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Birch JM, Hartley AL, Teare MD, Blair V, McKinney PA, Mann JR, Stiller CA, Draper GJ, Johnston HE, Cartwright RA. The inter-regional epidemiological study of childhood cancer (IRESCC): case-control study of children with central nervous system tumours. Br J Neurosurg 1990; 4:17-25. [PMID: 2334522 DOI: 10.3109/02688699009000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumours of the central nervous system comprise 23% of all childhood cancers and form the most common group of solid malignancies. Little is know about their aetiology. The present report concerns the results of a case-control study of 78 incident cases of central nervous system tumours in children. No case-control differences were detected for the following: pre-natal diagnostic X-rays, general anaesthetics during pregnancy, pregnancy infections, pregnancy drugs (including sedatives, tranquillizers and anti-convulsants), alcohol consumption in pregnancy, child's birthweight, breast-feeding, childhood illnesses, previous medication in the child. A significant excess of case mothers had suffered from diseases of the nervous system (RR 2.6). There was a deficit of children who had been immunised among the case children which approached significance, and an excess of congenital abnormalities among cases which also approached significance. There was a small excess of neoplastic disease among case parents. The results of this study suggest that in our patients genetic rather than environmental factors are more important, but the small numbers included in the present study meant that no definite conclusions could be reached.
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102
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Mann JR, Pearson D, Barrett A, Raafat F, Barnes JM, Wallendszus KR. Results of the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group's malignant germ cell tumor studies. Cancer 1989. [PMID: 2467734 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19900501)63:9<1657::aid-cncr2820630902>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group's malignant germ cell tumor studies were undertaken to establish standard protocols for investigating, staging, and treating children, and to study the efficacy of new drug combinations and the value of serial measurement of serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Boys with Stage I testicular tumors were treated by orchidectomy alone, whereas, after appropriate surgery, chemotherapy was recommended for children with more advanced testicular tumors or with tumors at other sites. From 1979 to 1987, 126 children aged 0 to younger than 16 years with malignant germ cell tumors were registered. They were similar to patients in other large pediatric series with respect to sites of origin, age at presentation in relationship to primary site, histology, female predominance for sacrococcygeal site, and presence of associated malformations (present in 17%). Serum AFP was measured in 123 patients and was elevated in 115, whereas HCG was raised in 19 of 77. Monitoring by serial AFP measurement proved valuable in assessing response to therapy and in early detection of tumor recurrence. When treatment results were assessed in February 1988, 101 of 122 patients were alive (four who received nonprotocol chemotherapy were excluded). Forty-four patients had been cured by surgery alone (41 with testicular tumors, two with ovarian tumors, and one with sacrococcygeal tumor). All of the remaining 78 children received chemotherapy. The initial low dose vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (LDVAC) regimen proved ineffective, actuarial survival at 5 years followup being 8% (12 patients), and a regimen of cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin (PVB) caused unacceptable toxicity, with actuarial survival at 5 years follow-up being 67% (nine patients). Five-year actuarial survival was 87% for 17 children given high dose VAC with or without doxorubicin and 84% for 33 given bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP). All 7 children given various combinations of these regimens survived. Excluding the 12 LDVAC cases, patient survival by site was as follows: testis (59 patients, 100%); vagina, uterus, and prostate (four patients, 100%); ovary (25 patients, 88%); thorax (five patients, 40%), and other (four patients, 67%). Similarly, patient survival by stage was Stage I (62,97%), Stage II (14,86%); Stage III (18,83%); and Stage IV (16,72%). Survival by histology was analysed only in cases for which histologic review had been done the LDVAC cases were excluded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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103
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Mann JR, Pearson D, Barrett A, Raafat F, Barnes JM, Wallendszus KR. Results of the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group's malignant germ cell tumor studies. Cancer 1989; 63:1657-67. [PMID: 2467734 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19900501)63:9<1657::aid-cncr2820630902>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group's malignant germ cell tumor studies were undertaken to establish standard protocols for investigating, staging, and treating children, and to study the efficacy of new drug combinations and the value of serial measurement of serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Boys with Stage I testicular tumors were treated by orchidectomy alone, whereas, after appropriate surgery, chemotherapy was recommended for children with more advanced testicular tumors or with tumors at other sites. From 1979 to 1987, 126 children aged 0 to younger than 16 years with malignant germ cell tumors were registered. They were similar to patients in other large pediatric series with respect to