301
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Feng X, Coulombe PA. Complementary roles of specific cysteines in keratin 14 toward the assembly, organization, and dynamics of intermediate filaments in skin keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26216883 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.654749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that inter-keratin disulfide bonding plays an important role in the assembly, organization, and dynamics of keratin intermediate filaments in skin keratinocytes. In particular, cysteine 367 located in the central α-helical rod domain of keratin 14 is necessary for the formation of a stable perinuclear network of keratin filaments (with type II partner keratin 5) in skin keratinocytes analyzed by static and live cell imaging. Here, we show that two additional cysteine residues located in the non-helical head domain of K14, Cys-4 and Cys-40, also participate in inter-keratin disulfide bonding and tandemly play a key role complementary to that of Cys-367 in the assembly, organization, and dynamics of keratin filaments in skin keratinocytes in primary culture. Analysis of K14 variants with single or multiple substitutions of cysteine residues points to a spatial and temporal hierarchy in how Cys-4/Cys-40 and Cys-367 regulate keratin assembly in vitro and filament dynamics in live keratinocytes in culture. Our findings substantiate the importance and complexity of a novel determinant, namely inter-keratin disulfide bonding, for the regulation of several aspects of keratin filaments in surface epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Feng
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Pierre A Coulombe
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and the Departments of Biological Chemistry, Dermatology, and Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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302
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Kehr E, Masry P, Lis R, Loda M, Taplin ME, Hirsch MS. Detecting metastatic prostate carcinoma in pelvic lymph nodes following neoadjuvant hormone therapy: the eyes have it! Histopathology 2015; 68:303-7. [PMID: 26018610 DOI: 10.1111/his.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Residual cancer morphology in radical prostatectomies (RPs) after neoadjuvant hormone therapy includes inconspicuous cytology, and treated tumour cells can be difficult to identify in lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in identifying occult lymph node metastases following neoadjuvant hormone treatment of prostate cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and twenty-eight lymph nodes from 24 patients treated with neoadjuvant hormone therapy, including abiraterone acetate alone or combined with leuprolide, were stained with antibodies against keratin AE1/AE3, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PrAP), androgen receptor (AR), and NKX3.1. IHC slides were scored 'blind', and then retrospectively compared with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides and pathology reports. IHC identified carcinoma in six lymph nodes from three patients. All metastases were positive for NKX3.1 and AR, five of six were positive for AE1/AE3, and three of six were positive for PSA; PrAP was negative in all metastatic foci. All six lymph node metastases had been identified by H&E staining at the time of RP. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that routine use of IHC on lymph nodes from neoadjuvant-treated prostate carcinomas is not necessary. Nevertheless, for suspicious small foci of atypical cells in neoadjuvant-treated lymph nodes, NKX3.1 and AR appear to have the greatest sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kehr
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Masry
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosina Lis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle S Hirsch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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303
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Boakye MAD, Rijal NP, Adhikari U, Bhattarai N. Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun PCL-MgO- Keratin-Based Composite Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications. Materials (Basel) 2015; 8:4080-4095. [PMID: 28793426 PMCID: PMC5455672 DOI: 10.3390/ma8074080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanofibers are of great interest in biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound healing, due to their ability to mimic and restore the function of natural extracellular matrix (ECM) found in tissues. Electrospinning has been heavily used to fabricate nanofibers because of its reliability and effectiveness. In our research, we fabricated poly(ε-caprolactone)-(PCL), magnesium oxide-(MgO) and keratin (K)-based composite nanofibers by electrospinning a blend solution of PCL, MgO and/or K. The electrospun nanofibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical tensile testing and inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Nanofibers with diameters in the range of 0.2–2.2 µm were produced by using different ratios of PCL/MgO and PCL-K/MgO. These fibers showed a uniform morphology with suitable mechanical properties; ultimate tensile strength up to 3 MPa and Young’s modulus 10 MPa. The structural integrity of nanofiber mats was retained in aqueous and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) medium. This study provides a new composite material with structural and material properties suitable for potential application in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maame A D Boakye
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
- NSF-ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
| | - Nava P Rijal
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
- NSF-ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
| | - Udhab Adhikari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
- NSF-ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
| | - Narayan Bhattarai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
- NSF-ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
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304
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Pastuszak M, Groszewski K, Pastuszak M, Dyrla P, Wojtuń S, Gil J. Cytokeratins in gastroenterology. Systematic review. Prz Gastroenterol 2015; 10:61-70. [PMID: 26557935 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2015.51182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Keratins are proteins that form intermediate filaments of epithelial cell cytoskeleton. The utility of keratin expression determination is based on the fact that epithelial cells acquire a specific pattern of keratin expression during differentiation and maturation, which reflects the specificity of the tissue and the degree of maturation, and generally remains stable during carcinogenesis. Determination of the pattern makes it possible to identify the origin of cells in diagnosing neoplastic lesions as well as in research on pathophysiology or the possibility to apply keratin-positive cell detection in the process of cancer staging and treatment planning. As keratins undergo degradation during apoptosis as caspase substrate the identification of the caspase-derived K18 fragment by the use of specific monoclonal antibody allows us to estimate the apoptosis/necrosis ratio, especially in liver pathology, e.g. nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, chronic hepatitis or graft-versus-host disease or in assessing response to antiviral or antitumour therapy.
