various concentrations and to examine the role of PMs-Arsenic in the induction of signaling pathway in the lung. Mice were exposed to PMs 124.4 ± 24.5 μg/m3 (low concentration) , 220.2 ± 34.5 μg/m3 (middle concentration) , 426.4 ± 40.3 μg/m3 (high concentration) doped with arsenic 1.4 μg/m3 (Low concentration) ,2.5 μg/m3 (middle concentration) , 5.7 μg/m3 (high concentration) for 4 wks (6 h/d, 5 d/wk) , respectively in the whole-body inhalation exposure chambers. To determine the level of genotoxicity, Chromosomal aberration (CA) assay in splenic lymphocytes and Supravital micronucleus (SMN) assay were performed. Then, signal pathway in the lung was analyzed. In the genotoxicity experiments, the increases of aberrant cells were concentration-dependent. Also, PMs-arsenic caused peripheral blood micronucleus frequency at high concentration. The inhalation of PMs-Arsenic increased an expression of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt: protein kinase B) and phpsphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) at high concentration group. Taken together, inhaled PMs-Arsenic caused genotoxicity and altered Akt signaling pathway in the lung. Therefore, the inhalation of PMs-Arsenic needs for a careful risk assessment in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hong Park
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine ; Daegu Technopark Bio Industry Center Daegu 704-801
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2370
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Saleh K, Celikler S, Sarhan MA. Lack of micronuclei formation in bone marrow of rats after oral exposure to thiocyclam insecticide. Saudi J Biol Sci 2010; 17:311-4. [PMID: 23961093 PMCID: PMC3730942 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a nereistoxin analogue insecticide, thiocyclam, was administered to adult male albino rats by gavage dose of 135, 270 and 540 mg/kg b.w. repeated for 5 days at 24 h intervals. Control animals received only water. Thiocyclam was tested for its potential to cause genotoxic effects in rat bone marrow cells using an in vivo micronucleus assay. After 24 h of the last treatment, rats from all dose levels were sacrificed. Bone marrow cells were collected and assayed for the presence of micronuclei. Thiocyclam did not cause any increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in rats bone marrow at any of the dose levels. The polychromatic erythrocytes/normochromatic erythrocytes (PCE:NCE) ratio was found to be in the range from 0.50 ± 0.11 to 0.55 ± 0.02. The results of this study demonstrate that the effect of thiocyclam is not significant in the rat in vivo micronucleus assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Saleh
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413 Abha, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serap Celikler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Uludag University, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mohammed A.A. Sarhan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413 Abha, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
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Celikler S, Saleh K, Sarhan MAA. Thiocyclam does not induce structural chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro. Saudi J Biol Sci 2010; 17:215-7. [PMID: 23961080 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiocyclam (trade name Evisect) is a broad-spectrum nereistoxin analogue insecticide used widely for agricultural applications. The aim of this investigation was to determine its genotoxic effects in the chromosome aberration (CA) test and determining of mitotic index (MI), using lymphocytes from peripheral blood samples of healthy human donors. A negative and a positive control (MMC) were also included. Chromosomal analyses of the metaphase plates of the samples treated with 14 different concentrations (from 0.1 to 120 μg/ml) of thiocyclam, indicating the lack effect on chromosomes. Thus thiocyclam is not genotoxic but highly toxic on cell proliferation in human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Celikler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Uludag University, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
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2372
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Roh SS, Lee HS, Ku SK. Micronucleus Test of DHU001, a Polyherbal Formula, in Bone Marrow Cells of Male ICR Mice. Toxicol Res 2009; 25:225-230. [PMID: 32038842 PMCID: PMC7006286 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2009.25.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotoxic effects of DHU001, a polyherbal formula were evaluated using the mouse micronucleus test. DHU001 was administered once a day for 2 continuous days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at doses of 2000, 1000 and 500 mg/kg. Cyclophosphamide was used as a known geno-toxic agent in a positive control. The appearance of a micronucleus is used as an index for genotoxic potential. In addition, the changes on the total white blood cells and differential counts on the lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes in the prepared blood smears were also conducted to observe the possible immunosuppression. The results indicats that DHU001 showed no genotoxicity effects up to 2000 mg/kg dosing levels and did not influenced on the total white blood cells and differential counts. In addition, it is also considered that there were no problems from cytotoxicity of DHU001 tested in this study because the polychromatic erythrocyte ratio was detected as > 0.41 in all tested groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Soo Roh