sites of origin, age at presentation in relationship to primary site, histology, female predominance for sacrococcygeal site, and presence of associated malformations (present in 17%). Serum AFP was measured in 123 patients and was elevated in 115, whereas HCG was raised in 19 of 77. Monitoring by serial AFP measurement proved valuable in assessing response to therapy and in early detection of tumor recurrence. When treatment results were assessed in February 1988, 101 of 122 patients were alive (four who received nonprotocol chemotherapy were excluded). Forty-four patients had been cured by surgery alone (41 with testicular tumors, two with ovarian tumors, and one with sacrococcygeal tumor). All of the remaining 78 children received chemotherapy. The initial low dose vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (LDVAC) regimen proved ineffective, actuarial survival at 5 years followup being 8% (12 patients), and a regimen of cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin (PVB) caused unacceptable toxicity, with actuarial survival at 5 years follow-up being 67% (nine patients). Five-year actuarial survival was 87% for 17 children given high dose VAC with or without doxorubicin and 84% for 33 given bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP). All 7 children given various combinations of these regimens survived. Excluding the 12 LDVAC cases, patient survival by site was as follows: testis (59 patients, 100%); vagina, uterus, and prostate (four patients, 100%); ovary (25 patients, 88%); thorax (five patients, 40%), and other (four patients, 67%). Similarly, patient survival by stage was Stage I (62,97%), Stage II (14,86%); Stage III (18,83%); and Stage IV (16,72%). Survival by histology was analysed only in cases for which histologic review had been done the LDVAC cases were excluded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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104
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Hartley AL, Birch JM, McKinney PA, Teare MD, Blair V, Carrette J, Mann JR, Draper GJ, Stiller CA, Johnston HE. The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC): case control study of children with bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Br J Cancer 1988; 58:838-42. [PMID: 3224086 PMCID: PMC2246858 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer included 43 cases of soft tissue and 30 cases of bone sarcomas, together with their 146 matched controls. Analysis of a wide range of aetiological factors revealed few risk factors relating to events during the index pregnancy, the earlier medical experiences of the case child, or parental medical, occupational and smoking history. Associations which did emerge included: lower birth weight in children with Ewing's tumour, an excess of mothers of children with soft tissue sarcoma with symptoms of toxaemia in pregnancy; and more children with rhabdomyosarcoma who received antibiotics soon after birth. There was some evidence that mothers of children with soft tissue sarcoma may have had reduced fertility with a significant excess of the case mothers having no other pregnancies. Slight excesses of congenital malformations in the case children and of malignant and benign/borderline neoplastic disease in the older mothers were consistent with the existence of a degree of genetic predisposition in the development of the tumours in this series.
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105
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Armstrong GR, Raafat F, Ingram L, Mann JR. Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma in childhood. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988; 112:1159-62. [PMID: 2460066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, initially misdiagnosed as benign. Electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry proved helpful diagnostically. Using monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin and vimentin, we compared neoplastic with normal and reactive mesothelia and we found coexpression of these two intermediate filaments in the reactive and neoplastic mesothelial but not in the normal mesothelia, supporting the suggestion that surface mesothelial cells are derived from multipotential submesothelial cells.
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Worthington DJ, Hammond EM, Eldeeb BB, Green A, Addison GM, Jones PH, Mann JR. Neuroblastoma--when are urinary catecholamines and their metabolites 'normal'? Ann Clin Biochem 1988; 25 ( Pt 6):620-6. [PMID: 3254101 DOI: 10.1177/000456328802500604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The overproduction of catecholamines and their metabolites is a well recognised feature of neuroblastoma. Published data are scarce for their urinary excretion in children with neuroblastoma and in ill children in whom this diagnosis may be considered. We have determined a graphical upper reference limit for total catecholamines, total metadrenalines and HMMA in urine, expressed as a ratio to the creatinine concentration, for a group of 174 children with neuroblastoma and 704 hospitalised children with other disorders. This graph has been determined by examining the overlap region between the results for the two groups of children and avoids the irregularities caused by statistical outliers. The sensitivity and specificity of the individual tests indicate that total catecholamines is marginally the best single test to perform when trying to diagnose neuroblastoma, with the best clinical sensitivity being achieved by examining both total catecholamines and HMMA. Only two of the 174 children with neuroblastoma would not have been detected using these two tests. Total metadrenalines did not appear to add any further information and could be dropped from the repertoire in favour of the other two measurements.
