201
|
Rosnoblet C, Bègue H, Blanchard C, Pichereaux C, Besson-Bard A, Aimé S, Wendehenne D. Functional characterization of the chaperon-like protein Cdc48 in cryptogein-induced immune response in tobacco. Plant Cell Environ 2017; 40:491-508. [PMID: 26662183 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cdc48, a molecular chaperone conserved in different kingdoms, is a member of the AAA+ family contributing to numerous processes in mammals including proteins quality control and degradation, vesicular trafficking, autophagy and immunity. The functions of Cdc48 plant orthologues are less understood. We previously reported that Cdc48 is regulated by S-nitrosylation in tobacco cells undergoing an immune response triggered by cryptogein, an elicitin produced by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea. Here, we inv estigated the function of NtCdc48 in cryptogein signalling and induced hypersensitive-like cell death. NtCdc48 was found to accumulate in elicited cells at both the protein and transcript levels. Interestingly, only a small proportion of the overall NtCdc48 population appeared to be S-nitrosylated. Using gel filtration in native conditions, we confirmed that NtCdc48 was present in its hexameric active form. An immunoprecipitation-based strategy following my mass spectrometry analysis led to the identification of about a hundred NtCdc48 partners and underlined its contribution in cellular processes including targeting of ubiquitylated proteins for proteasome-dependent degradation, subcellular trafficking and redox regulation. Finally, the analysis of cryptogein-induced events in NtCdc48-overexpressing cells highlighted a correlation between NtCdc48 expression and hypersensitive cell death. Altogether, this study identified NtCdc48 as a component of cryptogein signalling and plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rosnoblet
- Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| | - Hervé Bègue
- Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| | - Cécile Blanchard
- Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche 3450, Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale - CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne,, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Angélique Besson-Bard
- Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| | - Sébastien Aimé
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon cédex, France
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Chakravarthy S, Butcher BG, Liu Y, D'Amico K, Coster M, Filiatrault MJ. Virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Is Influenced by the Catabolite Repression Control Protein Crc. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2017; 30:283-294. [PMID: 28384054 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-16-0196-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae infects diverse plant species and is widely used as a model system in the study of effector function and the molecular basis of plant diseases. Although the relationship between bacterial metabolism, nutrient acquisition, and virulence has attracted increasing attention in bacterial pathology, it is largely unexplored in P. syringae. The Crc (catabolite repression control) protein is a putative RNA-binding protein that regulates carbon metabolism as well as a number of other factors in the pseudomonads. Here, we show that deletion of crc increased bacterial swarming motility and biofilm formation. The crc mutant showed reduced growth and symptoms in Arabidopsis and tomato when compared with the wild-type strain. We have evidence that the crc mutant shows delayed hypersensitive response (HR) when infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana and tobacco. Interestingly, the crc mutant was more susceptible to hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that, in planta, the mutant may be sensitive to reactive oxygen species generated during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Indeed, HR was further delayed when PTI-induced tissues were challenged with the crc mutant. The crc mutant did not elicit an altered PTI response in plants compared with the wild-type strain. We conclude that Crc plays an important role in growth and survival during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suma Chakravarthy
- 1 School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Bronwyn G Butcher
- 1 School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Yingyu Liu
- 1 School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Katherine D'Amico
- 1 School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Emerging Pests & Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Matthew Coster
- 1 School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Melanie J Filiatrault
- 1 School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Emerging Pests & Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Nishimura MT, Anderson RG, Cherkis KA, Law TF, Liu QL, Machius M, Nimchuk ZL, Yang L, Chung EH, El Kasmi F, Hyunh M, Osborne Nishimura E, Sondek JE, Dangl JL. TIR-only protein RBA1 recognizes a pathogen effector to regulate cell death in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2053-E2062. [PMID: 28137883 PMCID: PMC5347586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620973114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of pathogens by plants is mediated by intracellular nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor proteins. NLR proteins are defined by their stereotypical multidomain structure: an N-terminal Toll-interleukin receptor (TIR) or coiled-coil (CC) domain, a central nucleotide-binding (NB) domain, and a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR). The plant innate immune system contains a limited NLR repertoire that functions to recognize all potential pathogens. We isolated Response to the bacterial type III effector protein HopBA1 (RBA1), a gene that encodes a TIR-only protein lacking all other canonical NLR domains. RBA1 is sufficient to trigger cell death in response to HopBA1. We generated a crystal structure for HopBA1 and found that it has similarity to a class of proteins that includes esterases, the heme-binding protein ChaN, and an uncharacterized domain of Pasteurella multocida toxin. Self-association, coimmunoprecipitation with HopBA1, and function of RBA1 require two previously identified TIR-TIR dimerization interfaces. Although previously described as distinct in other TIR proteins, in RBA1 neither of these interfaces is sufficient when the other is disrupted. These data suggest that oligomerization of RBA1 is required for function. Our identification of RBA1 demonstrates that "truncated" NLRs can function as pathogen sensors, expanding our understanding of both receptor architecture and the mechanism of activation in the plant immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Ryan G Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Karen A Cherkis
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Terry F Law
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Qingli L Liu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mischa Machius
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Michael Hyunh
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Erin Osborne Nishimura
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - John E Sondek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Zhang X, Bernoux M, Bentham AR, Newman TE, Ve T, Casey LW, Raaymakers TM, Hu J, Croll TI, Schreiber KJ, Staskawicz BJ, Anderson PA, Sohn KH, Williams SJ, Dodds PN, Kobe B. Multiple functional self-association interfaces in plant TIR domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2046-E2052. [PMID: 28159890 PMCID: PMC5347627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621248114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-association of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domains has been implicated in signaling in plant and animal immunity receptors. Structure-based studies identified different TIR-domain dimerization interfaces required for signaling of the plant nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) L6 from flax and disease resistance protein RPS4 from Arabidopsis Here we show that the crystal structure of the TIR domain from the Arabidopsis NLR suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (SNC1) contains both an L6-like interface involving helices αD and αE (DE interface) and an RPS4-like interface involving helices αA and αE (AE interface). Mutations in either the AE- or DE-interface region disrupt cell-death signaling activity of SNC1, L6, and RPS4 TIR domains and full-length L6 and RPS4. Self-association of L6 and RPS4 TIR domains is affected by mutations in either region, whereas only AE-interface mutations affect SNC1 TIR-domain self-association. We further show two similar interfaces in the crystal structure of the TIR domain from the Arabidopsis NLR recognition of Peronospora parasitica 1 (RPP1). These data demonstrate that both the AE and DE self-association interfaces are simultaneously required for self-association and cell-death signaling in diverse plant NLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Adam R Bentham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Toby E Newman
- Department of Life Sciences, and School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Ve
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Lachlan W Casey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tom M Raaymakers
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jian Hu
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Tristan I Croll
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Karl J Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Peter A Anderson
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, and School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Simon J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Haxim Y, Ismayil A, Jia Q, Wang Y, Zheng X, Chen T, Qian L, Liu N, Wang Y, Han S, Cheng J, Qi Y, Hong Y, Liu Y. Autophagy functions as an antiviral mechanism against geminiviruses in plants. eLife 2017; 6:e23897. [PMID: 28244873 PMCID: PMC5362266 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that recycles damaged or unwanted cellular components, and has been linked to plant immunity. However, how autophagy contributes to plant immunity is unknown. Here we reported that the plant autophagic machinery targets the virulence factor βC1 of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) for degradation through its interaction with the key autophagy protein ATG8. A V32A mutation in βC1 abolished its interaction with NbATG8f, and virus carrying βC1V32A showed increased symptoms and viral DNA accumulation in plants. Furthermore, silencing of autophagy-related genes ATG5 and ATG7 reduced plant resistance to the DNA viruses CLCuMuV, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus, whereas activating autophagy by silencing GAPC genes enhanced plant resistance to viral infection. Thus, autophagy represents a novel anti-pathogenic mechanism that plays an important role in antiviral immunity in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yakupjan Haxim
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Asigul Ismayil
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyin Zheng
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lichao Qian
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Liu
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjing Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojie Han
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Cheng
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Qi
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yule Liu
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Song Y, Zhang Z, Seidl MF, Majer A, Jakse J, Javornik B, Thomma BPHJ. Broad taxonomic characterization of Verticillium wilt resistance genes reveals an ancient origin of the tomato Ve1 immune receptor. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:195-209. [PMID: 26946045 PMCID: PMC6638226 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic microbes secrete effector molecules to establish themselves on their hosts, whereas plants use immune receptors to try and intercept such effectors in order to prevent pathogen colonization. The tomato cell surface-localized receptor Ve1 confers race-specific resistance against race 1 strains of the soil-borne vascular wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae which secrete the Ave1 effector. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of Ve1 homologues from tobacco (Nicotiana glutinosa), potato (Solanum tuberosum), wild eggplant (Solanum torvum) and hop (Humulus lupulus), and demonstrate that particular Ve1 homologues govern resistance against V. dahliae race 1 strains through the recognition of the Ave1 effector. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Ve1 homologues are widely distributed in land plants. Thus, our study suggests an ancient origin of the Ve1 immune receptor in the plant kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Song
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Michael F. Seidl
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Aljaz Majer
- Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, University of LjubljanaJamnikarieva 1011000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Jernej Jakse
- Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, University of LjubljanaJamnikarieva 1011000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, University of LjubljanaJamnikarieva 1011000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Abstract