- Department of Herbology, College of Oriental Medicine, Korea
| | - Hyeung-Sik Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health and Therapy, Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 290, Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 712-715 Korea
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Chung YS, Eum KH, Choi SA, Oh SW, Park SN, Yum YN, Kim JH, Seo YR, Lee M. Genotoxicity Studies on Carrageenan: Short-term In Vitro Assays. Toxicol Res 2009; 25:51-58. [PMID: 32038820 PMCID: PMC7006343 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2009.25.1.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrageenan is a naturally-occurring sulfated polygalactan which has been widely used in the dairy industry and a gelling agent in non-dairy products. In this study, four short-term in vitro genotoxicity assays were investigated to evaluate the potential genotoxic effects of carrageenan. The mutagenic-ity of carrageenan was evaluated up to a maximum dose of 5 mg/plate in Ames test. There was no increase in the number of revertant colonies compared to its negative control at any dose in all of strains tested. To assess clastogenic effect, the in vitro chromosomal aberration assay was performed using Chinese hamster lung cells. Carrageenan was not considered to be clastogenic in this assay at up to the highest feasible concentration which could be evaluated. The in vitro comet assay and micronucleus test results obtained on L5178Y cells also revealed that carrageenan has no genotoxicity potential, although there was a marginal increase in micronuclei frequencies and DNA damage in the respective micronucleus and comet assays. Taken together, our results indicate that carrageenan was not genotoxic based on four in vitro genotoxicity results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ki-Hwan Eum
- 29Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Incheon, 177 Dowha-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-749 Korea
| | - Seon-A Choi
- Medvill Co., Ltd., Gasan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Wook Oh
- 39Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Sue Nie Park
- 49Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Korea
| | - Young-Na Yum
- 49Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Korea
| | - Joo-Hwan Kim
- 49Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Korea
| | - Young-Rok Seo
- 59Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- 29Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Incheon, 177 Dowha-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-749 Korea
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Chung YS, Ahn JH, Eum KH, Choi SA, Oh SW, Kim YJ, Park SN, Yum YN, Kim JH, Lee M. In Vitro Studies on the Genotoxic Effects of Wood Smoke Flavors. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:321-328. [PMID: 32038811 PMCID: PMC7006255 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.4.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoke flavors based on the thermal decomposition of wood have been applied to a variety of food products as an alternative for traditional smoking. Despite its increasing use, the available genotoxicity data on wood smoke flavors (WSF) are still controversial. Thus, potential genotoxic effects of WSF in four short-term in vitro genotoxicity assays were investigated, which included the Ames assay, chromosomal aberration assay, micronucleus test and the alkaline comet assay. WSF did not cause any mutation in the Ames assay using five tester strains at six concentrations of 0.16, 0.31, 0.63, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 µl/plate. To assess clastogenic effect, the in vitro chromosomal aberration assay was performed using Chinese hamster lung cells. No statistically significant increase in the number of metaphases with structural aberrations was observed at the concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, and 5 µl/ml. The in vitro comet assay and micronucleus test results obtained on L5178Y cells also revealed that WSF has no genotoxicity potential, although there was a marginal increase in micronuclei frequencies and DNA damage in the respective micronucleus and comet assays. Taken together, based on the results obtained from these four in vitro studies, it is concluded that WSF is not a mutagenic agent in bacterial cells and causes no chromosomal and DNA damage in mammalian cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun-Ho Ahn
- 211Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Incheon, 177 Dowhadong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-749 Korea
| | - Ki-Hwan Eum
- 211Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Incheon, 177 Dowhadong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-749 Korea
| | | | - Se-Wook Oh
