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Li S, Liu J, Zhang M, Chen Y, Zhu T, Wang J. Protective Effect of Eckol against Acute Hepatic Injury Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Mice. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E300. [PMID: 30150561 PMCID: PMC6164428 DOI: 10.3390/md16090300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Several in vitro studies have shown the potential hepatoprotective properties of eckol, a natural phlorotannin derived from the brown alga. However, the in vivo hepatoprotective potential of eckol has not been determined. In this study, we performed an in vivo study to investigate the protective effect of eckol and its possible mechanisms on the carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced acute liver injury model in mice. Results revealed that eckol pre-treatment at the dose of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg/day for 7 days significantly suppressed the CCl₄-induced increases of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in serum and meliorated morphological liver injury. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) analysis showed that the number of positive apoptotic hepatocytes in the eckol-treated group was lower than that in the CCl₄ model group. Western blotting analysis also demonstrated the enhanced expression of bcl-2 and suppressed expression of cleaved caspase-3 by eckol. The CCl₄-induced oxidative stress in liver was significantly ameliorated by eckol, which was characterized by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) formations, and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and glutathione (GSH) content. Moreover, the CCl₄-induced elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were markedly suppressed in the eckol-treated group. However, eckol enhanced the level of IL-10, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, and recruited CD11c⁺ dendritic cells into the liver tissues of CCl₄-treated mice. These results indicated that eckol has the protective effect on CCl₄-induced acute liver injury via multiple mechanisms including anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Mengya Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Tianxing Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
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202
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Liu W, Wang Z, Hou JG, Zhou YD, He YF, Jiang S, Wang YP, Ren S, Li W. The Liver Protection Effects of Maltol, a Flavoring Agent, on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice via Inhibiting Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092120. [PMID: 30142916 PMCID: PMC6225187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate whether maltol could protect from hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in vivo by inhibition of apoptosis and inflammatory responses. In this work, maltol was administered at a level of 100 mg/kg for 15 days prior to exposure to a single injection of CCl4 (0.25%, i.p.). The results clearly indicated that the intrapulmonary injection of CCl4 resulted in a sharp increase in serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), irreducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels. Histopathological examination demonstrated severe hepatocyte necrosis and the destruction of architecture in liver lesions. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis suggested an accumulation of iNOS, NF-κB, IL-1β and TNF-α expression. Maltol, when administered to mice for 15 days, can significantly improve these deleterious changes. In addition, TUNEL and Hoechst 33258 staining showed that a liver cell nucleus of a model group diffused uniform fluorescence following CCl4 injection. Maltol pretreatment groups did not show significant cell nuclear condensation and fragmentation, indicating that maltol inhibited CCl4-induced cell apoptosis. By evaluating the liver catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and further using a single agent to evaluate the oxidative stress in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity by immunofluorescence staining, maltol dramatically attenuated the reduction levels of hepatic CAT, GSH and SOD, and the over-expression levels of CYP2E1 and HO-1. In the mouse model of CCl4-induced liver injury, we have demonstrated that the inflammatory responses were inhibited, the serum levels of ALT and AST were reduced, cell apoptosis was suppressed, and liver injury caused by CCl4 was alleviated by maltol, demonstrating that maltol may be an efficient hepatoprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Jin-Gang Hou
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Yan-Dan Zhou
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yu-Fang He
- College of Management, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Shuang Jiang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Shen Ren
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China.
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203
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Abstract
Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling is reported in large subsets of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Upregulation of Wnt genes is one contributing mechanism. In the current study, we sought to address the role of hepatocyte-derived Wnts in a model of hepatic injury, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. We subjected hepatocyte-specific Wntless knockout mice (HP-KO), unable to secrete Wnts from hepatocytes, and littermate controls (HP-CON) to diethylnitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride (DEN/CCl4) and harvested at 3, 5, and 6 months for histological and molecular analysis. Analysis at 5 months displayed increased hepatic expression of several Wnts and upregulation of some, but not all, β-catenin targets, without mutations in Ctnnb1. At 5 months, HP-CON and HP-KO had comparable tumor burden and injury; however, HP-KO uniquely showed small CK19+ foci within tumors. At 6 months, both groups were moribund with comparable tumor burden and CK19 positivity. While HCC histology was indistinguishable between the groups, HP-KO exhibited increased active β-catenin and decreased c-Myc, Brd4, E-cadherin, and others. Hepatic injury, inflammation, and fibrosis were also indistinguishable at 3 months between both groups. Thus, lack of Wnt secretion from hepatocytes did not affect overall injury, fibrosis, or HCC burden, although there were protein expression differences in the tumors occurring in the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Preziosi
- *Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Minakshi Poddar
- *Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sucha Singh
- *Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- *Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- ‡Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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204
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Li Y, Guo S, Ren Q, Wei D, Zhao M, Su S, Tang Z, Duan JA. Pharmacokinetic Comparisons of Multiple Triterpenic Acids from Jujubae Fructus Extract Following Oral Delivery in Normal and Acute Liver Injury Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072047. [PMID: 30011885 PMCID: PMC6073449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Jujubae Fructus, the dried fruit of Ziziphus jujuba, has been used as Chinese medicine and food for centuries. Triterpenic acids have been found to be the major bioactive constituents in Jujubae Fructus responsible for their hepatoprotective activity in previous phytochemical and biological studies, while few pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted. To reveal the kinetics of the triterpenic acids under the pathological liver injury state, an established ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry method was applied for the simultaneous quantitation of seven triterpenic acids (ceanothic acid, epiceanothic acid, pomonic acid, alphitolic acid, maslinic acid, betulinic acid, and betulonic acid) in plasma samples of normal and acute liver injury rats induced by CCl₄. The results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the pharmacokinetic parameters of seven triterpenic acids between model and normal groups. The AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ of epiceanothic acid (5227 ± 334 μg⋅h/L vs. 1478 ± 255 μg ⋅ h/L and 6127 ± 423 μg ⋅ h/L vs. 1482 ± 255 μg ⋅ h/L, respectively) and pomonic acid (4654 ± 349 μg ⋅ h/L vs. 1834 ± 225 μg ⋅ h/L and 4776 ± 322 μg ⋅ h/L vs. 1859 ± 230 μg ⋅ h/L, respectively) in model rats were significantly higher than those in normal rats, and the CLz/F of them were significantly decreased (0.28 ± 0.02 L/h/kg vs. 1.36 ± 0.18 L/h/kg and 19.96 ± 1.30 L/h/kg vs. 53.15 ± 5.60 L/h/kg, respectively). In contrast, the above parameters for alphitolic acid, betulinic acid and betulonic acid exhibited the quite different trend. This pharmacokinetic research might provide useful information for the clinical usage of triterpenic acids from Jujubae Fructus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Quanjin Ren
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Dandan Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhishu Tang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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205
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Hammad S, Othman A, Meyer C, Telfah A, Lambert J, Dewidar B, Werle J, Nwosu ZC, Mahli A, Dormann C, Gao Y, Gould K, Han M, Yuan X, Gogiashvili M, Hergenröder R, Hellerbrand C, Thomas M, Ebert MP, Amasheh S, Hengstler JG, Dooley S. Confounding influence of tamoxifen in mouse models of Cre recombinase-induced gene activity or modulation. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2549-2561. [PMID: 29974145 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is commonly used for cell type specific Cre recombinase-induced gene inactivation and in cell fate tracing studies. Inducing a gene knockout by TAM and using non-TAM exposed mice as controls lead to a situation where differences are interpreted as consequences of the gene knockout but in reality result from TAM-induced changes in hepatic metabolism. The degree to which TAM may compromise the interpretation of animal experiments with inducible gene expression still has to be elucidated. Here, we report that TAM strongly attenuates CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in male C57Bl/6N mice, even after a 10 days TAM exposure-free period. TAM decreased (p < 0.0001) the necrosis index and the level of aspartate- and alanine transaminases in CCl4-treated compared to vehicle-exposed mice. TAM pretreatment also led to the downregulation of CYP2E1 (p = 0.0045) in mouse liver tissue, and lowered its activity in CYP2E1 expressing HepG2 cell line. Furthermore, TAM increased the level of the antioxidant ascorbate, catalase, SOD2, and methionine, as well as phase II metabolizing enzymes GSTM1 and UGT1A1 in CCl4-treated livers. Finally, we found that TAM increased the presence of resident macrophages and recruitment of immune cells in necrotic areas of the livers as indicated by F4/80 and CD45 staining. In conclusion, we reveal that TAM increases liver resistance to CCl4-induced toxicity. This finding is of high relevance for studies using the tamoxifen-inducible expression system particularly if this system is used in combination with hepatotoxic compounds such as CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seddik Hammad
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Amnah Othman
- Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS e.V., 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph Meyer
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ahmad Telfah
- Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS e.V., 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joerg Lambert
- Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS e.V., 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bedair Dewidar
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31527, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Julia Werle
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Zeribe Chike Nwosu
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Abdo Mahli
- Institute of Biochemistry (Emil-Fischer Zentrum), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christof Dormann
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yan Gao
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kerry Gould
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mei Han
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Yuan
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mikheil Gogiashvili
- Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS e.V., 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Hergenröder
- Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS e.V., 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry (Emil-Fischer Zentrum), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Philip Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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206
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Hamed H, Gargouri M, Bellassoued K, Ghannoudi Z, Elfeki A, Gargouri A. Cardiopreventive effects of camel milk against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress, biochemical and histological alterations in mice. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:253-260. [PMID: 29108440 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1395889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the preventive effects of camel milk (CM) against the toxic effects of acute exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on the heart tissue of mice. Administration of a single dose of CCl4 caused cardio toxicity as monitored by an increase in lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), protein carbonyl level and antioxidant markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione and vitamin C) in the heart tissue. Moreover, CCl4 caused a distinguished rise of plasma aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, troponin I, and creatine kinase activities. Furthermore, CM ameliorated biochemical and histological parameters as compared to CCl4-treated group. Overall, this study indicates that CM is efficient in inhibiting oxidative stress induced by CCl4 and suggests that the administration of this milk may be helpful in the prevention of cardio-toxicity complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Hamed
- a Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Manel Gargouri
- a Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Khaled Bellassoued
- a Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | | | - Abdelfattah Elfeki
- a Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Gargouri