One of the seminal events in plant pathology was the discovery by Francis O. Holmes that necrotic local lesions induced on certain species of Nicotiana following rub-inoculation of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was due to a specific interaction involving a dominant host gene (N). From this, Holmes had an idea that if the N gene from N. glutinosa was introgressed into susceptible tobacco, the greatly reduced titer of TMV would, by extension, prevent subsequent infection of tomato and pepper plants by field workers whose hands were contaminated with TMV from their use of chewing and smoking tobacco. The ultimate outcome has many surprising twists and turns, including Holmes' failure to obtain fertile crosses of N. glutinosa × N. tabacum after 3 years of intensive work. Progress was made with N. digluta, a rare amphidiploid that was readily crossed with N. tabacum. And, importantly, the first demonstration by Holmes of the utility of interspecies hybridization for virus resistance was made with Capsicum (pepper) species with the identification of the L gene in Tabasco pepper, that he introgressed into commercial bell pepper varieties. Holmes' findings are important as they predate Flor's gene-for-gene hypothesis, show the use of interspecies hybridization for control of plant pathogens, and the use of the local lesion as a bioassay to monitor resistance events in crop plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Beth G Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Zhong X, Wang ZQ, Xiao R, Wang Y, Xie Y, Zhou X. iTRAQ analysis of the tobacco leaf proteome reveals that RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) has important roles in defense against geminivirus-betasatellite infection. J Proteomics 2017; 152:88-101. [PMID: 27989946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses have caused serious losses in crop production. To investigate the mechanisms underlying host defenses against geminiviruses, an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic approach was used to explore the expression profiles of proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) leaves in response to tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) with its betasatellite (TYLCCNB) at an early phase. In total, 4155 proteins were identified and 272 proteins were changed differentially in response to TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that S-adenosyl-l-methionine cycle II was the most significantly up-regulated biochemical process during TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection. The mRNA levels of three proteins in S-adenosyl-l-methionine cycle II were further analyzed by qPCR, each was found significantly up-regulated in TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB-infected N. benthamiana. This result suggested a strong promotion of the biosynthesis of available methyl groups during geminivirus infections. We further tested the potential role of RdDM in N. benthamiana by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and found that a disruption in RdDM resulted in more severe infectious symptoms and higher accumulation of viral DNA after TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection. Although the precise functions of these proteins still need to be determined, our proteomic results enhance the understanding of plant antiviral mechanisms. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE One of the major limitations to crop growth in the worldwide is the prevalence of geminiviruses. They are able to infect food and cash crops and cause serious crop failures and economic losses worldwide, especially in Africa and Asia. Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), which causes severe viral diseases in China, is a monopartite geminivirus associated with the betasatellite (TYLCCNB). However, the mechanisms underlying the TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB defense in plants are still not fully understood at the molecular level. In this study, the combined proteomic, bioinformatic and VIGS analyses revealed that TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB invasion caused complex proteomic alterations in the leaves of N. benthamiana involving the processes of stress and defense, energy production, photosynthesis, protein homeostasis, metabolism, cell structure, signal transduction, transcription, transportation, and cell growth/division. Promotion of available methyl groups via the S-adenosyl-l-methionine cycle II pathway in N. benthamiana appeared crucial for antiviral responses. These findings enhance our understanding in the proteomic aspects of host antiviral defenses against geminiviruses, and also demonstrate that the combination of proteomics with bioinformatics and VIGS analysis is an effective approach to investigate systemic plant responses to geminiviruses and to shed light on plant-virus interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhan Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ruyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Tahir HAS, Gu Q, Wu H, Niu Y, Huo R, Gao X. Bacillus volatiles adversely affect the physiology and ultra-structure of Ralstonia solanacearum and induce systemic resistance in tobacco against bacterial wilt. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40481. [PMID: 28091587 PMCID: PMC5238454 DOI: 10.1038/srep40481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by various bacteria have significant potential to enhance plant growth and to control phytopathogens. Six of the most effective antagonistic Bacillus spp. were used in this study against Ralstonia solanacearum (Rsc) TBBS1, the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease in tobacco. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 and Bacillus artrophaeus LSSC22 had the strongest inhibitory effect against Rsc. Thirteen VOCs produced by FZB42 and 10 by LSSC22 were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Benzaldehyde, 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2 H)-one and 1,3-butadiene significantly inhibited the colony size, cell viability, and motility of pathogens and negatively influenced chemotaxis. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed severe morphological and ultra-structural changes in cells of Rsc. Furthermore, VOCs altered the transcriptional expression level of PhcA (a global virulence regulator), type III secretion system (T3SS), type IV secretion system (T4SS), extracellular polysaccharides and chemotaxis-related genes, which are major contributors to pathogenicity, resulting in decreased wilt disease. The VOCs significantly up-regulated the expression of genes related to wilt resistance and pathogen defense. Over-expression of EDS1 and NPR1 suggest the involvement of SA pathway in induction of systemic resistance. Our findings provide new insights regarding the potential of antibacterial VOCs as a biocontrol tool against bacterial wilt diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Abdul Samad Tahir
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuedi Niu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Rong Huo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Wu L, Wu H, Chen L, Zhang H, Gao X. Induction of systemic disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana by the cyclodipeptides cyclo (l-Pro-l-Pro) and cyclo (d-Pro-d-Pro). Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:67-74. [PMID: 26836580 PMCID: PMC6638238 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodipeptides, formed from two amino acids by cyclodehydration, are produced naturally by many organisms, and are known to possess a large number of biological activities. In this study, we found that cyclo (l-Pro-l-Pro) and cyclo (d-Pro-d-Pro) (where Pro is proline) could induce defence responses and systemic resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Treatment with the two cyclodipeptides led to a reduction in disease severity by Phytophthora nicotianae and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infections compared with controls. Both cyclopeptides triggered stomatal closure, induced reactive oxygen species production and stimulated cytosolic calcium ion and nitric oxide production in guard cells. In addition, the application of cyclodipeptides significantly up-regulated the expression of the plant defence gene PR-1a and the PR-1a protein, and increased cellular salicylic acid (SA) levels. These results suggest that the SA-dependent defence pathway is involved in cyclodipeptide-mediated pathogen resistance in N. benthamiana. We report the systemic resistance induced by cyclodipeptides, which sheds light on the potential of cyclodipeptides for the control of plant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of EducationNanjing 210095China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of EducationNanjing 210095China
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of EducationNanjing 210095China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of EducationNanjing 210095China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of EducationNanjing 210095China
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions involve a large number of wide regulatory systems, necessary for plant defense responses against pathogen attack. The fungal protein ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) elicits defense responses in specific cultivars of tobacco and tomato. The response to EIX is controlled by a single locus encoding for LeEIX2, a leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like-protein (LRR-RLP). As an RLP, LeEIX2 does not possess an obvious cytoplasmic signaling moiety such as a kinase domain. To study LeEIX2 mode of action, it is essential to identify the potential interactors involved after EIX perception. Here, we describe the in vivo co-IP methodology used for protein interaction verification and ethylene and ROS (reactive oxygen species) measurements used for physiological effects assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Silvia Schuster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Orosa B, He Q, Mesmar J, Gilroy EM, McLellan H, Yang C, Craig A, Bailey M, Zhang C, Moore JD, Boevink PC, Tian Z, Birch PRJ, Sadanandom A. BTB-BACK Domain Protein POB1 Suppresses Immune Cell Death by Targeting Ubiquitin E3 ligase PUB17 for Degradation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006540. [PMID: 28056034 PMCID: PMC5249250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitive response programmed cell death (HR-PCD) is a critical feature in plant immunity required for pathogen restriction and prevention of disease development. The precise control of this process is paramount to cell survival and an effective immune response. The discovery of new components that function to suppress HR-PCD will be instrumental in understanding the regulation of this fundamental mechanism. Here we report the identification and characterisation of a BTB domain E3 ligase protein, POB1, that functions to suppress HR-PCD triggered by evolutionarily diverse pathogens. Nicotiana benthamiana and tobacco plants with reduced POB1 activity show accelerated HR-PCD whilst those with increased POB1 levels show attenuated HR-PCD. We demonstrate that POB1 dimerization and nuclear localization are vital for its function in HR-PCD suppression. Using protein-protein interaction assays, we identify the Plant U-Box E3 ligase PUB17, a well established positive regulator of plant innate immunity, as a target for POB1-mediated proteasomal degradation. Using confocal imaging and in planta immunoprecipitation assays we show that POB1 interacts with PUB17 in the nucleus and stimulates its degradation. Mutated versions of POB1 that show reduced interaction with PUB17 fail to suppress HR-PCD, indicating that POB1-mediated degradation of PUB17 U-box E3 ligase is an important step for negative regulation of specific immune pathways in plants. Our data reveals a new mechanism for BTB domain proteins in suppressing HR-PCD in plant innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Orosa
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Joelle Mesmar
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Chengwei Yang
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Craig
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bailey
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Cunjin Zhang
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Ramachandran SR, Yin C, Kud J, Tanaka K, Mahoney AK, Xiao F, Hulbert SH. Effectors from Wheat Rust Fungi Suppress Multiple Plant Defense Responses. Phytopathology 2017; 107:75-83. [PMID: 27503371 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-16-0083-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fungi that cause cereal rust diseases (genus Puccinia) are important pathogens of wheat globally. Upon infection, the fungus secretes a number of effector proteins. Although a large repository of putative effectors has been predicted using bioinformatic pipelines, the lack of available high-throughput effector screening systems has limited functional studies on these proteins. In this study, we mined the available transcriptomes of Puccinia graminis and P. striiformis to look for potential effectors that suppress host hypersensitive response (HR). Twenty small (<300 amino acids), secreted proteins, with no predicted functions were selected for the HR suppression assay using Nicotiana benthamiana, in which each of the proteins were transiently expressed and evaluated for their ability to suppress HR caused by four cytotoxic effector-R gene combinations (Cp/Rx, ATR13/RPP13, Rpt2/RPS-2, and GPA/RBP-1) and one mutated R gene-Pto(Y207D). Nine out of twenty proteins, designated Shr1 to Shr9 (suppressors of hypersensitive response), were found to suppress HR in N. benthamiana. These effectors varied in the effector-R gene defenses they suppressed, indicating these pathogens can interfere with a variety of host defense pathways. In addition to HR suppression, effector Shr7 also suppressed PAMP-triggered immune response triggered by flg22. Finally, delivery of Shr7 through Pseudomonas fluorescens EtHAn suppressed nonspecific HR induced by Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 in wheat, confirming its activity in a homologous system. Overall, this study provides the first evidence for the presence of effectors in Puccinia species suppressing multiple plant defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya R Ramachandran
