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Peterson SL, Anderson AJ. Complement and spinal cord injury: traditional and non-traditional aspects of complement cascade function in the injured spinal cord microenvironment. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:35-47. [PMID: 25017886 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathology associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused not only by primary mechanical trauma, but also by secondary responses of the injured CNS. The inflammatory response to SCI is robust and plays an important but complex role in the progression of many secondary injury-associated pathways. Although recent studies have begun to dissect the beneficial and detrimental roles for inflammatory cells and proteins after SCI, many of these neuroimmune interactions are debated, not well understood, or completely unexplored. In this regard, the complement cascade is a key component of the inflammatory response to SCI, but is largely underappreciated, and our understanding of its diverse interactions and effects in this pathological environment is limited. In this review, we discuss complement in the context of SCI, first in relation to traditional functions for complement cascade activation, and then in relation to novel roles for complement proteins in a variety of models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Peterson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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252
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Sarmiento E, Navarro J, Fernandez-Yañez J, Palomo J, Muñoz P, Carbone J. Evaluation of an immunological score to assess the risk of severe infection in heart recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:802-12. [PMID: 25179534 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported how specific humoral and cellular immunological markers that are readily available in clinical practice can be used to identify heart transplant recipients (HTR) at risk of developing severe infections. In this study, we perform an extended analysis to identify immunological profiles that could prove to be superior to individual markers in assessing the risk of infection early after heart transplantation. METHODS In a prospective follow-up study, we evaluated 100 HTR at 1 week after transplantation. Laboratory tests included determination of immunoglobulin (Ig) levels (IgG, IgA, IgM), complement factors (C3 and C4), and lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and natural killer [NK] cells). The prevalence of infection during the first 3 months was registered at scheduled visits after transplantation. Severe infections were defined as all infections requiring hospitalization and intravenous antimicrobial therapy. RESULTS During follow-up, 33 patients (33%) developed severe infections. The individual risk factors of severe infection, according to the Cox regression analysis, were as follows: IgG <600 mg/dL (hazard ratio [HR], 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-4.78; P = 0.012), C3 <80 mg/dL (HR, 4.65; 95% CI, 2.31-9.38; P < 0.0001), C4 <18 mg/dL (HR 2.30, 95% CI, 1.15-4.59; P = 0.018), NK count <30 cells/μL (HR 4.07, 95% CI, 1.76-9.38; P = 0.001), and CD4 count <350 cells/μL (HR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.47-6.28; P = 0.0027). An immunological score was created. HRs were used to determine the number of points assigned to each of the 5 previously mentioned individual risk factors. The score was obtained from the sum of these factors. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, the immunological score was useful for identifying patients at risk of infection and was the only variable that maintained a significant association with the development of infection, after adjustment for the 5 individual factors. CONCLUSION Patients with an immunological score ≥13 were at the highest risk of severe infections (HR, 9.29; 95% CI, 4.57-18.90; P < 0.0001). This score remained significantly associated with the risk of severe infection after adjustment for clinical risk factors of infection. An immunological score was useful for identifying HTR at risk of developing severe infections. If this score is validated in multicenter studies, it could be easily introduced into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sarmiento
- Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
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253
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Bellasio C, Burgess SJ, Griffiths H, Hibberd JM. A high throughput gas exchange screen for determining rates of photorespiration or regulation of C4 activity. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:3769-79. [PMID: 25006037 PMCID: PMC4085971 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale research programmes seeking to characterize the C4 pathway have a requirement for a simple, high throughput screen that quantifies photorespiratory activity in C3 and C4 model systems. At present, approaches rely on model-fitting to assimilatory responses (A/C i curves, PSII quantum yield) or real-time carbon isotope discrimination, which are complicated and time-consuming. Here we present a method, and the associated theory, to determine the effectiveness of the C4 carboxylation, carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) by assessing the responsiveness of V O/V C, the ratio of RuBisCO oxygenase to carboxylase activity, upon transfer to low O2. This determination compares concurrent gas exchange and pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence under ambient and low O2, using widely available equipment. Run time for the procedure can take as little as 6 minutes if plants are pre-adapted. The responsiveness of V O/V C is derived for typical C3 (tobacco, rice, wheat) and C4 (maize, Miscanthus, cleome) plants, and compared with full C3 and C4 model systems. We also undertake sensitivity analyses to determine the impact of R LIGHT (respiration in the light) and the effectiveness of the light saturating pulse used by fluorescence systems. The results show that the method can readily resolve variations in photorespiratory activity between C3 and C4 plants and could be used to rapidly screen large numbers of mutants or transformants in high throughput studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bellasio
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Steven J Burgess
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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254
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Yang Q, Guo L, Yin Y, Fan N, Zhou X, Cai SP, Kaufman PL, Liu X. Neuroprotective effects of C3 exoenzyme in excitotoxic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:128-34. [PMID: 24928315 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of C3 exoenzyme (C3) on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced retinopathy in rats. C3 was expressed in Escherichia. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Immunofluorescence was performed in NIH 3T3 cells treated with C3 to verify the cellular uptake of the protein. NMDA was injected intravitreally into rat eyes with or without C3. At various time points after injection, eyes were enucleated. Hematoxylin/eosin staining was performed on retina cross-sections for morphological analysis. Survival and apoptosis of cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) were assessed by cresyl violet staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) on retina flat-mounts. RhoA levels in retina cells were evaluated by Western blot to detect C3 uptake in vivo. The cellular uptake of C3 was verified by immunofluorescence. Damage including a decrease in inner plexiform layer (IPL) thickness and reduction of cell density in the GCL, corresponding to apoptosis of neurons, was induced by intravitreal injection of NMDA. Protection against this damage was observed following co-injection of C3 and NMDA. RhoA ADP-ribosylation induced by C3 was confirmed by Western blot. Our results suggest that C3 exerts neuroprotective effects against excitotoxic damage induced by NMDA.
