201
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe pubertal testicular growth in humans, changes in testicular cell populations that result in testicular growth, and the role of testosterone and gonadotrophins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in testicular growth. When human data were not available, studies in nonhuman primates and/or rodents were used as surrogates. RECENT FINDINGS Testicular growth in puberty follows a sigmoidal growth curve, with a large variation in timing of testicular growth and adult testicular volume. Testicular growth early in puberty is due to increase in Sertoli cell number and length of seminiferous tubules, whereas the largest and fastest growth results from the increase in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules first due to spermatogonial proliferation and then due to the expansion of meiotic and haploid germ cells. FSH stimulates Sertoli cell and spermatogonial proliferation, whereas LH/testosterone is mandatory to complete spermatogenesis. However, FSH and LH/testosterone work in synergy and are both needed for normal spermatogenesis. SUMMARY Testicular growth during puberty is rapid, and mostly due to germ cell expansion and growth in seminiferous tubule diameter triggered by androgens. Pre-treatment with FSH before the induction of puberty may improve the treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, but remains to be proven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko J Koskenniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, and Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
202
|
Lundgren M, Steed LJ, Tamura R, Jonsdottir B, Gesualdo P, Crouch C, Sjöberg M, Hansson G, Hagopian WA, Ziegler AG, Rewers MJ, Lernmark Å, Toppari J, She JX, Akolkar B, Krischer JP, Haller MJ, Elding Larsson H. Analgesic antipyretic use among young children in the TEDDY study: no association with islet autoimmunity. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:127. [PMID: 28511706 PMCID: PMC5434629 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of analgesic antipyretics (ANAP) in children have long been a matter of controversy. Data on their practical use on an individual level has, however, been scarce. There are indications of possible effects on glucose homeostasis and immune function related to the use of ANAP. The aim of this study was to analyze patterns of analgesic antipyretic use across the clinical centers of The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) prospective cohort study and test if ANAP use was a risk factor for islet autoimmunity. METHODS Data were collected for 8542 children in the first 2.5 years of life. Incidence was analyzed using logistic regression with country and first child status as independent variables. Holm's procedure was used to adjust for multiplicity of intercountry comparisons. Time to autoantibody seroconversion was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model with cumulative analgesic use as primary time dependent covariate of interest. For each categorization, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach was used. RESULTS Higher prevalence of ANAP use was found in the U.S. (95.7%) and Sweden (94.8%) compared to Finland (78.1%) and Germany (80.2%). First-born children were more commonly given acetaminophen (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07, 1.49; p = 0.007) but less commonly Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.78, 0.95; p = 0.002). Acetaminophen and NSAID use in the absence of fever and infection was more prevalent in the U.S. (40.4%; 26.3% of doses) compared to Sweden, Finland and Germany (p < 0.001). Acetaminophen or NSAID use before age 2.5 years did not predict development of islet autoimmunity by age 6 years (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.99-1.09; p = 0.27). In a sub-analysis, acetaminophen use in children with fever weakly predicted development of islet autoimmunity by age 3 years (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS ANAP use in young children is not a risk factor for seroconversion by age 6 years. Use of ANAP is widespread in young children, and significantly higher in the U.S. compared to other study sites, where use is common also in absence of fever and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Celiac disease unit, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Leigh Johnson Steed
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Roy Tamura
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Berglind Jonsdottir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Celiac disease unit, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Patricia Gesualdo
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Claire Crouch
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maija Sjöberg
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, and Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Gertie Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Celiac disease unit, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Anette G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Celiac disease unit, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, and Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Celiac disease unit, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
203
|
Kemppainen KM, Lynch KF, Liu E, Lönnrot M, Simell V, Briese T, Koletzko S, Hagopian W, Rewers M, She JX, Simell O, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Akolkar B, Krischer JP, Lernmark Å, Hyöty H, Triplett EW, Agardh D. Factors That Increase Risk of Celiac Disease Autoimmunity After a Gastrointestinal Infection in Early Life. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15:694-702.e5. [PMID: 27840181 PMCID: PMC5576726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms of gluten immunogenicity in patients with celiac disease. We studied temporal associations between infections and the development of celiac disease autoimmunity, and examined effects of HLA alleles, rotavirus vaccination status, and infant feeding. METHODS We monitored 6327 children in the United States and Europe carrying HLA risk genotypes for celiac disease from 1 to 4 years of age for presence of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (the definition of celiac disease autoimmunity), until March 31, 2015. Parental reports of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections were collected every third month from birth. We analyzed time-varying relationships among reported infections, rotavirus vaccination status, time to first introduction of gluten, breastfeeding, and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity using proportional hazard models. RESULTS We identified 13,881 gastrointestinal infectious episodes (GIE) and 79,816 respiratory infectious episodes. During the follow-up period, 732 of 6327 (11.6%) children developed celiac disease autoimmunity. A GIE increased the risk of celiac disease autoimmunity within the following 3 months by 33% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.59). This risk increased 2-fold among children born in winter and introduced to gluten before age 6 months (HR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.46-2.98), and increased 10-fold among children without HLA-DQ2 alleles and breastfed for fewer than 4 months (HR, 9.76; 95% CI, 3.87-24.8). Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity was reduced in children vaccinated against rotavirus and introduced to gluten before age 6 months (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.36-0.88). CONCLUSIONS Gastrointestinal infections increase the risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in children with genetic susceptibility to this autoimmune disorder. The risk is modified by HLA genotype, infant gluten consumption, breastfeeding, and rotavirus vaccination, indicating complex interactions among infections, genetic factors, and diet in the etiology of celiac disease in early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa M Kemppainen
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kristian F Lynch
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Edwin Liu
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver; Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Maria Lönnrot
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville Simell
- MediCity Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - William Hagopian
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marian Rewers
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver; Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Olli Simell
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Forschergruppe Diabetes eV, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eric W Triplett
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Doroszko M, Chrusciel M, Belling K, Vuorenoja S, Dalgaard M, Leffers H, Nielsen HB, Huhtaniemi I, Toppari J, Rahman NA. Novel genes involved in pathophysiology of gonadotropin-dependent adrenal tumors in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 444:9-18. [PMID: 28131743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Specific inbred strains and transgenic inhibin-α Simian Virus 40 T antigen (inhα/Tag) mice are genetically susceptible to gonadectomy-induced adrenocortical neoplasias. We identified altered gene expression in prepubertally gonadectomized (GDX) inhα/Tag and wild-type (WT) mice. Besides earlier reported Gata4 and Lhcgr, we found up-regulated Esr1, Prlr-rs1, and down-regulated Grb10, Mmp24, Sgcd, Rerg, Gnas, Nfatc2, Gnrhr, Igf2 in inhα/Tag adrenal tumors. Sex-steroidogenic enzyme genes expression (Srd5a1, Cyp19a1) was up-regulated in tumors, but adrenal-specific steroidogenic enzyme (Cyp21a1, Cyp11b1, Cyp11b2) down-regulated. We localized novel Lhcgr transcripts in adrenal cortex parenchyma and in non-steroidogenic A cells, in GDX WT and in intact WT mice. We identified up-regulated Esr1 as a potential novel biomarker of gonadectomy-induced adrenocortical tumors in inhα/Tag mice presenting with an inverted adrenal-to-gonadal steroidogenic gene expression profile. A putative normal adrenal remodeling or tumor suppressor role of the down-regulated genes (e.g. Grb10, Rerg, Gnas, and Nfatc2) in the tumors remains to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Doroszko
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Marcin Chrusciel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Kirstine Belling
- DTU Multi-Assay Core, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susanna Vuorenoja
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Marlene Dalgaard
- DTU Multi-Assay Core, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Leffers
- DTU Multi-Assay Core, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - H Bjørn Nielsen
- DTU Multi-Assay Core, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Nafis A Rahman
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Hummel S, Beyerlein A, Tamura R, Uusitalo U, Andrén Aronsson C, Yang J, Riikonen A, Lernmark Å, Rewers MJ, Hagopian WA, She JX, Simell OG, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Akolkar B, Krischer JP, Virtanen SM, Norris JM. First Infant Formula Type and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:398-404. [PMID: 28096222 PMCID: PMC5319477 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies on the introduction of infant formulas and its effect on the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes (T1D) have yielded inconsistent results. We investigated whether the introduction of formula based on hydrolyzed cow's milk as the first formula is associated with reduced islet autoimmunity risk in a large prospective cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study prospectively monitors 8,676 children at increased genetic risk for T1D. Autoantibodies to insulin, GAD65, and IA2 were measured regularly to define islet autoimmunity. Information on formula feeding was collected by questionnaires at 3 months of age. RESULTS In survival analyses, after adjustment for family history with T1D, HLA genotype, sex, country, delivery mode, breast-feeding ≥3 months, and seasonality of birth, we observed no significant association with islet autoimmunity in infants who received extensively hydrolyzed compared with nonhydrolyzed cow's milk-based formula as the first formula during the first 3 months (adjusted hazard ratio 1.38 [95% CI 0.95; 2.01]), and a significantly increased risk for extensively hydrolyzed formula introduced during the first 7 days (adjusted hazard ratio 1.57 [1.04; 2.38]). Using a partially hydrolyzed or other formula as the first formula, or no formula, was not associated with islet autoimmunity risk. CONCLUSIONS These results add to the existing evidence that islet autoimmunity risk is not reduced, and may be increased, by using hydrolyzed compared with nonhydrolyzed cow's milk-based infant formula as the first formula in infants at increased genetic risk for T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hummel
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyerlein
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roy Tamura
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ulla Uusitalo
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Carin Andrén Aronsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jimin Yang
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Anne Riikonen
- Unit of Nutrition, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, and Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Olli G Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Unit of Nutrition, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, and Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, and The Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Mikk ML, Heikkinen T, El-Amir MI, Kiviniemi M, Laine AP, Härkönen T, Veijola R, Toppari J, Knip M, Ilonen J. The association of the HLA-A*24:02, B*39:01 and B*39:06 alleles with type 1 diabetes is restricted to specific HLA-DR/DQ haplotypes in Finns. HLA 2017; 89:215-224. [PMID: 28185422 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analysed the previously reported association of the HLA-A*24:02, B*18 and B*39 alleles with type 1 diabetes and diabetes associated autoimmunity in the Finnish population applying HLA-DR/DQ stratification. MATERIALS & METHODS Haplotype transmission was analysed in 2424 nuclear families from the Finnish Paediatric Diabetes Register. Survival analysis was applied to study the development of islet autoantibodies and further progression to clinical diabetes in the prospective follow-up cohort from the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Study. The subjects were genotyped for specific HLA class I alleles by sequence-specific hybridization using lanthanide labelled nucleotide probes. RESULTS The HLA-B*39:06 allele was found almost exclusively on the (DR8)-DQB1*04 haplotype in which its presence changed the disease risk status of the whole haplotype from neutral to predisposing. The HLA-A*24:02 and the B*39:01 alleles increased the diabetes-associated risk of the DRB1*04:04-DQA1*03-DQB1*03:02 haplotype but the alleles were in linkage disequilibrium and no independent effect could be detected. Within the DIPP cohort, neither the A*24:02 nor the B*39:01 allele were associated with seroconversion but were in contrast associated with increased progression from seroconversion to clinical disease. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS The independent predisposing effect of the HLA-B*39:06 allele with type 1 diabetes was confirmed in the Finnish population but the association of the A*24:02 and B*39:01 alleles remained inconclusive whilst both A*24:02 and B*39:01 affected the progression rate from seroconversion to autoantibody positivity to overt type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-L Mikk
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - T Heikkinen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M I El-Amir
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - M Kiviniemi
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - A-P Laine
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - T Härkönen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Toppari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Yang J, Tamura RN, Aronsson CA, Uusitalo UM, Lernmark Å, Rewers M, Hagopian WA, She JX, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Akolkar B, Krischer JP, Norris JM, Virtanen SM, Agardh D. Maternal use of dietary supplements during pregnancy is not associated with coeliac disease in the offspring: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:466-472. [PMID: 28249640 PMCID: PMC5477643 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to nutrients and dietary components may affect the risk for coeliac disease (CD). We investigated the association between maternal use of vitamin D, n-3 fatty acids (FA) and Fe supplements during pregnancy and risk for CD autoimmunity (CDA) and CD in the offspring. Children at increased genetic risk were prospectively followed from birth in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. CDA was defined as having persistently positive tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA). Diagnosis of CD was either biopsy-confirmed or considered likely if having persistently elevated levels of tTGA>100 AU. Of 6627 enrolled children, 1136 developed CDA at a median 3·1 years of age (range 0·9-10) and 409 developed CD at a median 3·9 years of age (range 1·2-11). Use of supplements containing vitamin D, n-3 FA and Fe was recalled by 66, 17 and 94 % of mothers, respectively, at 3-4 months postpartum. The mean cumulative intake over the entire pregnancy was 2014 μg vitamin D (sd 2045 μg), 111 g n-3 FA (sd 303 g) and 8806 mg Fe (sd 7017 mg). After adjusting for country, child's human leucocyte antigen genotype, sex, family history of CD, any breast-feeding duration and household crowding, Cox's proportional hazard ratios did not suggest a statistically significant association between the intake of vitamin D, n-3 FA or Fe, and risk for CDA or CD. Dietary supplementation during pregnancy may help boost nutrient intake, but it is not likely to modify the risk for the disease in the offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yang