- First, second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and third and sixth authors: Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
| | - Chuntao Yin
- First, second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and third and sixth authors: Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
| | - Joanna Kud
- First, second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and third and sixth authors: Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- First, second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and third and sixth authors: Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
| | - Aaron K Mahoney
- First, second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and third and sixth authors: Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
| | - Fangming Xiao
- First, second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and third and sixth authors: Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
| | - Scot H Hulbert
- First, second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and third and sixth authors: Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Zhang H, Zhao T, Zhuang P, Song Z, Du H, Tang Z, Gao Z. NbCZF1, a Novel C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Protein, as a New Regulator of SsCut-Induced Plant Immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:2472-2484. [PMID: 27649734 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
SsCut, which functions as an elicitor, can induce plant immunity. In this study, we utilized Nicotiana benthamiana and virus-induced gene silencing to decrease the expression of > 2,500 genes individually. Using this forward genetics approach, several genes were identified that, when silenced, compromised SsCut-triggered cell death based on a cell death assay. A C2H2-type zinc finger gene was isolated from N. benthamiana Sequence analysis indicated that the gene encodes a 27 kDa protein with 253 amino acids containing two typical C2H2-type zinc finger domains; this gene was named NbCZF1 We found that SsCut-induced cell death could be inhibited by virus-induced gene silencing of NbCZF1 in N. benthamiana In addition, SsCut induces stomatal closure, accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by NADPH oxidases and nitric oxide (NO) production. NbCZF1-silenced plants showed impaired SsCut-induced stomatal closure, decreased SsCut-induced production of ROS and NO in guard cells and reduced SsCut-induced resistance against Phytophthora nicotianae Taken together, these results demonstrate that the NbCZF1-ROS-NO pathway mediates multiple SsCut-triggered responses, including stomatal closure, hypersensitive responses and defense-related gene expression. This is the first report describing the function of a C2H2-type zinc finger protein in N. benthamiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tongyao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Peitong Zhuang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhiqiang Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hui Du
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhaozhao Tang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhimou Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
McCraw SL, Park DH, Jones R, Bentley MA, Rico A, Ratcliffe RG, Kruger NJ, Collmer A, Preston GM. GABA (γ-Aminobutyric Acid) Uptake Via the GABA Permease GabP Represses Virulence Gene Expression in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2016; 29:938-949. [PMID: 28001093 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-16-0172-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The nonprotein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant amino acid in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf apoplast and is synthesized by Arabidopsis thaliana in response to infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (hereafter called DC3000). High levels of exogenous GABA have previously been shown to repress the expression of the type III secretion system (T3SS) in DC3000, resulting in reduced elicitation of the hypersensitive response (HR) in the nonhost plant tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). This study demonstrates that the GABA permease GabP provides the primary mechanism for GABA uptake by DC3000 and that the gabP deletion mutant ΔgabP is insensitive to GABA-mediated repression of T3SS expression. ΔgabP displayed an enhanced ability to elicit the HR in young tobacco leaves and in tobacco plants engineered to produce increased levels of GABA, which supports the hypothesis that GABA uptake via GabP acts to regulate T3SS expression in planta. The observation that P. syringae can be rendered insensitive to GABA through loss of gabP but that gabP is retained by this bacterium suggests that GabP is important for DC3000 in a natural setting, either for nutrition or as a mechanism for regulating gene expression. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L McCraw
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - D H Park
- 2 Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - R Jones
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - M A Bentley
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - A Rico
- 3 Departamento de Didáctica de la 9 Matemática y de las Ciencias Experimentales, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Juan Ibañez de Sto. Domingo 1, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; and
| | - R G Ratcliffe
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - N J Kruger
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - A Collmer
- 4 School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - G M Preston
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Moon JY, Lee JH, Oh C, Kang H, Park JM. Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses function in the HRT-mediated hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:1382-1397. [PMID: 26780303 PMCID: PMC6638521 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
HRT is a plant coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) disease resistance protein that triggers the hypersensitive response (HR) on recognition of Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) coat protein (CP). The molecular mechanism and significance of HR-mediated cell death for TCV resistance have not been fully elucidated. To identify the genes involved in HRT/TCV CP-mediated HR in Nicotiana benthamiana, we performed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of 459 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of pathogen-responsive Capsicum annuum genes. VIGS of CaBLP5, which encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), silenced NbBiP4 and NbBiP5 and significantly reduced HRT-mediated HR. The induction of ER stress-responsive genes and the accumulation of ER-targeted BiPs in response to HRT-mediated HR suggest that ER is involved in HR in N. benthamiana. BiP4/5 silencing significantly down-regulated HRT at the mRNA and protein levels, and affected SGT1 and HSP90 expression. Co-expression of TCV CP in BiP4/5-silenced plants completely abolished HRT induction. Transient expression of TCV CP alone induced selected ER stress-responsive gene transcripts only in Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-infected plants, and most of these genes were induced by HRT/TCV CP, except for bZIP60, which was induced specifically in response to HRT/TCV CP. TCV CP-mediated induction of ER stress-responsive genes still occurred in BiP4/5-silenced plants, but HRT/TCV CP-mediated induction of these genes was defective. Tunicamycin, a chemical that inhibits protein N-glycosylation, inhibited HRT-mediated HR, suggesting that ER has a role in HR regulation. These results indicate that BiP and ER, which modulate pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity, also regulate R protein-mediated resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Moon
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringUSTDaejeon305‐350South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Lee
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
| | - Chang‐Sik Oh
- Department of HorticultureKyung Hee UniversityYongin446‐701South Korea
| | - Hong‐Gu Kang
- Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666USA
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringUSTDaejeon305‐350South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Jutras PV, Marusic C, Lonoce C, Deflers C, Goulet MC, Benvenuto E, Michaud D, Donini M. An Accessory Protease Inhibitor to Increase the Yield and Quality of a Tumour-Targeting mAb in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167086. [PMID: 27893815 PMCID: PMC5125672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall quality of recombinant IgG antibodies in plants is dramatically compromised by host endogenous proteases. Different approaches have been developed to reduce the impact of endogenous proteolysis on IgGs, notably involving site-directed mutagenesis to eliminate protease-susceptible sites or the in situ mitigation of host protease activities to minimize antibody processing in the cell secretory pathway. We here characterized the degradation profile of H10, a human tumour-targeting monoclonal IgG, in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana also expressing the human serine protease inhibitor α1-antichymotrypsin or the cysteine protease inhibitor tomato cystatin SlCYS8. Leaf extracts revealed consistent fragmentation patterns for the recombinant antibody regardless of leaf age and a strong protective effect of SlCYS8 in specific regions of the heavy chain domains. As shown using an antigen-binding ELISA and LC-MS/MS analysis of antibody fragments, SlCYS8 had positive effects on both the amount of fully-assembled antibody purified from leaf tissue and the stability of biologically active antibody fragments containing the heavy chain Fc domain. Our data confirm the potential of Cys protease inhibitors as convenient antibody-stabilizing expression partners to increase the quality of therapeutic antibodies in plant protein biofactories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Marusic
- Laboratory of Biotechnology ENEA Research Center, Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lonoce
- Laboratory of Biotechnology ENEA Research Center, Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Carole Deflers
- Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Québec Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Eugenio Benvenuto
- Laboratory of Biotechnology ENEA Research Center, Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Donini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology ENEA Research Center, Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Chiangga S, Pornkaveerat W, Frank TD. Reaction kinetics of the jasmonate-isoleucine complex formation during wound-induced plant defense responses: A model-based re-analysis of published data. J Plant Physiol 2016; 206:103-113. [PMID: 27769013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three studies were considered in which jasmonate-isoleucine levels were observed for several hours after plant wounding. The data from these studies were fitted to a first order kinetical model describing jasmonate-isoleucine complex formation and dissociation. It was found that the model could explain up to 97 percent of the variations in the data sets. In general, the data re-analysis confirmed that the protein-protein interactions involved in the biosynthesis and dissociation of the jasmonate-isoleucine complex are fast relative to the dynamics of the jasmonate levels themselves. Moreover, the data re-analysis supported the notion that transgenic plant manipulations affecting the defense-responses in plants not only affect the jasmonate-isoleucine levels indirectly by affecting jasmonate levels during plant responses. Rather, it seems that transgenic plant manipulations affect kinetic rate parameters of the jasmonate-isoleucine complex formation and dissociation reactions. In addition to these general findings, several specific conclusions for the three experimental studies were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chiangga
- Department of Physics, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - W Pornkaveerat
- Department of Physics, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - T D Frank
- Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 2152 Hillside Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Wawra S, Fesel P, Widmer H, Timm M, Seibel J, Leson L, Kesseler L, Nostadt R, Hilbert M, Langen G, Zuccaro A. The fungal-specific β-glucan-binding lectin FGB1 alters cell-wall composition and suppresses glucan-triggered immunity in plants. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13188. [PMID: 27786272 PMCID: PMC5095285 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are well-known modulators of the immune system in mammals but little is known about β-glucan triggered immunity in planta. Here we show by isothermal titration calorimetry, circular dichroism spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that the FGB1 gene from the root endophyte Piriformospora indica encodes for a secreted fungal-specific β-glucan-binding lectin with dual function. This lectin has the potential to both alter fungal cell wall composition and properties, and to efficiently suppress β-glucan-triggered immunity in different plant hosts, such as Arabidopsis, barley and Nicotiana benthamiana. Our results hint at the existence of fungal effectors that deregulate innate sensing of β-glucan in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wawra