- c Research Unit of Toxicology, Environmental Microbiology and Health, Faculty of Science of Sfax , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
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207
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Younis T, Rasul A, Jabeen F, Hussain G, Altaf J, Jafri L, Rani R, Khan MR, Sarfraz I, Ali M. Ameliorating role of methanolic leaves extract of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides against CCl4-challanged nephrotoxicity in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 2018; 31:1475-1484. [PMID: 30058538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Roots, bark, stem/twigs, and leaves of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides are being used regionally for the cure of malaria, jaundice, internal injuries, pneumonia, pain, rheumatism and also in fracture of bones. Our objective was to assess the methanolic leaves extract of F. xanthoxyloides for its antioxidant capability against oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in the kidney of Sprague-Dawley rats. Duration of this experiment was 30 days and doses were given on alternative days. Urine of rats was assessed for kidney function and renal tissues for antioxidant enzymes activity, biochemical markers, comet assay and histopathology. Enhanced urinary creatinine, urobilinogen levels and decreased creatinine clearance, protein contents, and albumin levels were observed by CCl4 administration when matched to controls. CCl4 injection also decreased the level of reduced glutathione, catalase, super oxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione s-transferase, glutathione reductase, and tissue protein while elevated the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, DNA damages and H2O2 in renal tissues of experimental animals. Co-treatment of FXM and silymarin, lead to the restoration of all the above tested parameters of kidney. Through this study we affirmed the ameliorating role of F. xanthoxyloides in oxidative stress affiliated disorders of kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Younis
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan / Depaertment of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Depaertment of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Jabeen
- Depaertment of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javaria Altaf
- Depaertment of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Laila Jafri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehana Rani
- Department of Biogenetics, National University of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rashid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Sarfraz
- Depaertment of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Depaertment of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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208
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Alam MF, Safhi MM, Anwer T, Siddiqui R, Khan G, Moni SS. Therapeutic potential of Vanillylacetone against CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing the serum marker, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in Swiss albino mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:81-88. [PMID: 29909158 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the therapeutic potential of Vanillylacetone against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in mice through understanding the serum marker, oxidative stress mechanism and cytokine networks. Carbon tetrachloride is highly hepatotoxic used as research based on animal model. The mice were classified into five groups and each had eight mice. Group-I was controlled and the vehicle was given orally. Group-II was toxic and carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg) twice a week for 15 days was administered by intra-peritoneal injections. Group- III and IV were pre-treated with Vanillylacetone 50 & 100 mg kg-1 body weight given every day p.o. while, Group-V received only Vanillylacetone (100 mg kg-1 body weight) for 15 days orally. The finding indicates that the administration of CCl4 causes significant elevation of enzyme markers, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine and apoptotic markers in Group-II as compared to Group-I. The administration of Vanillylacetone (50 and100 mg kg-1) significantly suppresses the elevated serum enzymes, oxidative stress (TBARS), an inflammatory cytokine (IL2 and TNFα) and apoptotic markers (Caspase-3 and 9) in Group-III and IV as compared to Group-II. It was also noticed that the higher dose of Vanillylacetone (100 mg) is more effective than lower dose of Vanillylacetone (50 mg). There were no significant changes observed with higher dose of Vanillylacetone (100 mg kg-1) in Group-V as compared to Group-I. Histopathological analysis also supported the above findings. Overall, this results shows that Vanillylacetone has a good antioxidant and therapeutic properties which can help in preventing the chemically (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Firoz Alam
- Neuroscience and Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed M Safhi
- Neuroscience and Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarique Anwer
- Neuroscience and Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahimullah Siddiqui
- Neuroscience and Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gyas Khan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pharmaceutics Department, Pharmacy College, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sivakumar Sivagurunathan Moni
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pharmaceutics Department, Pharmacy College, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
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209
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Lin CJ, Lee SL, Lee HS, Dong CY. In vivo multiphoton kinetic imaging of the toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride on hepatobiliary metabolism. J Biomed Opt 2018; 23:1-6. [PMID: 29943526 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.9.091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We used intravital multiphoton microscopy to study the recovery of hepatobiliary metabolism following carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. The acquired images were processed by a first order kinetic model to generate rate constant resolved images of the mouse liver. We found that with progression of hepatotoxicity, the spatial gradient of hepatic function disappeared. A CCl4-induced damage mechanism involves the compromise of membrane functions, resulting in accumulation of processed 6-carboxyfluorescein molecules. At day 14 following induction, a restoration of the mouse hepatobiliary function was found. Our approach allows the study of the response of hepatic functions to chemical agents in real time and is useful for studying pharmacokinetics of drug molecules through optical microscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ju Lin
- National Taiwan University, Department of Physics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lin Lee
- National Taiwan University, Department of Physics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Shu Lee
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yuan Dong
- National Taiwan University, Department of Physics, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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210
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Abstract
The relevant information concerning the long-term experiments with the most commonly used chlorinated hydrocarbons are reviewed and tabulated. Some experiments with DDT, aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor gave evidence of a weak carcinogenicity for laboratory animals; the results however have not been unequivocally confirmed. The following possibilities are discussed: 1) that the tumors produced in some experiments are related to a real carcinogenicity of the chemicals under investigation, 2) that they belong to the group of the « spontaneous » tumors, 3) that they are the result of a synergistic action of the pesticide and other factors. None of these suggestions can give a comprehensive interpretation of all the experimental results. It is emphasized that a dose-response relationship has not been demonstrated in any of the experiments under review and that, particularly for DDT, the purity of the chemical was reported only in a few instances. Carbon tetrachloride produced hepatomas in mice and hamsters; however, its use in agriculture does not appear to create a major carcinogenic hazard for men.
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Algandaby MM, Al-Sawahli MM, Ahmed OAA, Fahmy UA, Abdallah HM, Hattori M, Ashour OM, Abdel-Naim AB. Curcumin-Zein Nanospheres Improve Liver Targeting and Antifibrotic Activity of Curcumin in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Mice Liver Fibrosis. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2018; 12:1746-57. [PMID: 29345886 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2016.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a major health problem that has no satisfactory medication. Curcumin, (CUR) although known for its antifibrotic activity, has limited medicinal use owing to its poor oral pharmacokinetic properties and targeting efficiency. The current study aimed at exploring the ability of zein (ZN) nanospheres to improve the liver targeting and antifibrotic activity of CUR in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis. Four different formulae of ZN-loaded CUR were prepared and examined in terms of particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro permeation. The formula containing a CUR to ZN ratio of 1:3 showed optimum nanosphere properties and was subjected to further investigations. Under a scanning electron microscope, the selected formula showed spherical particles with uniform size distribution. In normal mice, the selected formula exhibited improved bioavailability and liver targeting efficiency compared to raw CUR. The nanosphere preparation also offered significant protection against CCl4-induced liver function deterioration, histopathological changes, and oxidative stress in mice. Compared to raw CUR, CUR-ZN was significantly more effective in attenuating the rise in hepatic gene expression of collagen-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, and transforming growth factor beta, as well as the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. Masson's trichrome staining confirmed the higher antifibrotic activity of the nanospheres that ameliorated the rise in hepatic hydroxyproline content and collagen-1-immunopositive areas in mice liver sections. In conclusion, CUR-ZN nanospheres demonstrated improved liver targeting efficiency and antifibrotic activity in comparison to raw CUR in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice.
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Bu FT, Chen Y, Yu HX, Chen X, Yang Y, Pan XY, Wang Q, Wu YT, Huang C, Meng XM, Li J. SENP2 alleviates CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis by promoting activated hepatic stellate cell apoptosis and reversion. Toxicol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29535048 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation and deSUMOylation, a dynamic process, is proved to be involved in various fibrotic diseases. Here, we found SENP2, one of deSUMOylation protease family member, was decreased in CCl4-induced mice fibrotic liver tissues, primary HSCs and restored after spontaneously recovery. In addition, HSC-T6 cells with TGF-β1 treatment resulted in a significant reduction of SENP2. Ectopic expression of SENP2 hindered cells activation and proliferation induced by TGF-β1 while knockdown of SENP2 showed an opposite effect. Importantly, SENP2 promoted apoptosis of HSC-T6 cells activated by TGF-β1. Furthermore, restoration of SENP2 was observed in inactivated HSCs after adipogenic differentiation mixture (MDI) treatment. Inadequate SENP2 inhibited the reversion of HSC-T6 cells, featured as aberrant expressions of α-SMA and col1a1, two markers of liver fibrosis. It has been reported SENP2 was a suppressant regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Similarly, we found SENP2 has a negative effect on β-catenin as well as its downstream genes C-myc and CyclinD1 in liver fibrosis. Collectively, our data indicated SENP2 may be involved in HSCs apoptosis and reversion in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Tian Bu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Xia Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xue-Yin Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Ting Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Li Z, Ding Q, Ling LP, Wu Y, Meng DX, Li X, Zhang CQ. Metformin attenuates motility, contraction, and fibrogenic response of hepatic stellate cells in vivo and in vitro by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:819-832. [PMID: 29467552 PMCID: PMC5807940 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i7.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of metformin on activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the possible signaling pathways involved.
METHODS A fibrotic mouse model was generated by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and subsequent treatment with or without metformin. The level of fibrosis was detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining, Sirius Red staining, and immunohistochemistry. The HSC cell line LX-2 was used for in vitro studies. The effect of metformin on cell proliferation (CCK8 assay), motility (scratch test and Transwell assay), contraction (collagen gel contraction assay), extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion (Western blot), and angiogenesis (ELISA and tube formation assay) was investigated. We also analyzed the possible signaling pathways involved by Western blot analysis.
RESULTS Mice developed marked liver fibrosis after intraperitoneal injection with CCl4 for 6 wk. Metformin decreased the activation of HSCs, reduced the deposition of ECM, and inhibited angiogenesis in CCl4-treated mice. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) promoted the fibrogenic response of HSCs in vitro, while metformin inhibited the activation, proliferation, migration, and contraction of HSCs, and reduced the secretion of ECM. Metformin decreased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HSCs through inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α in both PDGF-BB treatment and hypoxic conditions, and it down-regulated VEGF secretion by HSCs and inhibited HSC-based angiogenesis in hypoxic conditions in vitro. The inhibitory effects of metformin on activated HSCs were mediated by inhibiting the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways via the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK).