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255
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Tiftik RN, Başkurt OK, Kul S, Büyükafşar K. The functional significance of the rho/rho-kinase pathway in human erythrocytes. Turk J Haematol 2014; 31:168-74. [PMID: 25035675 PMCID: PMC4102045 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2013.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Erythrocyte deformability, which can be influenced by various intracellular signaling mechanisms, such as nitric oxide, cAMP, cGMP, and protein kinases, is the most important physiological factor providing the blood flow in microcirculation. However, the functional significance of the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway, which contributes cell shape changes and the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, has yet to be explored in erythrocytes. Therefore, we examined the influence of several activators and inhibitors of Rho/Rho-kinase signaling on human erythrocyte deformability. Materials and Methods: RhoA and ROCK-2 proteins were studied by western blotting. Influences of 2 Rho-kinase inhibitors, fasudil and Y-27632 (both 10-7 to 10-4 M), on erythrocyte deformability was determined by ektacytometer at various shear stresses (0-30 Pa) in the presence or absence of a known Rho activator, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 10-5 to 5x10-5 M, 1-15 min). Results: LPA incubation reduced deformability with concomitant RhoA-GTP inhibition. Y-27632 and fasudil also decreased deformability, but had no effect on LPA-induced reduction of deformability. Rho inhibitor C3 had no effect on RhoA activation. Reduction in RhoA activation was induced by sub-hemolytic mechanical stress. Conclusion: Our findings may indicate that the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway could contribute to the regulation of deformability of human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nalan Tiftik
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | - Seval Kul
- Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Kansu Büyükafşar
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Mersin, Turkey
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256
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Nilsson B, Hamad OA, Ahlström H, Kullberg J, Johansson L, Lindhagen L, Haenni A, Ekdahl KN, Lind L. C3 and C4 are strongly related to adipose tissue variables and cardiovascular risk factors. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:587-96. [PMID: 24754458 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In several reports, C3 and C4 have been linked to diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we investigate this link and the degree of C3 activation in elderly individuals. METHODS In this study, C3 and C4 and the activation fragment C3a-desArg were analysed in 1016 subjects aged 70, in which blood pressure, lipid variables and fasting blood glucose were assessed. RESULTS C3 levels were related to all the investigated classical cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome (BMI, waist circumference, fat distribution, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, TG) except total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in a highly significant fashion (Spearman up to 0,5; P < 0·0001). C4 and C3a-desArg were associated in the same fashion but less significantly, while the ratios C4/C3 or C3a-desArg/C3 were not, indicating that the association was not directly related to complement activation. The levels C3 and to a lesser degree C4 and C3a-desArg were associated particularly with CRP, but also with E-selectin and ICAM-1. In addition, C3 and C4 levels were shown to decline significantly in 15 female subjects enrolled in a weight-reduction programme over 4 months. CONCLUSION A strong relation between C3, C4 and C3a-desArg levels, adipose tissue and risk factors of CVD was established. The data support that the adipose tissue produces complement components and generates initiators of inflammation, such as C3a and C5a, able to trigger a cyto/chemokine response, in proportion to the amount of adipose tissue. This corroborates the concept that complement contributes to the low-grade inflammation associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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257
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Alsaad KO, Aloudah N, Alhamdan HM, Alamir A, Fakeeh K. Acute diffuse proliferative post-infectious glomerulonephritis in renal allograft--a case report and literature review. Pediatr Transplant 2014; 18:E77-82. [PMID: 24506276 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PVN is a well-known cause of renal allograft dysfunction and failure. The diagnosis is established by examination of tissue from the renal graft, and confirmed by immunohistochemical or in situ hybridization techniques. Electron microscopy can be utilized as an ancillary modality to identify the viral particles ultrastructurally. The tubular epithelial cells are the primary target of PV cytopathic effect; however, PV-associated glomerular changes have also been described. Immune-type electron-dense deposits in the TBMs have been described in the setting of PVN, and rarely, likewise have glomerular subepithelial hump-like deposits. Diffuse immune-mediated proliferative glomerulonephritis in the setting of PVN has not been reported before. In this report, we describe an 11-yr-old kidney transplant recipient boy who developed immune-mediated glomerulonephritis with light microscopic, immunofluorescence, and ultrastructural features compatible with acute PIGN superimposing chronic PVN, discuss this unusual association and the possible mechanisms of antigen clearance in PVN and present a literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled O Alsaad
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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258
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Marwick TR, Borges AV, Van Acker K, Darchambeau F, Bouillon S. Disproportionate Contribution of Riparian Inputs to Organic Carbon Pools in Freshwater Systems. Ecosystems 2014; 17:974-989. [PMID: 25152691 PMCID: PMC4133959 DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A lack of appropriate proxies has traditionally hampered our ability to distinguish riverine organic carbon (OC) sources at the landscape scale. However, the dissection of C4 grasslands by C3-enriched riparian vegetation, and the distinct carbon stable isotope signature (δ13C) of these two photosynthetic pathways, provides a unique setting to assess the relative contribution of riparian and more distant sources to riverine C pools. Here, we compared δ13C signatures of bulk sub-basin vegetation (δ13CVEG) with those of riverine OC pools for a wide range of sites within two contrasting river basins in Madagascar. Although C3-derived carbon dominated in the eastern Rianala catchment, consistent with the dominant vegetation, we found that in the C4-dominated Betsiboka basin, riverine OC is disproportionately sourced from the C3-enriched riparian fringe, irrespective of climatic season, even though δ13CVEG estimates suggest as much as 96% of vegetation cover in some Betsiboka sub-basins may be accounted for by C4 biomass. For example, δ13C values for river bed OC were on average 6.9 ± 2.7‰ depleted in 13C compared to paired estimates of δ13CVEG. The disconnection of the wider C4-dominated basin is considered the primary driver of the under-representation of C4-derived C within riverine OC pools in the Betsiboka basin, although combustion of grassland biomass by fire is likely a subsidiary constraint on the quantity of terrestrial organic matter available for export to these streams and rivers. Our findings carry implications for the use of sedimentary δ13C signatures as proxies for past forest-grassland distribution and climate, as the C4 component may be considerably underestimated due to its disconnection from riverine OC pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent R. Marwick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Vieira Borges
- Chemical Oceanography Unit, University of Liège (ULg), Institut de Physique (B5), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Acker
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Darchambeau
- Chemical Oceanography Unit, University of Liège (ULg), Institut de Physique (B5), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Steven Bouillon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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259