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Roy N. Tamura
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Carin A. Aronsson
- The Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ulla M. Uusitalo
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Åke Lernmark
- The Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anette G. Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., 80804 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jill M. Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Suvi M. Virtanen
- Unit of Nutrition, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Health Sciences Center, Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland
- The Science Center, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniel Agardh
- The Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Viisanen T, Ihantola EL, Näntö-Salonen K, Hyöty H, Nurminen N, Selvenius J, Juutilainen A, Moilanen L, Pihlajamäki J, Veijola R, Toppari J, Knip M, Ilonen J, Kinnunen T. Circulating CXCR5+PD-1+ICOS+ Follicular T Helper Cells Are Increased Close to the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Children With Multiple Autoantibodies. Diabetes 2017; 66:437-447. [PMID: 28108610 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although type 1 diabetes (T1D) is primarily perceived as a T cell-driven autoimmune disease, islet autoantibodies are the best currently available biomarker for autoimmunity and disease risk. These antibodies are produced by autoreactive B cells, the activation of which is largely dependent on the function of CD4+CXCR5+ follicular T helper cells (Tfh). In this study, we have comprehensively characterized the Tfh- as well as B-cell compartments in a large cohort of children with newly diagnosed T1D or at different stages of preclinical T1D. We demonstrate that the frequency of CXCR5+PD-1+ICOS+-activated circulating Tfh cells is increased both in children with newly diagnosed T1D and in autoantibody-positive at-risk children with impaired glucose tolerance. Interestingly, this increase was only evident in children positive for two or more biochemical autoantibodies. No alterations in the circulating B-cell compartment were observed in children with either prediabetes or diabetes. Our results demonstrate that Tfh activation is detectable in the peripheral blood close to the presentation of clinical T1D but only in a subgroup of children identifiable by positivity for multiple autoantibodies. These findings suggest a role for Tfh cells in the pathogenesis of human T1D and carry important implications for targeting Tfh cells and/or B cells therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyyne Viisanen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emmi-Leena Ihantola
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsti Näntö-Salonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jenni Selvenius
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Auni Juutilainen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leena Moilanen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland and Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, and Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
|
210
|
Da Ros M, Lehtiniemi T, Olotu O, Fischer D, Zhang FP, Vihinen H, Jokitalo E, Sironen A, Toppari J, Kotaja N. FYCO1 and autophagy control the integrity of the haploid male germ cell-specific RNP granules. Autophagy 2016; 13:302-321. [PMID: 27929729 PMCID: PMC5324852 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1261319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules play a major role in compartmentalizing cytoplasmic RNA regulation. Haploid round spermatids that have exceptionally diverse transcriptomes are characterized by a unique germ cell-specific RNP granule, the chromatoid body (CB). The CB shares many characteristics with somatic RNP granules but also has germline-specific features. The CB appears to be a central structure in PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA)-targeted RNA regulation. Here, we identified a novel CB component, FYCO1, which is involved in the intracellular transport of autophagic vesicles in somatic cells. We demonstrated that the CB is associated with autophagic activity. Induction of autophagy leads to the recruitment of lysosomal vesicles onto the CB in a FYCO1-dependent manner as demonstrated by the analysis of a germ cell-specific Fyco1 conditional knockout mouse model. Furthermore, in the absence of FYCO1, the integrity of the CB was affected and the CB was fragmented. Our results suggest that RNP granule homeostasis is regulated by FYCO1-mediated autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Da Ros
- a Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology , University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,b Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Tiina Lehtiniemi
- a Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Opeyemi Olotu
- a Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Daniel Fischer
- c Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology , Jokioinen , Finland
| | - Fu-Ping Zhang
- a Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology , University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,d Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- e Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- e Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Anu Sironen
- c Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology , Jokioinen , Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- a Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology , University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,f Department of Pediatrics , University of Turku and Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
| | - Noora Kotaja
- a Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Lind DV, Main KM, Kyhl HB, Kristensen DM, Toppari J, Andersen HR, Andersen MS, Skakkebæk NE, Jensen TK. Maternal use of mild analgesics during pregnancy associated with reduced anogenital distance in sons: a cohort study of 1027 mother–child pairs. Hum Reprod 2016; 32:223-231. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
212
|
Antignac JP, Main KM, Virtanen HE, Boquien CY, Marchand P, Venisseau A, Guiffard I, Bichon E, Wohlfahrt-Veje C, Legrand A, Boscher C, Skakkebæk NE, Toppari J, Le Bizec B. Country-specific chemical signatures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in breast milk of French, Danish and Finnish women. Environ Pollut 2016; 218:728-738. [PMID: 27521295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study compares concentrations and chemical profiles of an extended range of persistent organic pollutants (dioxins, polychlorobiphenyls, brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides) in breast milk samples from French (n = 96), Danish (n = 438) and Finnish (n = 22) women. Median exposure levels observed in French women (WHO-TEQ2005 PCDD/F = 6.1 pg/g l.w., WHO-TEQ2005 dl-PCB = 4.3 pg/g l.w., sum of 6 ndl-PCB = 85.2 ng/g l.w., sum of 7 i-PBDE = 1.5 ng/g l.w.) appeared overall lower than in Danish and Finnish women for all examined POPs, except for α-HBCD (2-fold higher level at 0.6 ng/g l.w.). Furthermore, the observed exposure levels of dioxins and PCBs were higher in Danish women (WHO-TEQ2005 PCDD/F = 13.2 pg/g l.w., WHO-TEQ2005 dl-PCB = 6.6 pg/g l.w., sum of 6 ndl-PCB = 162.8 ng/g l.w.) compared to Finnish women (WHO-TEQ2005 PCDD/F = 9.0 pg/g l.w., WHO-TEQ2005 dl-PCB = 4.6 pg/g l.w., sum of 6 ndl-PCB = 104.0 ng/g l.w.), whereas the concentrations of PBDEs were similar for Danish and Finnish women (sum of 7 i-PBDE = 4.9 and 5.2 ng/g l.w. respectively). The organochlorine (OC) pesticide contamination profile, determined in a subset of French samples, was dominated by p,p'-DDE (56.6%), followed by β-HCH (14.2%), HCB (9.7%) and dieldrin (5.2%), while other compounds were only minor contributors (<5%). The three countries appeared to be discriminated by the observed contamination patterns of the PCDD/F versus PCB, and the 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD versus 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD ratios, in addition to the relative contributions of specific congeners to the contamination profile (PCBs #118 and #156, PBDEs #28, #47, #99 and #153). In conclusion, unique chemical signatures were observed for each country on the basis of some POP congeners. Future biomonitoring studies will need to consider the high variability of individual exposure profiles in relation to multiple exposure sources but also physiological and metabolic differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Antignac
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, USC 1329 Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France; INRA, Nantes, F-44307, France.
| | - K M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Copenhagen (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H E Virtanen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - C Y Boquien
- UMR 1280 PHAN Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; INRA, Nantes, F-44307, France; CRNH Ouest, 44093, Nantes, France
| | - P Marchand
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, USC 1329 Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | - A Venisseau
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, USC 1329 Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | - I Guiffard
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, USC 1329 Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | - E Bichon
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, USC 1329 Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | - C Wohlfahrt-Veje
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Copenhagen (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Legrand
- Centre d'investigation Clinique mère-enfant, Service de Néonatologie et de Réanimation Pédiatrique, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, CHU de Nantes, France
| | - C Boscher
- Centre d'investigation Clinique mère-enfant, Service de Néonatologie et de Réanimation Pédiatrique, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, CHU de Nantes, France
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Copenhagen (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Toppari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - B Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, USC 1329 Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Seppälä E, Sillanpää S, Nurminen N, Huhtala H, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M, Sipilä M, Laranne J, Oikarinen S, Hyöty H. Human enterovirus and rhinovirus infections are associated with otitis media in a prospective birth cohort study. J Clin Virol 2016; 85:1-6. [PMID: 27780081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human enteroviruses (HEVs) and rhinoviruses (HRVs) have been linked to acute otitis media (AOM). OBJECTIVES The present study evaluates the aforementioned association in a birth cohort setting. STUDY DESIGN The cohort included 286 healthy infants (191 boys) followed from birth up to the age of 2 years in the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention study in Finland. Stool samples were collected monthly and analyzed for the presence of HRV and HEV RNA using RT-PCR. Clinical symptoms were recorded by a questionnaire every 3-6 months. RESULTS Altogether 610 AOM episodes were reported during the follow-up. 9.8% of the stool samples were positive for HRV and 6.8% for HEV. HRV positivity peaked at the age of 3-6 months declining gradually after this age, whereas HEV positivity peaked later, at the age of 12-24 months. The risk of AOM was increased in children who were HEV positive at least once at the age of 6-12 months (OR 2.2 [95%CI 1.1-4.2], P=0.023) or who were HRV positive at least once at the age of 18-24 months (OR 2.3 [95%CI 1.0-5.2], P=0.042). Having an older sibling, short breast-feeding and maternal smoking during pregnancy were also significantly associated with AOM. CONCLUSIONS HRV and HEV infections are frequent during the first months of life. The observed trend for increased risk of AOM in HRV and HEV positive children is in line with the results from hospital series suggesting that these viruses may play an independent role in the pathogenesis of AOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Seppälä
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Saara Sillanpää
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Sipilä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Laranne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Damsgaard J, Joensen UN, Carlsen E, Erenpreiss J, Jensen MB, Matulevicius V, Zilaitiene B, Olesen IA, Perheentupa A, Punab M, Salzbrunn A, Toppari J, Virtanen HE, Juul A, Skakkebæk NE, Jørgensen N. Reply to Eugenio Ventimiglia, Francesco Montorsi, and Andrea Salonia's Letter to the Editor re: Jakob Damsgaard, Ulla N. Joensen, Elisabeth Carlsen, et al. Varicocele Is Associated with Impaired Semen Quality and Reproductive Hormone Levels: A Study of 7035 Healthy Young Men from Six European Countries. Eur Urol 2016;70:1019-29. Eur Urol 2016; 71:e71-e72. [PMID: 27638092 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Damsgaard
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla N Joensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Martin Blomberg Jensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valentinas Matulevicius
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Birute Zilaitiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Inge A Olesen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antti Perheentupa
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Margus Punab
- Andrology Unit, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrea Salzbrunn
- Department of Andrology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, and Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Helena E Virtanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku
| | - Anders Juul
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Löf C, Patyra K, Kuulasmaa T, Vangipurapu J, Undeutsch H, Jaeschke H, Pajunen T, Kero A, Krude H, Biebermann H, Kleinau G, Kühnen P, Rantakari K, Miettinen P, Kirjavainen T, Pursiheimo JP, Mustila T, Jääskeläinen J, Ojaniemi M, Toppari J, Ignatius J, Laakso M, Kero J. Detection of Novel Gene Variants Associated with Congenital Hypothyroidism in a Finnish Patient Cohort. Thyroid 2016; 26:1215-24. [PMID: 27373559 PMCID: PMC5036323 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as the lack of thyroid hormones at birth. Mutations in at least 15 different genes have been associated with this disease. While up to 20% of CH cases are hereditary, the majority of cases are sporadic with unknown etiology. Apart from a monogenic pattern of inheritance, multigenic mechanisms have been suggested to play a role in CH. The genetics of CH has not been studied in Finland so far. Therefore, multigenic sequencing of CH candidate genes was performed in a Finnish patient cohort with both familial and sporadic CH. METHODS A targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel, covering all exons of the major CH genes, was applied for 15 patients with sporadic and 11 index cases with familial CH. RESULTS Among the familial cases, six pathogenic mutations were found in the TPO, PAX8, and TSHR genes. Furthermore, pathogenic NKX2.1 and TG mutations were identified from sporadic cases, together with likely pathogenic variants in the TG, NKX2.5, SLC26A4, and DUOX2 genes. All identified novel pathogenic mutations were confirmed by Sanger-sequencing and characterized in silico and/or in vitro. CONCLUSION In summary, the CH panel provides an efficient, cost-effective, and multigenic screening tool for both known and novel CH gene mutations. Hence, it may be a useful method to identify accurately the genetic etiology for dyshormogenic, familial, or syndromic forms of CH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Löf
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Konrad Patyra
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jagadish Vangipurapu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henriette Undeutsch
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Holger Jaeschke
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuulia Pajunen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andreina Kero
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heiko Krude
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krista Rantakari
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Miettinen
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Turkka Kirjavainen
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pursiheimo
- Turku Clinical Sequencing Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taina Mustila
- Department of Pediatrics, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Jarmo Jääskeläinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Marja Ojaniemi
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Ignatius
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Kero