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305
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Laba W, Choinska A, Rodziewicz A, Piegza M. Keratinolytic abilities of Micrococcus luteus from poultry waste. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:691-700. [PMID: 26413049 PMCID: PMC4568876 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246320140098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinolytic microorganisms have become the subject of scientific interest due to their ability to biosynthesize specific keratinases and their prospective application in keratinic waste management. Among several bacterial classes, actinobacteria remain one of the most important sources of keratin-degrading strains, however members of the Micrococcaceae family are rarely scrutinized in regard to their applicatory keratinolytic potential. The tested Micrococcus sp. B1pz isolate from poultry feather waste was identified as M. luteus. The strain, grown in the medium with 1-2% chicken feathers and a yeast extract supplement, produced keratinases of 32 KU and lower level of proteases, 6 PU. It was capable to effectively decompose feathers or "soft" keratin of stratum corneum, in contrast to other "hard" hair-type keratins. The produced keratinolytic enzymes were mainly a combination of alkaline serine or thiol proteases, active at the optimum pH 9.4, 55 °C. Four main protease fractions of 62, 185, 139 and 229 kDa were identified in the crude culture fluid. The research on the auxiliary role of reducing factors revealed that reducing sulfur compounds could be applied in keratinolysis enhancement during enzymatic digestion of keratin, rather than in culture conditions. The presented M. luteus isolate exhibits a significant keratinolytic potential, which determines its feasible applicatory capacity towards biodegradation of poultry by-products or formulation of keratin-based feed components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Laba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Choinska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Rodziewicz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michal Piegza
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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306
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Abstract
The histologic features of abnormal spectacles in 60 snakes from the 5 families of Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae, Pythonidae, and Viperidae are described in a retrospective study conducted on specimens submitted to a private diagnostic service during a period of 15 years. Fifty-two snakes had inflammatory reactions in the spectacle. The stroma and outer epithelium of the spectacle were the layers most often involved in inflammatory disease. Lesions of the outer epithelium included edema, hyperkeratosis, and granulocyte infiltration occasionally with bacterial colonies and fungal elements. The stroma had infectious agents and inflammatory reactions in vessels and between the collagen fibrils. The inner epithelium had varying degrees of hyperplasia and hypertrophy, but no infectious agents were seen. Infectious agents in these cases included mites, bacterial disease, fungal disease, or a combination of bacterial and fungal disease. Special stains identified the bacteria most commonly involved to be Gram-positive cocci. Thirteen snakes had dysecdysis of the spectacle. Of these, 5 displayed a concurrent inflammatory reaction of the spectacle, while the remaining 8 snakes had extra keratin layers on a spectacle with an otherwise normal appearance. These keratin layers were attached to serocellular crusts located on the inner surface of the periocular scales. The cause for dyskeratotic lesions of the spectacle was not always apparent, and concurrent acariasis, other forms of dermatitis, trauma, suboptimal husbandry, and visceral disease were considered possible contributing factors. It was notable that only 4% of the submitted cases were found to have spectaculitis and/or spectacular dysecdysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Da Silva
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark Eye Pathology Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S Heegaard
- Eye Pathology Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - M M Garner
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, Washington, USA
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307
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He H, Li S, Hong Y, Zou H, Chen H, Ding F, Wan Y, Liu Z. Krüppel-like Factor 4 Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Differentiation by Up-regulating Keratin 13 Expression. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13567-77. [PMID: 25851906 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell differentiation requires the coordinated activation and repression of genes specific to the differentiation process; disruption of this program accompanies malignant transformation of epithelium. The exploration of genes that control epidermal proliferation and terminal differentiation is vital to better understand esophageal carcinogenesis. KLF4 is a member of the KLF family of transcription factors and is involved in both cellular proliferation and differentiation. This study using immunohistochemistry analysis of KLF4 in clinical specimens of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) demonstrated that decreased KLF4 was substantially associated with poor differentiation. Moreover, we determined that both KLF4 and KRT13 levels were undoubtedly augmented upon sodium butyrate-induced ESCC differentiation and G1 phase arrest. Conversely, silencing of KLF4 and KRT13 abrogated the inhibition of G1-S transition induced by sodium butyrate. Molecular investigation demonstrated that KLF4 transcriptionally regulated KRT13 and the expression of the two molecules appreciably correlated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Collectively, these results suggest that KLF4 transcriptionally regulates KRT13 and is invovled in ESCC cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Sheng Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Yuan Hong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Haojing Zou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Hongyan Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Fang Ding
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Yong Wan
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhihua Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
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308
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Lee H, Ro JY. Differential expression of GSK3β and pS9GSK3β in normal human tissues: can pS9GSK3β be an epithelial marker? Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:4064-4073. [PMID: 26097594 PMCID: PMC4466981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and phosphorylated GSK3β at Ser9 (pS9GSK3β) are crucial in cellular proliferation and metabolism. GSK3β and pS9GSK3β are deregulated in many diseases including tumors. Data on altered expression of GSK3β and pS9GSK3β are mainly limited to tumor tissues, thus the expression of GSK3β and pS9GSK3β in normal human tissue has been largely unknown. Thus, we examined the immunohistochemical localization of GSK3β and pS9GSK3β in human fetal and adult tissues, and also compared the expression pattern of GSK3β and pS9GSK3β with that of the CK7 and CK20. We found GSK3β expression in neurons of brain, myenteric plexus in gastrointestinal tract, squamous epithelium of skin, and mammary gland. The expression of pS9GSK3β was restricted to the epithelial cells of breast and pancreaticobiliary duct, distal nephron of kidney, gastrointestinal tract, fallopian tube, epididymis, secretory cell of prostatic gland, and umbrella cell of urinary tract. The staining pattern of pS9GSK3β and CK7 was overlapped in most organs except for gastrointestinal tract where CK7 was negative and CK20 was positive. Our results show that the expression of GSK3β may be associated with differentiation of ectodermal derived tissues and pS9GSK3β with that of epithelial cells of endodermal derived tissues in human. In addition, the expression of pS9GSK3β in the selective epithelial cells may indicate its association with secretory or barrier function of specific cells and may serve as another immunohistochemical marker for epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Jae Y Ro
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityHouston, Texas, USA
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309
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Abstract
Human hair keratins are readily available, easy to extract, and eco-friendly materials with natural bioactivities. Keratin-based materials have been studied for applications such as cell culture substrates, internal hemostats for liver injury, and conduits for peripheral nerve repair. However, there are limited reports of using keratin-based 3D scaffolds for cell culture in vitro. Here, we describe the development of a 3D hair keratin hydrogel, which allows for living cell encapsulation under near physiological conditions. The convenience of making the hydrogels from keratin solutions in a simple and controllable manner is demonstrated, giving rise to constructs with tunable physical properties. This keratin hydrogel is comparable to collagen hydrogels in supporting the viability and proliferation of L929 murine fibroblasts. Notably, the keratin hydrogels contract less significantly as compared to the collagen hydrogels, over a 16-day culture period. In addition, preliminary in vivo studies in immunocompetent animals show mild acute host tissue response. These results collectively demonstrate the potential of cell-loaded keratin hydrogels as 3D cell culture systems, which may be developed for clinically relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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310