- 311Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, 463-746 Korea
| | - Yun-Ji Kim
- 311Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, 463-746 Korea
| | - Sue Nie Park
- 411Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul, 122-704 Korea
| | - Young-Na Yum
- 411Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul, 122-704 Korea
| | - Joo-Hwan Kim
- 411Division of Genetic Toxicology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul, 122-704 Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- 211Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Incheon, 177 Dowhadong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-749 Korea
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2375
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Lee SN, Park JH, Ku SK. Micronucleus Test of Kong-Jin-Dan, a Polyherbal Formula, in Bone Marrow Cells of Male ICR Mice. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:213-218. [PMID: 32038798 PMCID: PMC7006267 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.3.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, the genotoxic effects of Kong-Jin-Dan (KJD), a polyherbal formula were evaluated using the mouse micronucleus test. KJD was administered once a day for 2 continuous days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at doses of 2000, 1000 and 500 mg/kg. Cyclophosphamide was used as a known genotoxic agent in a positive control. The appearance of a micronucleus is used as an index for genotoxic potential. In addition, the changes on the total white blood cells and differential counts on the lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes in the prepared blood smears were also conducted to observe the possible immunosuppress. The results obtained indicated that KJD shows no genotoxicity effects up to 2000 mg/kg dosing levels, but KJD shows slight increased trends in the blood total leukocyte numbers as pharmacological effects of immune stimulation. In addition, it is also considered that there were no problems from cytotoxicity of KJD tested in this study because the polychromatic erythrocyte ratio was detected as > 0.42 in all tested groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Nam Lee
- 19Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 290, Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 712-715 Korea
| | - Ji-Ha Park
- 19Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 290, Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 712-715 Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- 19Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 290, Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 712-715 Korea.,29Development Team for The New Drug of Oriental Medicine (BK21 program), Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 712-715 Korea
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2376
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Kim JY, Oh SW, Han D, Lee M. Evaluation of Genotoxicity of Water and Ethanol Extracts from Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS). Toxicol Res 2008; 24:151-159. [PMID: 32038789 PMCID: PMC7006284 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS), one of traditional medicinal plants in Asia, was found to have pharmacological activities such as antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects, raising the possibility for the development of a novel class of anti-cancer drugs. Thus, potential genotoxic effects of RVS in three short-term mutagenicity assays were investigated, which included the Ames assay, in vitro Chromosomal aberration test, and the in vivo Micronucleus assay. In Ames test, the addition of RVS water extracts at doses from 313 up to 5000 mg/plate induced an increase more than 2-fold over vehicle control in the number of revertant colonies in TA98 and TA1537 strains for detecting the frame-shift mutagens. The similar increase in reversion frequency was observed after the addition of RVS ethanol extracts. To assess clastogenic effect, in vitro chromosomal aberration test and in vivo micronucleus assay were performed using Chinese hamster lung cells and male ICR mice, respectively. Both water and ethanol extracts from RVS induced significant increases in the number of metaphases with structural aberrations mostly at concentrations showing the cell survival less than 60% as assessed by in vitro CA test. Also, there was a weak but statistically significant increase in number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in mice treated with water extract at 2000 mg/kg while ethanol extracts of RVS at doses of up to 2000 mg/kg did not induce any statistically significant changes in the incidence of MNPCEs. Therefore, our results lead to conclusion that RVS acts as a genotoxic material based on the available in vitro and in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 305-600 Korea
| | - Se-Wook Oh
- 28Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, 463-746 Korea
| | - Daeseok Han
- 38Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Incheon, 177 Dowhadong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-749 Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- 38Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Incheon, 177 Dowhadong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-749 Korea