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Fesel
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Heidi Widmer
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Malte Timm
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Leson
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Leona Kesseler
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Robin Nostadt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Hilbert
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Langen
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Zhao H, Sun X, Xue M, Zhang X, Li Q. Antioxidant Enzyme Responses Induced by Whiteflies in Tobacco Plants in Defense against Aphids: Catalase May Play a Dominant Role. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165454. [PMID: 27788203 PMCID: PMC5082799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Middle East-Asia Minor 1) feeding alters antioxidative enzyme activity in some plant species. Infestation of B. tabaci nymphs decreases Myzus persicae performance on systemic, but not local leaves of tobacco plants. However, it is unclear if B. tabaci nymphs induced antioxidant activities contributing to the aphid resistance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the relationship between antioxidants induced by nymphs of B. tabaci feeding on tobacco and aphid resistance. The activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were assayed in tobacco leaves at different feeding times following infestation of B. tabaci nymphs. The infestation altered the activities of CAT and POD, but had no significant effect on SOD activity. The highest CAT activity was observed at 15 d after infestation. This was 98.2% greater than control systemic leaves, but 32.6% lower than the control in local leaves. Higher POD activity was recorded in local vs. systemic leaves after 15 d of infestation. POD activity was 71.0% and 112.9% higher in local and systemic leaves, respectively, than in the controls. The changes of CAT, but not POD or SOD activity were correlated to levels of aphid resistance. H2O2 levels were higher in local than in systemic leaves in contrast to CAT activity. Tobacco curly shoot virus mediated virus-induced gene silencing was employed to determine if CAT activation was involved in the aphid resistance induced by B. tabaci nymphs. B. tabaci induced CAT activity decreased when the Cat1 expression was silenced. The performance assay indicated that Cat1 silencing made B. tabaci infested plants a more suitable host for aphids than infested control plants. The aphid survival rate was reduced by 40.4% in infested control plants, but reduced by only 26.1% in Cat1-silenced plants compared to uninfested controls. Also, qPCR results showed that silencing of Cat1 led to the suppression of the B. tabaci mediated PR-2a expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Aphid resistance in plants infested with B. tabaci nymphs is associated with enhanced antioxidant activities in which CAT may play a dominant role. This resistance probably acted via interactions with SA-mediated defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Qingliang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Gaguancela OA, Zúñiga LP, Arias AV, Halterman D, Flores FJ, Johansen IE, Wang A, Yamaji Y, Verchot J. The IRE1/bZIP60 Pathway and Bax Inhibitor 1 Suppress Systemic Accumulation of Potyviruses and Potexviruses in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana Plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2016; 29:750-766. [PMID: 27578623 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-16-0147-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The inositol requiring enzyme (IRE1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor. When activated, it splices the bZIP60 mRNA, producing a truncated transcription factor that upregulates genes involved in the unfolded protein response. Bax inhibitor 1 (BI-1) is another ER stress sensor that regulates cell death in response to environmental assaults. The potyvirus 6K2 and potexvirus TGB3 proteins are known to reside in the ER, serving, respectively, as anchors for the viral replicase and movement protein complex. This study used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), and Potato virus X (PVX) to determine that the IRE1/bZIP60 pathway and BI-1 machinery are induced early in virus infection in Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Solanum tuberosum. Agrodelivery of only the potyvirus 6K2 or TGB3 genes into plant cells activated bZIP60 and BI-1 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana, N. benthamiana, and S. tuberosum. Homozygous ire1a-2, ire1b-4, and ire1a-2/ire1b-4 mutant Arabidopsis plants were inoculated with TuMV-GFP or PlAMV-GFP. PlAMV accumulates to a higher level in ire1a-2 or ire1a-2/ire1b-4 mutant plants than in ire1b-4 or wild-type plants. TuMV-GFP accumulates to a higher level in ire1a-2, ire1b-4, or ire1a-2/ire1b-4 compared with wild-type plants, suggesting that both isoforms contribute to TuMV-GFP infection. Gene silencing was used to knock down bZIP60 and BI-1 expression in N. benthamiana. PVX-GFP and PVY-GFP accumulation was significantly elevated in these silenced plants compared with control plants. This study demonstrates that two ER stress pathways, namely IRE1/bZIP60 and the BI-1 pathway, limit systemic accumulation of potyvirus and potexvirus infection. Silencing BI-1 expression also resulted in systemic necrosis. These data suggest that ER stress-activated pathways, led by IRE1 and BI-1, respond to invading potyvirus and potexviruses to restrict virus infection and enable physiological changes enabling plants to tolerate virus assault.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Arias Gaguancela
- 1 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A
| | - Lizbeth Peña Zúñiga
- 1 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A
| | - Alexis Vela Arias
- 2 Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Dennis Halterman
- 3 Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture ARS, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | - Francisco Javier Flores
- 2 Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Ida Elisabeth Johansen
- 4 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Aiming Wang
- 5 Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, AAFC, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada; and
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- 6 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- 1 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Mbengue M, Bourdais G, Gervasi F, Beck M, Zhou J, Spallek T, Bartels S, Boller T, Ueda T, Kuhn H, Robatzek S. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is required for immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptor kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11034-9. [PMID: 27651493 PMCID: PMC5047200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606004113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of potential pathogenic bacteria is of critical importance for immunity. In plants, this involves plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors, one of which is the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) receptor kinase. Ligand-activated FLS2 receptors are internalized into endosomes. However, the extent to which these spatiotemporal dynamics are generally present among pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their regulation remain elusive. Using live-cell imaging, we show that at least three other receptor kinases associated with plant immunity, PEP RECEPTOR 1/2 (PEPR1/2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), internalize in a ligand-specific manner. In all cases, endocytosis requires the coreceptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), and thus depends on receptor activation status. We also show the internalization of liganded FLS2, suggesting the transport of signaling competent receptors. Trafficking of activated PRRs requires clathrin and converges onto the same endosomal vesicles that are also shared with the hormone receptor BRASSINOSTERIOD INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1). Importantly, clathrin-dependent endocytosis participates in plant defense against bacterial infection involving FLS2-mediated stomatal closure and callose deposition, but is uncoupled from activation of the flagellin-induced oxidative burst and MAP kinase signaling. In conclusion, immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptors depends on clathrin, a critical component for the endocytosis of signaling competent receptors into a common endosomal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabio Gervasi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Fruit Tree Research Center, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Beck
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Zhou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Spallek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Bartels
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Ueda
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Cesari S, Moore J, Chen C, Webb D, Periyannan S, Mago R, Bernoux M, Lagudah ES, Dodds PN. Cytosolic activation of cell death and stem rust resistance by cereal MLA-family CC-NLR proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10204-9. [PMID: 27555587 PMCID: PMC5018743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605483113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants possess intracellular immune receptors designated "nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat" (NLR) proteins that translate pathogen-specific recognition into disease-resistance signaling. The wheat immune receptors Sr33 and Sr50 belong to the class of coiled-coil (CC) NLRs. They confer resistance against a broad spectrum of field isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, including the Ug99 lineage, and are homologs of the barley powdery mildew-resistance protein MLA10. Here, we show that, similarly to MLA10, the Sr33 and Sr50 CC domains are sufficient to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana Autoactive CC domains and full-length Sr33 and Sr50 proteins self-associate in planta In contrast, truncated CC domains equivalent in size to an MLA10 fragment for which a crystal structure was previously determined fail to induce cell death and do not self-associate. Mutations in the truncated region also abolish self-association and cell-death signaling. Analysis of Sr33 and Sr50 CC domains fused to YFP and either nuclear localization or nuclear export signals in N benthamiana showed that cell-death induction occurs in the cytosol. In stable transgenic wheat plants, full-length Sr33 proteins targeted to the cytosol provided rust resistance, whereas nuclear-targeted Sr33 was not functional. These data are consistent with CC-mediated induction of both cell-death signaling and stem rust resistance in the cytosolic compartment, whereas previous research had suggested that MLA10-mediated cell-death and disease resistance signaling occur independently, in the cytosol and nucleus, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Cesari
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John Moore
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chunhong Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Daryl Webb
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sambasivam Periyannan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rohit Mago
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Evans S Lagudah
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Huang YC, Lin YC, Wei CF, Deng WL, Huang HC. The pathogenicity factor HrpF interacts with HrpA and HrpG to modulate type III secretion system (T3SS) function and t3ss expression in Pseudomonas syringae pv. averrhoi. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:1080-94. [PMID: 26638129 PMCID: PMC6638529 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To ensure the optimal infectivity on contact with host cells, pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae has evolved a complex mechanism to control the expression and construction of the functional type III secretion system (T3SS) that serves as a dominant pathogenicity factor. In this study, we showed that the hrpF gene of P. syringae pv. averrhoi, which is located upstream of hrpG, encodes a T3SS-dependent secreted/translocated protein. Mutation of hrpF leads to the loss of bacterial ability on elicitation of disease symptoms in the host and a hypersensitive response in non-host plants, and the secretion or translocation of the tested T3SS substrates into the bacterial milieu or plant cells. Moreover, overexpression of hrpF in the wild-type results in delayed HR and reduced t3ss expression. The results of protein-protein interactions demonstrate that HrpF interacts directly with HrpG and HrpA in vitro and in vivo, and protein stability assays reveal that HrpF assists HrpA stability in the bacterial cytoplasm, which is reduced by a single amino acid substitution at the 67th lysine residue of HrpF with alanine. Taken together, the data presented here suggest that HrpF has two roles in the assembly of a functional T3SS: one by acting as a negative regulator, possibly involved in the HrpSVG regulation circuit via binding to HrpG, and the other by stabilizing HrpA in the bacterial cytoplasm via HrpF-HrpA interaction prior to the secretion and formation of Hrp pilus on the bacterial surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chiao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chuen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fong Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Deng