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Ktona E, Barbullushi M, Backa T, Idrizi A, Shpata V, Roshi E. Evaluation of thrombocytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus and correlation with different organs damages. Mater Sociomed 2014; 26:122-4. [PMID: 24944538 PMCID: PMC4035144 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2014.26.122-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Thrombocytopenia is highly prevalent among patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematous(SLE) and at the same time it has been reported that a correlation exists between Thrombocytopenia and organ damage. The aim of this study is to highlight the correlation between Thrombocytopenia and the clinical manifestations of SLE. Objectives: The objective is to show the clinical manifestations and organ damage of Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) patients who have been found to have Thrombocytopenia. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted examining all patient charts diagnosed and treated for SLE at the Rheumatology Service of Mother Teresa Hospital Centre. All the data were collected from discharged patient charts. The data included were Anti DNA,AAN,C3 , thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, and organ damage. Data were taken from 2009 to 2013. The classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology was used for all patients regarding the diagnosis. Results: Out of 330 patients, 12 (3.64%) are men and 318 (96.3%) women. 73 of all patients have thrombocytopenia as cases and 257 patients had SLE without thrombocytopenia, which was considered as the control group. AAN 68(93.1%), Anti DNA 50 (64.3%) , low value of C3 46 (63%), and leucopenia were higher in thrombocytopenic patients compared with control group (p<0.05) 48 (65.7%) of thrombocytopenic patients develop lupus nephritis, 10 (13.6%) were with pulmonary involvement, and 42 (57.5%) had leukopenia. Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia is not directly associated with any disease activity, organ damage and mortality, but it should be considered as a prognostic factor which may help identifying a category of patients whose disease course can be aggravated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergeta Ktona
- Department of Rheumatology, "Mother Teresa" University Medical Center, Tirana, Albania
| | - Myftar Barbullushi
- Department of Nephrology, "Mother Teresa" University Medical Center, Tirana, Albania
| | - Teuta Backa
- Department of Rheumatology, "Mother Teresa" University Medical Center, Tirana, Albania
| | - Alma Idrizi
- Department of Nephrology, "Mother Teresa" University Medical Center, Tirana, Albania
| | - Vjolica Shpata
- Faculty of Public Health, "Mother Teresa" University Medical Center, Tirana, Albania
| | - Enver Roshi
- Faculty of Public Health, "Mother Teresa" University Medical Center, Tirana, Albania
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260
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Abstract
The contribution of hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides to further hyperphagia accompanying the course of lactation in rats was investigated by using PCR array and real-time PCR. Furthermore, changes in the mRNA expression for appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) were analyzed at all stages of pregnancy and lactation, and also after weaning. Food intake was significantly higher during pregnancy, lactation, and after weaning than during non-lactation periods. During lactation, ARC expression of mRNAs for agouti-related protein (AgRP) and peptide YY was increased, whereas that of mRNAs for proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cholecystokinin (CCK) was decreased, in comparison with non-lactation periods. The increase in AgRP mRNA expression during lactation was especially marked. The plasma level of leptin was significantly decreased during the course of lactation, whereas that of acyl-ghrelin was unchanged. In addition, food intake was negatively correlated with the plasma leptin level during lactation. This study has clarified synchronous changes in the expression of many appetite-regulating peptides in ARC of rats during lactation. Our results suggest that hyperphagia during lactation in rats is caused by decreases in POMC and CCK expression and increases in AgRP expression in ARC, the latter being most notable. Together with the decrease in the blood leptin level, such changes in mRNA expression may explain the further hyperphagia accompanying the course of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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261
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Hertle E, van Greevenbroek MM, Arts IC, van der Kallen CJ, Geijselaers SL, Feskens EJ, Jansen EH, Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CD. Distinct associations of complement C3a and its precursor C3 with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The CODAM study. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:1102-11. [PMID: 24500020 DOI: 10.1160/th13-10-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Complement C3 is a novel risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the underlying mechanism is currently unknown. We determined the associations of the anaphylatoxin C3a, the activation product of C3, and of C3 itself with estimates of atherosclerosis and CVD. We studied associations of C3a and C3 with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), ankle-arm blood pressure index (AAIx) and CVD in cross-sectional analyses among 545 participants of the Cohort on Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Maastricht (CODAM) study (62% men, 59.4 ± 6.9 years) and examined effect modification by smoking. We conducted linear and logistic regression analyses with adjustments for age, sex, glucose metabolism status, lipids, adiposity, renal function, blood pressure, pack-years smoked, physical activity, use of medication and investigated mediation by inflammation. C3a was independently associated with cIMT (β=0.032 mm, [95% confidence interval: 0.004; 0.060]) and AAIx (β=-0.022, [-0.043; -0.001]), but C3 was not. Effect modification by smoking was only observed for CVD (P(smoking*C3a)=0.008, P(smoking*C3)=0.018), therefore these associations were stratified for smoking behaviour. Both C3a (odds ratio [OR] =2.96, [1.15; 7.62]) and C3 (OR =1.98, [1.21; 3.22]) were independently associated with CVD in heavy smokers. The association of C3 with CVD was independent of C3a. Low-grade inflammation did partially explain the association of C3a with AAIx, but not the other observed associations. This suggests that C3a and C3 have distinct roles in pathways leading to CVD. C3a may promote atherosclerosis and additionally advance CVD in heavy smokers. Conversely, C3 may be associated with CVD in heavy smokers via pathways other than atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hertle
- Elisabeth Hertle, MSc, PhD candidate, Department of Internal Medicine and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 43 388 2462, Fax: +31 43 387 5006, E-mail:
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262
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Kenney MC, Chwa M, Atilano SR, Falatoonzadeh P, Ramirez C, Malik D, Tarek M, Del Carpio JC, Nesburn AB, Boyer DS, Kuppermann BD, Vawter MP, Jazwinski SM, Miceli MV, Wallace DC, Udar N. Molecular and bioenergetic differences between cells with African versus European inherited mitochondrial DNA haplogroups: implications for population susceptibility to diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1842:208-19. [PMID: 24200652 PMCID: PMC4326177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The geographic origins of populations can be identified by their maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups. This study compared human cybrids (cytoplasmic hybrids), which are cell lines with identical nuclei but mitochondria from different individuals with mtDNA from either the H haplogroup or L haplogroup backgrounds. The most common European haplogroup is H while individuals of maternal African origin are of the L haplogroup. Despite lower mtDNA copy numbers, L cybrids had higher expression levels for nine mtDNA-encoded respiratory complex genes, decreased ATP (adenosine triphosphate) turnover rates and lower levels of reactive oxygen species production, parameters which are consistent with more efficient oxidative phosphorylation. Surprisingly, GeneChip arrays showed that the L and H cybrids had major differences in expression of genes of the canonical complement system (5 genes), dermatan/chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis (5 genes) and CCR3 (chemokine, CC motif, receptor 3) signaling (9 genes). Quantitative nuclear gene expression studies confirmed that L cybrids had (a) lower expression levels of complement pathway and innate immunity genes and (b) increased levels of inflammation-related signaling genes, which are critical in human diseases. Our data support the hypothesis that mtDNA haplogroups representing populations from different geographic origins may play a role in differential susceptibilities to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shari R Atilano