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Vehik K, Lynch KF, Schatz DA, Akolkar B, Hagopian W, Rewers M, She JX, Simell O, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Lernmark Å, Bonifacio E, Krischer JP. Reversion of β-Cell Autoimmunity Changes Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: TEDDY Study. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:1535-42. [PMID: 27311490 PMCID: PMC5001144 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE β-Cell autoantibodies are a feature of the preclinical phase of type 1 diabetes. Here, we asked how frequently they revert in a cohort of children at risk for type 1 diabetes and whether reversion has any effect on type 1 diabetes risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Children were up to 10 years of age and screened more than once for insulin autoantibody, GAD antibody, and insulinoma antigen-2 antibodies. Persistent autoantibody was defined as an autoantibody present on two or more consecutive visits and confirmed in two reference laboratories. Reversion was defined as two or more consecutive negative visits after persistence. Time-dependent Cox regression was used to examine how reversion modified the risk of development of multiple autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes. RESULTS Reversion was relatively frequent for autoantibodies to GAD65 (19%) and insulin (29%), but was largely restricted to children who had single autoantibodies (24%) and rare in children who had developed multiple autoantibodies (<1%). Most (85%) reversion of single autoantibodies occurred within 2 years of seroconversion. Reversion was associated with HLA genotype, age, and decreasing titer. Children who reverted from single autoantibodies to autoantibody negative had, from birth, a risk for type 1 diabetes of 0.14 per 100 person-years; children who never developed autoantibodies, 0.06 per 100 person-years; and, children who remained single-autoantibody positive, 1.8 per 100 person-years. CONCLUSIONS Type 1 diabetes risk remained high in children who had developed multiple β-cell autoantibodies even when individual autoantibodies reverted. We suggest that monitoring children with single autoantibodies for at least 1 year after seroconversion is beneficial for stratification of type 1 diabetes risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Vehik
- Health Informatics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Kristian F Lynch
- Health Informatics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Desmond A Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. Neuherberg, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Vandenberg LN, Ågerstrand M, Beronius A, Beausoleil C, Bergman Å, Bero LA, Bornehag CG, Boyer CS, Cooper GS, Cotgreave I, Gee D, Grandjean P, Guyton KZ, Hass U, Heindel JJ, Jobling S, Kidd KA, Kortenkamp A, Macleod MR, Martin OV, Norinder U, Scheringer M, Thayer KA, Toppari J, Whaley P, Woodruff TJ, Rudén C. A proposed framework for the systematic review and integrated assessment (SYRINA) of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Environ Health 2016; 15:74. [PMID: 27412149 PMCID: PMC4944316 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The issue of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is receiving wide attention from both the scientific and regulatory communities. Recent analyses of the EDC literature have been criticized for failing to use transparent and objective approaches to draw conclusions about the strength of evidence linking EDC exposures to adverse health or environmental outcomes. Systematic review methodologies are ideal for addressing this issue as they provide transparent and consistent approaches to study selection and evaluation. Objective methods are needed for integrating the multiple streams of evidence (epidemiology, wildlife, laboratory animal, in vitro, and in silico data) that are relevant in assessing EDCs. METHODS We have developed a framework for the systematic review and integrated assessment (SYRINA) of EDC studies. The framework was designed for use with the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and World Health Organization (WHO) definition of an EDC, which requires appraisal of evidence regarding 1) association between exposure and an adverse effect, 2) association between exposure and endocrine disrupting activity, and 3) a plausible link between the adverse effect and the endocrine disrupting activity. RESULTS Building from existing methodologies for evaluating and synthesizing evidence, the SYRINA framework includes seven steps: 1) Formulate the problem; 2) Develop the review protocol; 3) Identify relevant evidence; 4) Evaluate evidence from individual studies; 5) Summarize and evaluate each stream of evidence; 6) Integrate evidence across all streams; 7) Draw conclusions, make recommendations, and evaluate uncertainties. The proposed method is tailored to the IPCS/WHO definition of an EDC but offers flexibility for use in the context of other definitions of EDCs. CONCLUSIONS When using the SYRINA framework, the overall objective is to provide the evidence base needed to support decision making, including any action to avoid/minimise potential adverse effects of exposures. This framework allows for the evaluation and synthesis of evidence from multiple evidence streams. Finally, a decision regarding regulatory action is not only dependent on the strength of evidence, but also the consequences of action/inaction, e.g. limited or weak evidence may be sufficient to justify action if consequences are serious or irreversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Vandenberg
- />Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Health & Health Sciences, Amherst, MA USA
| | - Marlene Ågerstrand
- />Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Beronius
- />Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claire Beausoleil
- />ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Åke Bergman
- />Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- />Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Lisa A. Bero
- />Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- />Department of health sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
- />Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, USA
| | - C. Scott Boyer
- />Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | - Ian Cotgreave
- />Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Karolinska Institutet, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - David Gee
- />Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- />Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Ulla Hass
- />National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Jerrold J. Heindel
- />National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Extramural Research and Training, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Susan Jobling
- />Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Karen A. Kidd
- />Biology Department and Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick Canada
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- />Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Malcolm R. Macleod
- />Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Olwenn V. Martin
- />Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Ulf Norinder
- />Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Martin Scheringer
- />Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristina A. Thayer
- />Department of Health and Human Services, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Jorma Toppari
- />University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Paul Whaley
- />Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- />School of Medicine, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Christina Rudén
- />Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Elding Larsson H, Vehik K, Haller MJ, Liu X, Akolkar B, Hagopian W, Krischer J, Lernmark Å, She JX, Simell O, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Rewers M. Growth and Risk for Islet Autoimmunity and Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Early Childhood: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young Study. Diabetes 2016; 65:1988-95. [PMID: 26993064 PMCID: PMC4915577 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased growth in early childhood has been suggested to increase the risk of type 1 diabetes. This study explored the relationship between weight or height and development of persistent islet autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes during the first 4 years of life in 7,468 children at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes followed in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the U.S. Growth data collected every third month were used to estimate individual growth curves by mixed models. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate body size and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. In the overall cohort, development of islet autoimmunity (n = 575) was related to weight z scores at 12 months (hazard ratio [HR] 1.16 per 1.14 kg in males or per 1.02 kg in females, 95% CI 1.06-1.27, P < 0.001, false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.008) but not at 24 or 36 months. A similar relationship was seen between weight z scores and development of multiple islet autoantibodies (1 year: HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.08-1.35, P = 0.001, FDR = 0.008; 2 years: HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.06-1.32, P = 0.004, FDR = 0.02). No association was found between weight or height and type 1 diabetes (n = 169). In conclusion, greater weight in the first years of life was associated with an increased risk of islet autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kendra Vehik
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Xiang Liu
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jeffrey Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Ilonen J, Kiviniemi M, Lempainen J, Simell O, Toppari J, Veijola R, Knip M. Genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in childhood - estimation of HLA class II associated disease risk and class II effect in various phases of islet autoimmunity. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; 17 Suppl 22:8-16. [PMID: 27411431 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The HLA-DR/DQ region remains the major determinant of susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) despite the more than 50 risk affecting loci outside human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region that have been identified. We aimed at developing a simple risk estimation based on HLA class II genotyping, which was also tested by analyzing HLA class II effect on the autoantibody seroconversion and further progression to diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 2991 trio families with a diabetic child from the Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register were genotyped and the risk contributed by each DR-DQ haplotype calculated through transmission analysis. The genotype risk was estimated based on the summary effect of haplotypes. Genotype grouping was further tested in a subcohort of the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Study RESULTS The summary effect of haplotypes was generally seen in genotypes, while the expected synergistic effect of DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8 (DRB1*04:03 excluded) combination was also clear in the T1D risk association analysis. This highest risk DR/DQ genotype was found in 21.6% of patients and 2.0% of controls, odds ratio (OR) = 13.2 (10.1-17.2), whereas the lowest risk genotype contained only 0.8% of patients and 28.0% of controls, OR = 0.02 (0.01-0.03). In the subcohort from the DIPP study the risk grades correlated clearly with seroconversion for islet autoantibodies and T1D development. In contrast, DR/DQ risk groups did not associate with the progression rate from advanced autoimmunity to clinical diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Class II HLA genotype groups improve the estimation of T1D risk. Class II effect is limited to the early phase of the disease process characterized by seroconversion for islet autoantibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Kiviniemi
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J Lempainen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - O Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - J Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
Törn C, Liu X, Hagopian W, Lernmark Å, Simell O, Rewers M, Ziegler AG, Schatz D, Akolkar B, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Chen WM, Toppari J, Mykkänen J, Ilonen J, Rich SS, She JX, Sharma A, Steck A, Krischer J. Complement gene variants in relation to autoantibodies to beta cell specific antigens and type 1 diabetes in the TEDDY Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27887. [PMID: 27306948 PMCID: PMC4910045 DOI: 10.1038/srep27887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 15 SNPs within complement genes and present on the ImmunoChip were analyzed in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. A total of 5474 subjects were followed from three months of age until islet autoimmunity (IA: n = 413) and the subsequent onset of type 1 diabetes (n = 115) for a median of 73 months (IQR 54-91). Three SNPs within ITGAM were nominally associated (p < 0.05) with IA: rs1143678 [Hazard ratio; HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.66-0.98; p = 0.032], rs1143683 [HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.65-0.98; p = 0.030] and rs4597342 [HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.01-1.32; p = 0.041]. When type 1 diabetes was the outcome, in DR3/4 subjects, there was nominal significance for two SNPs: rs17615 in CD21 [HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.05-2.20; p = 0.025] and rs4844573 in C4BPA [HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.43-0.92; p = 0.017]. Among DR4/4 subjects, rs2230199 in C3 was significantly associated [HR 3.20; 95% CI 1.75-5.85; p = 0.0002, uncorrected] a significance that withstood Bonferroni correction since it was less than 0.000833 (0.05/60) in the HLA-specific analyses. SNPs within the complement genes may contribute to IA, the first step to type 1 diabetes, with at least one SNP in C3 significantly associated with clinically diagnosed type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Törn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Xiang Liu
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum, München, and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e. V., Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Desmond Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institutes of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomic, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomic, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Mykkänen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomic, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Andrea Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Rotgers E, Nurmio M, Pietilä E, Cisneros-Montalvo S, Toppari J. E2F1 controls germ cell apoptosis during the first wave of spermatogenesis. Andrology 2016; 3:1000-14. [PMID: 26311345 PMCID: PMC5042044 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle control during spermatogenesis is a highly complex process owing to the control of the mitotic expansion of the spermatogonial cell population and following meiosis, induction of DNA breaks during meiosis and the high levels of physiological germ-cell apoptosis. We set out to study how E2F1, a key controller of cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA damage responses, functions in the developing and adult testis. We first analyzed the expression pattern of E2f1 during post-natal testis development using RNA in situ hybridization, which showed a differential expression pattern of E2f1 in the adult and juvenile mouse testes. To study the function of E2f1, we took advantage of the E2F1(-/-) mouse line, which was back-crossed to C57Bl/6J genetic background. E2f1 loss led to a severe progressive testicular atrophy beginning at the age of 20 days. Spermatogonial apoptosis during the first wave of spermatogenesis was decreased. However, already in the first wave of spermatogenesis an extensive apoptosis of spermatocytes was observed. In the adult E2F1(-/-) testes, the atrophy due to loss of spermatocytes was further exacerbated by loss of spermatogonial stem cells. Surprisingly, only subtle changes in global gene expression array profiling were observed in E2F1(-/-) testis at PND20. To dissect the changes in each testicular cell type, an additional comparative analysis of the array data was performed making use of previously published data on transcriptomes of the individual testicular cell types. Taken together, our data indicate that E2F1 has a differential role during first wave of spermatogenesis and in the adult testis, which emphasizes the complex nature of cell cycle control in the developing testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Rotgers
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Nurmio
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - E Pietilä
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Cisneros-Montalvo