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107
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Mann JR, Lovell-Badge RH. Two maternally derived X chromosomes contribute to parthenogenetic inviability. Development 1988; 104:129-36. [PMID: 3253054 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104.1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In certain extraembryonic tissues of normal female mouse conceptuses, X-chromosome-dosage compensation is achieved by preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X. Diploid parthenogenones have two maternally derived X chromosomes, hence this mechanism cannot operate. To examine whether this contributes to the inviability of parthenogenones, XO and XX parthenogenetic eggs were constructed by pronuclear transplantation and their development assessed after transfer to pseudopregnant recipients. In one series of experiments, the frequency of postimplantation development of XO parthenogenones was much higher than that of their XX counterparts. This result is consistent with the possibility that two maternally derived X chromosomes can contribute to parthenogenetic inviability at or very soon after implantation. However, both XO and XX parthenogenones showed similar developmental abnormalities at the postimplantation stage, demonstrating that parthenogenetic inviability is ultimately determined by the possession of two sets of maternally derived autosomes.
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108
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Hartley AL, Birch JM, McKinney PA, Blair V, Teare MD, Carrette J, Mann JR, Stiller CA, Draper GJ, Johnston HE. The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC): past medical history in children with cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health 1988; 42:235-42. [PMID: 3251004 PMCID: PMC1052732 DOI: 10.1136/jech.42.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC) collected interview and medical information relating to the child's past medical experiences from parents of 555 children diagnosed with cancer and parents of 1110 unaffected matched controls. No significant associations emerged overall for ante-natal care, place and mode of delivery, length of gestation, birth weight, condition at birth, special care, neonatal procedures or breast-feeding. Few risk factors relating to previous illnesses and medication were found, although increasing numbers of illnesses appeared to be associated with an increased risk of childhood cancer, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A highly significant excess of case children had not been immunised (p = 0.005). In general, these results indicate that past medical experiences have little influence on the development of cancer in children.
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109
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Brook FB, Raafat F, Eldeeb BB, Mann JR. Histologic and immunohistochemical investigation of neuroblastomas and correlation with prognosis. Hum Pathol 1988; 19:879-88. [PMID: 2969864 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(88)80002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Forty-one confirmed cases of childhood neuroblastoma diagnosed over a 13-year period were reviewed and reclassified. Most of the tumors were stained using a peroxidase antiperoxidase method for neuron specific enolase (NSE), protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, and S100 protein, all of which have previously been reported to be positive in some neuroblastomas. The relation to prognosis of the histology and immunohistochemistry was studied. There was a significant trend toward improved survival with increasing degree of differentiation, and with decreasing mitosiskaryorrhexis index (MKI) in the stroma-poor group. There was no significant correlation between immunohistochemical staining and survival, although the presence and amount of staining for all three markers tended to increase with tumor differentiation. This study concludes that histologic classification in neuroblastoma is helpful in assessing prognosis but that the clinical features are generally more reliable as indicators of prognosis. The immunohistochemistry of markers used did not contribute towards assessment of prognosis.
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110
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Griffiths PD, Mann JR, Darbyshire PJ, Green A. Evaluation of eight and a half years of neonatal screening for haemoglobinopathies in Birmingham. BMJ 1988; 296:1583-5. [PMID: 3135019 PMCID: PMC2545962 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.296.6636.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A pilot neonatal screening programme for haemoglobinopathies linked with screening for phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism was reviewed. During 1978 to December 1986 137,000 neonates were tested. There were improvements in the detection rate and accuracy of diagnosis for homozygotes and mixed heterozygotes, mainly associated with the introduction of citrate agarose gel electrophoresis as a follow up procedure on all specimens showing any abnormality on the initial cellulose acetate electrophoresis. We recommend that the programme is continued on a service basis.
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111
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Mann JR. Full term development of mouse eggs fertilized by a spermatozoon microinjected under the zona pellucida. Biol Reprod 1988; 38:1077-83. [PMID: 3408776 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod38.5.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A mature motile mouse spermatozoon was microinjected under the zona pellucida of mouse eggs. Twenty-five percent of eggs were fertilized, and 54% of these developed to normal fetuses or to term after transfer to pseudopregnant recipients. These results provide a quantitative estimate of the minimum proportion of spermatozoa in a population that are able to contribute to normal development--at least 54% of mature individuals that were able to fertilize the egg after microinjection, or at least 13 1/2% (25% of 54%) of the total population of mature sperm. The production of normal young shows that sperm microinjection is a feasible means for the treatment of severe male infertility in the human and in other species.