CONCLUSION Metformin attenuates the fibrogenic response of HSCs in vivo and in vitro, and may therefore be useful for the treatment of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Ping Ling
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dong-Xiao Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
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Luo L, Chen Y, Wang H, Wang S, Liu K, Li X, Wang XJ, Tang X. Mkp-1 protects mice against toxin-induced liver damage by promoting the Nrf2 cytoprotective response. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:361-370. [PMID: 29241671 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible protective effect of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (Mkp-1) on toxin-induced hepatic injury. Here, we uncovered a positive feedback loop between Mkp-1, a dual threonine/tyrosine phosphatase, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a crucial regulator of the defense system in the liver. Mkp-1-/- mice exhibited decreased protein levels of Nrf2, phase II gene products, and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver. Induction of detoxifying enzymes by the Nrf2 activator butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) or sulforaphane, was attenuated in the liver and small intestines of Mkp-1-/- mice, indicating that the Nrf2 signaling pathway is impaired as a result of Mkp-1 deficiency. Mkp-1-/- mice suffered more severe liver injury after a single exposure to hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) than their wild-type (WT) counterparts. BHA partially rescued the CCl4-induced liver damage in WT mice, but not in Mkp-1-/- mice, suggesting the requirement of Mkp-1 in the activation of Nrf2 signaling against the liver injury. Mechanistically, Mkp-1 upregulated Nrf2 through a direct interaction with the Neh2 domain in the transcription factor, while Nrf2 enhanced the expression of Mkp-1 mRNA by binding to the ARE site at -1719 to -1710bp in the Mkp-1 promoter. Our results reveal novel role of Mkp-1 in the maintenance of redox homeostasis in the liver. Thus, strategies aimed at augmenting Mkp-1 expression may be beneficial in protecting the liver and may provide novel therapeutic approaches to toxin-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yeru Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shengcun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Kaihua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xiu Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiuwen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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215
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Diab KA, Fahmy MA, Hassan ZM, Hassan EM, Salama AB, Omara EA. Genotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride and the protective role of essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. in mice using chromosomal aberration, micronuclei formation, and comet assay. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:1621-1636. [PMID: 29098592 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The present work was conducted to evaluate the genotoxic effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mouse bone marrow and male germ cells. The safety and the modulating activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) essential oil (SEO) against the possible genotoxic effect of CCl4 were also evaluated. A combination of in vivo mutagenic endpoints was included: micronucleus (MN), apoptosis using dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, comet assay, chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and sperm abnormalities. Histological examination of testis tissues was also studied. The extracted SEO was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for identifying its chemical constituents. Safety/genotoxicity of SEO was determined after two consecutive weeks (5 days/week) from oral treatment with different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mL/kg). For assessing genotoxicity of CCl4, both acute (once) and subacute i.p. treatment for 2 weeks (3 days/week) with the concentrations 1.2 mL/kg (for acute) and 0.8 mL/kg (for subacute) were performed. For evaluating the protective role of SEO, simultaneous treatment with SEO plus CCl4 was examined. In sperm abnormalities, mice were treated with the subject materials for five successive days and the samples were collected after 35 days from the beginning of treatment. Based on GC-MS findings, 22 components were identified in the chromatogram of SEO. The results demonstrated that the three concentrations of SEO were safe and non-genotoxic in all the tested endpoints. Negative results were also observed in bone marrow after acute and subacute treatment with CCl4. In contrast, CCl4 induced testicular DNA damage as evidenced by a significant increase of CAs in primary spermatocytes, sperm abnormalities, and histological distortion of testis. A remarkable reduction in these cells was observed in groups treated with SEO plus CCl4 especially with the two higher concentrations of SEO. In conclusion, SEO is safe and non-genotoxic under the tested conditions and can modulate genetic damage and histological alteration induced by CCl4 in the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawthar Ae Diab
- Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Bohouth st, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Maha A Fahmy
- Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Bohouth st, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeinab M Hassan
- Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Bohouth st, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad M Hassan
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Bohouth st, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel B Salama
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Bohouth st, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enayat A Omara
- Pathology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Bohouth st, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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216
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Sang L, Wang XM, Xu DY, Sang LX, Han Y, Jiang LY. Morin enhances hepatic Nrf2 expression in a liver fibrosis rat model. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:8334-8344. [PMID: 29307993 PMCID: PMC5743504 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i47.8334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether morin can reduce hepatic fibrosis by activating the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway.
METHODS Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, morin group, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) group, and morin + CCl4 group. Rats in both the CCl4 and morin + CCl4 groups were injected intraperitoneally with CCl4 at a dose of 2 mL/kg twice a week. Rats in both the morin and morin + CCl4 groups were treated orally with morin at a dose of 50 mg/kg twice a week. Control rats were treated with vehicle only twice a week. At the end-point of the 8 wk of the experimental period, serum AST, ALT, and ALP were measured, and the liver specimens were obtained for pathological assessment. Real-time PCR and Western blot methods were used to analyze the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I, collagen III, Nrf2, heme oxygenase (HO-1), and quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) using frozen liver specimens.
RESULTS Morin-treated rats in the morin + CCl4 group had less hyperplasia of fiber tissue, minimal inflammatory cells, and less body weight loss with favorable liver enzyme measurements compared to rats treated with CCl4 only. Additionally, morin-treated rats had significantly lower mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III, but significantly higher mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 compared to rats treated with CCl4 only (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Morin could play a protective role by inducing the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant factors (HO-1 and NQO1) and reducing the expression of α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xue-Mei Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dong-Yang Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Xuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Long-Yang Jiang
- Pharmacy College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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217
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Zhang GZ, Sun HC, Zheng LB, Guo JB, Zhang XL. In vivo hepatic differentiation potential of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:8152-8168. [PMID: 29290652 PMCID: PMC5739922 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i46.8152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the hepatic differentiation potential of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and to evaluate their therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis/cirrhosis.
METHODS A CCl4-induced liver fibrotic/cirrhotic rat model was used to assess the effect of hUC-MSCs. Histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson trichrome and Sirius red staining. The liver biochemical profile was measured using a Beckman Coulter analyzer. Expression analysis was performed using immunofluorescent staining, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR.
RESULTS We demonstrated that the infused hUC-MSCs could differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo. Functionally, the transplantation of hUC-MSCs to CCl4-treated rats improved liver transaminases and synthetic function, reduced liver histopathology and reversed hepatobiliary fibrosis. The reversal of hepatobiliary fibrosis was likely due to the reduced activation state of hepatic stellate cells, decreased collagen deposition, and enhanced extracellular matrix remodeling via the up-regulation of MMP-13 and down-regulation of TIMP-1.
CONCLUSION Transplanted hUC-MSCs could differentiate into functional hepatocytes that improved both the biochemical and histopathologic changes in a CCl4-induced rat liver fibrosis model. hUC-MSCs may offer therapeutic opportunities for treating hepatobiliary diseases, including cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
- First Department of Gastroenterology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hui-Cong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo 315012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Bo Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jin-Bo Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
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Grgurevic L, Erjavec I, Grgurevic I, Dumic-Cule I, Brkljacic J, Verbanac D, Matijasic M, Paljetak HC, Novak R, Plecko M, Bubic-Spoljar J, Rogic D, Kufner V, Pauk M, Bordukalo-Niksic T, Vukicevic S. Systemic inhibition of BMP1-3 decreases progression of CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Growth Factors 2017; 35:201-215. [PMID: 29482391 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2018.1428966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathological process resulting in an accumulation of excess extracellular matrix proteins. We discovered that bone morphogenetic protein 1-3 (BMP1-3), an isoform of the metalloproteinase Bmp1 gene, circulates in the plasma of healthy volunteers and its neutralization decreases the progression of chronic kidney disease in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Here, we investigated the potential role of BMP1-3 in a chronic liver disease. Rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis were treated with monoclonal anti-BMP1-3 antibodies. Treatment with anti-BMP1-3 antibodies dose-dependently lowered the amount of collagen type I, downregulated the expression of Tgfb1, Itgb6, Col1a1, and Acta2 and upregulated the expression of Ctgf, Itgb1, and Dcn. Mehanistically, BMP1-3 inhibition decreased the plasma levels of transforming growth factor beta 1(TGFβ1) by prevention of its activation and lowered the prodecorin production further suppressing the TGFβ1 profibrotic effect. Our results suggest that BMP1-3 inhibitors have significant potential for decreasing the progression of fibrosis in liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Grgurevic
- a Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb, Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
- b Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Igor Erjavec
- a Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb, Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivica Grgurevic
- c Department of Gastroenterology , University Hospital Dubrava, Center for Scientific Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivo Dumic-Cule
- a Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb, Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Jelena Brkljacic
- a Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb, Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Donatella Verbanac
- b Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Mario Matijasic
- b Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Hana Cipcic Paljetak
- b Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Rudjer Novak
- b Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Mihovil Plecko
- a Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb, Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Jadranka Bubic-Spoljar
- b Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogic
- d Department of Laboratory Diagnosis , University Hospital Centre , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Vera Kufner
- a Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb, Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Martina Pauk
- a Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb, Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tatjana Bordukalo-Niksic
- a Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb, Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Slobodan Vukicevic
- a Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine , University of Zagreb, Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
- c Department of Gastroenterology , University Hospital Dubrava, Center for Scientific Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
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Esrefoglu M, Cetin A, Taslidere E, Elbe H, Ates B, Tok OE, Aydin MS. Therapeutic effects of melatonin and quercetin in improvement of hepatic steatosis in rats through supression of oxidative damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 118:347-354. [PMID: 28664744 DOI: 10.4149/bll_2017_066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a cause of cirrhosis, is characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver, inflammation, hepatocellular damage and fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of melatonin and quercetin on CCl4-induced steatosis characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver, inflammation, hepatocellular damage and fibrosis. METHODS Rats were divided into 5 groups: Ethanol, Olive oil, CCl4, CCl4+Melatonin (CCl4+Mel), CCl4+Quercetin. Rats were sacrificed and livers were removed for being evaluated by histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. RESULTS In CCI4 group, vacuolization, vascular congestion, haemorrhage, necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration were identified. The mean tissue MDA level was increased, whereas GSH level and SOD and CAT activities were decreased in comparison with ethanol and olive oil groups. MDA levels were decreased in CCI4+Quercetin and CCI4+Mel groups versus CCI4 group. CAT activity of CCI4+Mel group was higher than that of CCI4 and CCI4+Quercetin groups. The mean tissue GSH level of CCI4+Mel group versus CCI4 group was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS By the means of histopathological examination, we suggest that both agents are beneficial against necrotic and apoptotic cell death during steatosis. Thus, melatonin and quercetin might be beneficial in the improvement of hepatic steatosis by supporting conventional therapy in humans (Tab. 1, Fig. 5, Ref. 53).