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - J Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Sadov S, Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, Perheentupa A, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE, Main KM, Toppari J. Testicular Growth During Puberty in Boys With and Without a History of Congenital Cryptorchidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:2570-7. [PMID: 27049351 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The pattern of testicular growth during puberty may provide important information about early testicular damage and reproductive potential in adulthood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate pubertal testicular growth in boys with congenital cryptorchidism and controls. DESIGN Longitudinal case-control study. SETTING Andrological Research Center, University of Turku. PARTICIPANTS Altogether, 119 boys participated: 51 cases with a history of congenital cryptorchidism and 65 controls fulfilled the inclusion criteria. INTERVENTION None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Testicular volume by an orchidometer (mL) and ultrasound (mL), testicular length by a ruler (mm), and onset of pubertal testicular growth (y). Longitudinal testicular growth was analyzed with a nonlinear mixed-effect model. RESULTS The mean age of the onset of pubertal testicular growth (age at the attainment of >3 mL by orchidometer) was 11.7 and 11.8 years in cryptorchid cases and controls, respectively. The difference between cases and controls was not significant. Modeled postpubertal testicular size was smaller among bilaterally and unilaterally undescended testis than in controls. There was a high level of agreement between testicular sizes of 3 mL by orchidometer and 25 mm by ruler as cut-offs in definition of the onset of puberty. An orchidometer size of 3 mL and ruler length of 25 mm corresponded to 1.6 and 1.7 mL by ultrasound (with Lambert's formula), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Testicular growth in puberty was impaired in congenitally cryptorchid boys. This suggests a poor perinatal development of the cryptorchid testis. The timing of the onset of pubertal testicular growth, however, did not differ which suggests an intact hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Sadov
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (S.S., J.J.K., H.E.V., A.P., J.T.) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.P.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; and Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) (J.J.K., J.H.P., N.E.S., K.M.M.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaakko J Koskenniemi
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (S.S., J.J.K., H.E.V., A.P., J.T.) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.P.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; and Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) (J.J.K., J.H.P., N.E.S., K.M.M.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helena E Virtanen
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (S.S., J.J.K., H.E.V., A.P., J.T.) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.P.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; and Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) (J.J.K., J.H.P., N.E.S., K.M.M.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antti Perheentupa
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (S.S., J.J.K., H.E.V., A.P., J.T.) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.P.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; and Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) (J.J.K., J.H.P., N.E.S., K.M.M.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen H Petersen
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (S.S., J.J.K., H.E.V., A.P., J.T.) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.P.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; and Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) (J.J.K., J.H.P., N.E.S., K.M.M.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E Skakkebaek
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (S.S., J.J.K., H.E.V., A.P., J.T.) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.P.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; and Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) (J.J.K., J.H.P., N.E.S., K.M.M.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina M Main
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (S.S., J.J.K., H.E.V., A.P., J.T.) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.P.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; and Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) (J.J.K., J.H.P., N.E.S., K.M.M.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (S.S., J.J.K., H.E.V., A.P., J.T.) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology (A.P.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; and Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) (J.J.K., J.H.P., N.E.S., K.M.M.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Schrade A, Kyrönlahti A, Akinrinade O, Pihlajoki M, Fischer S, Rodriguez VM, Otte K, Velagapudi V, Toppari J, Wilson DB, Heikinheimo M. GATA4 Regulates Blood-Testis Barrier Function and Lactate Metabolism in Mouse Sertoli Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2416-31. [PMID: 26974005 PMCID: PMC4891789 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Conditional deletion of Gata4 in Sertoli cells (SCs) of adult mice has been shown to increase permeability of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and disrupt spermatogenesis. To gain insight into the molecular underpinnings of these phenotypic abnormalities, we assessed the impact of Gata4 gene silencing in cell culture models. Microarray hybridization identified genes dysregulated by siRNA-mediated inhibition of Gata4 in TM4 cells, an immortalized mouse SC line. Differentially expressed genes were validated by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of primary cultures of Gata4(flox/flox) mouse SCs that had been subjected to cre-mediated recombination in vitro. Depletion of GATA4 in TM4 cells and primary SCs was associated with altered expression of genes involved in key facets of BTB maintenance, including tight/adherens junction formation (Tjp1, Cldn12, Vcl, Tnc, Csk) and extracellular matrix reorganization (Lamc1, Col4a1, Col4a5, Mmp10, Mmp23, Timp2). Western blotting and immunocytochemistry demonstrated reduced levels of tight junction protein-1, a prototypical tight junction protein, in GATA4-depleted cells. These changes were accompanied by a loss of morphologically recognizable junctional complexes and a decline in epithelial membrane resistance. Furthermore, Gata4 gene silencing was associated with altered expression of Hk1, Gpi1, Pfkp, Pgam1, Gls2, Pdk3, Pkd4, and Ldhb, genes regulating the production of lactate, a key nutrient that SCs provide to developing germ cells. Comprehensive metabolomic profiling demonstrated impaired lactate production in GATA4-deficient SCs. We conclude that GATA4 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of BTB function and lactate metabolism in mouse SCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schrade
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Antti Kyrönlahti
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Oyediran Akinrinade
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Marjut Pihlajoki
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Simon Fischer
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Verena Martinez Rodriguez
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - David B Wilson
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., M.H.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F., K.O.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., V.M.R., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Zoeller RT, Bergman Å, Becher G, Bjerregaard P, Bornman R, Brandt I, Iguchi T, Jobling S, Kidd KA, Kortenkamp A, Skakkebaek N, Toppari J, Vandenberg L. The Path Forward on Endocrine Disruptors Requires Focus on the Basics. Toxicol Sci 2016; 149:272. [PMID: 26811417 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
225
|
Kettunen KM, Karikoski R, Hämäläinen RH, Toivonen TT, Antonenkov VD, Kulesskaya N, Voikar V, Hölttä-Vuori M, Ikonen E, Sainio K, Jalanko A, Karlberg S, Karlberg N, Lipsanen-Nyman M, Toppari J, Jauhiainen M, Hiltunen JK, Jalanko H, Lehesjoki AE. Trim37-deficient mice recapitulate several features of the multi-organ disorder Mulibrey nanism. Biol Open 2016; 5:584-95. [PMID: 27044324 PMCID: PMC4874348 DOI: 10.1242/bio.016246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mulibrey nanism (MUL) is a rare autosomal recessive multi-organ disorder characterized by severe prenatal-onset growth failure, infertility, cardiopathy, risk for tumors, fatty liver, and type 2 diabetes. MUL is caused by loss-of-function mutations in TRIM37, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase belonging to the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family and having both peroxisomal and nuclear localization. We describe a congenic Trim37 knock-out mouse (Trim37−/−) model for MUL. Trim37−/− mice were viable and had normal weight development until approximately 12 months of age, after which they started to manifest increasing problems in wellbeing and weight loss. Assessment of skeletal parameters with computer tomography revealed significantly smaller skull size, but no difference in the lengths of long bones in Trim37−/− mice as compared with wild-type. Both male and female Trim37−/− mice were infertile, the gonads showing germ cell aplasia, hilus and Leydig cell hyperplasia and accumulation of lipids in and around Leydig cells. Male Trim37−/− mice had elevated levels of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones, but maintained normal levels of testosterone. Six-month-old Trim37−/− mice had elevated fasting blood glucose and low fasting serum insulin levels. At 1.5 years Trim37−/− mice showed non-compaction cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly, fatty liver and various tumors. The amount and morphology of liver peroxisomes seemed normal in Trim37−/− mice. The most consistently seen phenotypes in Trim37−/− mice were infertility and the associated hormonal findings, whereas there was more variability in the other phenotypes observed. Trim37−/− mice recapitulate several features of the human MUL disease and thus provide a good model to study disease pathogenesis related to TRIM37 deficiency, including infertility, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiomyopathy and tumorigenesis. Summary: A congenic Trim37-deficient mouse model recapitulates several features of the human disorder Mulibrey nanism, and thus provides a good model to study disease pathogenesis related to TRIM37 deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa M Kettunen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Karikoski
- Department of Pathology, Central Hospital of Tavastia, FI-13530 Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Riikka H Hämäläinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | | | - Vasily D Antonenkov
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Vootele Voikar
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Hölttä-Vuori
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Sainio
- Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Jalanko
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Biomedicum, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susann Karlberg
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niklas Karlberg
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marita Lipsanen-Nyman
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Biomedicum, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Kalervo Hiltunen
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Hannu Jalanko
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Yang J, Lynch KF, Uusitalo UM, Foterek K, Hummel S, Silvis K, Andrén Aronsson C, Riikonen A, Rewers M, She JX, Ziegler AG, Simell OG, Toppari J, Hagopian WA, Lernmark Å, Akolkar B, Krischer JP, Norris JM, Virtanen SM, Johnson SB. Factors associated with longitudinal food record compliance in a paediatric cohort study. Public Health Nutr 2016; 19:804-13. [PMID: 26088478 PMCID: PMC4684805 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015001883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-compliance with food record submission can induce bias in nutritional epidemiological analysis and make it difficult to draw inference from study findings. We examined the impact of demographic, lifestyle and psychosocial factors on such non-compliance during the first 3 years of participation in a multidisciplinary prospective paediatric study. DESIGN The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study collects a 3 d food record quarterly during the first year of life and semi-annually thereafter. High compliance with food record completion was defined as the participating families submitting one or more days of food record at every scheduled clinic visit. SETTING Three centres in the USA (Colorado, Georgia/Florida and Washington) and three in Europe (Finland, Germany and Sweden). SUBJECTS Families who finished the first 3 years of TEDDY participation (n 8096). RESULTS High compliance was associated with having a single child, older maternal age, higher maternal education and father responding to study questionnaires. Families showing poor compliance were more likely to be living far from the study centres, from ethnic minority groups, living in a crowded household and not attending clinic visits regularly. Postpartum depression, maternal smoking behaviour and mother working outside the home were also independently associated with poor compliance. CONCLUSIONS These findings identified specific groups for targeted strategies to encourage completion of food records, thereby reducing potential bias in multidisciplinary collaborative research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yang
- Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3650 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 100, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kristian F Lynch
- Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3650 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 100, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ulla M Uusitalo
- Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3650 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 100, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | - Sandra Hummel
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V.,Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katherine Silvis
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carin Andrén Aronsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anne Riikonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Terveystieteiden yksikkö, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Anette G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V.,Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olli G Simell
- Departments of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3650 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 100, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Nutrition Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suzanne B Johnson
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Sharma A, Liu X, Hadley D, Hagopian W, Liu E, Chen WM, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Simell V, Rewers M, Ziegler AG, Lernmark Å, Simell O, Toppari J, Krischer JP, Akolkar B, Rich SS, Agardh D, She JX. Identification of Non-HLA Genes Associated with Celiac Disease and Country-Specific Differences in a Large, International Pediatric Cohort. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152476. [PMID: 27015091 PMCID: PMC4807782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are significant geographical differences in the prevalence and incidence of celiac disease that cannot be explained by HLA alone. More than 40 loci outside of the HLA region have been associated with celiac disease. We investigated the roles of these non-HLA genes in the development of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA) and celiac disease in a large international prospective cohort study. METHODS A total of 424,788 newborns from the US and European general populations and first-degree relatives with type 1 diabetes were screened for specific HLA genotypes. Of these, 21,589 carried 1 of the 9 HLA genotypes associated with increased risk for type 1 diabetes and celiac disease; we followed 8676 of the children in a 15 y prospective follow-up study. Genotype analyses were performed on 6010 children using the Illumina ImmunoChip. Levels of tTGA were measured in serum samples using radio-ligand binding assays; diagnoses of celiac disease were made based on persistent detection of tTGA and biopsy analysis. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS We found 54 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5 genes associated with celiac disease (TAGAP, IL18R1, RGS21, PLEK, and CCR9) in time to celiac disease analyses (10-4>P>5.8x10-6). The hazard ratios (HR) for the SNPs with the smallest P values in each region were 1.59, 1.45, 2.23, 2.64, and 1.40, respectively. Outside of regions previously associated with celiac disease, we identified 10 SNPs in 8 regions that could also be associated with the disease (P<10-4). A SNP near PKIA (rs117128341, P = 6.5x10-8, HR = 2.8) and a SNP near PFKFB3 (rs117139146, P<2.8x10-7, HR = 4.9) reached the genome-wide association threshold in subjects from Sweden. Analyses of time to detection of tTGA identified 29 SNPs in 2 regions previously associated with celiac disease (CTLA4, P = 1.3x10-6, HR = 0.76 and LPP, P = 2.8x10-5, HR = .80) and 6 SNPs in 5 regions not previously associated with celiac disease (P<10-4); non-HLA genes are therefore involved in development of tTGA. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, using a genetic analysis of a large international cohort of children, we associated celiac disease development with 5 non-HLA regions previously associated with the disease and 8 regions not previously associated with celiac disease. We identified 5 regions associated with development of tTGA. Two loci associated with celiac disease progression reached a genome-wide association threshold in subjects from Sweden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Xiang Liu