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Claudio Ramirez
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Deepika Malik
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed Tarek
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Anthony B Nesburn
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David S Boyer
- Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
| | | | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael V Miceli
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Nitin Udar
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Wang S, Wang R, Xu T. The evolutionary analysis on complement genes reveals that fishes C3 and C9 experience different evolutionary patterns. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 35:2040-2045. [PMID: 24184007 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Complement is a humoral factor of innate immunity and plays an essential role in altering the host of the presence of potential pathogens and clearing of invading microorganisms. The third complement component (C3) not only is regarded as the crossing of the three pathways of complement activation, but also serves one of the bridges linking innate and acquired immunity. The nine complement component (C9) can combine with C5b, C6, C7 and C8 to form MAC which bounds to the surface of microorganisms to kill them. The evidence of evolution on C3 genes which have multiple functions and plays central role in innate immunity was documented in our previous study. Now we were interested in the evolution of C9 genes which were the terminal complement components. For these reasons, we want to explore the evolutionary patterns of C9 and whether C3 and C9 experience different evolutionary patterns. In our study, we used the sliding window method to separately calculate the values of ω among fishes and mammals of C3 and C9 codons. In order to detect the positive selection sites, we used the maximum likelihood (ML) method to study the evolutionary pattern on C3 and C9 genes. Positive selection sites were detected in mammalian C9 genes and no positive selection sites were detected in fishes C9 genes. However, no positive selection sites were detected in mammalian C3 genes and positive selection sites were detected in fishes C3 genes. The result indicated that C3 and C9 had different evolutionary patterns on mammals and fishes. In conclusion, different living environments lead to different evolutionary patterns on C3 and C9 in mammals and fishes. Besides, different complement components may have different evolutionary patterns on mammals and fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchen Wang
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, PR China
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264
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Lee JW, Lee YM, Lee JH, Noh JK, Kim HC, Park CJ, Park JW, Hwang IJ, Kim SY. The Expression Analysis of Complement Component C3 during Early Developmental Stages in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Dev Reprod 2013; 17:311-9. [PMID: 25949146 PMCID: PMC4382953 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.4.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fish larvae are immediately exposed to microbes from hatching to maturation of their lymphoid organs, therefore effective innate mechanisms is very important for survival in such an environment. The key component of innate immune system, C3 is central protein of all activation pathways of the complement system, leading to inflammatory reactions, such as opsonisation, chemotaxis, and cell lysis of pathogens. Although, innate mechanisms is essential for survival in the early stage of development, little is known about defence mechanisms. In this study, the alignment analysis showed that amino acid sequence of C3 from olive flounder liver EST homologous to other known C3 sequences with 73-99% identity. Also, we examined the tissue distribution of olive flounder C3 and analyzed expression pattern from the fertilized egg until 28 days post hatching. As a result, olive flounder C3 mRNA was expressed only in the liver and the mRNA level more increased as developmental proceed during the early stage. These results may suggest that olive flounder C3 plays an important function in the early immune response of olive flounder larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
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265
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Cravedi P, Leventhal J, Lakhani P, Ward SC, Donovan MJ, Heeger PS. Immune cell-derived C3a and C5a costimulate human T cell alloimmunity. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2530-9. [PMID: 24033923 PMCID: PMC3809075 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that complement provides costimulatory signals for murine T cells but whether complement impacts human T cells remains unclear. We observed production of complement activation products C3a and C5a during in vitro cultures of human T cells responding to allogeneic dendritic cells (DC). Both partners expressed the receptors for C3a (C3aR) and C5a (C5aR) and C3aR- and C5aR-antagonists inhibited T cell proliferation. Recombinant C3a/C5a promoted CD4(+) T cell expansion, bypassed the inhibitory effects of CTLA4-Ig, and induced AKT phosphorylation, the latter biochemically linking C3aR/C5aR to known T cell signaling pathways. Lowering DC C3a/C5a production by siRNA knockdown of DC C3 reduced T cell alloresponses. Conversely downregulating DC expression of the complement regulatory protein decay-accelerating factor increased immune cell C3a/C5a and augmented T cell proliferation, identifying antigen presenting cells as the dominant complement source. Pharmacological C5aR blockade reduced graft versus host disease (GVHD) scores, prolonged survival, and inhibited T cell responses in NOD scid γc(null) mouse recipients of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, verifying that the mechanisms apply in vivo. Together our findings unequivocally document that immune cell-derived complement impacts human T cell immunity and provide the foundation for future studies targeting C3aR/C5aR as treatments of GVHD and organ transplant rejection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cravedi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Leventhal
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Parth Lakhani
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen C. Ward
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J. Donovan
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter S. Heeger
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Recanati Miller Transplant Institute and Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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266
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Gao Z, Li M, Wu J, Zhang S. Interplay between invertebrate C3a with vertebrate macrophages: functional characterization of immune activities of amphioxus C3a. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 35:1249-1259. [PMID: 23954696 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Our current knowledge of the structure and function of C3a comes from the study of vertebrate C3a anaphylatoxins, virtually nothing is known about the structure and function of C3a molecules in invertebrates. Here we demonstrated that C3a from the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma japonicum, BjC3a, was similar to vertebrate C3a possessing potential antibacterial activity, as revealed by sequence analysis and computational modeling. The antibacterial activity of BjC3a was definitely confirmed by both antibacterial assay and TEM observation showing that recombinant BjC3a was directly bactericidal. Additionally, recombinant BjC3a, like vertebrate C3a, was capable of inducing sea bass macrophage migration and enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and respiratory burst response. Moreover, recombinant BjC3a-desArg (generated by removal of the C-terminal arginine), like mammalian C3a-desArg, retained the immunological activities of BjC3a such as antibacterial and respiratory burst-stimulating activities, indicating that the immunological functions of C3a-desArg were conserved throughout chordate evolution. Altogether, our findings show that invertebrate (amphioxus) BjC3a is able to interact with vertebrate (sea bass) macrophages and mediate immune activities, suggesting the emergence of the inflammatory pathway of the complement system similar to that of vertebrates in the basal chordate amphioxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Gao