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Fan M, Dettman DL. Hydrogen isotope measurement of bird feather keratin, one laboratory's response to evolving methodologies. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2014; 51:214-230. [PMID: 25358407 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.969256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen in organic tissue resides in a complex mixture of molecular contexts. Some hydrogen, called non-exchangeable (H(non)), is strongly bound, and its isotopic ratio is fixed when the tissue is synthesized. Other pools of hydrogen, called exchangeable hydrogen (H(ex)), constantly exchange with ambient water vapor. The measurement of the δ(2)H(non) in organic tissues such as hair or feather therefore requires an analytical process that accounts for exchangeable hydrogen. In this study, swan feather and sheep wool keratin were used to test the effects of sample drying and capsule closure on the measurement of δ(2)H(non) values, and the rate of back-reaction with ambient water vapor. Homogenous feather or wool keratins were also calibrated at room temperature for use as control standards to correct for the effects of exchangeable hydrogen on feathers. Total δ(2)H values of both feather and wool samples showed large changes throughout the first ∼6 h of drying. Desiccant plus low vacuum seems to be more effective than room temperature vacuum pumping for drying samples. The degree of capsule closure affects exchangeable hydrogen equilibration and drying, with closed capsules responding more slowly. Using one control keratin standard to correct for the δ(2)H(ex) value for a batch of samples leads to internally consistent δ(2)H(non) values for other calibrated keratins run as unknowns. When placed in the context of other recent improvements in the measurement of keratin δ(2)H(non) values, we make recommendations for sample handing, data calibration and the reporting of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majie Fan
- a Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX , USA
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311
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Wimsatt J, Feldman SH, Heffron M, Hammond M, Ruehling MPR, Grayson KL, Mitchell JC. Detection of pathogenic Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis using water filtration, animal and bait testing. Zoo Biol 2014; 33:577-85. [PMID: 25231013 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) can be challenging to detect at endangered amphibian reintroduction sites. Pre-release Bd detection can be confounded by imperfect animal sampling and the absence of animals. In Study 1, we used historical Bd-positive sites, to concurrently evaluate water filtrates and mouth bar (tadpoles) or skin swab (caudates) samples for Bd using molecular beacon realtime PCR. In Study 2, during a natural outbreak, we used PCR to detect Bd from zoospore-attracting keratin baits (three avian, three snake species). In Study 1, no captured animals (n=116) exhibited clinical signs, although 10.6% were positive, representing three of seven species sampled. In contrast, 5.4% of water filters (n=56) were Bd-positive. In Study 2, after short incubation times, a single duck down feather tested Bd-positive. In conclusion, Bd was detected in asymptomatic amphibians and water filtrate at two sites, and from water only, at two other sites. With continued refinement, semi-quantitative Bd water filtrate screening could better define zoospore-specific disease risk, allowing better characterization of the free-living phase of the organism's life cycle. Finally, these results suggest wild aquatic birds (e.g., waterfowl) should be systematically explored as a means of Bd spread. Since large numbers of aquatic birds migrate, even low Bd transfer rates could be a significant means for disease dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Wimsatt
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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312
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Xu H, Shi Z, Reddy N, Yang Y. Intrinsically water-stable keratin nanoparticles and their in vivo biodistribution for targeted delivery. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:9145-9150. [PMID: 25174826 DOI: 10.1021/jf502242h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly water-stable nanoparticles of around 70 nm and capable of distributing with high uptake in certain organs of mice were developed from feather keratin. Nanoparticles could provide novel veterinary diagnostics and therapeutics to boost efficiency in identification and treatment of livestock diseases to improve protein supply and ensure safety and quality of food. Nanoparticles could penetrate easily into cells and small capillaries, surpass detection of the immune system, and reach targeted organs because of their nanoscale sizes. Proteins with positive and negative charges and hydrophobic domains enable loading of various types of drugs and, hence, are advantageous over synthetic polymers and carbohydrates for drug delivery. In this research, the highly cross-linked keratin was processed into nanoparticles with diameters of 70 nm under mild conditions. Keratin nanoparticles were found supportive to cell growth via an in vitro study and highly stable after stored in physiological environments for up to 7 days. At 4 days after injection, up to 18% of the cells in kidneys and 4% of the cells in liver of mice were penetrated by the keratin nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helan Xu
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, and ∥Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , 234 Home Economics Building, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0802, United States
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313
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Ota T, Takekoshi S, Takagi T, Kitatani K, Toriumi K, Kojima T, Kato M, Ikoma N, Mabuchi T, Ozawa A. Notch signaling may be involved in the abnormal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes in psoriasis. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:175-83. [PMID: 25392571 PMCID: PMC4164705 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of each keratin isoform differs among epidermal layers. Proliferating basal cells synthesize keratin 14 (K14) and suprabasal cells express keratin 10 (K10) in normal skin. Notch signaling is essential for keratinocyte differentiation. Notch1 is expressed in all epidermal layers, Notch2 in the basal cell layer and Notch3 in basal cell and spinous cell layers in normal epidermis. It has been poorly elucidated how localization and expression levels of Notch molecules are related to epidermal molecular markers K10 and K14 in psoriatic skin with abnormal differentiation of epidermal tissue. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between abnormal differentiation of epidermal cells in psoriatic skin and expression of Notch molecules. We investigated keratins (K14 and K10) and Notches (1, 2, 3 and 4) using immunohistochemistry in psoriatic skin (n=30) and normal skin (n=10). In normal skin, K14 and K10 were discretely observed in the basal cell layer and suprabasal layer, respectively. In psoriatic skin, K14 was expressed in the pan epidermal layer while it and K10 were co-expressed in some middle suprabasal layer cells. Notch1, 2, 3, and 4 localized in all epidermal layers in normal skin. In psoriatic skin, Notch1, 2, and 4 mainly localized in suprabasilar layers and Notch3 is lacalized in pan epidermal, suprabasilar, and basilar layers. Protein and mRNA of Notch1, 2, and 3 isoforms decreased in psoriatic epidermis compared with normal epidermis. These data suggest that decrements in these Notch molecules might cause aberrant expression of K10 and K14 leading to anomalous differentiation of the epidermis in psoriatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tami Ota
- Department of Dermatology, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Susumu Takekoshi
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Kanae Kitatani
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Kentaro Toriumi
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Tomoko Kojima
- Department of Dermatology, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Masayuki Kato
- Department of Dermatology, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Norihiro Ikoma
- Department of Dermatology, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | | | - Akira Ozawa
- Department of Dermatology, Tokai University School of Medicine
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314
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Ng CS, Wu P, Fan WL, Yan J, Chen CK, Lai YT, Wu SM, Mao CT, Chen JJ, Lu MYJ, Ho MR, Widelitz RB, Chen CF, Chuong CM, Li WH. Genomic organization, transcriptomic analysis, and functional characterization of avian α- and β- keratins in diverse feather forms. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2258-73. [PMID: 25152353 PMCID: PMC4202321 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Feathers are hallmark avian integument appendages, although they were also present on theropods. They are composed of flexible corneous materials made of α- and β-keratins, but their genomic organization and their functional roles in feathers have not been well studied. First, we made an exhaustive search of α- and β-keratin genes in the new chicken genome assembly (Galgal4). Then, using transcriptomic analysis, we studied α- and β-keratin gene expression patterns in five types of feather epidermis. The expression patterns of β-keratin genes were different in different feather types, whereas those of α-keratin genes were less variable. In addition, we obtained extensive α- and β-keratin mRNA in situ hybridization data, showing that α-keratins and β-keratins are preferentially expressed in different parts of the feather components. Together, our data suggest that feather morphological and structural diversity can largely be attributed to differential combinations of α- and β-keratin genes in different intrafeather regions and/or feather types from different body parts. The expression profiles provide new insights into the evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers. Finally, functional analysis using mutant chicken keratin forms based on those found in the human α-keratin mutation database led to abnormal phenotypes. This demonstrates that the chicken can be a convenient model for studying the molecular biology of human keratin-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Siang Ng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Wen-Lang Fan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, China