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112
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Abstract
As the prospects of cure for children with cancer increase, the long term consequences of treatment and the quality of life experienced by survivors assume greater importance. Strategies to encourage early return to school after diagnosis are of considerable importance both educationally and socially, but teachers require information to help them facilitate the child's return. The extent to which professional contact is fostered between children's cancer centres and the education service is the subject of this short survey.
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113
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Eldeeb BB, Hammond EM, Worthington DJ, Mann JR. Urinary catecholamines and their metabolites in management of neuroblastoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1988; 5:229-37. [PMID: 3152967 DOI: 10.3109/08880018809031273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of urinary total catecholamines expressed as dopamine (TC) and their metabolites, total metadrenalines (TM) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid (HMMA) were made on 24-h urine collections from 56 previously untreated children with neuroblastoma. All results were expressed as a ratio to the creatinine excretion and were compared with "smoothed" age-related reference ranges derived from results in 704 children with other illnesses. Urinary catecholamines/metabolites excretion was elevated in 55 of the 56 patients, the exception being a baby with opsomyoclonus. TC was raised in 47, HMMA in 41, and TM in 37. Eleven patients had elevations of one parameter (TC in 10, HMMA in 1), 15 had 2 elevated levels, and 29 had elevations of all three. The TM level was the least contributory, as in no patient was it the only parameter elevated. Serial measurements were performed in 40 children, and the results correlated closely with the clinical progress of the disease and in some children permitted early detection of recurrence.
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114
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Ingram L, Mott MG, Mann JR, Raafat F, Darbyshire PJ, Morris Jones PH. Second malignancies in children treated for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and T-cell leukaemia with the UKCCSG regimens. Br J Cancer 1987; 55:463-6. [PMID: 3495284 PMCID: PMC2001694 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1987.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight children treated between 1977 and 1983 with the UK Children's Cancer Study Group's non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and T-cell protocols have developed second malignancies within 7 years of commencing treatment. Five developed acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia and a sixth died from infection while pancytopenic with a pre-leukaemic marrow. The other malignancies were cerebral astrocytoma and an undifferentiated low grade sarcoma. These eight children were included among 261 children studied in the first UKCCSG NHL and T-cell trials giving an actuarial incidence of 7.8% second malignancy at 7 years. Six had received adjuvant radiotherapy which may have contributed to the high incidence of second malignancy.
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Abstract
Diploid gynogenetic embryos, which have two sets of maternal and no paternal chromosomes, die at or soon after implantation. Since normal female embryos preferentially inactivate the paternally derived X chromosome in certain extraembryonic membranes, the inviability of diploid gynogenetic embryos might be due to difficulties in achieving an equivalent inactivation of one of their two maternally derived X chromosomes. In order to investigate this possibility, we constructed XO gynogenetic embryos by nuclear transplantation at the 1-cell stage. These XO gynogenones showed the same mortality around the time of implantation as did their XX gynogenetic counterparts. This shows that the lack of a paternally derived autosome set is sufficient to cause gynogenetic inviability at this stage. Autosomal imprinting and its possible relation to X-chromosome imprinting is discussed.
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116
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McKinney PA, Cartwright RA, Saiu JM, Mann JR, Stiller CA, Draper GJ, Hartley AL, Hopton PA, Birch JM, Waterhouse JA. The inter-regional epidemiological study of childhood cancer (IRESCC): a case control study of aetiological factors in leukaemia and lymphoma. Arch Dis Child 1987; 62:279-87. [PMID: 3646026 PMCID: PMC1778298 DOI: 10.1136/adc.62.3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The inter-regional epidemiological study of childhood cancer analysed data on 234 children diagnosed with leukaemia or lymphoma and 468 controls matched for age and sex. A wide range of potential risk factors was examined, including prenatal exposure to x rays, maternal drug ingestion and smoking, child's medical history, and parental medical conditions and occupation. Calculations were completed for leukaemia or lymphoma and diagnostic subgroups, as defined by laboratory confirmed cell type. In utero exposure to narcotic analgesics was weakly associated with leukaemia or lymphoma but no other antenatal factors gave significant risks. New associations were identified for skin diseases in both parents and congenital abnormalities in the mothers of children with leukaemia. For past medical conditions in the child, viral disease occurring under 6 months of age increased the risk for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Fewer children in the leukaemia or lymphoma group had been immunised compared with the control groups. Case children diagnosed over the age of 9 years were more likely than controls to have had four or more previous episodes of illness. Overall, these results indicate that prenatal factors may be less important than postnatal or genetic influences in the development of leukaemia or lymphoma in children.