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - David Hadley
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Hagopian
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Edwin Liu
- Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Ville Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Anette-G. Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jeffrey P. Krischer
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Ventelä S, Mäkelä JA, Sears RC, Toppari J, Westermarck J. MYC is not detected in highly proliferating normal spermatogonia but is coupled with CIP2A in testicular cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [PMID: 29527532 PMCID: PMC5843371 DOI: 10.19185/matters.201602000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High MYC expression is linked to proliferative activity in most normal tissues and in cancer. MYC also supports self-renewal and proliferation of many types of tissue progenitor cells. Cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) promotes MYC phosphorylation and activity during intestinal crypt regeneration in vivo and in various cancers. CIP2A also supports male germ cell proliferation in vivo. However, the role of MYC in normal germ cell proliferation and spermatogonial progenitor self-renewal is currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that male germ cells are CIP2A-positive but lack detectable levels of MYC protein; whereas MYC is highly expressed in Leydig cells and peritubular myoid cells contributing thereby to the testicular stem cell niche. On the other hand, MYC was co-expressed with CIP2A in testicular cancers. These results demonstrate that CIP2A and MYC are spatially uncoupled in the regulation of spermatogenesis, but functional relationship between these two human oncoproteins is established during testicular cancer transformation. We propose that further analysis of mechanisms of MYC silencing in spermatogonial progenitors may reveal novel fundamental information relevant to understanding of MYC expression in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ventelä
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University; Centre for Biotechnology and Department of Pathology, University of Turku
| | - Juho-Antti Mäkelä
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University; Centre for Biotechnology and Department of Pathology, University of Turku
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University; Centre for Biotechnology and Department of Pathology, University of Turku
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University; Centre for Biotechnology and Department of Pathology, University of Turku
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University; Centre for Biotechnology and Department of Pathology, University of Turku
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Koskinen MK, Helminen O, Matomäki J, Aspholm S, Mykkänen J, Mäkinen M, Simell V, Vähä-Mäkilä M, Simell T, Ilonen J, Knip M, Veijola R, Toppari J, Simell O. Reduced β-cell function in early preclinical type 1 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:251-9. [PMID: 26620391 PMCID: PMC4712442 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize insulin responses to i.v. glucose during the preclinical period of type 1 diabetes starting from the emergence of islet autoimmunity. DESIGN AND METHODS A large population-based cohort of children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes was observed from birth. During regular follow-up visits islet autoantibodies were analysed. We compared markers of glucose metabolism in sequential intravenous glucose tolerance tests between 210 children who were positive for multiple (≥2) islet autoantibodies and progressed to type 1 diabetes (progressors) and 192 children testing positive for classical islet-cell antibodies only and remained healthy (non-progressors). RESULTS In the progressors, the first phase insulin response (FPIR) was decreased as early as 4-6 years before the diagnosis when compared to the non-progressors (P=0.001). The difference in FPIR between the progressors and non-progressors was significant (P<0.001) in all age groups, increasing with age (at 2 years: difference 50% (95% CI 28-75%) and at 10 years: difference 172% (95% CI 128-224%)). The area under the 10-min insulin curve showed a similar difference between the groups (P<0.001; at 2 years: difference 36% (95% CI 17-58%) and at 10 years: difference 186% (95% CI 143-237%)). Insulin sensitivity did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS FPIR is decreased several years before the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, implying an intrinsic defect in β-cell mass and/or function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarit K Koskinen
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Laboratories, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 320520, Turku, Finland
- Correspondence should be addressed to M K Koskinen ()
| | - Olli Helminen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaakko Matomäki
- Clinical Research Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Susanna Aspholm
- Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Novo Nordisk Farma Oy, CMR Department, Espoo, Finland
- Diabetes Outpatient Clinic, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Mykkänen
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjaana Mäkinen
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Laboratories, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 320520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Simell
- MediCity Laboratories, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 320520, Turku, Finland
| | - Mari Vähä-Mäkilä
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Simell
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Buck Louis GM, Toppari J, Andersson AM, Eisenberg ML, Jensen TK, Jørgensen N, Swan SH, Sapra KJ, Ziebe S, Priskorn L, Juul A. Male Reproductive Disorders and Fertility Trends: Influences of Environment and Genetic Susceptibility. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:55-97. [PMID: 26582516 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is predicted that Japan and European Union will soon experience appreciable decreases in their populations due to persistently low total fertility rates (TFR) below replacement level (2.1 child per woman). In the United States, where TFR has also declined, there are ethnic differences. Caucasians have rates below replacement, while TFRs among African-Americans and Hispanics are higher. We review possible links between TFR and trends in a range of male reproductive problems, including testicular cancer, disorders of sex development, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, low testosterone levels, poor semen quality, childlessness, changed sex ratio, and increasing demand for assisted reproductive techniques. We present evidence that several adult male reproductive problems arise in utero and are signs of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). Although TDS might result from genetic mutations, recent evidence suggests that it most often is related to environmental exposures of the fetal testis. However, environmental factors can also affect the adult endocrine system. Based on our review of genetic and environmental factors, we conclude that environmental exposures arising from modern lifestyle, rather than genetics, are the most important factors in the observed trends. These environmental factors might act either directly or via epigenetic mechanisms. In the latter case, the effects of exposures might have an impact for several generations post-exposure. In conclusion, there is an urgent need to prioritize research in reproductive physiology and pathophysiology, particularly in highly industrialized countries facing decreasing populations. We highlight a number of topics that need attention by researchers in human physiology, pathophysiology, environmental health sciences, and demography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels E Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Germaine M Buck Louis
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael L Eisenberg
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katherine J Sapra
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Ziebe
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke Priskorn
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Mäkinen M, Mykkänen J, Koskinen M, Simell V, Veijola R, Hyöty H, Ilonen J, Knip M, Simell O, Toppari J. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Children Progressing to Autoimmunity and Clinical Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:723-9. [PMID: 26695863 PMCID: PMC4880127 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The role of vitamin D in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains controversial. OBJECTIVE The objective of the investigation was to study whether there are detectable differences in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations between children who later progressed to T1D (cases) and matched children who remained nondiabetic and negative for islet autoantibodies (controls) when followed up from birth until disease onset. DESIGN A total of 3702 prospective serum samples from 252 children were measured for 25(OH)D from the age of 3 months onward using an enzyme immunoassay. Differences between the groups were compared by the mixed-model analysis of variance. SETTING T1D prediction and prevention study clinics in Turku, Oulu, and Tampere University Hospitals, Finland, participated in the study. PARTICIPANTS By the end of 2012, all 126 case children were diagnosed with T1D. The control children (n = 126) were matched for age, sex, study site, and human leukocyte antigen-HLA-DQ-conferred risk for T1D. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Median circulating 25(OH)D concentration (nanomoles per liter) was measured. RESULTS The patterns of variation in circulating 25(OH)D concentrations were similar between cases and controls and did not correlate with the age at seroconversion to autoantibody positivity (P = .79) or disease onset (P = .13). The median concentration of all collected samples did not differ between case and control children (66.6 nmol/L [range 14.0-262.8] vs 67.4 nmol/L [range 19.9-213.0]) P = .56). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that serum 25(OH)D concentrations are not associated with the development of T1D in Finland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Mäkinen
- Medicity (M.M., M.Ko., V.S.), Department of Pediatrics (M.M., J.M., M.Ko., J.T.), Immunogenetics Laboratory (J.I.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.S.), and Department of Physiology (J.T.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (R.V.), Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, FI 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents (R.V.), Oulu University Hospital, FI 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Virology (H.H.), School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Department of Pediatrics (M.Kn.), Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories (H.H.), Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Children's Hospital (M.Kn.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs Unit (M.Kn.), Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center (M.Kn.), FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Mykkänen
- Medicity (M.M., M.Ko., V.S.), Department of Pediatrics (M.M., J.M., M.Ko., J.T.), Immunogenetics Laboratory (J.I.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.S.), and Department of Physiology (J.T.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (R.V.), Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, FI 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents (R.V.), Oulu University Hospital, FI 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Virology (H.H.), School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Department of Pediatrics (M.Kn.), Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories (H.H.), Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Children's Hospital (M.Kn.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs Unit (M.Kn.), Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center (M.Kn.), FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Koskinen
- Medicity (M.M., M.Ko., V.S.), Department of Pediatrics (M.M., J.M., M.Ko., J.T.), Immunogenetics Laboratory (J.I.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.S.), and Department of Physiology (J.T.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (R.V.), Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, FI 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents (R.V.), Oulu University Hospital, FI 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Virology (H.H.), School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Department of Pediatrics (M.Kn.), Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories (H.H.), Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Children's Hospital (M.Kn.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs Unit (M.Kn.), Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center (M.Kn.), FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Simell
- Medicity (M.M., M.Ko., V.S.), Department of Pediatrics (M.M., J.M., M.Ko., J.T.), Immunogenetics Laboratory (J.I.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.S.), and Department of Physiology (J.T.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (R.V.), Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, FI 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents (R.V.), Oulu University Hospital, FI 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Virology (H.H.), School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Department of Pediatrics (M.Kn.), Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories (H.H.), Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Children's Hospital (M.Kn.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs Unit (M.Kn.), Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center (M.Kn.), FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Medicity (M.M., M.Ko., V.S.), Department of Pediatrics (M.M., J.M., M.Ko., J.T.), Immunogenetics Laboratory (J.I.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.S.), and Department of Physiology (J.T.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (R.V.), Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, FI 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents (R.V.), Oulu University Hospital, FI 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Virology (H.H.), School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Department of Pediatrics (M.Kn.), Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories (H.H.), Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Children's Hospital (M.Kn.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs Unit (M.Kn.), Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center (M.Kn.), FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Medicity (M.M., M.Ko., V.S.), Department of Pediatrics (M.M., J.M., M.Ko., J.T.), Immunogenetics Laboratory (J.I.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.S.), and Department of Physiology (J.T.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (R.V.), Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, FI 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents (R.V.), Oulu University Hospital, FI 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Virology (H.H.), School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Department of Pediatrics (M.Kn.), Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories (H.H.), Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Children's Hospital (M.Kn.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs Unit (M.Kn.), Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center (M.Kn.), FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Medicity (M.M., M.Ko., V.S.), Department of Pediatrics (M.M., J.M., M.Ko., J.T.), Immunogenetics Laboratory (J.I.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.S.), and Department of Physiology (J.T.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (R.V.), Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, FI 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents (R.V.), Oulu University Hospital, FI 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Virology (H.H.), School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Department of Pediatrics (M.Kn.), Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories (H.H.), Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Children's Hospital (M.Kn.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs Unit (M.Kn.), Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center (M.Kn.), FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Medicity (M.M., M.Ko., V.S.), Department of Pediatrics (M.M., J.M., M.Ko., J.T.), Immunogenetics Laboratory (J.I.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.S.), and Department of Physiology (J.T.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (R.V.), Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, FI 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents (R.V.), Oulu University Hospital, FI 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Virology (H.H.), School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Department of Pediatrics (M.Kn.), Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories (H.H.), Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Children's Hospital (M.Kn.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs Unit (M.Kn.), Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center (M.Kn.), FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Simell