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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267
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Jeong DH, You NK, Lee CK, Cho KH, Kim SH. Posterior C2- C3 Fixation for Unstable Hangman's Fracture. Korean J Spine 2013; 10:165-9. [PMID: 24757480 PMCID: PMC3941766 DOI: 10.14245/kjs.2013.10.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective This is a retrospective review of 13 unstable Hangman's fractures who underwent posterior C2-3 fixation to describe clinical outcomes with a literature review. Methods Thirteen patients for unstable Hangman's fracture were enrolled between July 2007 and June 2010 were included in this study. The medical records of all patients were reviewed. Concurrently, clinical outcomes were evaluated using Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores during preoperative and postoperative follow up period. Plain radiographs were obtained on postoperative 1day, 1week, and then at 1, 2, 6, and 12 months. CT was done at postoperative 12 months in all patients for evaluation of bone fusion. The mean period of clinical follow-up was 17 months. Results Mean age were 43 years old. Bone fusion was recognized in all cases at the final follow-up. The average preoperative VAS score for neck pain was 8.3±1.1, while the final follow-up VAS score was 2.07±0.8 (p<0.001). The average immediate postoperative NDI was 84% points and final NDI was 22% points (p<0.001). There were one case of infection and 1 case of screw loosening. Conclusion In the treatment of the patients with unstable Hangman's fracture, posterior C2-C3 fusions is effective and curative treatments to achieve cervical spinal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwan Jeong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nam Kyu You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chul Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ki Hong Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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268
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Abstract
In the challenge to increase photosynthetic rate per leaf area mathematical models of photosynthesis can be used to help interpret gas exchange measurements made under different environmental conditions and predict underlying photosynthetic biochemistry. To do this successfully it is important to improve the modelling of temperature dependencies of CO₂ assimilation and gain better understanding of internal CO₂ diffusion limitations. Despite these shortcomings steady-state models of photosynthesis provide simple easy to use tools for thought experiments to explore photosynthetic pathway changes such as redirecting photorespiratory CO₂, inserting bicarbonate pumps into C₃ chloroplasts or inserting C₄ photosynthesis into rice. Here a number of models derived from the C₃ model by Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry are discussed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne von Caemmerer
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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269
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Van Calcar SC, Baker MW, Williams P, Jones SA, Xiong B, Thao MC, Lee S, Yang MK, Rice GM, Rhead W, Vockley J, Hoffman G, Durkin MS. Prevalence and mutation analysis of short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SBCADD) detected on newborn screening in Wisconsin. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 110:111-5. [PMID: 23712021 PMCID: PMC5006389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SBCADD), also called 2-methylbutyryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (2-MBCDD), is a disorder of l-isoleucine metabolism of uncertain clinical significance. SBCADD is inadvertently detected on expanded newborn screening by elevated 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine (C5), which has the same mass to charge (m/s) on tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) as isovalerylcarnitine (C5), an analyte that is elevated in isovaleric acidemia (IVA), a disorder in leucine metabolism. SBCADD cases identified in the Hmong-American population have been found in association with the c.1165 A>G mutation in the ACADSB gene. The purposes of this study were to: (a) estimate the prevalence of SBCADD and carrier frequency of the c.1165 A>G mutation in the Hmong ethnic group; (b) determine whether the c.1165 A>G mutation is common to all Hmong newborns screening positive for SBCADD; and (c) evaluate C5 acylcarnitine cut-off values to detect and distinguish between SBCADD and IVA diagnoses. During the first 10years of expanded newborn screening using MS/MS in Wisconsin (2001-2011), 97 infants had elevated C5 values (≥0.44μmol/L), of whom five were Caucasian infants confirmed to have IVA. Of the remaining 92 confirmed SBCADD cases, 90 were of Hmong descent. Mutation analysis was completed on an anonymous, random sample of newborn screening cards (n=1139) from Hmong infants. Fifteen infants, including nine who had screened positive for SBCADD based on a C5 acylcarnitine concentration ≥0.44μmol/L, were homozygous for the c.1165 A>G mutation. This corresponds to a prevalence in this ethnic group of being homozygous for the mutation of 1.3% (95% confidence interval 0.8-2.2%) and of being heterozygous for the mutation of 21.8% (95% confidence interval 19.4-24.3%), which is consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Detection of homozygous individuals who were not identified on newborn screening suggests that the C5 screening cut-off would need to be as low as 0.20μmol/L to detect all infants homozygous for the ACADSB c.1165 A>G mutation. However, lowering the screening cut-off to 0.20 would also result in five "false positive" (non-homozygous) screening results in the Hmong population for every c.1165 A>G homozygote detected. Increasing the cut-off to 0.60μmol/L and requiring elevated C5/C2 (acetylcarnitine) and C5/C3 (propionylcarnitine) ratios to flag a screen as abnormal would reduce the number of infants screening positive, but would still result in an estimated 5 infants with SBCADD per year who would require follow-up and additional biochemical testing to distinguish between SBCADD and IVA diagnoses. Further research is needed to determine the clinical outcomes of SBCADD detected on newborn screening and the c.1165 A>G mutation before knowing whether the optimal screening cut-off would minimize true positives or false negatives for SBCADD associated with this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C. Van Calcar
- Biochemical Genetics Program, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mei W. Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Newborn Screening Program, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Phillip Williams
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Susan A. Jones
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Blia Xiong
- Biochemical Genetics Program, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mai Choua Thao
- Biochemical Genetics Program, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sheng Lee
- Biochemical Genetics Program, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mai Khou Yang
- Biochemical Genetics Program, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Greg M. Rice
- Biochemical Genetics Program, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William Rhead
- Genetics Clinic, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gary Hoffman
- Newborn Screening Program, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maureen S. Durkin
- Biochemical Genetics Program, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Corresponding author at: Population Heath Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA., Fax: +1 608 263 2820., (M.S. Durkin)
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270