| | - Chih-Kuan Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Man Wu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Mao
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Molecular Biology of Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jie Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yeh Jade Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ru Ho
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago
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315
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Boga C, Taddei P, Micheletti G, Ascari F, Ballarin B, Morigi M, Galli S. Formaldehyde replacement with glyoxylic acid in semipermanent hair straightening: a new and multidisciplinary investigation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:459-70. [PMID: 24962464 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Formaldehyde is an effective and popular semipermanent hair straightener, but the severe consequences for human health due to its toxicity have prompted the search for safer alternatives. Different carbonyl compounds, including glyoxylic acid, have recently been proposed as promising candidates. Despite the interest in this topic, there is a lack of information about the interactions between hair keratin and straightener agents. This study addresses this issue to gain new insights useful in the development of new products for safe, semipermanent hair deformation. METHODS The possible reactions occurring between carbonyl groups and nucleophilic sites on amino acid residues belonging to the keratin were investigated using as model compounds some aldehydes and amino acid derivatives. Raman and IR analyses on yak hair subjected to the straightening treatment with glyoxylic acid in different conditions were carried out. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were carried out on yak and curly human hair after each step of the straightening procedure. RESULTS The reactions between aldehydes and N-α-acetyl-L-lysine revealed the importance of the carbonyl electrophilicity and temperature to form imines. Raman and IR analyses on yak hair subjected to the straightening treatment evidenced rearrangements in the secondary structure distribution, conformational changes to the disulphide bridges, a decrease of the serine residues and formation of imines. It was also indicated that straightening produced major conformational rearrangements within the hair fibre rather than on the cuticle. CONCLUSION This investigation revealed the role played by the electrophilicity of the carbonyl on the straightener agent and of the temperature, closely related to the dehydration process. Raman and IR studies indicated the involvement of imine bonds and the occurrence of a sequence of conformational modifications during the straightening procedure. SEM analyses showed the effectiveness of the treatment at the cuticular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boga
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum- University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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316
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Chen YH, Lee YT, Wen CC, Chen YC, Chen YJ. Modeling pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-induced hand-foot syndrome and intestinal mucositis in zebrafish. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1169-75. [PMID: 25061318 PMCID: PMC4085292 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s63785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) has been widely used to treat cancer. The adverse effects of PLD noted in clinical practice, especially hand-foot syndrome (HFS), are regarded as unique, and the management methods for them remain limited. This study was aimed at developing a feasible experimental model for translational medicine to solve this clinical issue by using skin fluorescent transgenic zebrafish. We established an optimal protocol for the administration of Lipo-Dox™, a PLD in current clinical use, to the Tg(k18:dsred) zebrafish line expressing red fluorescence in keratinocytes. We made use of bodyweight, survival rate, gross observation, flssuorescent microscopic assessment, and pathological examination of the zebrafish to assess this model. The consecutive administration protocol of PLD resulted in growth retardation of the zebrafish embryo and survival impairment, indicating establishment of a significant toxicity. We observed fin necrosis and keratinocyte dissociation phenotypes in the PLD-treated fish after consecutive administration. The skin toxicity induced by the Lipo-Dox injection was subsequently reversible, which might be compatible with a clinical course of skin recovery after discontinuation of Lipo-Dox administration. Furthermore, we found that the number of intestinal goblet cells, an important marker of intestinal inflammation, in the Lipo-Dox-injected zebrafish was markedly increased, accompanied by impaired mucosal integrity. The intestinal inflammation induced by Lipo-Dox resembled the intestinal mucositis the clinical patients suffered from after the administration of PLD. In conclusion, we established a zebrafish model for PLD-induced HFS. The intestinal mucositis simultaneously noted in the PLD-treated zebrafish validated the similarity of clinical courses after administration of PLD. This model is easily assessable, efficient, and worthy for use in developing a new therapeutic protocol for prevention or treatment of HFS as well as intestinal mucositis. Further clinical investigations to validate the correlation between human and zebrafish data are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Wen
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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317
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Qian H, Xu X. Reduction in DNA methyltransferases and alteration of DNA methylation pattern associate with mouse skin ageing. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:357-9. [PMID: 24645644 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding molecular mechanisms of skin ageing is critical for developing effective anti-ageing strategies. Recently, it has been suggested that epigenetics maybe be involved in tissue ageing and age-related diseases; however, the evidence regarding skin ageing has been very limited. We ran a pilot study in mouse skin to test whether DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), DNA demethylases such as ten-eleven translocation enzymes (Tets) and DNA methylation of gene promoters change with age by quantitative RT-PCR and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP)-chip. We discovered that the expression of Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b and Tet2 declines significantly with skin ageing. The genome-wide DNA methylation analysis indicates that both hypermethylation and hypomethylation in promoters of genes are taken place. Functional category of those genes suggests that inhibition of cell proliferation and activation of immune response are important adaptations likely induced by skin ageing. These findings shed new light on epigenetic regulation of skin ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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318
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Moravcová M, Libra A, Dvořáková J, Víšková A, Muthný T, Velebný V, Kubala L. Modulation of keratin 1, 10 and involucrin expression as part of the complex response of the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT to ultraviolet radiation. Interdiscip Toxicol 2013; 6:203-8. [PMID: 24678259 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2013-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light evokes a complex stress response in keratinocytes. Keratin filament organization provides structural stability and mechanical integrity of keratinocytes. Involucrin is a transglutaminase substrate protein contributing to the formation of insoluble cornified envelopes. However, a more complex role for keratins and involucrin has been proposed, including the regulation of cell stress response. The aim was to evaluate modulations of keratin 1, 10 and involucrin expression in HaCaT in the light of the complex response of these cells to UV-B radiation, including effects on c-Jun and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) gene expression and production of interleukin (IL) 6 and 8. A UV-B (300±5 nm) dose of 10 mJ/cm2 was selected since this dose resulted in a partial decrease in cell viability in contrast to higher UV-B doses, which induced complete cell death 48 h after treatment. The UV-B radiation induced significant expression of keratin 1 and 10 and decreased expression of involucrin. This was accompanied by increased expression of c-Jun and MMP-1 and IL-6 and IL-8 production. The data suggest that the expression of keratin 1, 10 and involucrin is modulated in HaCaT keratinocytes as a part of the complex stress response to UV radiation.