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Karakuş A, Değer Y, Yıldırım S. Protective effect of Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale extracts against oxidative kidney injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Ren Fail 2017; 39:1-6. [PMID: 27845613 PMCID: PMC6014527 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1244070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective effect of the extracts of the plants Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was researched. Sixty-six female Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: Control, Silybum marianum, Taraxacum officinale, CCl4, Silybum marianum+ CCl4, Taraxacum officinale+CCl4. The Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale extracts were administered as 100 mg/kg/day by gavage. The CCl4 was administered as 1.5 mL/kg (i.p.). At the end of the trial period, in the serums obtained from the animals, in the CCl4 group it was found that the MDA level increased in the kidney tissue samples as well as in the ALP and GGT enzyme activities. It was also found that the GSH level and the GST enzyme activities decreased (p<.05). The microscopic evaluations showed that the CCl4 caused a serious hydropic degeneration, coagulation necrosis, and mono-nuclear cell infiltration in the kidney cell. In the animals where CCl4 and Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale extracts were applied together, it was found that the serum ALP and GGT enzyme activities decreased and that the MDA level decreased in the kidney tissue, and that the GSH level and GST enzyme activities increased. It was observed that the histopathological changes caused by the CCl4 toxicity were corrected by applying the extracts. Eventually, it was determined that the Silybum marianum was more effective. Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale extracts which were used against histopathological changes in the kidney caused by toxication showed a corrective effect, which were supported by biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karakuş
- Vocational School of Health Services, Hakkari University, Hakkari, Turkey
| | - Yeter Değer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yıldırım
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Kuang Y, Lin Y, Li K, Song W, Ji S, Qiao X, Zhang Q, Ye M. Screening of hepatoprotective compounds from licorice against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen induced HepG2 cells injury. Phytomedicine 2017; 34:59-66. [PMID: 28899510 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Licorice and its constituents, especially licorice flavonoids have been reported to possess significant hepatoprotective activities. However, previous studies mainly focus on the extract and major compounds, and few reports are available on other licorice compounds. PURPOSE This work aims to evaluate the in vitro hepatoprotective activities of licorice compounds and screen active compounds, and to establish the structure-activity relationship. METHODS A compound library consisting of 180 compounds from three medicinal licorice species, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra and G. inflata was established. HepG2 cells were incubated with the compounds, together with the treatment of 0.35% CCl4 for 6 h and 14 mM APAP for 24 h, respectively. RESULTS A total of 62 compounds at 10 µM showed protective effects against CCl4 to improve cell viability from 52.5% to >60%, and compounds 5 (licoflavone A), 104 (3,4-didehydroglabridin), 107 (isoliquiritigenin), 108 (3,4,3',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone), and 111 (licochalcone B) showed the most potent activities, improving cell viability to >80%. And 64 compounds showed protective effects against APAP to improve cell viability from 52.0% to >60%, and compounds 47 (derrone), 76 (xambioona), 77 ((2S)-abyssinone I), 107 (isoliquiritigenin), 118 (licoagrochalcone A), and 144 (2'-O-demethybidwillol B) showed the most potent activities, improving cell viability to >80%. Preliminary structure-activity analysis indicated that free phenolics compounds especially chalcones showed relatively stronger protective activities than other types of compounds. CONCLUSION Compounds 5, 76, 104, 107, 111, 118 and 144 possess potent activities against both CCl4 and APAP, and 5, 76 and 118 were reported for the first time. They could be the major active compounds of licorice for the treatment of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuai Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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Liu Y, Zhang C, Du J, Jia R, Cao L, Jeney G, Teraoka H, Xu P, Yin G. Protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in precision-cut carp liver slices. Fish Physiol Biochem 2017; 43:1209-1221. [PMID: 28681206 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLPS) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro in common carp. Precision-cut liver slices (PCLSs), which closely resemble the organ from which they are derived, were employed as an in vitro model system. GLPS (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/ml) was added to PCLS culture system before the exposure to 12 mM CCl4. The supernatants and slices were collected to detect molecular and biochemical responses to CCl4 and PCLS treatments. The levels of CYP1A, CYP3A, and CYP2E1 were measured by ELISA; the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS were determined by RT-PCR; and the relative protein expressions of c-Rel and p65 were analyzed by western blotting. Results showed that GLPS inhibited the elevations of the marker enzymes (GOT, GPT, LDH) and MDA induced by CCl4; it also enhanced the suppressed activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, T-AOC). The treatment with GLPS resulted in significant downregulation of NF-κB and inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels and significant decreases in the hepatic protein levels of CYP1A, CYP3A, and CYP2E1. These results suggest that GLPS can protect CCl4-induced PCLS injury through inhibiting lipid peroxidation, elevating antioxidant enzyme activity, and suppressing immune inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Jinliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Galina Jeney
- Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation, Anna Light 8, Szarvas, 4440, Hungary
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- Department of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Guojun Yin
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
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Hamid M, Liu D, Abdulrahim Y, Khan A, Qian G, Huang K. Inactivation of Kupffer Cells by Selenizing Astragalus Polysaccharides Prevents CCl 4-Induced Hepatocellular Necrosis in the Male Wistar Rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 179:226-236. [PMID: 28243851 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Selenizing astragalus polysaccharides-3 (sAPS3) was prepared by nitric acid-sodium selenite method. The effects of sAPS3 on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatocellular necrosis, and its underlying mechanisms were studied in male Wistar rats. Hepatic damage was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 twice a week, for 3 weeks. Meanwhile, the rats in addition to CCl4 were also exposed to sodium selenite (SS), astragalus polysaccharides (APS), SS + APS or sAPS3, in parallel by oral gavage once a day for 3 weeks. At the end of 3 weeks, blood and liver tissue were taken. Serum was collected to test the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and antioxidant status parameters. Liver tissue was collected for histopathological examination and determination of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of CD68, TNF-α, IL-1β and ATG7 followed by the measurements of CD68, IL-1β and LC3II by immunohistochemistry assay (IHC), or TNF-α by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The results showed that sAPS3 effectively ameliorated CCl4 induced hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation and significantly decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, malondialdehyde and the expression levels of Kupffer cells (KCs)-specific biomarker CD68 and proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated KCs such as IL-1β and TNF-α (P < 0.01). While increasing the levels of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) and reduced the expression levels of a key regulator of autophagy in KCs ATG7 or LC3II (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that sAPS3 could ameliorate CCl4-induced hepatocellular necrosis by inactivation of Kupffer cells and its activity may be superior to the application of selenium, APS or combination of selenium with APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hamid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yassin Abdulrahim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Alamzeb Khan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gang Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Hudson SV, Dolin CE, Poole LG, Massey VL, Wilkey D, Beier JI, Merchant ML, Frieboes HB, Arteel GE. Modeling the Kinetics of Integrin Receptor Binding to Hepatic Extracellular Matrix Proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12444. [PMID: 28963535 PMCID: PMC5622105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and the expression of their cognate receptors dictate cell behavior and dynamics. In particular, the interactions of ECM proteins with integrin receptors are key mediators of these cellular processes, playing a crucial role in the progression of several diseases of the liver, including inflammation, fibrosis/cirrhosis and cancer. This study establishes a modeling approach combining computation and experiments to evaluate the kinetics of integrin receptor binding to hepatic ECM proteins. ECM ligand concentration was derived from LC-MS/MS quantification of the hepatic ECM from mice exposed to chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4); receptor density was derived from published literature. Mathematical models for ECM-integrin binding kinetics that were developed incorporate receptor divalence and an aggregation scheme to represent clustering. The computer simulations reproduced positive cooperativity in the receptor aggregation model when the aggregation equilibrium constant (Ka) was positive and greater than Keq for divalent complex formation. Importantly, the modeling projected an increase in integrin binding for several receptors for which signaling is known to be increased after CCl4 exposure in the liver. The proposed modeling approach may be of use to elucidate the kinetics of integrin receptor binding to ECM proteins for homeostatic and diseased livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanice V Hudson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA
| | - Christine E Dolin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lauren G Poole
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Veronica L Massey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Daniel Wilkey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Michael L Merchant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hermann B Frieboes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, 40202, KY, USA.
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225
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Puengel T, Krenkel O, Kohlhepp M, Lefebvre E, Luedde T, Trautwein C, Tacke F. Differential impact of the dual CCR2/CCR5 inhibitor cenicriviroc on migration of monocyte and lymphocyte subsets in acute liver injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184694. [PMID: 28910354 PMCID: PMC5598992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of acute hepatic injury is the recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) or T cells, towards areas of inflammation. The recruitment of leukocytes from their reservoirs bone marrow or spleen into the liver is directed by chemokines such as CCL2 (for monocytes) and CCL5 (for lymphocytes). We herein elucidated the impact of chemokine receptor inhibition by the dual CCR2 and CCR5 inhibitor cenicriviroc (CVC) on the composition of myeloid and lymphoid immune cell populations in acute liver injury. CVC treatment effectively inhibited the migration of bone marrow monocytes and splenic lymphocytes (NK, CD4 T-cells) towards CCL2 or CCL5 in vitro. When liver injury was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice, followed by repetitive oral application of CVC, flow cytometric and unbiased t-SNE analysis of intrahepatic leukocytes demonstrated that dual CCR2/CCR5 inhibition in vivo significantly decreased numbers of monocyte derived macrophages in acutely injured livers. CVC also reduced numbers of Kupffer cells (KC) or monocyte derived macrophages with a KC-like phenotype, respectively, after injury. In contrast to the inhibitory effects in vitro, CVC had no impact on the composition of hepatic lymphoid cell populations in vivo. Effective inhibition of monocyte recruitment was associated with reduced inflammatory macrophage markers and moderately ameliorated hepatic necroses at 36h after CCl4. In conclusion, dual CCR2/CCR5 inhibition primarily translates into reduced monocyte recruitment in acute liver injury in vivo, suggesting that this strategy will be effective in reducing inflammatory macrophages in conditions of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Puengel
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Krenkel
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marlene Kohlhepp
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric Lefebvre
- Allergan plc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Oyinloye BE, Osunsanmi FO, Ajiboye BO, Ojo OA, Kappo AP. Modulatory Effect of Methanol Extract of Piper guineense in CCl₄-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Rats. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14090955. [PMID: 28837088 PMCID: PMC5615492 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to investigate the possible protective role of the methanol extract of Piper guineense seeds against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in an animal model. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administering oral doses of CCl₄ (1.2 g/kg bw) three times a week for three weeks. Group 1 (Control) and Group 2 (CCl₄) were left untreated; Piper guineense (PG; 400 mg/kg bw) was administered to Group 3 (T₁) by oral gavage for 14 days prior to the administration of CCl₄ and simultaneously with CCl₄; PG (400 mg/kg bw) was administered simultaneously with CCl₄ in Group 4 (T₂); and Livolin forte (20 mg/kg bw) was administered simultaneously with CCl₄ in Group 5 (T₃), the standard drug group. The administration of CCl₄ induces histopathological alteration in the liver, with concomitant increased activities of serum hepatic marker enzymes associated with increased levels of lipid peroxidation. Similarly, there was decrease in non-enzymatic (reduced glutathione) and enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione S-transferase), superoxide dismutase, and catalase. An elevation in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels was noticed along with decreased levels of serum total protein. Treatment with PG 400 mg/kg bw exhibited excellent modulatory activity with respect to the different parameters studied by reversing all the above-mentioned biochemical changes significantly in the experimental animals. These results suggest that PG offered protection comparable to that of Livolin forte with better efficacy when pre-treated with 400 mg/kg bw 14 days prior to CCl₄-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria.
| | - Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria.