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Donius LR, Orlando CM, Weis JJ, Weis JH. Generation of a novel Cr2 gene allele by homologous recombination that abrogates production of Cr2 but is sufficient for expression of Cr1. Immunobiology 2013; 219:53-63. [PMID: 24012440 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enhancing effects of the complement system for humoral immunity have primarily focused upon the recognition of complement-bound foreign antigens by a co-receptor complex of the antigen-specific B cell receptor (BCR) and complement receptor 2 (Cr2). In vivo experiments using Cr2 gene deficient mice (which lack the expression of both the Cr1 and Cr2 proteins) do demonstrate depressed humoral responses to immunization but cannot be used to define specific contributions of the singular Cr1 or Cr2 proteins on B cell functions. To study the effect of a Cr2 deficiency in a Cr1 sufficient environment we created a mouse line in which the alternative splice site required for the expression of the Cr2 isoform was removed. This mouse line, Cr2KO, still expressed Cr1 on B cells but was deficient for the full length Cr2 protein. Surprisingly a new alternative splice within the Cr2 gene created a truncated product that encoded a novel protein termed iCr2 that was expressed on the surface of the cells. The Cr2KO mouse thus provides a new model system for the analysis of Cr1 and Cr2 functions in the immune response of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Donius
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
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271
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Gorham RD, Forest DL, Tamamis P, López de Victoria A, Kraszni M, Kieslich CA, Banna CD, Bellows-Peterson ML, Larive CK, Floudas CA, Archontis G, Johnson LV, Morikis D. Novel compstatin family peptides inhibit complement activation by drusen-like deposits in human retinal pigmented epithelial cell cultures. Exp Eye Res 2013; 116:96-108. [PMID: 23954241 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have used a novel human retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cell-based model that mimics drusen biogenesis and the pathobiology of age-related macular degeneration to evaluate the efficacy of newly designed peptide inhibitors of the complement system. The peptides belong to the compstatin family and, compared to existing compstatin analogs, have been optimized to promote binding to their target, complement protein C3, and to enhance solubility by improving their polarity/hydrophobicity ratios. Based on analysis of molecular dynamics simulation data of peptide-C3 complexes, novel binding features were designed by introducing intermolecular salt bridge-forming arginines at the N-terminus and at position -1 of N-terminal dipeptide extensions. Our study demonstrates that the RPE cell assay has discriminatory capability for measuring the efficacy and potency of inhibitory peptides in a macular disease environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Gorham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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272
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Bose N, Chan ASH, Guerrero F, Maristany CM, Qiu X, Walsh RM, Ertelt KE, Jonas AB, Gorden KB, Dudney CM, Wurst LR, Danielson ME, Elmasry N, Magee AS, Patchen ML, Vasilakos JP. Binding of Soluble Yeast β-Glucan to Human Neutrophils and Monocytes is Complement-Dependent. Front Immunol 2013; 4:230. [PMID: 23964276 PMCID: PMC3740326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory properties of yeast β-1,3/1,6 glucans are mediated through their ability to be recognized by human innate immune cells. While several studies have investigated binding of opsonized and unopsonized particulate β-glucans to human immune cells mainly via complement receptor 3 (CR3) or Dectin-1, few have focused on understanding the binding characteristics of soluble β-glucans. Using a well-characterized, pharmaceutical-grade, soluble yeast β-glucan, this study evaluated and characterized the binding of soluble β-glucan to human neutrophils and monocytes. The results demonstrated that soluble β-glucan bound to both human neutrophils and monocytes in a concentration-dependent and receptor-specific manner. Antibodies blocking the CD11b and CD18 chains of CR3 significantly inhibited binding to both cell types, establishing CR3 as the key receptor recognizing the soluble β-glucan in these cells. Binding of soluble β-glucan to human neutrophils and monocytes required serum and was also dependent on incubation time and temperature, strongly suggesting that binding was complement-mediated. Indeed, binding was reduced in heat-inactivated serum, or in serum treated with methylamine or in serum reacted with the C3-specific inhibitor compstatin. Opsonization of soluble β-glucan was demonstrated by detection of iC3b, the complement opsonin on β-glucan-bound cells, as well as by the direct binding of iC3b to β-glucan in the absence of cells. Binding of β-glucan to cells was partially inhibited by blockade of the alternative pathway of complement, suggesting that the C3 activation amplification step mediated by this pathway also contributed to binding.
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273
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Kim MH, Kang SG, Park JH, Yanagisawa M, Kim CH. Short-chain fatty acids activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells to promote inflammatory responses in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:396-406.e1-10. [PMID: 23665276 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the most abundant microbial metabolites in the intestine, activate cells via G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), such as GPR41 and GPR43. We studied regulation of the immune response by SCFAs and their receptors in the intestines of mice. METHODS Inflammatory responses were induced in GPR41(-/-), GPR43(-/-), and C57BL6 (control) mice by administration of ethanol; 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic-acid (TNBS); or infection with Citrobacter rodentium. We examined the effects of C rodentium infection on control mice fed SCFAs and/or given injections of antibodies that delay the immune response. We also studied the kinetics of cytokine and chemokine production, leukocyte recruitment, intestinal permeability, and T-cell responses. Primary colon epithelial cells were isolated from GPR41(-/-), GPR43(-/-), and control mice; signaling pathways regulated by SCFAs were identified using immunohistochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry analyses. RESULTS GPR41(-/-) and GPR43(-/-) mice had reduced inflammatory responses after administration of ethanol or TNBS compared with control mice, and had a slower immune response against C rodentium infection, clearing the bacteria more slowly. SCFAs activated intestinal epithelial cells to produce chemokines and cytokines in culture and mice after administration of ethanol, TNBS, or C rodentium. These processes required GPR41 and GPR43 and were required to recruit leukocytes and activate effector T cells in the intestine. GPR41 and GPR43 activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in epithelial cells to induce production of chemokines and cytokines during immune responses. CONCLUSIONS SCFAs activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells, leading to mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. These pathways mediate protective immunity and tissue inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung H Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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274
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El-Karaksy SM, Kholoussi NM, Shahin RMH, El-Ghar MMA, Gheith RES. TRAIL mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Egyptian SLE patients. Gene 2013; 527:211-4. [PMID: 23792015 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the definite etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unclear, many different mechanisms may contribute to its pathogenesis. Tumor-necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family with pro-apoptotic activity. The accumulation of apoptotic cell debris has been hypothesized to induce the autoimmune inflammation in SLE, and TRAIL may trigger this programmed cell death. We investigated TRAIL mRNA expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 60 SLE patients and 40 controls using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and we studied the association between the results and clinical and laboratory parameters of the patients. Expression levels of TRAIL mRNAs in SLE patients were significantly higher than in controls (p<0.001). A statistically significant association was detected between TRAIL mRNA expression and SLE activity (p=0.001).