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2377
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Lee HS, Cho HR, Yang KJ, Moon SB, Park BR, Shin HD, Jang HJ, Kim LS, Ku SK. Micronucleus Test of Polycan™, β-Glucan Originated from Aureobasidium, in Bone Marrow Cells of Male ICR Mice. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:11-15. [PMID: 32038771 PMCID: PMC7006344 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.1.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research the genotoxic effect of Polycan™ β-glucans originated from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001, was evaluated using the mouse micronucleus test. Polycan™ was administered once a day for 2 days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at doses of 1000, 500 and 250 mg/kg. Cyclophosphamide was used as a known genotoxic agent in a positive control group. The appearance of a micronucleus is used as an index for genotoxic potential. The results obtained indicated that Polycan™ shows no genotoxicity effect up to 1000 mg/kg dosing levels. In addition, it is also considered that there were no problems from cytotoxicity of Polycan™ tested in this study because the polychromatic erythrocyte ratio was detected as > 0.47 in all tested groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeung-Sik Lee
- 12Department of Herbal Biotechnology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 712-715 Korea
| | - Hyung-Rae Cho
- Marine Biotechnology Center 221, Glucan Corp. Research Institute, Busan, 617-763 Korea
| | - Kun-Ju Yang
- Marine Biotechnology Center 221, Glucan Corp. Research Institute, Busan, 617-763 Korea
| | - Seung-Bae Moon
- Marine Biotechnology Center 221, Glucan Corp. Research Institute, Busan, 617-763 Korea
| | - Bok-Ryeon Park
- Marine Biotechnology Center 221, Glucan Corp. Research Institute, Busan, 617-763 Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Shin
- Marine Biotechnology Center 221, Glucan Corp. Research Institute, Busan, 617-763 Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Jang
- Marine Biotechnology Center 221, Glucan Corp. Research Institute, Busan, 617-763 Korea
| | - Lin-Su Kim
- Marine Biotechnology Center 221, Glucan Corp. Research Institute, Busan, 617-763 Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- 32Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 290, Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 712-715 Korea
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Nordling MM, Glinghammar B, Karlsson PC, T M C M de Kok, Rafter JJ. Effects on Cell Proliferation, Activator Protein-1 and Genotoxicity by Fecal Water from Patients with Colorectal Adenomas. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38:549-555. [PMID: 28443764 DOI: 10.1080/00365520310002913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The free water phase of feces (fecal water) may mediate the effects of diet on colon carcinogenesis. We examined the effects of fecal water from adenoma patients and controls on three parameters in colonocytes believed to be relevant to tumorigenesis, i.e. genotoxicity in intact cells and on isolated DNA, proliferative activity and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity. METHODS Genotoxicity in intact colonic cells was assayed using the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (`comet' assay) and on isolated DNA using double-stranded DNA from the X-174 RF plasmid. Cell proliferation was assessed using the commercially available `alamar blue' proliferation kit and AP-1 activity using cells transiently transfected with an AP-1-luciferase reporter construct. RESULTS The data showed that lipid extracts of fecal water samples from the adenoma patients had a significantly higher capacity to induce cell proliferation than those from controls, and that this effect could be explained to a large extent by the concentrations of deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in the fecal water using regression models. No difference between patients and controls was observed for induction of AP-1 activity or induction of DNA strand breaks in intact cells. However, induction of DNA strand breaks in isolated DNA was significantly higher for the fecal waters from patients than for those from controls, which could be explained in part in a regression model by concentrations of lithocholic acid in fecal water and fecapentaene-12 in feces. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that the biochemistry of fecal waters from adenoma patients and controls differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Nordling
- a Dept. of Medical Nutrition Karolinska Institutet Novum Huddinge Sweden
| | - B Glinghammar
- b King Gustav V Research Institute Karolinska Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - P C Karlsson
- c Dept. of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology University of Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - T M C M de Kok
- a Dept. of Medical Nutrition Karolinska Institutet Novum Huddinge Sweden
| | - J J Rafter
- b King Gustav V Research Institute Karolinska Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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