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319
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Rosendahl C, Cameron A, Tschandl P, Bulinska A, Zalaudek I, Kittler H. Prediction without Pigment: a decision algorithm for non-pigmented skin malignancy. Dermatol Pract Concept 2014; 4:59-66. [PMID: 24520516 PMCID: PMC3919842 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0401a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are several published comprehensive stepwise algorithmic methods for diagnosing pigmented skin malignancy, only limited material has been published for the stepwise assessment of non-pigmented lesions. We present a method based on pattern analysis, with a stepwise assessment, first, for ulceration, second, for white clues (defined as white lines, or in the case of a raised lesion any of the keratin clues: dermatoscopic white circles, dermatoscopic white structureless areas or surface keratin), and third, if no ulceration or white clues are present, proceed to vessel pattern analysis. This is a novel method, and apart from the assessment of white clues in raised lesions, it has not been formally tested. The priority of keratin clues in raised lesions over vessel pattern analysis has, however, been verified. It is conceded that this method is less specific than methods which have clues of pigmented structures, and accepting these limitations, Prediction without Pigment is a decision algorithm intended to guide the clinician in the decision as to whether to perform a biopsy rather than consistently leading to a specific diagnosis. Reaching a more specific diagnosis at the end of our flowchart can be achieved by weighing of clues both clinical and dermatoscopic, and that ability can be expected to improve with both knowledge and experience, but no diagnostic method, including this one, can be 100% sensitive in diagnosing malignancy, in particular, melanoma. Taking these limitations into account, any non-pigmented lesion, regardless of pattern analysis, which is raised and firm (nodular) and for which a confident, specific benign diagnosis cannot be made, should be excised to exclude the nodular variant of amelanotic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Cameron
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Philipp Tschandl
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Agata Bulinska
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Iris Zalaudek
- Division of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Skin Cancer Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Harald Kittler
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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320
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Batalla A, de la Torre C. Circumscribed plantar hypokeratosis responding to topical calcipotriol. J Dermatol Case Rep 2014; 7:129-31. [PMID: 24421867 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2013.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circumscribed palmar or plantar hypokeratosis defines a benign condition clinically presented as a well-defined depressed area on the skin. It is characterized by a peculiar histopathological picture with the abrupt thinning of the horny layer of the epidermis. MAIN OBSERVATIONS We present a case of a 17-year-old man, who presented with a one-year history of an occasionally painful lesion on his right sole. The diagnosis of circumscribed plantar hypokeratosis was confirmed by histopathology. The lesion was successfully treated with calcipotriol ointment. CONCLUSIONS Circumscribed palmar or plantar hypokeratosis is a benign condition that typically affects the hands. Different therapeutic approaches have been unsuccessful. In our patient the lesion was at a less frequent plantar location and the lesion responded to topical calcipotriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Batalla
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, Spain
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321
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Bordeleau F, Alcoser TA, Reinhart-King CA. Physical biology in cancer. 5. The rocky road of metastasis: the role of cytoskeletal mechanics in cell migratory response to 3D matrix topography. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C110-20. [PMID: 24196535 PMCID: PMC3919983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00283.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a milieu of heterogeneous architectural features that affect tumor growth and metastatic invasion. Pore size, density, stiffness, and fiber architecture change dramatically from location to location throughout the tumor matrix. While many studies have addressed the effects of two-dimensional extracellular matrix structure and composition on cell migration, less is known about how cancer cells navigate complex, heterogeneous three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments. Mechanical structures such as actin and keratin, part of the cytoskeletal framework, and lamins, part of the nucleoskeletal framework, play a key role in migration and are altered during cancer progression. Recent evidence suggests that these changes in cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal structures may enable cancer cells to efficiently respond to features such as pore size and stiffness to invade and migrate. Here we discuss the role of cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton in the ability of cells to navigate and respond to 3D matrix features and heterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Bordeleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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322
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Saghizadeh M, Epifantseva I, Hemmati DM, Ghiam CA, Brunken WJ, Ljubimov AV. Enhanced wound healing, kinase and stem cell marker expression in diabetic organ-cultured human corneas upon MMP-10 and cathepsin F gene silencing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:8172-80. [PMID: 24255036 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic corneas overexpress proteinases including matrix metalloproteinase-10 (M10) and cathepsin F (CF). Our purpose was to assess if silencing M10 and CF in organ-cultured diabetic corneas using recombinant adenovirus (rAV)-driven small hairpin RNA (rAV-sh) would normalize slow wound healing, and diabetic and stem cell marker expression. METHODS Sixteen pairs of organ-cultured autopsy human diabetic corneas (four per group) were treated with rAV-sh. Proteinase genes were silenced either separately, together, or both, in combination (Combo) with rAV-driven c-met gene overexpression. Fellow control corneas received rAV-EGFP. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed small hairpin RNA (shRNA) silencing effect. Ten days after transfection, 5-mm epithelial wounds were made with n-heptanol and healing time recorded. Diabetic, signaling, and putative stem cell markers were studied by immunofluorescence of corneal cryostat sections. RESULTS Proteinase silencing reduced epithelial wound healing time versus rAV-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) control (23% for rAV-shM10, 31% for rAV-shCF, and 36% for rAV-shM10 + rAV-shCF). Combo treatment was even more efficient (55% reduction). Staining patterns of diabetic markers (α₃β₁ integrin and nidogen-1), and of activated epidermal growth factor receptor and its signaling target activated Akt were normalized upon rAV-sh treatment. Combo treatment also restored normal staining for activated p38. All treatments, especially the combined ones, increased diabetes-altered staining for putative limbal stem cell markers, ΔNp63α, ABCG2, keratins 15 and 17, and laminin γ3 chain. CONCLUSIONS Small hairpin RNA silencing of proteinases overexpressed in diabetic corneas enhanced corneal epithelial and stem cell marker staining and accelerated wound healing. Combined therapy with c-met overexpression was even more efficient. Specific corneal gene therapy has a potential for treating diabetic keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh
- Eye Program, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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323
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Davidson A, Jina NH, Marsh C, Than M, Simcock JW. Do functional keratin dressings accelerate epithelialization in human partial thickness wounds? A randomized controlled trial on skin graft donor sites. Eplasty 2013; 13:e45. [PMID: 24058716 PMCID: PMC3767044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the experimental (keratin-based) dressing accelerates epithelialization rates during healing of partial-thickness wounds, relative to a Standard Care dressing. METHOD A randomized control trial was conducted using a Standard Care dressing side by side with the experimental dressing on a sample (n=26) of partial-thickness donor site wounds. The proximal/distal placement of the control and treatment was randomized. Percentage epithelialization after approximately 7 days was estimated from which time to fully epithelialize can be inferred. Patients were grouped into "young" (≤50 y/o) and "old" (>50 y/o). RESULTS For the "old" patients (n=15), the median epithelialization percentage at 7 days is 5% and was significantly (P=.023) greater for the experimental dressing. For the "young" patients (n=11), the median epithelialization percentage at 7 days was 80% and there is no significant difference between the experimental and Standard Care control dressings. CONCLUSIONS The experimental dressing significantly increases the rate of epithelialization of acute, traumatic partial-thickness wounds in older patients. We suggest that the dressing may be clinically useful in similar situations where epithelialization may be delayed because of patient or wound characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Davidson