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275
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Abstract
Theropithecus was a common large-bodied primate that co-occurred with hominins in many Plio-Pleistocene deposits in East and South Africa. Stable isotope analyses of tooth enamel from T. brumpti (4.0-2.5 Ma) and T. oswaldi (2.0-1.0 Ma) in Kenya show that the earliest Theropithecus at 4 Ma had a diet dominated by C4 resources. Progressively, this genus increased the proportion of C4-derived resources in its diet and by 1.0 Ma, had a diet that was nearly 100% C4-derived. It is likely that this diet was comprised of grasses or sedges; stable isotopes cannot, by themselves, give an indication of the relative importance of leaves, seeds, or underground storage organs to the diet of this primate. Theropithecus throughout the 4- to 1-Ma time range has a diet that is more C4-based than contemporaneous hominins of the genera Australopithecus, Kenyanthropus, and Homo; however, Theropithecus and Paranthropus have similar proportions of C4-based resources in their respective diets.
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276
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Peng M, Liu L, Jiang M, Liang C, Zhao X, Cai Y, Sheng H, Ou Z, Luo H. Measurement of free carnitine and acylcarnitines in plasma by HILIC-ESI-MS/MS without derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 932:12-8. [PMID: 23816563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of carnitine and acylcarnitines in plasma is important in diagnosis of fatty acid β-oxidation disorders and organic acidemia. The usual method uses flow injection tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS), which has limitations. A rapid and more accurate method was developed to be used for high-risk screening and diagnosis. Carnitine and acylcarnitines were separated by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) without derivatization and detected with a QTRAP MS/MS System. Total analysis time was 9.0min. The imprecision of within- and between-run were less than 6% and 17%, respectively. Recoveries were in the range of 85-110% at three concentrations. Some acylcarnitine isomers could be separated, such as dicarboxylic and hydroxyl acylcarnitines. The method could also separate interferent to avoid false positive results. 216 normal samples and 116 patient samples were detected with the validated method, and 49 patients were identified with fatty acid oxidation disorders or organic acidemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhi Peng
- The Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
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277
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Zabel MK, Kirsch WM. From development to dysfunction: microglia and the complement cascade in CNS homeostasis. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:749-56. [PMID: 23419464 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Of the many mysteries that surround the brain, few surpass the awe-inspiring complexity of its development. The intricate wiring of the brain at both the system and molecular level is both spatially and temporally regulated in perfect synchrony. How such a delicate, yet elegant, system arises from an embryo's most basic cells remains at the forefront of neuroscientific research. At the cellular level, the competitive dance between synapses struggling to gain dominance seems to be refereed by both neurons themselves and microglia, the innate immune cells of the nervous system. Additionally, the unexpected complement cascade, a major effecter arm of the innate immune system, is almost certainly involved in synaptic remodeling by tagging destined neurons and synapses for destruction. As suddenly as they appear, the mechanisms of neurogenesis recede entering into adulthood. However, with age and insult, these mechanisms boisterously return, resulting in neurodegeneration. This review describes some of the mechanisms involved in synaptogenesis and wiring of the brain from the point of view of the innate immune system and then covers how similar molecular processes return with age and disease, specifically in the context of Alzheimer's disease.
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278
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Kourtzelis I, Rafail S, DeAngelis RA, Foukas PG, Ricklin D, Lambris JD. Inhibition of biomaterial-induced complement activation attenuates the inflammatory host response to implantation. FASEB J 2013; 27:2768-76. [PMID: 23558338 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although complement is a known contributor to biomaterial-induced complications, pathological implications and therapeutic options remain to be explored. Here we investigated the involvement of complement in the inflammatory response to polypropylene meshes commonly used for hernia repair. In vitro assays revealed deposition of complement activation fragments on the mesh after incubation in plasma. Moreover, significant mesh-induced complement and granulocyte activation was observed in plasma and leukocyte preparations, respectively. Pretreatment of plasma with the complement inhibitor compstatin reduced opsonization >2-fold, and compstatin and a C5a receptor antagonist (C5aRa) impaired granulocyte activation by 50 and 67%, respectively. We established a clinically relevant mouse model of implantation and could confirm deposition of C3 activation fragments on mesh implants in vivo using immunofluorescence. In meshes extracted after subcutaneous or peritoneal implantation, the amount of immune cell infiltrate in mice deficient in key complement components (C3, C5aR), or treated with C5aRa, was approximately half of that observed in wild-type littermates or mice treated with inactive C5aRa, respectively. Our data suggest that implantation of a widely used surgical mesh triggers the formation of an inflammatory cell microenvironment at the implant site through complement activation, and indicates a path for the therapeutic modulation of implant-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kourtzelis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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279
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Liu J, Li Y, Wu Y. One-stage posterior C2 and C3 pedicle screw fixation or combined anterior C2-C3 fusion for the treatment of unstable hangman's fracture. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:667-672. [PMID: 23408668 PMCID: PMC3570178 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of using one-stage posterior C2 and C3 pedicle screw fixation or combined anterior C2-C3 fusion in the treatment of unstable hangman’s fracture. A total of 13 patients with unstable hangman’s fractures underwent C2 and C3 pedicle screw fixation, lamina interbody fusion or combined anterior C2-C3 fusion and imaging examinations to evaluate the fracture fixation and healing condition at three days and three months following surgery. Postoperative X-ray and computed tomography (CT) results showed high fracture reduction, good internal fixation position and reliable fracture fixation. The three-month postoperative CT showed good vertebral fracture healing. C2 and C3 pedicle screw fixation has a good curative effect in the treatment of unstable hangman’s fracture. The direct fixation of the fracture enables early ambulation by the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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280