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
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Xie SR, An JY, Zheng LB, Huo XX, Guo J, Shih D, Zhang XL. Effects and mechanism of adenovirus-mediated phosphatase and tension homologue deleted on chromosome ten gene on collagen deposition in rat liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5904-5912. [PMID: 28932082 PMCID: PMC5583575 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i32.5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of phosphatase and tension homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) gene on collagen metabolism in hepatic fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms.
METHODS Rat primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and human LX-2 cells were transfected with adenovirus containing cDNA constructs encoding wild-type PTEN (Ad-PTEN), PTEN mutant G129E gene (Ad-G129E), and RNA interference constructs targeting the PTEN sequence PTEN short hairpin RNA to up-regulate and down-regulate the expression of PTEN. HSCs were assayed using fluorescent microscopy, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Moreover, a CCl4-induced rat hepatic fibrosis model was established to investigate the in vivo effects. Hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson’s trichrome were used to assess the histological changes. The expression of collagen I and III was assessed using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis.
RESULTS Elevated expression of PTEN gene reduced serum levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase, decreased collagen deposition in the liver, and reduced hepatocyte necrosis. In contrast, knockdown of PTEN expression had an opposite effect, such as increased collagen deposition in the liver, and was molecularly characterized by the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 (P < 0.01) and MMP-2 (P < 0.01), as well as decreased expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 (P < 0.01) and TIMP-2 (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION These data indicated that gene therapy using recombinant adenovirus encoding PTEN might be a novel way of treating hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jun-Yan An
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li-Bo Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Huo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - David Shih
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, F. Widjaja Foundation, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Xiao-Lan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
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Knight V, Lourensz D, Tchongue J, Correia J, Tipping P, Sievert W. Cytoplasmic domain of tissue factor promotes liver fibrosis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5692-5699. [PMID: 28883694 PMCID: PMC5569283 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i31.5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the role of tissue factor (TF) and protease activated receptor (PAR)-2 in liver fibrosis.
METHODS Using CCl4 administration for eight weeks, we induced hepatic fibrosis in wild-type C57BL/6 mice and in mice with deletion of the cytoplasmic signalling domain of TF (TF§CT/§CT), deletion of PAR-2 (PAR-2-/-) and combined deletion of TF signalling domain and PAR-2 (TF§CT/§CT/PAR-2-/-). Hepatic fibrosis area was assessed by quantitative imaging of picrosirius red staining. Hepatic collagen content was assessed by hydroxyproline levels. Hepatic stellate cells (αSMA positive) and hepatic macrophages (CD68 positive) were identified by immunohistochemistry. Hepatic gene expression was determined by PCR and liver TGFβ1 content by ELISA.
RESULTS CCl4 treated mice with deletion of the PAR-2 gene (PAR-2-/-) and the cytoplasmic domain of TF (TF§CT/§CT) developed significantly less hepatic fibrosis, characterised by reduced liver fibrosis area and hydroxyproline content, compared to control wildtype mice treated with CCl4. The observed reduction in histological fibrosis was accompanied by a significant decrease in the hepatic content of TGFβ, the prototypic fibrogenic cytokine, as well as fewer activated hepatic stellate cells and hepatic macrophages. Deletion of the TF cytoplasmic signalling domain reduced hepatic fibrosis to levels similar to those observed in mice lacking PAR-2 signalling but combined deletion provided no added protection against fibrosis indicating a lack of mutual modulating effects that have been observed in other contexts such as angiogenic responses.
CONCLUSION Tissue factor cytoplasmic domain is involved in TF-PAR-2 signalling initiating hepatic fibrosis and is a potential therapeutic target, as its deletion would not impact coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Knight
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Dinushka Lourensz
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jorge Tchongue
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jeanne Correia
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Peter Tipping
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - William Sievert
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
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229
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Zhang C, Tian X, Zhang K, Li GY, Wang HY, Wang JH. Protective effects of Foeniculum vulgare root bark extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5722-5731. [PMID: 28883697 PMCID: PMC5569286 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i31.5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the protective effects of Foeniculum vulgare root bark (FVRB), a traditional Uyghur medicine, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice.
METHODS Mice were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 20 each). Except for the normal control group, mice in the rest groups were intraperitoneally injected (i.p.) with 0.1% CCl4-olive oil mixture at 10 mL/kg twice a week to induce liver fibrosis. After 4 wk, mice were treated concurrently with the 70% ethanol extract of FVRB (88, 176, 352 and 704 mg/kg, respectively) daily by oral gavage for 4 wk to evaluate its protective effects. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), hexadecenoic acid (HA), laminin (LN), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissues were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin (H and E) staining and Masson trichrome (MT) staining were performed to assess histopathological changes in the liver. The expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), matrix metalloprotein 9 (MMP-9) and metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1) was detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Additionally, TGF-β1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein expression was measured by Western blot.
RESULTS A significant reduction in serum levels of AST, ALT, TG, HA and LN was observed in the FVRB-treated groups, suggesting that FVRB displayed hepatoprotective effects. Also, the depletion of GSH, SOD, and MDA accumulation in liver tissues was suppressed by FVRB. The expression of TGF-β1, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 determined by immunohistochemistry was markedly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by FVRB treatment. Furthermore, protective effects of FVRB against CCl4-induced liver injury were confirmed by histopathological studies. Protein expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA detected by Western blot was decreased by FVRB treatment.
CONCLUSION Our results indicate that FVRB may be a promising agent against hepatic fibrosis and its possible mechanisms are inhibiting lipid peroxidation and reducing collagen formation in liver tissue of liver fibrosis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xing Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guo-Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hang-Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
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230
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Yan XF, Zhao P, Ma DY, Jiang YL, Luo JJ, Liu L, Wang XL. Salvianolic acid B protects hepatocytes from H 2O 2 injury by stabilizing the lysosomal membrane. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5333-5344. [PMID: 28839433 PMCID: PMC5550782 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i29.5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the capability of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) to protect hepatocytes from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization. METHODS Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to measure cell viability. Apoptosis and death were assayed through flow cytometry. BrdU incorporation was used to detect cell proliferation. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. Liver histopathological changes were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Lysosomal membrane permeability was detected with LysoTracker Green-labeled probes and acridine orange staining. The levels of protein carbonyl content (PCC), cathepsins (Cat)B/D, and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) were evaluated through western blotting. Cytosol CatB activity analysis was performed with chemiluminescence detection. The mRNA level of LAMP1 was evaluated through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Results indicated that H2O2 induced cell injury/death. Sal B attenuated H2O2-induced cell apoptosis and death, restored the inhibition of proliferation, decreased the amount of PCC, and stabilized the lysosome membrane by increasing the LAMP1 protein level and antagonizing CatB/D leakage into the cytosol. CCl4 also triggered hepatocyte death. Furthermore, Sal B effectively rescued hepatocytes by increasing LAMP1 expression and by reducing lysosomal enzyme translocation to the cytosol. CONCLUSION Sal B protected mouse embryonic hepatocytes from H2O2/CCl4-induced injury/death by stabilizing the lysosomal membrane.
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231
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Garg M, Kaur S, Banik A, Kumar V, Rastogi A, Sarin SK, Mukhopadhyay A, Trehanpati N. Bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells activate hepatic stellate cells and aggravate carbon tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis in mice via paracrine factors. Cell Prolif 2017; 50:e12355. [PMID: 28682508 PMCID: PMC6529081 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (BM-EPCs) are increased in chronic liver disease (CLD). Their role in hepatic fibrosis and regeneration remains an area of intense studies. We investigated the migration and secretory functions of BM-EPCs in fibrotic mice liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bone marrow cells from C57BL6-GFP mice were transplanted into the femur of irradiated C57BL6 mice, followed by CCl4 doses for 8 weeks, to develop hepatic fibrosis (n = 36). Transplanted C57BL6 mice without CCl4 treatment were used as controls. EPCs were analyzed in BM, blood and liver by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. VEGF and TGF-β were analysed in the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and BM-EPCs co-cultures using ELISAs. RESULTS There was a significant migration of EPCs from BM to blood and to the liver (P ≤ 0.01). Percentage of GFP+ CD31+ EPCs and collagen proportionate area was substantially increased in the liver at 4th week of CCl4 dosage compared to the controls (19.8% vs 1.9%, P ≤ 0.05). Levels of VEGF (533.6 pg/ml) and TGF-β (327.44 pg/ml) also increased significantly, when HSCs were treated with the EPC conditioned medium, as compared to controls (25.66 pg/ml and 5.87 pg/ml, respectively; P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Present findings suggest that BM-EPCs migrate to the liver during CCl4-induced liver injury and contribute to fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Garg
- Institute of Liver and Biliary SciencesDepartment of Molecular and Cellular MedicineNew DelhiIndia
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Gautam Buddha UniversityGreater NoidaUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Arpita Banik
- Institute of Liver and Biliary SciencesDepartment of Molecular and Cellular MedicineNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Archana Rastogi
- Institute of Liver and Biliary SciencesDepartment of PathologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Shiv K. Sarin
- Institute of Liver and Biliary SciencesDepartment of HepatologyNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Institute of Liver and Biliary SciencesDepartment of Molecular and Cellular MedicineNew DelhiIndia
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232
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Petta S, Valenti L, Svegliati-Baroni G, Ruscica M, Pipitone RM, Dongiovanni P, Rychlicki C, Ferri N, Cammà C, Fracanzani AL, Pierantonelli I, Di Marco V, Meroni M, Giordano D, Grimaudo S, Maggioni M, Cabibi D, Fargion S, Craxì A. Fibronectin Type III Domain-Containing Protein 5 rs3480 A>G Polymorphism, Irisin, and Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2660-2669. [PMID: 28472477 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Contrasting data have been reported on the role of irisin, a novel myokine encoded by the fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) gene, in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis. We tested in patients with suspected nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) the association of FNDC5 variants, hepatic expression, and circulating irisin with liver damage (F2 to F4 fibrosis as main outcome). We also investigated whether irisin modulates hepatocellular fat accumulation and stellate cell activation in experimental models. METHODS We considered 593 consecutive patients who underwent liver biopsy for suspected NASH and 192 patients with normal liver enzymes and without steatosis. FNDC5 rs3480 and rs726344 genotypes were assessed by 5' nuclease assays. Hepatic irisin expression was evaluated in mice fed a high-fat diet or treated with CCl4. The effect of irisin was evaluated in fat-laden HepG2 hepatocytes and in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). RESULTS In patients at risk for NASH [odds ratio (OR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.47 to 0.87; P = 0.005], and more so in the high-risk subgroup of those with impaired fasting glucose/diabetes (OR = 0.44, 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.74; P = 0.002), the rs3480 A>G variant was independently associated with protection from F2 to F4 fibrosis. Irisin is expressed in human activated HSC, where it mediated fibrogenic actions and collagen synthesis, and is overexpressed in NAFLD patients with F2 to F4 fibrosis and CCl4-treated mice. However, Irisin does not affect fat accumulation in HepG2 and is not induced by high-fat-diet-inducing NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS The FNDC5 rs3480 variant is associated with protection from clinically significant fibrosis in patients with NAFLD, while irisin expression is correlated with the severity of NAFLD and may be involved in extracellular matrix deposition. These data suggest that irisin is involved in regulation of hepatic fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Petta
- Section of Gastroenterology, Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi, Internal Medicine, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
- Obesity Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi, Internal Medicine, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Rychlicki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
- Obesity Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Padova University, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Calogero Cammà
- Section of Gastroenterology, Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi, Internal Medicine, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Pierantonelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
- Obesity Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vito Di Marco
- Section of Gastroenterology, Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi, Internal Medicine, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Giordano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
- Obesity Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Grimaudo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Maggioni
- Pathology, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Cabibi
- Department of Science for Promotion of Health and Mother and Child Care, Section of Human Pathology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Fargion
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi, Internal Medicine, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Craxì
- Section of Gastroenterology, Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
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de Souza VCA, Pereira TA, Teixeira VW, Carvalho H, de Castro MCAB, D’assunção CG, de Barros AF, Carvalho CL, de Lorena VMB, Costa VMA, Teixeira ÁAC, Figueiredo RCBQ, de Oliveira SA. Bone marrow-derived monocyte infusion improves hepatic fibrosis by decreasing osteopontin, TGF-β1, IL-13 and oxidative stress. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5146-5157. [PMID: 28811709 PMCID: PMC5537181 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i28.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived CD11b+CD14+ monocytes in a murine model of chronic liver damage.