- aDepartments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N. Hamesh Jina
- aDepartments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Clive Marsh
- cDepartments of Keraplast Research LLC, Christchurch, New Zealand,Correspondence:
| | - Martin Than
- bDepartments of Emergency Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jeremy W. Simcock
- aDepartments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Christchurch, New Zealand
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324
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Liu XY, Chen J, Zhou Q, Wu J, Zhang XL, Wang L, Qin XY. In vitro tissue engineering of lamellar cornea using human amniotic epithelial cells and rabbit cornea stroma. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:425-9. [PMID: 23991372 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To reconstruct the lamellar cornea using human amniotic epithelial (HAE) cells and rabbit cornea stroma in vitro using tissue engineering technology. METHODS Human amnia taken from uncomplicated caesarean sections were digested by collagenase to obtain HAE cells, and the cells were cultured to proliferate. Rabbit corneal epithelial cells were removed by n-heptanol to make lamellar matrix sheets. The second passage of HAE cells were cultured on the corneal stroma sheets for 1 or 2 days, then transferred to an air-liquid interface environment to culture for 2 weeks. Tissue engineered lamellar cornea (TELC) morphology was observed by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining; its ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); corneal epithelial cell-specific keratin 3 and keratin 12 were detected with immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS HAE cells grew on the rabbit corneal stroma, forming a monolayer after 1-2 days. About 4-5 layers of epithelial cells developed after 2 weeks of air-liquid interface cultivation, a result similar to normal corneal epithelium. Rabbit corneal stromal cells were significantly reduced after one week, then almost completely disappeared after 2 weeks. TEM showed desmosomes between the epithelial cells; hemidesmosomes formed between the epithelial cells and the basement membrane. SEM revealed that the HAE cells which grew on the lamellar cornea had abundant microvilli. The tissue-engineered cornea expressed keratin 3 and keratin 12, as detected by immunofluorescence assay. CONCLUSION Functional tissue-engineered lamellar corneal grafts can be constructed in vitro using HAE cells and rabbit corneal stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
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325
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Donetti E, Gualerzi A, Sardella A, Lodi G, Carrassi A, Sforza C. Alendronate impairs epithelial adhesion, differentiation and proliferation in human oral mucosa. Oral Dis 2013; 20:466-72. [PMID: 23837876 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at evaluating from a morphological point of view the effects of alendronate (ALN), a widely used nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate for the chronic treatment of osteoporosis, on the oral epithelium of healthy keratinized human oral mucosa. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is a well-known severe consequence, but the effects during chronic therapy on the oral soft tissues are still matter of debate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six women over 60 year-old undergoing treatment of osteoporosis with 70 mg per week of oral ALN (lasting at least 2 years) were recruited and compared with a gender and age-matched group (n = 6). Proliferation, apoptosis, intercellular adhesion and terminal differentiation (TD) were investigated by immunofluorescence. In parallel, ultrastructural analysis was carried out. RESULTS By immunofluorescence, a statistically significant decrease in keratinocyte proliferation was detected in the oral epithelium of the ALN group without any sign of apoptosis, but accompanied by a reduction in desmoglein 1 and keratin 10 expressions. In the uppermost layers of the oral epithelium of the ALN group, thin desmosomes were visible by transmission electron microscopy. CONCLUSION Our results show that epithelial adhesion, TD and proliferation are affected by ALN therapeutic doses in clinically healthy human oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Donetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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326
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Buyl K, De Kock J, Najar M, Lagneaux L, Branson S, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T. Characterization of hepatic markers in human Wharton's Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:113-9. [PMID: 23820183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell technology could offer a unique tool to develop human-based in vitro liver models that are applicable for testing of potential liver toxicity early during drug development. In this context, recent research has indicated that human Wharton's Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJs) represent an interesting stem cell population to develop human hepatocyte-like cells. Here, an in-depth analysis of the expression of liver-specific transcription factors and other key hepatic markers in hWJs is evaluated at both the mRNA and protein level. Our results reveal that transcription factors that are mandatory to acquire and maintain an adult hepatic phenotype (HNF4A and HNF1A), as well as adult hepatic markers (ALB, CX32, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4) are not expressed in hWJs with the exception of K18. On the contrary, transcription factors involved in liver development (GATA4, GATA6, SOX9 and SOX17) and liver progenitor markers (DKK1, DPP4, DSG2, CX43 and K19) were found to be highly expressed in hWJs. These findings provide additional indication that hWJs could be a promising stem cell source to generate hepatocyte-like cells necessary for the development of a functional human-based in vitro liver model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Buyl
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Honma Y, Harada M. Sorafenib enhances proteasome inhibitor-mediated cytotoxicity via inhibition of unfolded protein response and keratin phosphorylation. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2166-78. [PMID: 23727131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly resistant to conventional systemic therapies and prognosis for advanced HCC patients remains poor. Recent studies of the molecular mechanisms responsible for tumor initiation and progression have identified several potential molecular targets in HCC. Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor shown to have survival benefits in advanced HCC. It acts by inhibiting the serine/threonine kinases and the receptor type tyrosine kinases. In preclinical experiments sorafenib had anti-proliferative activity in hepatoma cells and it reduced tumor angiogenesis and increased apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the cytotoxic mechanisms of sorafenib include its inhibitory effects on protein ubiquitination, unfolded protein response (UPR) and keratin phosphorylation in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Moreover, we show that combined treatment with sorafenib and proteasome inhibitors (PIs) synergistically induced a marked increase in cell death in hepatoma- and hepatocyte-derived cells. These observations may open the way to potentially interesting treatment combinations that may augment the effect of sorafenib, possibly including drugs that promote ER stress. Because sorafenib blocked the cellular defense mechanisms against hepatotoxic injury not only in hepatoma cells but also in hepatocyte-derived cells, we must be careful to avoid severe liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Honma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
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328
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Wu J, Lin Y, Xu W, Li Z, Fan W. A mutation in the type II hair keratin KRT86 gene in a Han family with monilethrix. J Biomed Res 2013; 25:49-55. [PMID: 23554671 PMCID: PMC3596676 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(11)60006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monilethrix, a congenital disease of hair, is usually associated with mutations in keratin genes, like KRT81, KRT83 and KRT86. We conducted this study to investigate the mutation of type II human basic hair keratin hHb/KRT gene in a Han family with monilethrix and obtain information for potential pathogenic mechanism study of monilethrix. Peripheral blood samples were drawn for genomic DNA detection. Exon 1 and exon 7 of the KRT81, KRT83 and KRT86 genes were amplified by PCR. All PCR products were sequenced directly using an ABI 310 DNA sequencer. These sequences were aligned with the standard sequences in GenBank using the BLAST software. PCR products were digested with restriction endonuclease and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed. In this study, we identified one novel mutation, which is a heterozygous transitional mutation of G→A at position 1,289 in exon 7 of the KRT86 gene [R430Q (KRT86)]. RFLP assays for the novel mutation excluded the possibility of polymorphism. The R430Q mutation of the KRT86 gene may be pathogenic for monilethrix. Meanwhile, we did not find any novel mutation or recurrent mutation in exons 1 and 7 of KRT81 and KRT83 and exon 1 of KRT86. There is a potential pathogenic gene in the subjects and our results expand the spectrum of mutations in the hHb6 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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329