- Medicity (M.M., M.Ko., V.S.), Department of Pediatrics (M.M., J.M., M.Ko., J.T.), Immunogenetics Laboratory (J.I.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.S.), and Department of Physiology (J.T.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (R.V.), Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, FI 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents (R.V.), Oulu University Hospital, FI 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Virology (H.H.), School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Department of Pediatrics (M.Kn.), Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories (H.H.), Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Children's Hospital (M.Kn.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs Unit (M.Kn.), Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center (M.Kn.), FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Medicity (M.M., M.Ko., V.S.), Department of Pediatrics (M.M., J.M., M.Ko., J.T.), Immunogenetics Laboratory (J.I.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.S.), and Department of Physiology (J.T.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (R.V.), Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, FI 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents (R.V.), Oulu University Hospital, FI 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Virology (H.H.), School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Department of Pediatrics (M.Kn.), Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories (H.H.), Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Children's Hospital (M.Kn.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Research Programs Unit (M.Kn.), Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center (M.Kn.), FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Tertti K, Toppari J, Virtanen HE, Sadov S, Rönnemaa T. Metformin Treatment Does Not Affect Testicular Size in Offspring Born to Mothers with Gestational Diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 13:59-65. [PMID: 26859658 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2016.13.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies in rodents suggest that metformin treatment during pregnancy may have harmful effects on testicular development in offspring. Our aim was to determine whether metformin treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects testicular size in male offspring. METHODS We compared the testicular size in prepubertal boys born to mothers who participated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing metformin with insulin in the treatment of GDM. Twenty-five (42.4% of invited) and 27 (52.9% of invited) boys whose mothers had been treated with metformin or insulin, respectively, participated in the study. Testicular size was measured by a ruler, an orchidometer, and by ultrasonography at the age of 33 to 85 months. RESULTS The mean age of the boys was 60 months at the time of examination, and did not differ between the metformin and insulin group (p = 0.88). There was no difference in testicular size between the boys in the two groups (p always ≥ 0.40), and there were no significant differences in height, weight, BMI, BMI z-score, or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) between the boys in the groups. CONCLUSIONS Prepubertal testicular size did not differ between offspring born to metformin-treated mothers and those born to insulin-treated mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Tertti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Helena E Virtanen
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Sadov
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapani Rönnemaa
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Perheentupa A, Sadov S, Rönkä R, Virtanen HE, Rodprasert W, Vierula M, Jørgensen N, Skakkebæk NE, Toppari J. Semen quality improves marginally during young adulthood: a longitudinal follow-up study. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:502-10. [PMID: 26740579 PMCID: PMC4755441 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does semen quality improve during early adulthood? SUMMARY ANSWER Semen variables change little during the third decade of life, however some improvement in sperm morphology and motility may occur. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A suspicion of deteriorating semen quality has been raised in several studies. The longitudinal development of semen quality in early adulthood is insufficiently understood. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A longitudinal follow-up of two cohorts of volunteer young adult Finnish men representing the general population was carried out. Cohorts A (discovery cohort, born 1979–1981, n = 336) and B (validation cohort, born 1983, n = 197) were followed up from the age of 19 years onward for 10 years. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Inclusion criteria included that both the men and their mothers were born in Finland. Semen analysis was performed in cohorts A and B at 2–4 year intervals over a period of 10 years. Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, motility, total motile count and morphology were the variables assessed in the analysis. A physical examination was carried out at each visit to detect any significant andrological abnormalities. The overall participation rate was 13.4%. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE During the follow-up, the percentage of sperm with normal morphology and the percentage of motile sperm increased significantly both in the discovery (A) (P < 0.001 at 19 versus 29 years for both) and validation (B) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03 at 19 versus 29 years, respectively) cohort. Sperm concentration and total sperm count showed a significant increase with age only in cohort B (P = 0.03 at 21 versus 29 years, P = 0.009 at 19 versus 29 years, respectively). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION A limited number of men participated both in the first round and in the final fourth round (cohort A, n = 111 and cohort B, n = 90 men) and in all four rounds (cohort A, n = 61 and cohort B, n = 52). WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Almost full spermatogenic capacity is reached by the age of 19 years. However, the improvement in sperm motility and morphology during early adulthood may slightly improve male fecundity. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by the European Commission (QLK4-CT-1999-01422, QLK4-CT-2001-00269, QLK4-2002-0063, FP7/2008-2012: DEER 212844), The Danish Medical Research Council (9700833, 9700909), Danish Agency for Science (Technology and Innovation 09-067180), the Svend Andersen's Foundation, Velux Foundation, and Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Turku University Hospital, Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Academy of Finland. There are no conflicts of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antti Perheentupa
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Sadov
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Rönkä
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Matti Vierula
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Uusitalo U, Liu X, Yang J, Aronsson CA, Hummel S, Butterworth M, Lernmark Å, Rewers M, Hagopian W, She JX, Simell O, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Akolkar B, Krischer J, Norris JM, Virtanen SM. Association of Early Exposure of Probiotics and Islet Autoimmunity in the TEDDY Study. JAMA Pediatr 2016; 170:20-8. [PMID: 26552054 PMCID: PMC4803028 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Probiotics have been hypothesized to affect immunologic responses to environmental exposures by supporting healthy gut microbiota and could therefore theoretically be used to prevent the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)-associated islet autoimmunity. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between supplemental probiotic use during the first year of life and islet autoimmunity among children at increased genetic risk of T1DM. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this ongoing prospective cohort study that started September 1, 2004, children from 6 clinical centers, 3 in the United States (Colorado, Georgia/Florida, and Washington) and 3 in Europe (Finland, Germany, and Sweden), were followed up for T1DM-related autoantibodies. Blood samples were collected every 3 months between 3 and 48 months of age and every 6 months thereafter to determine persistent islet autoimmunity. Details of infant feeding, including probiotic supplementation and infant formula use, were monitored from birth using questionnaires and diaries. We applied time-to-event analysis to study the association between probiotic use and islet autoimmunity, stratifying by country and adjusting for family history of type 1 diabetes, HLA-DR-DQ genotypes, sex, birth order, mode of delivery, exclusive breastfeeding, birth year, child's antibiotic use, and diarrheal history, as well as maternal age, probiotic use, and smoking. Altogether 8676 infants with an eligible genotype were enrolled in the follow-up study before the age of 4 months. The final sample consisted of 7473 children with the age range of 4 to 10 years (as of October 31, 2014). EXPOSURES Early intake of probiotics. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Islet autoimmunity revealed by specific islet autoantibodies. RESULTS Early probiotic supplementation (at the age of 0-27 days) was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity when compared with probiotic supplementation after 27 days or no probiotic supplementation (hazard ratio [HR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46-0.94). The association was accounted for by children with the DR3/4 genotype (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21-0.74) and was absent among other genotypes (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.62-1.54). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Early probiotic supplementation may reduce the risk of islet autoimmunity in children at the highest genetic risk of T1DM. The result needs to be confirmed in further studies before any recommendation of probiotics use is made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Uusitalo
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Xiang Liu
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Jimin Yang
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | | | - Sandra Hummel
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich, Germany
| | - Martha Butterworth
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - William Hagopian
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland8Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anette G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich, Germany
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Nutrition Unit, Helsinki, Finland12School of Health Sciences and Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland 13The Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospita
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. Executive Summary to EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:593-602. [PMID: 26414233 PMCID: PMC4702495 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Executive Summary to the Endocrine Society's second Scientific Statement on environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) provides a synthesis of the key points of the complete statement. The full Scientific Statement represents a comprehensive review of the literature on seven topics for which there is strong mechanistic, experimental, animal, and epidemiological evidence for endocrine disruption, namely: obesity and diabetes, female reproduction, male reproduction, hormone-sensitive cancers in females, prostate cancer, thyroid, and neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. EDCs such as bisphenol A, phthalates, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diethyl ethers, and dioxins were emphasized because these chemicals had the greatest depth and breadth of available information. The Statement also included thorough coverage of studies of developmental exposures to EDCs, especially in the fetus and infant, because these are critical life stages during which perturbations of hormones can increase the probability of a disease or dysfunction later in life. A conclusion of the Statement is that publications over the past 5 years have led to a much fuller understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability. These findings will prove useful to researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers in translating the science of endocrine disruption to improved public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Gore
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - V A Chappell
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - S E Fenton
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J A Flaws
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - A Nadal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - G S Prins
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J Toppari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - R T Zoeller
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:E1-E150. [PMID: 26544531 PMCID: PMC4702494 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1231] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Endocrine Society's first Scientific Statement in 2009 provided a wake-up call to the scientific community about how environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect health and disease. Five years later, a substantially larger body of literature has solidified our understanding of plausible mechanisms underlying EDC actions and how exposures in animals and humans-especially during development-may lay the foundations for disease later in life. At this point in history, we have much stronger knowledge about how EDCs alter gene-environment interactions via physiological, cellular, molecular, and epigenetic changes, thereby producing effects in exposed individuals as well as their descendants. Causal links between exposure and manifestation of disease are substantiated by experimental animal models and are consistent with correlative epidemiological data in humans. There are several caveats because differences in how experimental animal work is conducted can lead to difficulties in drawing broad conclusions, and we must continue to be cautious about inferring causality in humans. In this second Scientific Statement, we reviewed the literature on a subset of topics for which the translational evidence is strongest: 1) obesity and diabetes; 2) female reproduction; 3) male reproduction; 4) hormone-sensitive cancers in females; 5) prostate; 6) thyroid; and 7) neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. Our inclusion criteria for studies were those conducted predominantly in the past 5 years deemed to be of high quality based on appropriate negative and positive control groups or populations, adequate sample size and experimental design, and mammalian animal studies with exposure levels in a range that was relevant to humans. We also focused on studies using the developmental origins of health and disease model. No report was excluded based on a positive or negative effect of the EDC exposure. The bulk of the results across the board strengthen the evidence for endocrine health-related actions of EDCs. Based on this much more complete understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability, these findings can be much better translated to human health. Armed with this information, researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers can guide regulators and policymakers as they make responsible decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Gore
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - V A Chappell
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - S E Fenton
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J A Flaws
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - A Nadal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - G S Prins
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J Toppari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - R T Zoeller
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Abstract
Congenital cryptorchidism, that is, undescended testis, is one of the most common urogenital abnormalities observed in newborn boys. In addition to the congenital form, there is also acquired form of cryptorchidism. Fertility potential of patients with cryptorchidism has been evaluated by testicular histology and volume, semen quality, reproductive hormone levels, time to conception, and paternity rates. Cryptorchidism is associated with abnormalities in testicular development, and early treatment is recommended to optimize the fertility potential of the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena E Virtanen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku FI-20520, Finland.