METHODS Chronic liver damage was induced in C57BL/6 mice by administration of carbon tetrachloride and ethanol for 6 mo. Bone marrow-derived monocytes isolated by immunomagnetic separation were used for therapy. The cell transplantation effects were evaluated by morphometry, biochemical assessment, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS CD11b+CD14+ monocyte therapy significantly reduced liver fibrosis and increased hepatic glutathione levels. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, in addition to pro-fibrotic factors, such as IL-13, transforming growth factor-β1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 also decreased, while IL-10 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 increased in the monocyte-treated group. CD11b+CD14+ monocyte transplantation caused significant changes in the hepatic expression of α-smooth muscle actin and osteopontin.
CONCLUSION Monocyte therapy is capable of bringing about improvement of liver fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as increasing anti-fibrogenic factors.
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234
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Schenk A, Ghallab A, Hofmann U, Hassan R, Schwarz M, Schuppert A, Schwen LO, Braeuning A, Teutonico D, Hengstler JG, Kuepfer L. Physiologically-based modelling in mice suggests an aggravated loss of clearance capacity after toxic liver damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6224. [PMID: 28740200 PMCID: PMC5524914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases and toxins may lead to death of active liver tissue, resulting in a loss of total clearance capacity at the whole-body level. However, it remains difficult to study, whether the loss of metabolizing tissue is sufficient to explain loss of metabolic capacity of the liver or whether the surviving tissue undergoes an adaptive response to compensate the loss. To understand the cellular impact of toxic liver damage in an in vivo situation, we here used physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling to investigate pharmacokinetics of a specifically designed drug cocktail at three different sampling sites of the body in healthy mice and mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Liver zonation was explicitly quantified in the models through immunostaining of cytochrome P450s enzymes. Comparative analyses between the simulated decrease in clearance capacity and the experimentally measured loss in tissue volume indicated that CCl4-induced impairment of metabolic functions goes beyond the mere loss of metabolically active tissue. The here established integrative modelling strategy hence provides mechanistic insights into functional consequences of toxic liver damage in an in vivo situation, which would not have been accessible by conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schenk
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Michael Schwarz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schuppert
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Systems Pharmacology, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Donato Teutonico
- Systems Pharmacology, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
- Clinical PK and Pharmacometrics, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lars Kuepfer
- Systems Pharmacology, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.
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235
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Xu G, Han X, Yuan G, An L, Du P. Screening for the protective effect target of deproteinized extract of calf blood and its mechanisms in mice with CCl4-induced acute liver injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180899. [PMID: 28700704 PMCID: PMC5507287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injury is a common pathological basis of various liver diseases, and long-term liver injury is often an important initiation factor leading to liver fibrosis and even liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been reported that deproteinized extract of calf blood (DECB) can inhibit the replication of hepatitis B virus and confers a protective effect on the liver after traumatic liver injury. However, few studies on the regulatory factors and mechanisms of DECB have been reported. In this current study, an acute mouse liver injury model was established with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The differentially expressed genes and related cell signal transduction pathways were screened using mRNA expression microarray. STEM software V1.3.6 was used for clustering gene functions, and the DAVID and KEGG databases were applied for the analysis. A total of 1355 differentially expressed genes were selected, among which nine were validated by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the Fas, IL1b, Pik3r1, Pik3r5, Traf2, Traf2, Csf2rb2, Map3k14, Pik3cd and Ppp3cc genes were involved in the regulation of DECB in an acute mouse liver injury model. Targets of the protective effects of DECB and its related mechanisms were found in mice with acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, which may provide an important theoretical basis for further DECB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Guangxin Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Liping An
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
- * E-mail: (LA); (PD)
| | - Peige Du
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
- * E-mail: (LA); (PD)
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McCracken JM, Chalise P, Briley SM, Dennis KL, Jiang L, Duncan FE, Pritchard MT. C57BL/6 Substrains Exhibit Different Responses to Acute Carbon Tetrachloride Exposure: Implications for Work Involving Transgenic Mice. Gene Expr 2017; 17:187-205. [PMID: 28234577 PMCID: PMC5500426 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x695050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological differences exist between strains of laboratory mice, and it is becoming increasingly evident that there are differences between substrains. In the C57BL/6 mouse, the primary substrains are called 6J and 6N. Previous studies have demonstrated that 6J and 6N mice differ in response to many experimental models of human disease. The aim of our study was to determine if differences exist between 6J and 6N mice in terms of their response to acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) exposure. Mice were given CCl4 once and were euthanized 12 to 96 h later. Relative to 6J mice, we found that 6N mice had increased liver injury but more rapid repair. This was because of the increased speed with which necrotic hepatocytes were removed in 6N mice and was directly related to increased recruitment of macrophages to the liver. In parallel, enhanced liver regeneration was observed in 6N relative to 6J mice. Hepatic stellate cell activation occurred earlier in 6N mice, but there was no difference in matrix metabolism between substrains. Taken together, these data demonstrate specific and significant differences in how the C57BL/6 substrains respond to acute CCl4, which has important implications for all mouse studies utilizing this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. McCracken
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- †Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shawn M. Briley
- ‡Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Katie L. Dennis
- §Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Francesca E. Duncan
- ‡Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michele T. Pritchard
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Hernández-Aquino E, Zarco N, Casas-Grajales S, Ramos-Tovar E, Flores-Beltrán RE, Arauz J, Shibayama M, Favari L, Tsutsumi V, Segovia J, Muriel P. Naringenin prevents experimental liver fibrosis by blocking TGFβ-Smad3 and JNK-Smad3 pathways. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4354-4368. [PMID: 28706418 PMCID: PMC5487499 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i24.4354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the molecular mechanisms involved in the hepatoprotective effects of naringenin (NAR) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis.
METHODS Thirty-two male Wistar rats (120-150 g) were randomly divided into four groups: (1) a control group (n = 8) that received 0.7% carboxy methyl-cellulose (NAR vehicle) 1 mL/daily p.o.; (2) a CCl4 group (n = 8) that received 400 mg of CCl4/kg body weight i.p. 3 times a week for 8 wk; (3) a CCl4 + NAR (n = 8) group that received 400 mg of CCl4/kg body weight i.p. 3 times a week for 8 wk and 100 mg of NAR/kg body weight daily for 8 wk p.o.; and (4) an NAR group (n = 8) that received 100 mg of NAR/kg body weight daily for 8 wk p.o. After the experimental period, animals were sacrificed under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia. Liver damage markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), reduced glutathione (GSH), glycogen content, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and collagen content were measured. The enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was assessed. Liver histopathology was performed utilizing Masson’s trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin stains. Zymography assays for MMP-9 and MMP-2 were carried out. Hepatic TGF-β, α-SMA, CTGF, Col-I, MMP-13, NF-κB, IL-1, IL-10, Smad7, Smad3, pSmad3 and pJNK proteins were detected via western blot.
RESULTS NAR administration prevented increases in ALT, AP, γ-GTP, and GPx enzymatic activity; depletion of GSH and glycogen; and increases in LPO and collagen produced by chronic CCl4 intoxication (P < 0.05). Liver histopathology showed a decrease in collagen deposition when rats received NAR in addition to CCl4. Although zymography assays showed that CCl4 produced an increase in MMP-9 and MMP-2 gelatinase activity; interestingly, NAR administration was associated with normal MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity (P < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic and antifibrotic effects of NAR may be attributed to its ability to prevent NF-κB activation and the subsequent production of IL-1 and IL-10 (P < 0.05). NAR completely prevented the increase in TGF-β, α-SMA, CTGF, Col-1, and MMP-13 proteins compared with the CCl4-treated group (P < 0.05). NAR prevented Smad3 phosphorylation in the linker region by JNK since this flavonoid blocked this kinase (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION NAR prevents CCl4 induced liver inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis, due to its antioxidant capacity as a free radical inhibitor and by inhibiting the NF-κB, TGF-β-Smad3 and JNK-Smad3 pathways.