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Abstract
Morgellons disease is an emerging skin disease characterized by formation of dermal filaments associated with multisystemic symptoms and tick-borne illness. Some clinicians hypothesize that these often colorful dermal filaments are textile fibers, either self-implanted by patients or accidentally adhering to lesions, and conclude that patients with this disease have delusions of infestation. We present histological observations and electron microscopic imaging from representative Morgellons disease samples revealing that dermal filaments in these cases are keratin and collagen in composition and result from proliferation and activation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in the epidermis. Spirochetes were detected in the dermatological specimens from our study patients, providing evidence that Morgellons disease is associated with an infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Mayne
- International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas G Kahn
- Department of Pathology, Olive View–UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
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330
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Abstract
Keratin is an important protein used for wound healing and tissue recovery. In this study, keratin was first extracted from raw materials and chemically modified to obtain stable keratin (m-keratin). The raw and m-keratin were examined by Raman spectroscopy. The molecular weight of the m-keratin was analysed by SDS-PAGE. The m-keratin was then blended with poly(hydroxybutylate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and electrospun to afford nanofibrous mats. These mats were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). From the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) data, it was found that introduction of keratin enhanced cell proliferation. From wound-healing test and histological examination results, it was shown that the composite mats accelerated wound recovery remarkably as compared to the PHBV control. It was concluded that PHBV-keratin may be a good candidate as a wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yuan
- Department of Polymer Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Geng
- Department of Polymer Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Zhicai Xing
- Department of Polymer Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Shim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Insook Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Chul Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Inn-Kyu Kang
- Department of Polymer Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jian Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, People's Republic of China
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331
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Soons J, Herrel A, Genbrugge A, Adriaens D, Aerts P, Dirckx J. Multi-layered bird beaks: a finite-element approach towards the role of keratin in stress dissipation. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:1787-96. [PMID: 22337628 PMCID: PMC3385763 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bird beaks are layered structures, which contain a bony core and an outer keratin layer. The elastic moduli of this bone and keratin were obtained in a previous study. However, the mechanical role and interaction of both materials in stress dissipation during seed crushing remain unknown. In this paper, a multi-layered finite-element (FE) model of the Java finch's upper beak (Padda oryzivora) is established. Validation measurements are conducted using in vivo bite forces and by comparing the displacements with those obtained by digital speckle pattern interferometry. Next, the Young modulus of bone and keratin in this FE model was optimized in order to obtain the smallest peak von Mises stress in the upper beak. To do so, we created a surrogate model, which also allows us to study the impact of changing material properties of both tissues on the peak stresses. The theoretically best values for both moduli in the Java finch are retrieved and correspond well with previous experimentally obtained values, suggesting that material properties are tuned to the mechanical demands imposed during seed crushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Soons
- Laboratory of Biomedical Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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332
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Abstract
Proteases that act at room temperature upon proteins in the sample buffer prior to heating, cleavage of the Asp-Pro bond upon prolonged heating of proteins at high temperatures, contamination of sample or sample buffer with keratin, leaching of chemicals from disposable plasticware, contamination of urea with ammonium cyanate are some subtle artifacts that can have significant deleterious effects on carefully planned and executed experiments. In addition, researchers are culpable of committing mistakes with respect to (a) calculating the cross-linking factor of a gel, (b) polymerization temperature and time for a polyacrylamide gel, (c) inducing aggregates in samples for electrophoresis, (d) titrating the running buffer in electrophoresis, (e) proper sample preparation, (f) amount of protein to be loaded on a gel, (g) sample buffer-to-protein ratios, (h) incompletely removing phosphate buffered saline from cells prior to cell lysis and (i) overfocusing of IPG strip in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Taking proper heed to all these factors can greatly help generate perfect experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji T Kurien
- Department of Veterans Affairs, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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333
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Abstract
The concept of bioprospecting for bioactive peptides from keratin-containing materials such as wool, hair, skin and feathers presents an exciting opportunity for discovery of novel functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals, while value-adding to cheap and plentiful natural sources. The published literature reports multiple examples of proline-rich peptides with productive bio-activity in models of human disease including tumour formation, hypertension control and Alzheimer’s disease. Bioactive peptides have been identified from food and other protein sources however the bioactivity of keratin-related proteins and peptides is largely unknown. Considering the high representation of proline-rich peptides among proven bioactive peptides, the proline-rich character of keratinous proteins supports current research. A selection of mammalian (cow epidermis, sheep wool) and avian (chicken feather) keratinous materials were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using established processing methods. A bio-assay of determining inhibition of early stage amyloid aggregation involved using a model fibril-forming protein – reduced and carboxymethylated bovine K-casein (RCMk-CN) and quantitation of fibril development with the amyloid-specific fluorophore, Thioflavin T (ThT). The assay was fully validated for analytical repeatability and used together with appropriate positive controls. Peptide library products derived from chicken feather (n=9), sheep wool (n=9) and bovine epidermis (n=9) were screened in the fibril inhibition assay based on K-casein. 3 of 27 products exhibited interesting levels of bio-activity with regard to fibril inhibition. HPLC profiles provide an indication of the complexity of the assemblage of peptides in the three active products. We conclude the bioprospecting research using keratinous materials shows promise for discovery of useful bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne 3065, Australia 5005
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334
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Abstract
India is known for its rich biodiversity, with a wide variety of wild floral and faunal species. This wildlife treasure of ours faces the threat of extinction due to rampant poaching and illegal trade. With most of the wildlife offence cases related to mammals having hair as physical evidence, it becomes imperative to use this evidence in the best possible way for wildlife crime investigation. We discuss the value of hair evidence with special reference to species characterization/identification using microscopic hair characteristics, keratin patterns, and mitochondrial DNA typing. The relevance of the techniques with respect to Indian scenario is specially taken care of and microscopic hair characteristics of one of the highly endangered species along with its keratin pattern are described. Finally, the use of mitochondrial DNA for species identification is also discussed.