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku FI-20520, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Kondrashova A, Nurminen N, Patrikainen M, Huhtala H, Lehtonen J, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Simell OG, Veijola R, Knip M, Hyöty H. Influenza A virus antibodies show no association with pancreatic islet autoantibodies in children genetically predisposed to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2592-5. [PMID: 26253765 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Viral infections have long been considered potential triggers of beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Recent studies have suggested that influenza A virus might increase the risk of type 1 diabetes. The present study evaluates this risk association in prospectively observed children at the time when islet autoimmunity starts and autoantibodies are first detected. METHODS IgG class antibodies to influenza A virus were analysed in 95 case children whose antibody screening test turned permanently positive for two or more islet autoantibodies and from 186 autoantibody-negative and non-diabetic control children who were matched for time of birth, sex, date of sampling and HLA-conferred risk of diabetes in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study. Virus antibodies were measured from the first autoantibody-positive sample using an enzyme immunoassay. None of the children had been vaccinated against influenza A. RESULTS The prevalence of influenza A virus antibodies did not differ between the case and control children (42% vs 38%; p = 0.392) and the median antibody levels were also comparable in the two groups (3.0 vs 3.8 enzyme immunoassay units). A similar result was obtained when case and control children were compared separately in subgroups according to different sex, age and HLA-DQ genotype. However, girls had higher antibody levels than boys among both case and control children (median antibody levels 9.0 vs 2.3 enzyme immunoassay units; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that influenza A infections are not associated with the development of islet autoimmunity in young children with increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kondrashova
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maarit Patrikainen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli G Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Korhonen HM, Yadav RP, Da Ros M, Chalmel F, Zimmermann C, Toppari J, Nef S, Kotaja N. DICER Regulates the Formation and Maintenance of Cell-Cell Junctions in the Mouse Seminiferous Epithelium. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:139. [PMID: 26510868 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The endonuclease DICER that processes micro-RNAs and small interfering RNAs is essential for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. We previously showed that the deletion of Dicer1 gene in postnatal spermatogonia in mice using Ngn3 promoter-driven Cre expression caused severe defects in the morphogenesis of haploid spermatid to mature spermatozoon, including problems in cell polarization and nuclear elongation. In this study, we further analyzed the same mouse model and revealed that absence of functional DICER in differentiating male germ cells induces disorganization of the cell-cell junctions in the seminiferous epithelium. We detected discontinuous and irregular apical ectoplasmic specializations between elongating spermatids and Sertoli cells. The defective anchoring of spermatids to Sertoli cells caused a premature release of spermatids into the lumen. Our findings may help also explain the abnormal elongation process of remaining spermatids because these junctions and the correct positioning of germ cells in the epithelium are critically important for the progression of spermiogenesis. Interestingly, cell adhesion-related genes were generally upregulated in Dicer1 knockout germ cells. Claudin 5 ( Cldn5 ) was among the most upregulated genes and we show that the polarized localization of CLAUDIN5 in the apical ectoplasmic specializations was lost in Dicer1 knockout spermatids. Our results suggest that DICER-dependent pathways control the formation and organization of cell-cell junctions in the seminiferous epithelium via the regulation of cell adhesion-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Maria Korhonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ram Prakash Yadav
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matteo Da Ros
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Céline Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noora Kotaja
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Grandjean P, Barouki R, Bellinger DC, Casteleyn L, Chadwick LH, Cordier S, Etzel RA, Gray KA, Ha EH, Junien C, Karagas M, Kawamoto T, Paige Lawrence B, Perera FP, Prins GS, Puga A, Rosenfeld CS, Sherr DH, Sly PD, Suk W, Sun Q, Toppari J, van den Hazel P, Walker CL, Heindel JJ. Life-Long Implications of Developmental Exposure to Environmental Stressors: New Perspectives. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3408-15. [PMID: 26241067 PMCID: PMC4588822 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm is one of the most rapidly expanding areas of biomedical research. Environmental stressors that can impact on DOHaD encompass a variety of environmental and occupational hazards as well as deficiency and oversupply of nutrients and energy. They can disrupt early developmental processes and lead to increased susceptibility to disease/dysfunctions later in life. Presentations at the fourth Conference on Prenatal Programming and Toxicity in Boston, in October 2014, provided important insights and led to new recommendations for research and public health action. The conference highlighted vulnerable exposure windows that can occur as early as the preconception period and epigenetics as a major mechanism than can lead to disadvantageous "reprogramming" of the genome, thereby potentially resulting in transgenerational effects. Stem cells can also be targets of environmental stressors, thus paving another way for effects that may last a lifetime. Current testing paradigms do not allow proper characterization of risk factors and their interactions. Thus, relevant exposure levels and combinations for testing must be identified from human exposure situations and outcome assessments. Testing of potential underpinning mechanisms and biomarker development require laboratory animal models and in vitro approaches. Only few large-scale birth cohorts exist, and collaboration between birth cohorts on a global scale should be facilitated. DOHaD-based research has a crucial role in establishing factors leading to detrimental outcomes and developing early preventative/remediation strategies to combat these risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Grandjean
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Robert Barouki
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - David C Bellinger
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Ludwine Casteleyn
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Lisa H Chadwick
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Ruth A Etzel
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Kimberly A Gray
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Eun-Hee Ha
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Claudine Junien
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Margaret Karagas
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Frederica P Perera
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Gail S Prins
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Alvaro Puga
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - David H Sherr
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Peter D Sly
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - William Suk
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Qi Sun
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Peter van den Hazel
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Cheryl L Walker
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Departments of Environmental Health (P.G., D.C.B.) and Nutrition (Q.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Children's Hospital (D.C.B.), Harvard Medical School; and Channing Division of Network Medicine (Q.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Medicine (P.G.), Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale unit 1124 (R.B.), Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; University of Leuven (L.C.), Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Extramural Research and Training (L.H.C., K.A.G., W.S., J.J.H.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1085 (S.C.), University Rennes I, F-35000 Rennes, France; Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health (R.A.E.), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201; Department of Preventive Medicine (E.-H.H.), School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (C.J.), MR Unité Mixte de Recherche 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Versailles-St-Quentin (C.J.), 78000 Versailles, France; Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (M.K.), Hanover, New Hampshire 03766; Department of Environmental Health (T.K.), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Department of Environmental Medicine (B.P.L.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Heal
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Kantola K, Hedman L, Tanner L, Simell V, Mäkinen M, Partanen J, Sadeghi M, Veijola R, Knip M, Ilonen J, Hyöty H, Toppari J, Simell O, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M. B-Cell Responses to Human Bocaviruses 1-4: New Insights from a Childhood Follow-Up Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139096. [PMID: 26418064 PMCID: PMC4587975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) 1-4 are recently discovered, antigenically similar parvoviruses. We examined the hypothesis that the antigenic similarity of these viruses could give rise to clinically and diagnostically important immunological interactions. IgG and IgM EIAs as well as qPCR were used to study ~2000 sera collected from infancy to early adolescence at 3-6-month intervals from 109 children whose symptoms were recorded. We found that HBoV1-4-specific seroprevalences at age 6 years were 80%, 48%, 10%, and 0%, respectively. HBoV1 infections resulted in significantly weaker IgG responses among children who had pre-existing HBoV2 IgG, and vice versa. Furthermore, we documented a complete absence of virus type-specific immune responses in six viremic children who had pre-existing IgG for another bocavirus, indicating that not all HBoV infections can be diagnosed serologically. Our results strongly indicate that interactions between consecutive HBoV infections affect HBoV immunity via a phenomenon called "original antigenic sin", cross-protection, or both; however, without evident clinical consequences but with important ramifications for the serodiagnosis of HBoV infections. Serological data is likely to underestimate human exposure to these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Kantola
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Lea Hedman
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Tanner
- Turku University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Juulia Partanen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Riitta Veijola
- University of Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Children's Hospital and Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere University Hospital, Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Turku University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Turku, Finland
- Medicity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Turku, Immunogenetics Laboratory, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- University of Tampere, Department of Virology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Turku University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Turku, Finland
- Medicity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Simell
- Medicity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Hedman
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, Kiviranta H, Damgaard IN, Matomäki J, Thorup JM, Hurme T, Skakkebaek NE, Main KM, Toppari J. Association between levels of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue and cryptorchidism in early childhood: a case-control study. Environ Health 2015; 14:78. [PMID: 26403566 PMCID: PMC4583064 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital cryptorchidism, i.e. failure of the testicular descent to the bottom of the scrotum, is a common birth defect. The evidence from epidemiological, wildlife, and animal studies suggests that exposure to mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals during fetal development may play a role in its pathogenesis. We aimed to assess the association between cryptorchidism and prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). METHODS We conducted a case-control study consisting of 44 cryptorchid cases, and 38 controls operated for inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, or hydrocele at the Turku University Hospital or Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen in 2002-2006. During the operation a subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy was taken. Samples were analysed for 37 PCBs, 17 PCDD/Fs and 14 PBDEs by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Chemical concentrations were adjusted for postnatal variation introduced by differences in duration of breastfeeding, age at the operation, and country of origin with a multiple linear regression. Association between adjusted and unadjusted chemical concentrations and the risk of cryptorchidism were analysed with logistic regression to get an estimate for odds ratio (OR) of cryptorchidism per multiplication of chemical concentrations with ca. 2.71 (Napier's constant). RESULTS Total-TEq i.e. the WHO-recommended 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent quantity of 17 dioxins and 12 dioxin-like PCBs and sum of PCDD/Fs were positively associated with cryptorchidism [OR 3.21 (95% CI 1.29-9.09), OR 3.69 (95% CI 1.45-10.9), respectively], when adjusting for country of origin, the duration the child was breastfed, and age at operation. The association between the sum of PCBs and cryptorchidism was close to significant [OR 1.92 (95% CI 0.98-4.01)], whereas the association between the sum of PBDEs and cryptorchidism was not [OR 0.86 (95% CI 0.47-1.54)]. There were no associations between unadjusted chemical concentrations and the risk of cryptorchidism. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCDD/F-like PCBs may be associated with increased risk for cryptorchidism. Our finding does not exclude the possibility of an association between the exposure to PBDEs and cryptorchidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko J Koskenniemi
- Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Helena E Virtanen
- Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Protection, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ida N Damgaard
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jaakko Matomäki
- Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8 PL 52, FI-20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jørgen M Thorup
- The Department of Paediatric Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Timo Hurme
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8 PL 52, FI-20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Niels E Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Le Moal J, Sharpe RM, Jϕrgensen N, Levine H, Jurewicz J, Mendiola J, Swan SH, Virtanen H, Christin-Maître S, Cordier S, Toppari J, Hanke W. Toward a multi-country monitoring system of reproductive health in the context of endocrine disrupting chemical exposure. Eur J Public Health 2015; 26:76-83. [PMID: 26330492 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worrying trends regarding human reproductive endpoints (e.g. semen quality, reproductive cancers) have been reported and there is growing circumstantial evidence for a possible causal link between these trends and exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, there is a striking lack of human data to fill the current knowledge gaps. To answer the crucial questions raised on human reproductive health, there is an urgent need for a reproductive surveillance system to be shared across countries. METHODS A multidisciplinary network named HUman Reproductive health and Global ENvironment Network (HURGENT) was created aiming at designing a European monitoring system for reproductive health indicators. Collaborative work allowed setting up the available knowledge to design such a system. Furthermore we conducted an overview of 23 potential indicators, based upon a weight of evidence (WoE) approach according to their potential relation with EDC exposure. RESULTS The framework and purposes of the surveillance system are settled as well as the approach to select suitable reproductive indicators. The indicators found with the highest scores according to the WoE approach are prostate and breast cancer incidence, sex ratio, endometriosis and uterine fibroid incidence, indicators related to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome, precocious puberty incidence and reproductive hormone levels. CONCLUSION Not only sentinel health endpoints, but also diseases with high burdens in public health are highlighted as prior indicators in the context of EDC exposure. Our work can serve as a basis to construct, as soon as possible, the first multi-country reproductive monitoring system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Le Moal