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Quintanar-Stephano A, Ventura-Juárez J, Sánchez-Alemán E, Aldaba-Muruato LR, Cervantes-García D, Gonzalez-Blas D, Muñoz-Ortega MH. Liver cirrhosis reversion is improved in hamsters with a neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:496-503. [PMID: 28487049 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulating mechanisms of fibrosis is an important goal in the treatment of fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. The role of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in promoting fibrosis in several organs has been well documented. However, the result of an AVP deficiency during liver fibrosis has not been reported. We herein study the effects of an AVP deficiency, which was induced by neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL), on liver cirrhosis and liver cirrhosis reversion. Hamsters were intact (control) or underwent CCl4-induced cirrhosis, the latter animals divided into four groups: Cirrhotic, NIL-cirrhotic, Cirrhotic-reversion (R) and NIL-cirrhotic-R. Liver function, liver histopathology (including the fibrosis area and collagen types) and liver expression of MMP-13 and TIMP-2 were assessed. Results show that the AVP deficiency decreased the levels of alkaline phosphatase in serum and the expression of type I collagen and TIMP-2, and increased type III collagen deposition, MMP-13 expression and the size of regeneration nodules in NIL-cirrhotic and NIL-cirrhotic-R animals. A significantly greater recovery was found in the NIL-cirrhotic-R than the Cirrhotic-R group. We conclude that an AVP deficiency participates importantly in hamster liver regeneration by: 1) prompting the fibroblasts to produce type III collagen deposit, 2) influencing the activity of AP from bile duct cells, and 3) inhibiting TIMP-2 expression while favoring the fibrolytic activity of MMP-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Quintanar-Stephano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - J Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - E Sánchez-Alemán
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - L R Aldaba-Muruato
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - D Cervantes-García
- CONACYT-Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - D Gonzalez-Blas
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General ISSSTE, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - M H Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico.
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Al-Rasheed NM, Attia HA, Mohamad RA, Al-Rasheed NM, Al Fayez M, Al-Amin MA. Date fruits inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis and modulate the expression of hepatocyte growth factor, cytochrome P450 2E1 and heme oxygenase-1 in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:78-92. [PMID: 27960551 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2016.1251945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Date fruits have protective effects against liver fibrosis; however their anti-apoptotic effects have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the modulating effects of date fruits on pro- and anti-apoptotic markers, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in liver fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced by injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for eight weeks. Date flesh extract (DFE) and pits extract (DPE) were taken daily concomitant with CCl4. Hepatocyte apoptosis was determined by measuring the expression of Fas, caspase-3, Bax, Bcl2 and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1). Hepatic levels of HGF and CYP2E1 were determined. RESULTS Treatment with DFE and DPE significantly attenuated the elevated levels of Fas, caspase 3, Bax and CYP2E1 induced by CCl4. In addition, they alleviated the reduction in Bcl2, HGF and HO-1, the cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic factors in liver. Conclusions DFE and DPE treatment can ameliorate liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf M Al-Rasheed
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Attia
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- b Department of Biochemistry , College of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt , and
| | - Raeesa A Mohamad
- c Anatomy Department , Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal M Al-Rasheed
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaed Al Fayez
- c Anatomy Department , Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Al-Amin
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Cao L, Ding W, Jia R, Du J, Wang T, Zhang C, Gu Z, Yin G. Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on CCl 4-induced damage in precision-cut liver slices from Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. jian) through inhibition of the nf-kƁ pathway. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 64:234-242. [PMID: 28288912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced damage in precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) from Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio. Jian), an acute liver damage model was established in this study. The viability of PCLS, levels of anti-oxidases in liver homogenates, expression of inflammation-related genes including nuclear factor-κB (nf-κB)/c-rel, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), interleukin-1β (il-1β), interleukin-6 (il-6) and interleukin-8 (il-8), and protein levels of (nf-κB)/c-rel in liver tissues were measured. The results showed that pretreatment of PCLS with GA at 5 and 10 μg/mL for 6 h significantly inhibited the cytotoxicity of CCl4. GA attenuated CCl4-induced oxidative stress in PCLS through promoting the recovery of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and inhibiting malondialdehyde (MDA) synthesis. In inflammatory response, GA at both 5 and 10 μg/mL significantly inhibited the increase in mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines including nf-kƁ/c-rel, inos, il-1β, il-6 and il-8, and the protein level of Nf-kƁ/C-rel induced by CCl4. Furthermore, treatment with pyrrolyl dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 4 μg/mL), an inhibitor of nuclear transcription factor nf-kB, significantly inhibited nf-kB levels, and transcription of downstream cytokines inos, il-1β, il-6 and il-8, also the viability of PCLS was significantly increased. These results indicated that GA suppressed inflammation and reduced cytotoxicity by inhibiting the nf-kƁ signaling pathway, and plays a role in liver protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Cao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Weidong Ding
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Rui Jia
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jingliang Du
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Tao Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Zhengyan Gu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Guojun Yin
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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Hira K, Sultana V, Ara J, Haque SE. Protective role of Sargassum species in liver and kidney dysfunctions and associated disorders in rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen. Pak J Pharm Sci 2017; 30:721-728. [PMID: 28653915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatoprotective and reno-potective effect of Sargassum species was investigated in rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and acetaminophen (AAP) intoxication. The rats were given ethanol extracts of Sargassum ilicifolium, S. lanceolatum and S.swartzii orally at dose of 200mg/kg b.w. (body weight) daily for 14 days. These seaweed treated rats were then intoxicated with single intra-peritoneal dose of CCl4 or AAP on14th day. The administration of CCl4 and AAP caused significant (p<0.05) elevation in liver enzymes; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and other biochemical parameters, bilirubin, glucose, triglyceride and kidney function markers: urea and creatinine. The pre-treatment with ethanol extracts of S. ilicifolium and S. swartzii protected the liver and kidney significantly (p<0.05) by lowering the elevated level of hepatic enzymes, liver and kidney function markers towards normal range. Sargassum species have also showed positive effect on serum glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Hira
- Biotechnology & Drug Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Viqar Sultana
- Biotechnology & Drug Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jehan Ara
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ehteshamul Haque
- Agricultural Biotechnology & Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Yoshioka H, Usuda H, Miura N, Fukuishi N, Nonogaki T, Onosaka S. Vitamin D3-induced hypercalcemia increases carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity through elevated oxidative stress in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176524. [PMID: 28448545 PMCID: PMC5407844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether calcium potentiates acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) -induced toxicity. Elevated calcium levels were induced in mice by pre-treatment with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3; V.D3), a compound that has previously been shown to induce hypercalcemia in human and animal models. As seen previously, mice injected with CCl4 exhibited increased plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine; transient body weight loss; and increased lipid peroxidation along with decreased total antioxidant power, glutathione, ATP, and NADPH. Pre-treatment of these animals with V.D3 caused further elevation of the values of these liver functional markers without altering kidney functional markers; continued weight loss; a lower lethal threshold dose of CCl4; and enhanced effects on lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant power. In contrast, exposure to V.D3 alone had no effect on plasma markers of liver or kidney damage or on total antioxidant power or lipid peroxidation. The potentiating effect of V.D3 was positively correlated with elevation of hepatic calcium levels. Furthermore, direct injection of CaCl2 also enhanced CCl4-induced hepatic injury. Since CaCl2 induced hypercalcemia transiently (within 3 h of injection), our results suggest that calcium enhances the CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity at an early stage via potentiation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yoshioka
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Haruki Usuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Miura
- Division of Health Effects Research, Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Nagao, Tamaku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fukuishi
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsunemasa Nonogaki
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satomi Onosaka
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Wu T, Li J, Li Y, Song H. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effect of Swertiamarin on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:2242-2254. [PMID: 28448964 DOI: 10.1159/000475639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Swertiamarin (STM), the main bioactive component in Swertia mussotii Franch (Gentianaceae), has been shown to exert hepatoprotective effects on experimental liver injury. However, the effects and exact mechanisms of STM on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causing hepatotoxicity are still unknown. This study investigated the potential protective effects and mechanisms of STM on CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to CCl4 with or without STM co-administration for consecutive eight weeks. RESULTS STM significantly ameliorated CCl4-induced increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and histopathological changes in the liver. Hepatic oxidative stress was repressed by STM, as evidenced by the decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA), with concomitant increase in antioxidase activity (e.g. superoxide dismutase (SOD); glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), glutathione (GSH) level. STM also obviously attenuated inflammatory response in CCl4-lesioned livers as evidenced by the decrease in inflammatory cytokines/ chemokines (e.g. inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β)). Additionally, STM significantly induced the expression of CYPs, efflux transporters and PDZK1 as compared with the CCl4 group. Moreover, co-administration of STM with CCl4 remarkably up-regulated the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 compared with the CCl4 group. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that STM exerts a protective effect against CCl4-induced liver injury and inflammation with its antioxidant effects and induction of hepatic detoxification enzymes and efflux transporters expression, at least in part, via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in rats.