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hsiou-Chen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Frías M, González M, González C, Brito N. BcIEB1, a Botrytis cinerea secreted protein, elicits a defense response in plants. Plant Sci 2016; 250:115-124. [PMID: 27457989 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BcIEB1 is a very abundant protein in the secretome of Botrytis cinerea but it has no known function and no similarity to any characterized protein family. Previous results suggested that this protein is an elicitor of the plant defense system. In this work we have generated loss-of-function B. cinerea mutants lacking BcIEB1 and we have expressed the protein in yeast to assay its activity on plants. Analysis of the Δbcieb1 mutants did not result in any observable phenotype, including no difference in the virulence on a variety of hosts. However, when BcIEB1 was applied to plant tissues it produced necrosis as well as a whole range of symptoms: inhibition of seedling growth in Arabidopsis and tobacco, ion leakage from tobacco leaf disks, a ROS burst, cell death and autofluorescence in onion epidermis, as well as the expression of defense genes in tobacco. Moreover, tobacco plants treated with BcIEB1 showed an increased systemic resistance to B. cinerea. A small 35-amino acids peptide derived from a conserved region of BcIEB1 is almost as active on plants as the whole protein. These results clearly indicate that BcIEB1 elicits plant defenses, probably as a consequence of its recognition as a pathogen associated molecular pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Frías
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mario González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Celedonio González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Nélida Brito
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Wieczorek P, Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. The N-terminal fragment of the tomato torrado virus RNA1-encoded polyprotein induces a hypersensitive response (HR)-like reaction in Nicotiana benthamiana. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1849-58. [PMID: 27072852 PMCID: PMC4908173 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a defence reaction observed during incompatible plant-pathogen interactions in plants infected with a wide range of fungi, bacteria and viruses. Here, we show that an N-terminal polyprotein fragment encoded by tomato torrado virus RNA1, located between the first ATG codon and the protease cofactor (ProCo) motif, induces an HR-like reaction in Nicotiana benthamiana. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression of the first 105 amino acids (the calculated molecular weight of the fragment was ca. 11.33 kDa, hereafter refered to as the 11K domain) from ToTV RNA1 induced an HR-like phenotype in infiltrated leaves. To investigate whether the 11K domain could influence the virulence and pathogenicity of a recombinant virus, we created a potato virus X (PVX) with the 11K coding sequence inserted under a duplicated coat protein promoter. We found that 11K substantially increased the virulence of the recombinant virus. Disease phenotype induced in N. benthamiana by PVX-11K was characterized by strong local and systemic necrosis. This was not observed when the 11K domain was expressed from PVX in an antisense orientation. Further analyses revealed that the 11K domain could not suppress posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the N. benthamiana 16c line. In silico analysis of the predicted secondary structure of the 11K domain indicated the presence of two putative helices that are highly conserved in tomato-infecting representatives of the genus Torradovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Wieczorek
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, 20 Władysława Węgorka St, 60-318, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, 20 Władysława Węgorka St, 60-318, Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Landeo-Ríos Y, Navas-Castillo J, Moriones E, Cañizares MC. The p22 RNA Silencing Suppressor of the Crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus is Dispensable for Local Viral Replication but Important for Counteracting an Antiviral RDR6-Mediated Response during Systemic Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:E182. [PMID: 27367718 PMCID: PMC4974517 DOI: 10.3390/v8070182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the components of the RNA silencing pathway in plants, RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) play fundamental roles in antiviral defence. Here, we demonstrate that the Nicotiana benthamiana RDR6 is involved in defence against the bipartite crinivirus (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV). Additionally, by producing a p22-deficient ToCV infectious mutant clone (ToCVΔp22), we studied the role of this viral suppressor of RNA silencing in viral infection in both wild-type and RDR6-silenced N. benthamiana (NbRDR6i) plants. We demonstrate that p22 is dispensable for the replication of ToCV, where RDR6 appears not to have any effect. Furthermore, the finding that ToCV∆p22 systemic accumulation was impaired in wild-type N. benthamiana but not in NbRDR6i plants suggests a role for p22 in counteracting an RDR6-mediated antiviral response of the plant during systemic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín Landeo-Ríos
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Cañizares
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Lowe-Power TM, Jacobs JM, Ailloud F, Fochs B, Prior P, Allen C. Degradation of the Plant Defense Signal Salicylic Acid Protects Ralstonia solanacearum from Toxicity and Enhances Virulence on Tobacco. mBio 2016; 7:e00656-16. [PMID: 27329752 PMCID: PMC4916378 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00656-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plants use the signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) to trigger defenses against diverse pathogens, including the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum SA can also inhibit microbial growth. Most sequenced strains of the heterogeneous R. solanacearum species complex can degrade SA via gentisic acid to pyruvate and fumarate. R. solanacearum strain GMI1000 expresses this SA degradation pathway during tomato pathogenesis. Transcriptional analysis revealed that subinhibitory SA levels induced expression of the SA degradation pathway, toxin efflux pumps, and some general stress responses. Interestingly, SA treatment repressed expression of virulence factors, including the type III secretion system, suggesting that this pathogen may suppress virulence functions when stressed. A GMI1000 mutant lacking SA degradation activity was much more susceptible to SA toxicity but retained the wild-type colonization ability and virulence on tomato. This may be because SA is less important than gentisic acid in tomato defense signaling. However, another host, tobacco, responds strongly to SA. To test the hypothesis that SA degradation contributes to virulence on tobacco, we measured the effect of adding this pathway to the tobacco-pathogenic R. solanacearum strain K60, which lacks SA degradation genes. Ectopic addition of the GMI1000 SA degradation locus, including adjacent genes encoding two porins and a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, significantly increased the virulence of strain K60 on tobacco. Together, these results suggest that R. solanacearum degrades plant SA to protect itself from inhibitory levels of this compound and also to enhance its virulence on plant hosts like tobacco that use SA as a defense signal molecule. IMPORTANCE Plant pathogens such as the bacterial wilt agent Ralstonia solanacearum threaten food and economic security by causing significant losses for small- and large-scale growers of tomato, tobacco, banana, potato, and ornamentals. Like most plants, these crop hosts use salicylic acid (SA) both indirectly as a signal to activate defenses and directly as an antimicrobial chemical. We found that SA inhibits growth of R. solanacearum and induces a general stress response that includes repression of multiple bacterial wilt virulence factors. The ability to degrade SA reduces the pathogen's sensitivity to SA toxicity and increases its virulence on tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Lowe-Power
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan M Jacobs
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, Montpellier, France
| | - Florent Ailloud
- UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, CIRAD-INRA, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Agence Nationale Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentaire Nationale, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Brianna Fochs
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Philippe Prior
- UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, CIRAD-INRA, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Caitilyn Allen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Adachi H, Ishihama N, Nakano T, Yoshioka M, Yoshioka H. Nicotiana benthamiana MAPK-WRKY pathway confers resistance to a necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Plant Signal Behav 2016; 11:e1183085. [PMID: 27191816 PMCID: PMC4973789 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1183085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MEK2-SIPK/WIPK cascade, a Nicotiana benthamiana mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, is an essential signaling pathway for plant immunity and involved in hypersensitive response (HR) accompanied by cell death. WRKY transcription factors as substrates of SIPK and WIPK have been isolated and implicated in HR cell death. Here, we show virus-induced gene silencing of WRKY genes compromised constitutively active MEK2-triggered cell death in N. benthamiana leaves. In general, HR cell death enhances susceptibility to necrotrophic pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea. However, the WRKY gene silencing elevated susceptibility to B. cinerea. These findings suggest that downstream WRKYs of MEK2-SIPK/WIPK cascade are required for cell death-dependent and -independent immunities in N. benthamiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Takaaki Nakano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Kim Y, Miyashita M, Miyagawa H. Early signaling events induced by the peptide elicitor PIP-1 necessary for acetosyringone accumulation in tobacco cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1054-7. [PMID: 26924306 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1151342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A peptide elicitor PIP-1 induces defense-related secondary metabolites such as phytoalexin capsidiol in tobacco cells. In this study, we identified one of other metabolites induced by PIP-1 as acetosyringone. Unlike capsidiol accumulation that requires long-term stimulation with PIP-1, acetosyringone was induced by short-term stimulation with PIP-1. The importance of NADPH oxidase in the acetosyringone induction was also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Kim
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences , Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyashita
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences , Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hisashi Miyagawa
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences , Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Ali Z, Ali S, Tashkandi M, Zaidi SSEA, Mahfouz MM. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Immunity to Geminiviruses: Differential Interference and Evasion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26912. [PMID: 27225592 PMCID: PMC4881029 DOI: 10.1038/srep26912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been used to confer molecular immunity against several eukaryotic viruses, including plant DNA geminiviruses. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of the efficiencies of targeting different coding and non-coding sequences in the genomes of multiple geminiviruses. Moreover, we analyze the ability of geminiviruses to evade the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery. Our results demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery can efficiently target coding and non-coding sequences and interfere with various geminiviruses. Furthermore, targeting the coding sequences of different geminiviruses resulted in the generation of viral variants capable of replication and systemic movement. By contrast, targeting the noncoding intergenic region sequences of geminiviruses resulted in interference, but with inefficient recovery of mutated viral variants, which thus limited the generation of variants capable of replication and movement. Taken together, our results indicate that targeting noncoding, intergenic sequences provides viral interference activity and significantly limits the generation of viral variants capable of replication and systemic infection, which is essential for developing durable resistance strategies for long-term virus control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakila Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Tashkandi
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Shan-e-Ali Zaidi