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117
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Mann JR. Severe Mycoplasma pneumonia in three sisters with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1987; 4:281-2. [PMID: 3152934 DOI: 10.3109/08880018709141280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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118
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Raafat F, Salman WD, Roberts K, Ingram L, Rees R, Mann JR. Carney's triad: gastric leiomyosarcoma, pulmonary chondroma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma in young females. Histopathology 1986; 10:1325-33. [PMID: 3028925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1986.tb02575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The case of a 13-year-old girl with a gastric leiomyosarcoma and a pulmonary osteochondroma is presented. The association of these two tumours and extra-adrenal paraganglioma has been described as a triad by Carney. The patient is free of recurrence of the gastric tumour with no evidence of paraganglioma 10 months after the operation. To our knowledge this is the first case of the triad reported in the UK.
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119
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Johnston HE, Mann JR, Williams J, Waterhouse JA, Birch JM, Cartwright RA, Draper GJ, Hartley AL, McKinney PA, Hopton PA. The Inter-Regional, Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC): case-control study in children with germ cell tumours. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7:717-22. [PMID: 3009046 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/7.5.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1980-1983 members of IRESCC interviewed parents of 555 children with newly diagnosed cancer on topics of possible aetiological significance. Identical questions were asked of the parents of 1100 control children chosen from hospital admissions and general practitioner lists. Medical information was confirmed whenever possible by cross-checking with NHS records. Data for the 41 children with germ cell tumours and their 82 controls are reported here. The cases had more major congenital malformations than controls, including one neural tube defect. More case than control mothers and fathers reported occupational exposure to chemicals. Nine close relatives of cases had multiple primary tumours, which were often benign or of low-grade malignancy, compared with 1 hospital control and 3 general practitioner control relatives. Cases and controls differed with respect to birth weight and paternal age. No case-control differences were shown for: birth rank, maternal age, chronic illnesses and smoking, mothers' reproductive histories and oral contraceptive usage. In index pregnancies there were no case-control differences for maternal illness, infections, alcohol intake and X-ray and ultrasound exposure. There was no difference between cases and controls for the frequency of twinning the families.
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120
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Mann JR. DDK egg-foreign sperm incompatibility in mice is not between the pronuclei. JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 1986; 76:779-81. [PMID: 3754584 DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0760779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A high rate of normal postimplantation development was achieved when the pronuclei of embryos from matings of DDK females with (CBA X C57BL/6J)F1 males were transplanted into enucleated embryos of non-DDK origin. This shows that the DDK egg cytoplasm, not the maternal pronucleus, is involved in the late preimplantation-lethal incompatibility.
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121
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Birch JM, Mann JR, Cartwright RA, Draper GJ, Waterhouse JA, Hartley AL, Johnston HE, McKinney PA, Stiller CA, Hopton PA. The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCO). Study design, control selection and data collection. Br J Cancer 1985; 52:915-22. [PMID: 4074644 PMCID: PMC1977271 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1985.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC) was established to investigate the role of possible aetiological factors in childhood cancer, with particular emphasis on environmental exposures to the foetus and family history of certain diseases including cancer. Incident cases occurring in three Health Service regions (the West Midlands, Yorkshire and North Western) were matched for age and sex with two sets of control children. A total of 555 cases and 1110 controls were entered into the study. The parents of each index child were interviewed with respect to events during the relevant pregnancy, occupation, smoking habits, and past medical history of themselves, the child's siblings and other relatives. Ninety-three per cent of case parents approached agreed to be interviewed, and approximately 90% of controls were ranked first or second on the control selection lists. After the interview information was verified by reference to antenatal and other medical records. Obstetric and general practitioner records were abstracted for approximately 90% of cases and controls. Information derived from the interview and that from medical records was coded separately. The data collected by each region have been pooled and case-control comparisons of potential aetiological factors will be carried out, using matched triplet analyses.