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244
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Shah NA, Khan MR. Increase of glutathione, testosterone and antioxidant effects of Jurenia dolomiaea on CCl 4 induced testicular toxicity in rat. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017; 17:206. [PMID: 28390404 PMCID: PMC5385013 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root of Jurenia dolomiaea is used traditionally in various disorders involving oxidative injuries i.e. rheumatism, gout and as stimulant. Earlier we have investigated in vitro antioxidant and DNA protective ability. In this investigation we have evaluated protective potential of J. dolomiaea root against the oxidative injuries induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in testes of rat. METHODS Dried roots of J. dolomiaea were powdered and extracted with 95% methanol and residue was fractionated in escalating polarity of solvents. On the basis of potent antioxidant ability; the ethyl acetate fraction (JDEE) was selected to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant activity against CCl4 induced oxidative stress in rat. Sprague Dawley male rats (42) were equally divided in to 7 groups: control, vehicle control, JDEE (400 mg/kg; p.o.) alone, CCl4 (I ml/kg; 1:10 v/v in olive oil) alone, JDEE (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) with CCl4, and silymarin (200 mg/kg) with CCl4 on alternate days for 60 days. Testes samples were investigated for antioxidant enzymes, biochemical markers and histopathology while the serum samples were analyzed for the testosterone level. RESULTS Administration of CCl4 to rats depleted the activity level of antioxidant enzymes viz.; CAT, POD, SOD, GST, GPx, and GR, and the concentration of protein and GSH while enhanced the level of lipid peroxides (TBARS), H2O2 and nitrite in testes samples of rat. Concentration of testosterone in serum of rat decreased with CCl4 treatment. Co-treatment of silymarin and the JDEE (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) lessened the toxic effects of CCl4 and reversed the level of these parameters towards the control group. An admirable increase (P < 0.05) in the level of GSH in testes, testosterone in serum and thickness of germinal layers in testes with JDEE (400 mg/kg) alone was recorded. Histopathological observation of testes samples endorsed the alterations induced with different treatments. CONCLUSIONS JDEE co-treatment to rats ameliorated the toxic effects of CCl4 in testes samples. Enhanced level of GSH, thickness of germinal layers in testes and testosterone in serum with JDEE (400 mg/kg) treatment alone to rats demanded the evaluation of JDEE for sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseer Ali Shah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rashid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan
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Zeng B, Su M, Chen Q, Chang Q, Wang W, Li H. Protective effect of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 200:124-135. [PMID: 28229921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. is traditionally used for the treatment of various types of chronic and acute hepatitis in China. Considering that Anoectochilus roxburghii polysaccharide (ARPT) is the main constituent of Anoectochilus roxburghii, the present study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of ARPT and its possible mechanism in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS The hepatoprotective activity of ARPT (150, 300 and 500mg/kg) were investigated on CCl4-induced acute liver damage in mice. The activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) were determined in serum. The hepatic levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in liver homogenates. The levels of cytochrome P450 sub family 2E1 (CYP2E1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), KC (Murine IL-8 ortholog), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), Bcl-2 and Bax were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expressions of CYP2E1, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and caspase-3 were evaluated by western blot assays. The hepatic levels of TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-2 and TGF-β1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, histopathological observation and terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling assay (TUNEL) were carried out on the separated livers of mice. RESULTS ARPT significantly decreased serum ALT and AST activities, hepatic MDA level, and markedly enhanced antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and GSH-Px) activities and GSH level in hepatic tissue, in a dose-dependent manner, when compared to the model group. Histopathological observation revealed the hepatoprotective effect of ARPT against the damage. Furthermore, ARPT remarkably inhibited CYP2E1 mRNA expression, decreased NF-κB p65 expression and therefore to prevent the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-2 and KC), suppressed TGF-β1 expression and hepatocytes apoptosis. Moreover, ARPT could prevent DNA fragmentation based on TUNEL assay results. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that ARPT possessed hepatoprotective effect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and the action might in part be through reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyu Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry for Subtropical Plant, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, 361006 Xiamen, China
| | - Minghua Su
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry for Subtropical Plant, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, 361006 Xiamen, China
| | - Qingxi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Chang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry for Subtropical Plant, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, 361006 Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry for Subtropical Plant, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, 361006 Xiamen, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry for Subtropical Plant, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, 361006 Xiamen, China
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Oyeyemi IT, Akanni OO, Adaramoye OA, Bakare AA. Methanol extract of Nymphaea lotus ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver injury in rats via inhibition of oxidative stress. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:43-50. [PMID: 27824613 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nymphaea lotus (NL) is an aquatic perennial plant used traditionally in the management of various liver diseases. In this study, the protective effect of methanol extract of NL against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats was investigated. METHODS Male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups of five rats each. Group I received corn oil (0.5 mL p.o.) and served as control, group II received CCl4 (1 mL/kg i.p., 1:3 in corn oil), group III received NL (200 mg/kg), and groups IV, V, and VI received CCl4+NL (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively) for 6 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, rats were bled and killed. RESULTS The activities of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and levels of total bilirubin (TB) in the serum, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) in the liver, and histopathology of the liver were determined using standard procedures. NL significantly (p<0.05) lowered the levels of ALT, AST, and TB and exhibited antioxidant potentials in rats exposed to CCl4 relative to the control values. Specifically, NL at 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) increased CCl4-induced decrease in hepatic GSH and GPx and also decreased the level of hepatic TBARS in CCl4-intoxicated rats. Histopathological findings revealed cellular infiltration and fibrosis in rats that received CCl4 only, which were ameliorated in rats that received NL+CCl4. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that NL exhibited hepatoprotective effects in CCl4-intoxicated rats via antioxidative mechanism.
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González-Fernández B, Sánchez DI, Crespo I, San-Miguel B, Álvarez M, Tuñón MJ, González-Gallego J. Inhibition of the SphK1/S1P signaling pathway by melatonin in mice with liver fibrosis and human hepatic stellate cells. Biofactors 2017; 43:272-282. [PMID: 27801960 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine 1-phosphate (SphK1/S1P) system is involved in different pathological processes, including fibrogenesis. Melatonin abrogates activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and attenuates different profibrogenic pathways in animal models of fibrosis, but it is unknown if protection associates with its inhibitory effect on the SphK1/S1P axis. Mice in treatment groups received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) 5 μL g-1 body wt i.p. twice a week for 4 or 6 weeks. Melatonin was given at 5 or 10 mg kg-1 day-1 i.p, beginning 2 weeks after the start of CCl4 administration. At both 4 and 6 weeks following CCl4 treatment, liver mRNA levels, protein concentration and immunohistochemical labelling for SphK1 increased significantly. S1P production, and expression of S1P receptor (S1PR)1, S1PR3 and acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) were significantly elevated. However, there was a decreased expression of S1PR2 and S1P lyase (S1PL). Melatonin attenuated liver fibrosis, as shown by a significant inhibition of the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and collagen (Col) Ι. Furthermore, melatonin inhibited S1P production, lowered expression of SphK1, S1PR1, SP1R3, and ASMase, and increased expression of S1PL. Melatonin induced a reversal of activated human HSCs cell line LX2, as evidenced by a reduction in α-SMA, TGF-β, and Col I expression. Melatonin-treated cells also exhibited an inhibition of the SphK1/S1P axis. Antifibrogenic effect of SphK1 inhibition was confirmed by treatment of LX2 cells with PF543. Abrogation of the lipid signaling pathway by the indole reveals novel molecular pathways that may account for the protective effect of melatonin in liver fibrogenesis. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(2):272-282, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana I Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Irene Crespo
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), León, Spain
| | | | | | - María J Tuñón
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), León, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), León, Spain
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Shi H, Han W, Shi H, Ren F, Chen D, Chen Y, Duan Z. Augmenter of liver regeneration protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury by promoting autophagy in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12637-12648. [PMID: 28061452 PMCID: PMC5355041 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) exerts strong hepatoprotective properties in various animal models of liver injury, but its protective mechanisms have not yet been explored. Autophagy is a recently recognized rudimentary cellular response to inflammation and injury. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that ALR may protect against acute liver injury through the autophagic pathway. METHODS The level and role of ALR in liver injury were studied in a mouse model of acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The effect of ALR on autophagy was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. After autophagy was inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), apoptosis and proliferation were detected in the mouse model with acute liver injury. The ALR and autophagic levels were measured in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and acute liver failure (ALF), respectively. RESULTS During the progression of acute liver injury, the ALR levels increased slightly in early stage and significantly decreased in late stage in mice. Treatment with an ALR plasmid via tail vein injection protected mice against acute liver injury. The protective effect of ALR relied on the induction of autophagy, which was supported by the following evidence: (1) ALR overexpression directly induced autophagy flux in vitro and in vivo; and (2) ALR treatment suppressed apoptosis and promoted proliferation in mice exposed to CCl4, but the inhibition of autophagy reversed these effects. More importantly, the ALR levels decreased in patients with LC and ALF compared with normal controls. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that ALR ameliorated liver injury via an autophagic mechanism, which indicates a potential therapeutic application for liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Shi
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Han
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglin Shi
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Peng R, Wang S, Wang R, Wang Y, Wu Y, Yuan Y. Antifibrotic effects of tanshinol in experimental hepatic fibrosis by targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathways. Discov Med 2017; 23:81-94. [PMID: 28371611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tanshinol is a water-soluble bioactive monomer purified from the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza and has been reported to exert hepatoprotective efficacy in rodents. However, detailed knowledge remains limited about tanshinol's effects on hepatic stellate cells (HSC) functions, which play an essential role in the progression of hepatic fibrosis. Our research primarily focused on the effects of tanshinol on activation and apoptosis of HSC and further investigated PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathways' participation in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis. METHODS The antifibrotic effects of tanshinol on the development of fibrosis were established through CCl4-induced rat models. 48 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized to the normal group, CCl4 model group, and two tanshinol treatment groups, including a lower dosage group as well as a higher dosage group. RESULTS Tanshinol prominently mitigated liver fibrosis and reduced levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), hydroxyproline content, and other serum markers of liver fibrosis. Concomitantly, tanshinol regulated the degradation of extracellular matrix as well as hepatic sinusoid and inhibited the expression of inflammation-related genes. Tanshinol promoted apoptosis of the activated HSC and increased cleaved caspase 3 levels and the number of TUNEL-positive HSC in two tanshinol-administered groups. In addition, tanshinol significantly inhibited the expression of phosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated mTOR, and phosphorylated p70S6K1 proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that tanshinol exerts antifibrotic effects through targeting multiple mechanisms correlated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathways, and has the prospect of becoming a new treatment strategy for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqin Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaozhan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Corrêa-Ferreira ML, Verdan MH, Dos Reis Lívero FA, Galuppo LF, Telles JEQ, Alves Stefanello MÉ, Acco A, Petkowicz CLDO. Inulin-type fructan and infusion of Artemisia vulgaris protect the liver against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. Phytomedicine 2017; 24:68-76. [PMID: 28160864 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infusions of aerial parts of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asteraceae) are used in herbal medicine to treat several disorders, including hepatosis. PURPOSE Evaluation of in vivo hepatoprotective effects of A. vulgaris infusion (VI) and inulin (VPI; i.e., the major polysaccharide of VI). STUDY DESIGN The hepatoprotective effect of A. vulgaris extracts on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity and the probable mechanism involved in this protection were investigated in mice. METHODS A. vulgaris infusion (VI) was prepared according to folk medicine using the aerial parts of the plant. Carbohydrate, protein, and total phenolic content was determined in VI, and its phenolic profile was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Male Swiss mice were orally pretreated for 7 days with VI or VPI (once per day). On days 6 and 7 of treatment, the mice were intraperitoneally challenged with CCl4. Liver and blood were collected and markers of hepatic damage in plasma and oxidative stress in the liver were analyzed. Hepatic histology and inflammatory parameters were also studied in the liver. The scavenging activity of VI and VPI were evaluated in vitro using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. RESULTS VI contained 40% carbohydrates, 2.9% proteins and 9.8% phenolic compounds. The HPLC fingerprint analysis of VI revealed chlorogenic, caffeic and dicaffeoylquinic acids as major low-molar-mass constituents. Oral pretreatment with VI and VPI significantly attenuated CCl4-induced liver damage, reduced the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in plasma, and prevented reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation in the liver. Comparisons with the CCl4-treated group showed that VI and VPI completely prevented necrosis, increased the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), and reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level in the liver. VI and VPI also exhibited high radical scavenging activity in vitro. CONCLUSION VI and VPI had remarkable hepatoprotective effects in vivo, which were likely attributable to antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. The present findings support the traditional use of A. vulgaris infusion for the treatment of hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Helena Verdan
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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