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy M. Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Pfeilmeier S, Saur IML, Rathjen JP, Zipfel C, Malone JG. High levels of cyclic-di-GMP in plant-associated Pseudomonas correlate with evasion of plant immunity. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:521-31. [PMID: 26202381 PMCID: PMC4982027 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant innate immune system employs plasma membrane-localized receptors that specifically perceive pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs). This induces a defence response called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) to fend off pathogen attack. Commensal bacteria are also exposed to potential immune recognition and must employ strategies to evade and/or suppress PTI to successfully colonize the plant. During plant infection, the flagellum has an ambiguous role, acting as both a virulence factor and also as a potent immunogen as a result of the recognition of its main building block, flagellin, by the plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2). Therefore, strict control of flagella synthesis is especially important for plant-associated bacteria. Here, we show that cyclic-di-GMP [bis-(3'-5')-cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate], a central regulator of bacterial lifestyle, is involved in the evasion of PTI. Elevated cyclic-di-GMP levels in the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000, the opportunist P. aeruginosa PAO1 and the commensal P. protegens Pf-5 inhibit flagellin synthesis and help the bacteria to evade FLS2-mediated signalling in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite this, high cellular cyclic-di-GMP concentrations were shown to drastically reduce the virulence of Pto DC3000 during plant infection. We propose that this is a result of reduced flagellar motility and/or additional pleiotropic effects of cyclic-di-GMP signalling on bacterial behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Isabel Marie-Luise Saur
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John Paul Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jacob George Malone
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Singh AK, Kushwaha N, Chakraborty S. Synergistic interaction among begomoviruses leads to the suppression of host defense-related gene expression and breakdown of resistance in chilli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4035-49. [PMID: 26780359 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chilli (Capsicum sp.) is one of the economically important spice and vegetable crops grown in India and suffers great losses due to the infection of begomoviruses. Conventional breeding approaches have resulted in development of a few cultivars of chilli resistant to begomoviruses. A severe leaf curl disease was observed on one such resistant chilli cultivar (Capsicum annuum cv. Kalyanpur Chanchal) grown in the experimental field of the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Four different viral genomic components namely, Chilli leaf curl virus (DNA A), Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite (DNA β), Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (DNA A), and Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (DNA B) were associated with the severe leaf curl disease. Further, frequent association of these four genomic components was also observed in symptomatic plants of other chilli cultivars (Capsicum annuum cv. Kashi Anmol and Capsicum chinense cv. Bhut Jolokia) grown in the experimental field. Interaction studies among the isolated viral components revealed that Nicotiana benthamiana and chilli plants inoculated with four genomic components of begomoviruses exhibited severe leaf curl disease symptoms. In addition, this synergistic interaction resulted in increased viral DNA accumulation in infected plants. Resistant chilli plants co-inoculated with four genomic components of begomoviruses showed drastic reduction of host basal (ascorbate peroxidase, thionin, polyphenol oxidase) and specific defense-related gene (NBS-LRR) expression. Our results suggested that synergistic interaction among begomoviruses created permissive cellular environment in the resistant chilli plants which leads to breakdown of natural resistance, a phenomenon observed for the first time in chilli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Singh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Nirbhay Kushwaha
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Wang N, Liu M, Guo L, Yang X, Qiu D. A Novel Protein Elicitor (PeBA1) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NC6 Induces Systemic Resistance in Tobacco. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:757-67. [PMID: 27194952 PMCID: PMC4870718 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we reported a novel protein elicitor from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NC6 induced systemic resistance (ISR) in tobacco. The purification was executed by ion-exchange chromatography, native-page extraction and HPLC, and the amino acid sequence was identified by mass spectrometry. This recombinant elicitor protein, expressed in Escherichia coli by an E1 expression vector, had good thermal stability, and the elicitor caused a clearly defined hypersensitive response (HR) necrosis in tobacco leaves. It could also trigger early defence events, including generation of reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and O2 (-)) and phenolic-compound accumulation. Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR) results indicated that several plant defence genes, including the salicylic acid (SA)-responsive PR1a, PR1b, PR5, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), as well as the jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive PDF1.2 and CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1), were all up-regulated. Moreover, infiltration conferred systemic resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dewen Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Shi X, Gao Y, Yan S, Tang X, Zhou X, Zhang D, Liu Y. Aphid performance changes with plant defense mediated by Cucumber mosaic virus titer. Virol J 2016; 13:70. [PMID: 27103351 PMCID: PMC4840961 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) causes appreciable losses in vegetables, ornamentals and agricultural crops. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Aphididae) is one of the most efficient vectors for CMV. The transmission ecology of aphid-vectored CMV has been well investigated. However, the detailed description of the dynamic change in the plant-CMV-aphid interaction associated with plant defense and virus epidemics is not well known. RESULTS In this report, we investigated the relationship of virus titer with plant defense of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) during the different infection time and their interaction with aphids in CMV-infected tobacco plants. Our results showed that aphid performance changed with virus titer and plant defense on CMV-inoculated plants. At first, plant defense was low and aphid number increased gradually. The plant defense of SA signaling pathway was induced when virus titer was at a high level, and aphid performance was correspondingly reduced. Additionally, the winged aphids were increased. CONCLUSION Our results showed that aphid performance was reduced due to the induced plant defense mediated by Cucumber mosaic virus titer. Additionally, some wingless aphids became to winged aphids. In this way CMV could be transmitted with the migration of winged aphids. We should take measures to prevent aphids in the early stage of their occurrence in the field to prevent virus outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China.
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Mukaihara T, Hatanaka T, Nakano M, Oda K. Ralstonia solanacearum Type III Effector RipAY Is a Glutathione-Degrading Enzyme That Is Activated by Plant Cytosolic Thioredoxins and Suppresses Plant Immunity. mBio 2016; 7:e00359-16. [PMID: 27073091 PMCID: PMC4959522 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00359-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum uses a large repertoire of type III effector proteins to succeed in infection. To clarify the function of effector proteins in host eukaryote cells, we expressed effectors in yeast cells and identified seven effector proteins that interfere with yeast growth. One of the effector proteins, RipAY, was found to share homology with the ChaC family proteins that function as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases, which degrade glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that plays important roles in the plant immune system. RipAY significantly inhibited yeast growth and simultaneously induced rapid GSH depletion when expressed in yeast cells. The in vitro GSH degradation activity of RipAY is specifically activated by eukaryotic factors in the yeast and plant extracts. Biochemical purification of the yeast protein identified that RipAY is activated by thioredoxin TRX2. On the other hand, RipAY was not activated by bacterial thioredoxins. Interestingly, RipAY was activated by plant h-type thioredoxins that exist in large amounts in the plant cytosol, but not by chloroplastic m-, f-, x-, y- and z-type thioredoxins, in a thiol-independent manner. The transient expression of RipAY decreased the GSH level in plant cells and affected the flg22-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) marker genes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. These results indicate that RipAY is activated by host cytosolic thioredoxins and degrades GSH specifically in plant cells to suppress plant immunity. IMPORTANCE Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease of plants. This pathogen injects virulence effector proteins into host cells to suppress disease resistance responses of plants. In this article, we report a biochemical activity of R. solanacearum effector protein RipAY. RipAY can degrade GSH, a tripeptide that plays important roles in the plant immune system, with its γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase activity. The high GSH degradation activity of RipAY is considered to be a good weapon for this bacterium to suppress plant immunity. However, GSH also plays important roles in bacterial tolerance to various stresses and growth. Interestingly, RipAY has an excellent safety mechanism to prevent unwanted firing of its enzyme activity in bacterial cells because RipAY is specifically activated by host eukaryotic thioredoxins. This study also reveals a novel host plant protein acting as a molecular switch for effector activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Mukaihara
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hatanaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahito Nakano
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Oda
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Matić S, Pegoraro M, Noris E. The C2 protein of tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus acts as a pathogenicity determinant and a 16-amino acid domain is responsible for inducing a hypersensitive response in plants. Virus Res 2016; 215:12-9. [PMID: 26826600 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of the C2 protein in the pathogenicity of tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) was investigated. Here we report that Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of TYLCSV C2 resulted in a strong hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum, and Arabidopsis thaliana, with induction of plant cell death and production of H2O2. Since HR is not evident in plants infected by TYLCSV, it is expected that TYLCSV encodes a gene (or genes) that counters this response. HR was partially counteracted by co-agroinfiltration of TYLCSV V2 and Rep, leading to chlorotic reaction, with no HR development. Considering that the corresponding C2 protein of the closely related tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) did not induce HR, alignment of the C2 proteins of TYLCSV and TYLCV were carried out and a hypervariable region of 16 amino acids was identified. Its role in the induction of HR was demonstrated using TYLCSV-TYLCV C2 chimeric genes, encoding two TYLCSV C2 variants with a complete (16 aa) or a partial (10 aa only) swap of the corresponding sequence of TYLCV C2. Furthermore, using NahG transgenic N. benthamiana lines compromised in the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), a key regulator of HR, only a chlorotic response occurred in TYLCSV C2-infiltrated tissue, indicating that SA participates in such plant defense process. These findings demonstrate that TYLCSV C2 acts as a pathogenicity determinant and induces host defense responses controlled by the SA pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Matić
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Mattia Pegoraro