- 1 Environmental Health Department, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint Maurice, France
| | - Richard M Sharpe
- 2 MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Niels Jϕrgensen
- 3 Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hagai Levine
- 4 Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah and The Hebrew University Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, Jerusalem, Israel 5 Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanna Jurewicz
- 6 Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaime Mendiola
- 7 Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of Murcia School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
| | - Shanna H Swan
- 5 Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helena Virtanen
- 8 Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Sylvaine Cordier
- 11 Inserm U.1085, Institut de Recherche en santé, environnement et travail (IRSET), University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Jorma Toppari
- 8 Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 9 Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Wojciech Hanke
- 6 Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Ventelä S, Sittig E, Mannermaa L, Mäkelä JA, Kulmala J, Löyttyniemi E, Strauss L, Cárpen O, Toppari J, Grénman R, Westermarck J. CIP2A is an Oct4 target gene involved in head and neck squamous cell cancer oncogenicity and radioresistance. Oncotarget 2015; 6:144-58. [PMID: 25474139 PMCID: PMC4381584 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a mainstay for treatment of many human cancer types, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Thereby, it is clinically very relevant to understand the mechanisms determining radioresistance. Here, we identify CIP2A as an Oct4 target gene and provide evidence that they co-operate in radioresistance. Oct4 positively regulates CIP2A expression both in testicular cancer cell lines as well as in embryonic stem cells. To expand the relevance of these findings we show that Oct4 and CIP2A are co-expressed in CD24 positive side-population of patient-derived HNSCC cell lines. Most importantly, all Oct4 positive HNSCC patient samples were CIP2A positive and this double positivity was linked to poor differentiation level, and predicted for decreased patient survival among radiotherapy treated HNSCC patients. Oct4 and CIP2A expression was also linked with increased aggressiveness and radioresistancy in HNSCC cell lines. Together we demonstrate that CIP2A is a novel Oct4 target gene in stem cells and in human cancer cell lines. Clinically these results suggest that diagnostic evaluation of HNSCC tumors for Oct4 or Oct4/CIP2A positivity might help to predict HNSCC tumor radioresistancy. These results also identify both Oct4 and CIP2A as potential targets for radiosensitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ventelä
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland. Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Finland. Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eleonora Sittig
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland
| | - Leni Mannermaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jarmo Kulmala
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Leena Strauss
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Cárpen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Finland. Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Reidar Grénman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland. Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Rotgers E, Cisneros-Montalvo S, Jahnukainen K, Sandholm J, Toppari J, Nurmio M. A detailed protocol for a rapid analysis of testicular cell populations using flow cytometry. Andrology 2015; 3:947-55. [PMID: 26256546 PMCID: PMC5042039 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accurate analysis and quantification of different testicular cell populations are of central importance in studies of male reproductive biology. The traditional histomorphometric and immunohistochemical methods remain the gold standard in studying the complex dynamics of the testicular tissue. Through past years advances have been made in the application of flow cytometry for the rapid analysis of testicular cell populations. Detection of DNA content and of surface antigens and fluorescent reporters have been widely used to analyze and sort cells. Detection of intracellular antigens can broaden the possibilities of applying flow cytometry in studies of male reproduction. Here, we report a detailed protocol for the preparation of rat testicular tissue for detection of intracellular antigens by flow cytometry, and a pipeline for subsequent data analysis and troubleshooting. Rat testicular ontogenesis was chosen as the experimental model to validate the performance of the assay using vimentin and γH2AX as intracellular markers for the somatic and spermatogenic cells, respectively. The results show that the assay is reproducible and recapitulates the rat testis ontogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Rotgers
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - S Cisneros-Montalvo
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - K Jahnukainen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Departments of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Sandholm
- Cell Imaging Core, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - J Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Nurmio
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Lempainen J, Laine AP, Hammais A, Toppari J, Simell O, Veijola R, Knip M, Ilonen J. Non-HLA gene effects on the disease process of type 1 diabetes: From HLA susceptibility to overt disease. J Autoimmun 2015; 61:45-53. [PMID: 26074154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the HLA region numerous other gene loci have shown association with type 1 diabetes. How these polymorphisms exert their function has not been comprehensively described, however. We assessed the effect of 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on the development of autoantibody positivity, on progression from autoantibody positivity to clinical disease and on the specificity of the antibody initiating the autoimmune process in 521 autoantibody-positive and 989 control children from a follow-up study starting from birth. Interestingly, PTPN2 rs45450798 gene polymorphism was observed to strongly affect the progression rate of beta-cell destruction after the appearance of humoral beta-cell autoimmunity. Moreover, primary autoantigen dependent associations were also observed as effect of the IKZF4-ERBB3 region on the progression rate of β-cell destruction was restricted to children with GAD antibodies as their first autoantibody whereas the effect of the INS rs 689 polymorphism was observed among subjects with insulin as the primary autoantigen. In the whole study cohort, INS rs689, PTPN22 rs2476601 and IFIH1 rs1990760 polymorphisms were associated with the appearance of beta-cell autoantibodies. These findings provide new insights into the role of genetic factors implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The effect of some of the gene variants is restricted to control the initiation of β-cell autoimmunity whereas others modify the destruction rate of the β-cells. Furthermore, signs of primary autoantigen-related pathways were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lempainen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Anna Hammais
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Moulder R, Bhosale SD, Erkkilä T, Laajala E, Salmi J, Nguyen EV, Kallionpää H, Mykkänen J, Vähä-Mäkilä M, Hyöty H, Veijola R, Ilonen J, Simell T, Toppari J, Knip M, Goodlett DR, Lähdesmäki H, Simell O, Lahesmaa R. Serum proteomes distinguish children developing type 1 diabetes in a cohort with HLA-conferred susceptibility. Diabetes 2015; 64:2265-78. [PMID: 25616278 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We determined longitudinal serum proteomics profiles from children with HLA-conferred diabetes susceptibility to identify changes that could be detected before seroconversion and positivity for disease-associated autoantibodies. Comparisons were made between children who seroconverted and progressed to type 1 diabetes (progressors) and those who remained autoantibody negative, matched by age, sex, sample periodicity, and risk group. The samples represented the prediabetic period and ranged from the age of 3 months to 12 years. After immunoaffinity depletion of the most abundant serum proteins, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification were used for sample labeling. Quantitative proteomic profiles were then measured for 13 case-control pairs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Additionally, a label-free LC-MS/MS approach was used to analyze depleted sera from six case-control pairs. Importantly, differences in abundance of a set of proteins were consistently detected before the appearance of autoantibodies in the progressors. Based on top-scoring pairs analysis, classification of such progressors was observed with a high success rate. Overall, the data provide a reference of temporal changes in the serum proteome in healthy children and children progressing to type 1 diabetes, including new protein candidates, the levels of which change before clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Moulder
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Timo Erkkilä
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Essi Laajala
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Salmi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Henna Kallionpää
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Mykkänen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mari Vähä-Mäkilä
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David R Goodlett
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Harri Lähdesmäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Schrade A, Kyrönlahti A, Akinrinade O, Pihlajoki M, Häkkinen M, Fischer S, Alastalo TP, Velagapudi V, Toppari J, Wilson DB, Heikinheimo M. GATA4 is a key regulator of steroidogenesis and glycolysis in mouse Leydig cells. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1860-72. [PMID: 25668067 PMCID: PMC4398762 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor GATA4 is expressed in somatic cells of the mammalian testis. Gene targeting studies in mice have shown that GATA4 is essential for proper differentiation and function of Sertoli cells. The role of GATA4 in Leydig cell development, however, remains controversial, because targeted mutagenesis experiments in mice have not shown a consistent phenotype, possibly due to context-dependent effects or compensatory responses. We therefore undertook a reductionist approach to study the function of GATA4 in Leydig cells. Using microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR, we identified a set of genes that are down-regulated or up-regulated after small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of Gata4 in the murine Leydig tumor cell line mLTC-1. These same genes were dysregulated when primary cultures of Gata4(flox/flox) adult Leydig cells were subjected to adenovirus-mediated cre-lox recombination in vitro. Among the down-regulated genes were enzymes of the androgen biosynthetic pathway (Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1, and Srd5a). Silencing of Gata4 expression in mLTC-1 cells was accompanied by reduced production of sex steroid precursors, as documented by mass spectrometric analysis. Comprehensive metabolomic analysis of GATA4-deficient mLTC-1 cells showed alteration of other metabolic pathways, notably glycolysis. GATA4-depleted mLTC-1 cells had reduced expression of glycolytic genes (Hk1, Gpi1, Pfkp, and Pgam1), lower intracellular levels of ATP, and increased extracellular levels of glucose. Our findings suggest that GATA4 plays a pivotal role in Leydig cell function and provide novel insights into metabolic regulation in this cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schrade
- Children's Hospital (A.S., A.K., O.A., M.P., T.-P.A., M.H.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine (O.A.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; School of Pharmacy (M.H.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland; Institute of Applied Biotechnology (S.F.), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach 88400, Germany; Metabolomics Unit (V.V.), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; and Departments of Pediatrics (A.S., M.P., D.B.W., M.H.) and Developmental Biology (D.B.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Törn C, Hadley D, Lee HS, Hagopian W, Lernmark Å, Simell O, Rewers M, Ziegler A, Schatz D, Akolkar B, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Chen WM, Toppari J, Mykkänen J, Ilonen J, Rich SS, She JX, Steck AK, Krischer J. Role of Type 1 Diabetes-Associated SNPs on Risk of Autoantibody Positivity in the TEDDY Study. Diabetes 2015; 64:1818-29. [PMID: 25422107 PMCID: PMC4407865 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study prospectively follows 8,677 children enrolled from birth who carry HLA-susceptibility genotypes for development of islet autoantibodies (IA) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). During the median follow-up time of 57 months, 350 children developed at least one persistent IA (GAD antibody, IA-2A, or micro insulin autoantibodies) and 84 of them progressed to T1D. We genotyped 5,164 Caucasian children for 41 non-HLA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that achieved genome-wide significance for association with T1D in the genome-wide association scan meta-analysis conducted by the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. In TEDDY participants carrying high-risk HLA genotypes, eight SNPs achieved significant association to development of IA using time-to-event analysis (P < 0.05), whereof four were significant after adjustment for multiple testing (P < 0.0012): rs2476601 in PTPN22 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.54 [95% CI 1.27-1.88]), rs2292239 in ERBB3 (HR 1.33 [95% CI 1.14-1.55]), rs3184504 in SH2B3 (HR 1.38 [95% CI 1.19-1.61]), and rs1004446 in INS (HR 0.77 [0.66-0.90]). These SNPs were also significantly associated with T1D in particular: rs2476601 (HR 2.42 [95% CI 1.70-3.44]). Although genes in the HLA region remain the most important genetic risk factors for T1D, other non-HLA genetic factors contribute to IA, a first step in the pathogenesis of T1D, and the progression of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Törn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - David Hadley
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's University of London, London, U.K
| | - Hye-Seung Lee
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Anette Ziegler
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes Research Institute, Munich, Germany
| | - Desmond Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Mykkänen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Jeffrey Krischer
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Krischer JP, Lynch KF, Schatz DA, Ilonen J, Lernmark Å, Hagopian WA, Rewers MJ, She JX, Simell OG, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Akolkar B, Bonifacio E. The 6 year incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies in genetically at-risk children: the TEDDY study. Diabetologia 2015; 58:980-7. [PMID: 25660258 PMCID: PMC4393776 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islet autoantibodies, in addition to elevated blood glucose, define type 1 diabetes. These autoantibodies are detectable for a variable period of time before diabetes onset. Thus, the occurrence of islet autoantibodies is associated with the beginning of the disease process. The age at, and order in, which autoantibodies appear may be associated with different genetic backgrounds or environmental exposures, or both. METHODS Infants with HLA-DR high-risk genotypes (DR3/4, DR4/4, DR4/8 and DR3/3) were enrolled and prospectively followed with standardised autoantibody assessments quarterly throughout the first 4 years of life and then semi-annually thereafter. RESULTS Autoantibodies appeared in 549/8,503 (6.5%) children during 34,091 person-years of follow-up. Autoantibodies at 3 (0.1%) and 6 (0.2%) months of age were rare. Of the 549, 43.7% had islet autoantibodies to insulin (IAA) only, 37.7% had glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) only, 13.8% had both GADA and IAA only, 1.6% had insulinoma antigen-2 only and 3.1% had other combinations. The incidence of IAA only peaked within the first year of life and declined over the following 5 years, but GADA only increased until the second year and remained relatively constant. GADA only were more common than IAA only in HLA-DR3/3 children but less common in HLA-DR4/8 children. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Islet autoantibodies can occur very early in life and the order of appearance was related to HLA-DR-DQ genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Krischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3650 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 100, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|