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Dehdashtihaghighat S, Mehdizadehkashi A, Arbabi A, Pishgahroudsari M, Chaichian S. Assessment of C-reactive Protein and C3 as Inflammatory Markers of Insulin Resistance in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. J Reprod Infertil 2013; 14:197-201. [PMID: 24551574 PMCID: PMC3911815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine disorder, is associated with infertility, menstrual dysfunction, hirsutism and frequent miscarriages. Insulin resistance, as a major cause of PCOS, represents a disorder with increase in inflammatory markers and risk of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to investigate whether inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein and C3 (Complement), are related and altered in polycystic ovary syndrome. METHODS A case-control study including forty-two women diagnosed with PCOS, according to Rotterdam criteria, and forty-two healthy controls, matched for body mass index (BMI) and age, was conducted in 2012. C-Reactive protein (CRP) and C3 were assessed as possible determinants of the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index. Independent-sample t-test was used to compare the means of the groups in age, BMI, C3, FBS and BS 2hpp (2 hr postprandial glucose) and for CRP, Fasting Insulin and 2 hr Plasma Insulin and HOMA index. Mann-Whitney test and Pearson correlation were used for analyzing the data. The p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS Levels of plasma CRP (p=0.039), 2 hr pp (p=0.045), Fasting Insulin (p=0.002), 2 hr Plasma Insulin (p=0.002) and HOMA index (p=0.002) were significantly higher in PCOS patients. But C3 was not significantly higher in cases (p=0.885). There was no significant correlation between C3 and CRP with HOMA index. CONCLUSION CRP increased significantly in patients with PCOS and was associated with insulin resistance, the most probable cause of PCOS. However, such an association was not found in C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Dehdashtihaghighat
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Mehdizadehkashi
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Abolfazl Mehdizadehkashi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
| | | | | | - Shahla Chaichian
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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281
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Pradhan V, Rajadhyaksha A, Mahant G, Surve P, Patwardhan M, Dighe S, Ghosh K. Anti-C1q antibodies and their association with complement components in Indian systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Indian J Nephrol 2012; 22:353-7. [PMID: 23326045 PMCID: PMC3544056 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.103911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype autoimmune disease, characterized by immune complex formation and systemic inflammation. Complement components such as C1q and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) play an important role in the clearance of immune complexes. Anti-C1q antibodies are associated with lupus nephritis and reduced levels of the complement components. The objective of this study was to detect anti-C1q antibodies in SLE patients and to evaluate their association with the complement components. Sixty SLE patients were included, of whom 75% had lupus nephritis (LN) and 25% were without renal manifestations (non-LN). The disease activity was assessed at the time of evaluation by the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI). Anti-C1q antibodies, circulating immune complexes, and serum MBL levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The anti-C1q antibody prevalence was 58.3%. The LN patients showed 60% anti-C1q positivity with a higher percentage in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis patients (51.9%). Anti-dsDNA positivity was slightly higher among the anti-C1q positives than in the anti-C1q negatives (65.7% vs. 60%). A higher percentage of reduced C3 and C4 levels was noted among the anti-C1q positives. The LN patients showed a higher percentage of low MBL levels among anti-C1q negatives than in the anti-C1q positives (61.1% vs. 55.6%). Non-LN patients showed a higher percentage of low MBL levels among anti-C1q positives than among anti-C1q negatives (87.5% vs. 57.1%). Anti-C1q antibodies were found in both LN and non-LN patients, but there was no correlation with the clinical severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pradhan
- Department of Autoimmune Disorders, National Institute of Immunohematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
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282
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Ohsawa I, Kusaba G, Ishii M, Sato N, Inoshita H, Onda K, Hashimoto A, Nagamachi S, Suzuki H, Shimamoto M, Ohi H, Horikoshi S, Tomino Y. Extraglomerular C3 deposition and metabolic impacts in patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:1856-64. [PMID: 22773242 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to explore the significance of extraglomerular (Bowman's capsule and/or arteriole) C3 (ex-C3) deposits in IgA nephropathy (IgAN). METHODS One hundred and seventy patients with IgAN were divided into two groups: Group A (n=79), patients who did not have ex-C3 deposits, and Group B (n=91), patients who had ex-C3 deposits. RESULTS At the time of renal biopsy, Group B was characterized by a marked increase in diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol compared with those of Group A. After 4 years, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in Group B was significantly worse than that of Group A. Upon examination by electron microscopy, the arteriolar dense deposits in Group B were found to occur in significantly higher amounts than in Group A. One hundred and thirty-four patients underwent a 3-year follow-up study after intervention and were re-divided by therapeutic factors as follows: 'conventional therapy', treatment with anti-hypertensive drugs and/or anti-platelet drugs, and 'aggressive therapy', additional treatment with either tonsillectomy or corticosteroid. Patients treated with conventional therapy in Group B had significantly higher body mass index and levels of C3 and CH50 compared with other Groups. Aggressive therapy was significantly effective in urinary protein reduction in both Group A and Group B. Except for the patients who received aggressive therapy in Group A, the levels of the eGFR gradually declined. CONCLUSIONS It appears that IgAN patients who have ex-C3 deposits have worse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Ohsawa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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283
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Chu CC, Qu N, Bassüner B, Bauwe H. Genetic transformation of the C3-C4 intermediate plant, Flaveria pubescens (Asteraceae). Plant Cell Rep 1997; 16:715-718. [PMID: 30727625 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dicot genus Flaveria (Asteraceae), besides species with C3 or C4 photosynthesis, contains taxa with a broad range of different states of transition between the two major photosynthetic types. We have developed a reproducible and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated method for the stable genetic transformation of the C3-C4 intermediate species F. pubescens. Fusion constructs of the reporter gene β-glucuronidase (uidA, GUS) to several plant promoters, mainly derived from genes encoding subunits of the glycine cleavage system (gdcs), have been used to confirm the reproducibility and efficiency of the method. The stable integration of the foreign DNA has been examined by Southern analysis, kanamycin resistance, GUS enzyme activities and histochemical staining. Transformed shoots can be routinely obtained within 8-10 weeks after co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Chu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany, , , , , , DE
| | - N Qu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany, , , , , , DE
| | - B Bassüner
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany, , , , , , DE
| | - H Bauwe
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany, , , , , , DE
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