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Bandoly M, Grichnik R, Hilker M, Steppuhn A. Priming of anti-herbivore defence in Nicotiana attenuata by insect oviposition: herbivore-specific effects. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:848-59. [PMID: 26566692 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oviposition by Spodoptera exigua on Nicotiana attenuata primes plant defence against its larvae that consequently suffer reduced performance. To reveal whether this is a general response of tobacco to insect oviposition or species-specific, we investigated whether also Manduca sexta oviposition primes N. attenuata's anti-herbivore defence. The plant response to M. sexta and S. exigua oviposition overlapped in the egg-primed feeding-induced production of the phenylpropanoid caffeoylputrescine. While M. sexta larvae were unaffected in their performance, they showed a novel response to the oviposition-mediated plant changes: a reduced antimicrobial activity in their haemolymph. In a cross-resistance experiment, S. exigua larvae suffered reduced performance on M. sexta-oviposited plants like they did on S. exigua-oviposited plants. The M. sexta oviposition-mediated plant effects on the S. exigua larval performance and on M. sexta larval immunity required expression of the NaMyb8 transcription factor that is governing biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids such as caffeoylputrescine. Thus, NaMyb8-dependent defence traits mediate the effects that oviposition by both lepidopteran species exerts on the plant's anti-herbivore defence. These results suggest that oviposition by lepidopteran species on N. attenuata leaves may generally prime the feeding-induced production of certain plant defence compounds but that different herbivore species show different susceptibility to egg-primed plant effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bandoly
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Grichnik
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, DCPS, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Villarroel CA, Jonckheere W, Alba JM, Glas JJ, Dermauw W, Haring MA, Van Leeuwen T, Schuurink RC, Kant MR. Salivary proteins of spider mites suppress defenses in Nicotiana benthamiana and promote mite reproduction. Plant J 2016; 86:119-31. [PMID: 26946468 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spider mites (Tetranychidae sp.) are widely occurring arthropod pests on cultivated plants. Feeding by the two-spotted spider mite T. urticae, a generalist herbivore, induces a defense response in plants that mainly depends on the phytohormones jasmonic acid and salicylic acid (SA). On tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), however, certain genotypes of T. urticae and the specialist species T. evansi were found to suppress these defenses. This phenomenon occurs downstream of phytohormone accumulation via an unknown mechanism. We investigated if spider mites possess effector-like proteins in their saliva that can account for this defense suppression. First we performed an in silico prediction of the T. urticae and the T. evansi secretomes, and subsequently generated a short list of candidate effectors based on additional selection criteria such as life stage-specific expression and salivary gland expression via whole mount in situ hybridization. We picked the top five most promising protein families and then expressed representatives in Nicotiana benthamiana using Agrobacterium tumefaciens transient expression assays to assess their effect on plant defenses. Four proteins from two families suppressed defenses downstream of the phytohormone SA. Furthermore, T. urticae performance on N. benthamiana improved in response to transient expression of three of these proteins and this improvement was similar to that of mites feeding on the tomato SA accumulation mutant nahG. Our results suggest that both generalist and specialist plant-eating mite species are sensitive to SA defenses but secrete proteins via their saliva to reduce the negative effects of these defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Villarroel
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan M Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J Glas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michel A Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Lee HY, Back K. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are required for melatonin-mediated defense responses in plants. J Pineal Res 2016; 60:327-35. [PMID: 26927635 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin enhances pathogen resistance by inducing the expression of a number of plant defense-related genes. To examine whether the melatonin-mediated pathogen resistance is associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, Arabidopsis and tobacco leaves were treated with melatonin and investigated for MAPK activation using an antiphospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) monoclonal antibody. Two MAPKs, MPK3 and MPK6, were activated rapidly and transiently by 1 μm melatonin treatment in Arabidopsis. Its tobacco ortholog MAPKs were also activated. The activation of MPK3 and MPK6 by 2-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin was also observed, albeit to a lesser degree than that by melatonin. Furthermore, MAPK activation by melatonin was uncoupled from G-protein signaling, because melatonin efficiently activated two MAPKs in a G-protein β knockout mutant (agb1). Suppression of both MPK3 and MPK6 in transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited significant decreases in the induction of defense-related gene expression and pathogen resistance relative to wild-type plants. Using an array of MAP kinase kinase (MKK) knockout mutants, we found that four MKKs, namely MKK4, MKK5, MKK7, and MKK9, are responsible for the activation of MPK3 and MPK6 by melatonin, indicating that melatonin-mediated innate immunity is triggered by MAPK signaling through MKK4/5/7/9-MPK3/6 cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Yool Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Wang Y, Wu J, Kim SG, Tsuda K, Gupta R, Park SY, Kim ST, Kang KY. Magnaporthe oryzae-Secreted Protein MSP1 Induces Cell Death and Elicits Defense Responses in Rice. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2016; 29:299-312. [PMID: 26780420 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-15-0266-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Magnaporthe oryzae snodprot1 homolog (MSP1), secreted by M. oryzae, is a cerato-platanin family protein. msp1-knockout mutants have reduced virulence on barley leaves, indicating that MSP1 is required for the pathogenicity of rice blast fungus. To investigate the functional roles of MSP1 and its downstream signaling in rice, recombinant MSP1 was produced in Escherichia coli and was assayed for its functionality. Application of MSP1 triggered cell death and elicited defense responses in rice. MSP1 also induced H2O2 production and autophagic cell death in both suspension-cultured cells and rice leaves. One or more protein kinases triggered cell death, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid enhanced cell death, while salicylic acid suppressed it. We demonstrated that the secretion of MSP1 into the apoplast is a prerequisite for triggering cell death and activating defense-related gene expression. Furthermore, pretreatment of rice with a sublethal MSP1 concentration potentiated resistance to the pathogen. Taken together, our results showed that MSP1 induces a high degree of cell death in plants, which might be essential for its virulence. Moreover, rice can recognize MSP1, resulting in the induction of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- 1 Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- 2 Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Jingni Wu
- 2 Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- 3 Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sang Gon Kim
- 1 Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- 2 Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Ravi Gupta
- 4 Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea; and
| | - Sook-Young Park
- 5 Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- 4 Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea; and
| | - Kyu Young Kang
- 1 Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- 3 Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Saur IML, Kadota Y, Sklenar J, Holton NJ, Smakowska E, Belkhadir Y, Zipfel C, Rathjen JP. NbCSPR underlies age-dependent immune responses to bacterial cold shock protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3389-94. [PMID: 26944079 PMCID: PMC4812737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511847113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants use receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typical of whole classes of microbes. After ligand perception, many leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing PRRs interact with the LRR-RK BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1). BAK1 is thus expected to interact with unknown PRRs. Here, we used BAK1 as molecular bait to identify a previously unknown LRR-RLP required for the recognition of the csp22 peptide derived from bacterial cold shock protein. We established a method to identify proteins that interact with BAK1 only after csp22 treatment. BAK1 was expressed transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana and immunopurified after treatment with csp22. BAK1-associated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. We identified several proteins including known BAK1 interactors and a previously uncharacterized LRR-RLP that we termed RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR CSP22 RESPONSIVENESS (NbCSPR). This RLP associates with BAK1 upon csp22 treatment, and NbCSPR-silenced plants are impaired in csp22-induced defense responses. NbCSPR confers resistance to bacteria in an age-dependent and flagellin-induced manner. As such, it limits bacterial growth and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of flowering N. benthamiana plants. Transgenic expression of NbCSPR into Arabidopsis thaliana conferred responsiveness to csp22 and antibacterial resistance. Our method may be used to identify LRR-type RKs and RLPs required for PAMP perception/responsiveness, even when the active purified PAMP has not been defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M L Saur
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Elwira Smakowska
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - John P Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Arfi ZA, Hellwig S, Drossard J, Fischer R, Buyel JF. Polyclonal antibodies for specific detection of tobacco host cell proteins can be efficiently generated following RuBisCO depletion and the removal of endotoxins. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:507-18. [PMID: 26632519 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceutical proteins in plants requires efficient downstream processing steps that remove impurities such as host cell proteins (HCPs) and adventitious endotoxins produced by bacteria during transient expression. We therefore strived to develop effective routines for endotoxin removal from plant extracts and the subsequent use of the extracts to generate antibodies detecting a broad set of HCPs. At first, we depleted the superabundant protein ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) for which PEG precipitation achieved the best results, preventing a dominant immune reaction against this protein. We found that a mixture of sera from rabbits immunized with pre-depleted or post-depleted extracts detected more HCPs than the individual sera used alone. We also developed a powerful endotoxin removal procedure using Polymyxin B for extracts from wild type plants or a combination of fiber-flow filtration and EndoTrap Blue for tobacco plants infiltrated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The antibodies we generated will be useful for quality and performance assessment in future process development and the methods we present can easily be transferred to other expression systems rendering them useful in the field of plant molecular farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulfaquar Ahmad Arfi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- BSV Bioscience GmbH, Baesweiler, Germany
| | - Stephan Hellwig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Drossard
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Felix Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Omarov RT, Ciomperlik J, Scholthof HB. An in vitro reprogrammable antiviral RISC with size-preferential ribonuclease activity. Virology 2016; 490:41-8. [PMID: 26812224 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) mutants compromised for silencing suppression induces formation of an antiviral RISC (vRISC) that can be isolated using chromatography procedures. The isolated vRISC sequence-specifically degrades TBSV RNA in vitro, its activity can be down-regulated by removing siRNAs, and re-stimulated by exogenous supply of siRNAs. vRISC is most effective at hydrolyzing the ~4.8kb genomic RNA, but less so for a ~2.2kb TBSV subgenomic mRNA (sgRNA1), while the 3' co-terminal sgRNA2 of ~0.9kb appears insensitive to vRISC cleavage. Moreover, experiments with in vitro generated 5' co-terminal viral transcripts show that RNAs of ~2.7kb are efficiently cleaved while those of ~1.1kb or shorter are unaffected. The isolated antiviral ribonuclease complex fails to degrade ~0.4kb defective interfering RNAs (DIs) in vitro, agreeing with findings that in plants DIs are not targeted by silencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rustem T Omarov
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 2132 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Jessica Ciomperlik