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122
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McKinney PA, Cartwright RA, Stiller CA, Hopton PA, Mann JR, Birch JM, Hartley AL, Waterhouse JA, Johnston HE. Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC): childhood cancer and the consumption of debendox and related drugs in pregnancy. Br J Cancer 1985; 52:923-9. [PMID: 4074645 PMCID: PMC1977274 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1985.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention has recently focused on the possible teratogenic effects of the combination antiemetic doxylamine succinate, dicyclomine hydrochloride and pyridoxine hydrochloride (Debendox/Bendectin) prescribed to pregnant women. The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC), a case-control investigation has analysed data derived from interview reports and medical records of 555 mothers of children (under 15 years) with cancer and 1110 mothers of matched control children. Separate analyses of interview reports and medical records both suggested that antiemetic ingestion during the index pregnancy does not increase the risk of developing childhood malignant disease in the exposed foetus. No dose-response relationship was evident. The lack of any significant relative risks held good for diagnostic sub-groups and when the trimester of ingestion was considered. Our results suggest that antimetics of this type are unlikely to be transplacental carcinogens.
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123
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Hopton PA, McKinney PA, Cartwright RA, Mann JR, Birch JM, Hartley AL, Waterhouse JA, Johnston HE, Draper GJ, Stiller CA. X-rays in pregnancy and the risk of childhood cancer. Lancet 1985; 2:773. [PMID: 2864498 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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124
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Coyne LB, Cook RE, Mann JR, Bouyoucos S, McDonald OF, Baldwin CL. Formaldehyde: a comparative evaluation of four monitoring methods. AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL 1985; 46:609-19. [PMID: 4061291 DOI: 10.1080/15298668591395409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The performances of four formaldehyde monitoring devices were compared in a series of laboratory and field experiments. The devices evaluated included the DuPont C-60 formaldehyde badge, the SKC impregnated charcoal tube, an impinger/polarographic method and the MDA Lion formaldemeter. The major evaluation parameters included: concentration range, effects of humidity, sample storage, air velocity, accuracy, precision, interferences from methanol, styrene, 1,3-butadiene, sulfur dioxide and dimethylamine. Based on favorable performances in the laboratory and field, each device was useful for monitoring formaldehyde in the industrial work environment; however, these devices were not evaluated for residential exposure assessment. The impinger/polarographic method had a sensitivity of 0.06 ppm, based on a 20-liter air sample volume, and accurately determined the short-term excursion limit (STEL). It was useful for area monitoring but was not very practical for time-weighted average (TWA) personal monitoring measurements. The DuPont badge had a sensitivity of 2.8 ppm-hr and accurately and simply determined TWA exposures. It was not sensitive enough to measure STEL exposures, however, and positive interferences resulted if 1,3-butadiene was present. The SKC impregnated charcoal tube measured both TWA and STEL concentrations and had a sensitivity of 0.06 ppm based on a 25-liter air sample volume. Lightweight and simple to use, the MDA Lion formaldemeter had a sensitivity of 0.2 ppm. It had the advantage of giving an instantaneous reading in the field; however, it must be used with caution because it responded to many interferences. The method of choice depended on the type of sampling required, field conditions encountered during sampling and an understanding of the limitations of each monitoring device.
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Jones GS, Shah KJ, Mann JR. Adreno-cortical carcinoma in infancy and childhood: a radiological report of ten cases. Clin Radiol 1985; 36:257-62. [PMID: 3905197 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9260(85)80055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adreno-cortical carcinoma is a relatively rare neoplasm in infancy and childhood. This review, covering a period of 18 years (1965-83), revealed 10 cases, the study being prompted by three patients in whom the final diagnosis was considerably delayed. There were eight females and two males and their ages ranged from 6 months to 14 years; 50% were below the age of 18 months at the time of the presentation. Seven patients had features of either virilism or precocious puberty and three of these also had stigmas of Cushing's syndrome. In patients where the endocrine disturbance was evident, the clinical diagnosis was made rapidly. However, delay in diagnosis occurred when endocrinopathy was absent. Radiology, including newer methods of imaging, contributed by revealing the tumour and its spread but did not suggest a conclusive diagnosis. At times, clinical features, biochemical findings, radiological investigations and even histological studies mislead, thus delaying the final diagnosis. These cases are illustrated and discussed.
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