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 2132 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Herman B Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 2132 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Deng XG, Zhu T, Zou LJ, Han XY, Zhou X, Xi DH, Zhang DW, Lin HH. Orchestration of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in brassinosteroid-mediated systemic virus resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant J 2016; 85:478-93. [PMID: 26749255 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play essential roles in modulating plant growth, development and stress responses. Here, involvement of BRs in plant systemic resistance to virus was studied. Treatment of local leaves in Nicotiana benthamiana with BRs induced virus resistance in upper untreated leaves, accompanied by accumulations of H2O2 and NO. Scavenging of H2O2 or NO in upper leaves blocked BR-induced systemic virus resistance. BR-induced systemic H2O2 accumulation was blocked by local pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase or silencing of respiratory burst oxidase homolog gene NbRBOHB, but not by systemic NADPH oxidase inhibition or NbRBOHA silencing. Silencing of the nitrite-dependent nitrate reductase gene NbNR or systemic pharmacological inhibition of NR compromised BR-triggered systemic NO accumulation, while local inhibition of NR, silencing of NbNOA1 and inhibition of NOS had little effect. Moreover, we provide evidence that BR-activated H2O2 is required for NO synthesis. Pharmacological scavenging or genetic inhibiting of H2O2 generation blocked BR-induced systemic NO production, but BR-induced H2O2 production was not sensitive to NO scavengers or silencing of NbNR. Systemically applied sodium nitroprusside rescued BR-induced systemic virus defense in NbRBOHB-silenced plants, but H2O2 did not reverse the effect of NbNR silencing on BR-induced systemic virus resistance. Finally, we demonstrate that the receptor kinase BRI1(BR insensitive 1) is an upstream component in BR-mediated systemic defense signaling, as silencing of NbBRI1 compromised the BR-induced H2O2 and NO production associated with systemic virus resistance. Together, our pharmacological and genetic data suggest the existence of a signaling pathway leading to BR-mediated systemic virus resistance that involves local Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog B (RBOHB)-dependent H2O2 production and subsequent systemic NR-dependent NO generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Guang Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Li-Juan Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xue-Ying Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - De-Hui Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Wang J, Wang XR, Zhou Q, Yang JM, Guo HX, Yang LJ, Liu WQ. iTRAQ protein profile analysis provides integrated insight into mechanisms of tolerance to TMV in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). J Proteomics 2016; 132:21-30. [PMID: 26608101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To further investigate the mechanism of the plant tolerance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection, tobacco NC89 (N) hypersensitive to TMV and its natural mutant Yuyan8 (Y) with tolerance to TMV were employed for differential accumulation proteome analysis. There were 260 specifically accumulated proteins in Yuyan8 after 24 h inoculation (Yd), and the accumulations of 285 proteins inherent in Y have changed after TMV infection. Equally, there were 183 specifically accumulated proteins in NC89 after 24 h inoculation (Nd), and 132 proteins inherent in N have changed after TMV infection. These differential proteins were respectively enriched in two pathways, of which photosynthesis pathway was the common pathway in two varieties. In photoreaction system, the accumulations of differential proteins, especially D1 protein, were not decreased in Yd compared to Nd. The results indicated that maintaining the stability of D1 protein and reasonable utilization of the energy was the essential for tolerance to TMV infection. It was also revealed that 14-3-3 protein and PR4 was specific expressed, and the expression of LRR was enhanced in Yd, suggesting that regulation of defense protein mediated by 14-3-3 protein quickly activated resistance system and enhanced the plant tolerance to TMV infection. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first work that the molecular basis of tobacco tolerance was discussed basic on proteomic investigation performed on wild type and its natural mutant. Our results lay the foundation for development of molecular breeding and further proteome research in tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Key Lab of National Tobacco Cultivation, College of Tobacco Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Xiao-ran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Qi Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Jin-miao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Hong-xiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Li-jun Yang
- Zhumadian Branch of Henan Province Tobacco Company, Zhumadian 463000, PR China
| | - Wei-qun Liu
- The Key Lab of National Tobacco Cultivation, College of Tobacco Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Qian YL, Chen J, Dong JJ, Wu ZC, Liu YH, Xue BY, Shao FW, Sun XY. Genetic analyses of the major and minor locus groups of bacterial wilt resistance in tobacco using a diallel cross design. Genet Mol Res 2016; 15:gmr7223. [PMID: 26909932 DOI: 10.4238/gmr.15017223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco germplasm samples with various levels of resistance to bacterial wilt were selected to construct F1 combinations of parental inbred lines and orthogonal diallel crosses using samples collected in 2009 (15 germplasms), 2010 (15 germplasms), and 2011 (16 germplasms). A total of 1/2P (P + 1) experimental materials were used for analysis. Based on the analyses of major and minor locus groups, genetic effects on the incidence rate and index of bacterial wilt in tobacco were investigated on the 15th and 25th day during the early stage. Significant effects were observed in major locus groups, but not in minor locus groups. Specifically, adjacent major locus groups (J1 = 13,056 and J1 = 13,055; J1 = 14,080 and J1 = 14,079) were detected in both the first and second analyses with considerable effects. Based on the additive effects of minor locus groups on the rate and index of bacterial wilt, the effects on the incidence rates of Yunyan 85, DB101, and RG11 as well as the effects on the disease index of the latter two germplasms reached the maximum. This was consistent with the disease resistance indicators of these tobacco varieties in the field (corresponding broad heritability >20%). Genetic homozygous dominant loci (+ +) increased the rate of bacterial wilt (susceptible), whereas homozygous recessive loci (- -) reduced the index of bacterial wilt (resistant) with considerable additive effects and low dominant effects, suggesting that the inheritance of the bacterial wilt rate and index in tobacco mainly relies on additive inheritance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y L Qian
- Tobacco Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, China
| | - J Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Economy and Information, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, China
| | - J J Dong
- Anhui Provincial Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Hefei, China
| | - Z C Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y H Liu
- Anhui Provincial Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Hefei, China
| | - B Y Xue
- Anhui Provincial Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Hefei, China
| | - F W Shao
- Anhui Provincial Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Hefei, China
| | - X Y Sun
- Tobacco Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Mitter N, Zhai Y, Bai AX, Chua K, Eid S, Constantin M, Mitchell R, Pappu HR. Evaluation and identification of candidate genes for artificial microRNA-mediated resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus. Virus Res 2016; 211:151-8. [PMID: 26454192 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an economically important viral pathogen of a wide range of field and horticultural crops. We developed an artificial microRNA (amiRNA) strategy against TSWV, targeting the nucleoprotein (N) and silencing suppressor (NSs) genes. The amiRNA constructs replaced the natural miRNA in a shortened Arabidopsis 173-nucleotide (nt) miR159a precursor backbone (athmiR159a) without the stem base extending beyond the miR/miR* duplex. Further, each amiRNA was modified to contain a mismatch (wobble) sequence at nucleotide position 12 and 13 on the complementary strand amiRNA*, mimicking the endogenous miR159a sequence structure. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrated that the introduction of a wobble sequence did not alter amiRNA expression levels. Following challenge inoculation with TSWV, plants expressing N-specific amiRNAs with or without the wobble remained asymptomatic and were negative for TSWV by ELISA. In contrast, plants expressing the NSs-specific amiRNAs were symptomatic and accumulated high levels of TSWV. Similar findings were obtained in stably transformed Nicotiana tabacum plants. Our results show that a shortened 173-nt athmiR159a backbone is sufficient to express amiRNAs and that the presence of mismatch at position 12-13 does not influence amiRNA expression or conferring of resistance. We also show that selection of target gene and positional effect are critical in amiRNA-based approach for introducing resistance. These findings open the possibility of employing the amiRNA approach for broad-spectrum resistance to tospoviruses as well as other viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Anh Xu Bai
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Keith Chua
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sahar Eid
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Myrna Constantin
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Roger Mitchell
- Queensland Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, University of Queensland, Ritchie Building, Research Road, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hanu R Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Fernández-Calvino L, Martínez-Priego L, Szabo EZ, Guzmán-Benito I, González I, Canto T, Lakatos L, Llave C. Tobacco rattle virus 16K silencing suppressor binds ARGONAUTE 4 and inhibits formation of RNA silencing complexes. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:246-257. [PMID: 26498945 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine-rich 16K protein of tobacco rattle virus (TRV), the type member of the genus Tobravirus, is known to suppress RNA silencing. However, the mechanism of action of the 16K suppressor is not well understood. In this study, we used a GFP-based sensor strategy and an Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay in Nicotiana benthamiana to show that 16K was unable to inhibit the activity of existing small interfering RNA (siRNA)- and microRNA (miRNA)-programmed RNA-induced silencing effector complexes (RISCs). In contrast, 16K efficiently interfered with de novo formation of miRNA- and siRNA-guided RISCs, thus preventing cleavage of target RNA. Interestingly, we found that transiently expressed endogenous miR399 and miR172 directed sequence-specific silencing of complementary sequences of viral origin. 16K failed to bind small RNAs, although it interacted with ARGONAUTE 4, as revealed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and immunoprecipitation assays. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that highly conserved cysteine residues within the N-terminal and central regions of the 16K protein are required for protein stability and/or RNA silencing suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Fernández-Calvino
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Llúcia Martínez-Priego
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edit Z Szabo
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Koranyi str. 6, Hungary
| | - Irene Guzmán-Benito
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada González
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Canto
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lóránt Lakatos
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Koranyi str. 6, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Hungary
| | - César Llave
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Bandoly M, Steppuhn A. A push-button: Spodoptera exigua oviposition on Nicotiana attenuata dose-independently primes the feeding-induced plant defense. Plant Signal Behav 2016; 11:e1114198. [PMID: 26555313 PMCID: PMC4871656 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Insect oviposition on a plant often precedes the attack by herbivorous larvae. We recently discovered that oviposition by Spodoptera exigua moths on the desert tobacco Nicotiana attenuata primes the induction of 2 defense traits, a phenylpropanoid and activity of protease inhibitors, in response to larval feeding. Oviposition-experienced plants suffer a reduced feeding damage by less and smaller larvae than unexperienced control plants. The increased resistance of oviposition-experienced plants requires the plant's ability to activate its biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids via a Myb transcription factor. Oviposition by S. exigua on N. attenuata is highly variable with respect to the amount, distribution and localization of the eggs on the plant. This raises the question, whether the plant's priming of herbivore defense depends on the egg number and localization. S. exigua moths prefer the oldest leaves for oviposition and yet prime defense-induction in the larval attacked young systemic leaves. Neither the levels of the primed defense traits, nor the affected larval mortality correlate with the number of eggs a plant previously received. This suggests that upon S. exigua oviposition, N. attenuata is shifted - independently of the egg-dose - into a primed state that is responding stronger to the feeding larvae than unprimed plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bandoly
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, Berlin 12163, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, Berlin 12163, Germany
| |
Collapse
|