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335
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Abstract
Vitamin A and its natural and synthetic metabolites (retinoids) affect growth and differentiation of human skin and among the genes affected by retinoids in epidermis are keratin genes. Keratins are intermediate filament proteins that have essential functions in maintaining the structural integrity of epidermis and its appendages. Their expressions are under strict control to produce keratins that are optimally adapted to their environment. In this article, retinoid regulation of keratin expression in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes and in human skin in vivo will be reviewed. The direct and indirect mechanisms involved will be discussed and novel therapeutic strategies will be proposed for utilizing retinoids in skin disorders due to keratin mutations (e.g., epidermolysis bullosa simplex and epidermolytic ichthyosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Törmä
- Department of Medical Sciences/Dermatology; Uppsala University; Uppsala, Sweden
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336
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Wiche G, Winter L. Plectin isoforms as organizers of intermediate filament cytoarchitecture. Bioarchitecture 2011; 1:14-20. [PMID: 21866256 PMCID: PMC3158638 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.1.1.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) form cytoplamic and nuclear networks that provide cells with mechanical strength. Perturbation of this structural support causes cell and tissue fragility and accounts for a number of human genetic diseases. In recent years, important additional roles, nonmechanical in nature, were ascribed to IFs, including regulation of signaling pathways that control survival and growth of the cells, and vectorial processes such as protein targeting in polarized cellular settings. The cytolinker protein plectin anchors IF networks to junctional complexes, the nuclear envelope and cytoplasmic organelles and it mediates their cross talk with the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton. These functions empower plectin to wield significant influence over IF network cytoarchitecture. Moreover, the unusual diversity of plectin isoforms with different N termini and a common IF-binding (C-terminal) domain enables these isoforms to specifically associate with and thereby bridge IF networks to distinct cellular structures. Here we review the evidence for IF cytoarchitecture being controlled by specific plectin isoforms in different cell systems, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, lens fibers, lymphocytes, myocytes, keratinocytes, neurons and astrocytes, and discuss what impact the absence of these isoforms has on IF cytoarchitecture-dependent cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Max F. Perutz Laboratories; University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
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337
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Somji S, Bathula CS, Zhou XD, Sens MA, Sens DA, Garrett SH. Transformation of human urothelial cells (UROtsa) by as and cd induces the expression of keratin 6a. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:434-40. [PMID: 18414623 PMCID: PMC2291003 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium and arsenite can directly and malignantly transform the UROtsa cell line. The tumor heterotransplants produced from these transformed cells have histologic features consistent with human bladder cancer. Previous microarray analysis of total RNA from the parental and transformed cells suggested that keratin 6a was overexpressed as a result of cell transformation. OBJECTIVES Our goals were to verify overexpression of keratin 6a in Cd(2+)- and As(3+)-transformed UROtsa cells, the corresponding tumor heterotransplants, and human bladder cancer biopsy specimens and to assess what factors may be involved in keratin 6a overexpression. METHODS Expression was assessed with real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. We used the effect of addition and deletion of potential growth factors in the cell culture growth medium to assess possible pathways used in keratin 6a overexpression. RESULTS Cd(2+)- and As(3+)-transformed cells grown in serum-containing growth medium, as well as the derived tumor heterotransplants, overexpressed keratin 6a mRNA and protein compared with UROtsa cells grown in serum-containing growth medium. Immunostaining of keratin 6a in tumor heterotransplants showed focal staining of the tumor cells that was localized to the cytoplasm. Focal immunostaining of keratin 6a was also found in some but not all archival patient specimens of high-grade bladder cancer, confirming translation of the results to human bladder cancer. Studies on growth factor deletion and addition indicated that the level of keratin 6a expression was regulated by the presence of both insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF). In contrast, growth factors had no effect on the elevated levels of keratin 6a expression found in transformed UROtsa cells. CONCLUSIONS Our present studies suggest that keratin 6a expression may be a biomarker for malignant urothelial cells that possess an activated EGF and or insulin growth factor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Chandra S. Bathula
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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338
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Abstract
Cytokeratin 18 (CK18) protein was identified as an airway epithelial cell autoantigen associated with nonallergic asthma. Cleavage of CK18 protein by caspase-3 is a marker of early apoptosis in epithelial cells. It has been shown that the expression of active caspase-3 was increased in bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatic patients, when compared with healthy controls. To investigate the antigen-binding characteristics of IgG autoantibodies to CK18 protein in nonallergic asthma, the bindings of IgG autoantibodies to the fragments of CK18 protein cleaved by caspase-3 were analyzed by Western blot using serum samples from three patients with nonallergic asthma. Recombinant human CK18 protein was treated by caspase-3 and cleaved into N-terminal fragment (1-397 amino acids) and C-terminal fragment (398-430 amino acids). The binding capacity of IgG autoantibodies to N-terminal fragment of CK18 was maintained in one patient and reduced in other two patients. IgG autoantibodies from all three patients did not bind to C-terminal fragment of CK 18. In conclusion, IgG autoantibodies to CK18 protein from patients with nonallergic asthma seems to preferentially bind to the whole molecule of CK18 protein and their antigen-binding characteristics were heterogeneous among the patients with nonallergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunee Yim
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kim
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Shin
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young-Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Nahm
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
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339
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Abstract
Several studies have suggested the involvement of an autoimmune mechanism in aspirin (ASA)-intolerant asthma. To test this hypothesis, we measured the levels of circulating autoantibodies, such as IgG and IgA to tissue transglutaminase (TGase), IgG to cytokeratins (CKs) 8, 18, and 19, Clq-binding immune complex (CIC), and antinuclear antibody (ANA), in the sera of 79 patients with ASA-intolerant asthma (Group I) and those of two control groups, consisting of 61 patients with ASA-tolerant asthma (Group II) and 88 healthy control subjects (Group III) by means of ELISA. Significantly higher prevalences of IgG antibodies to CK18 (13.9%) and CK19 (17.7%) were noted in Group I, as compared with Group III (p<0.05 for all) not with Group II. Regarding the prevalences of other autoantibodies, the levels of ANA (1.3%), IgG to TGase (3.8%), and CIC (24.7%) in Group I were not significantly different from those in Groups II and III. Significant correlations were found between positivities for the anti-CK18 and anti-CK19 autoantibodies and the PC(20) methacholine values in the analysis of asthma Groups I and II vs. normal controls, (p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). Further studies are needed to explore the potential involvement of an autoantibody-mediated mechanism in the clinical manifestation of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Ye
- Department of Allergy & Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Nahm
- Department of Allergy & Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang-Ha Kim
- Department of Allergy & Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Allergy & Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hee Choi
- Department of Pulmonology & Allergy, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Allergy & Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy & Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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340
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Choi YL, Kim MK, Suh JW, Han J, Kim JH, Yang JH, Nam SJ. Immunoexpression of HBME-1, high molecular weight cyto keratin, cytokeratin 19, thyroid transcription factor-1, and E-cadherin in thyroid carcinomas. J Korean Med Sci 2005; 20:853-9. [PMID: 16224162 PMCID: PMC2779285 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2005.20.5.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the immunohistochemical alterations associated with the histological dedifferentiation of thyroid carcinomas, we performed staining for HBME-1, high molecular weight cytokeratin (HCK), CK 19, thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and E-cadherin (E-CD) on 125 various types of thyroid carcinomas. The HBME-1 staining was strong and diffuse in follicular carcinoma (FC), papillary carcinoma (PC), and poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDC), while it was rare in undifferentiated carcinoma (UC) as well as in benign lesions. Strong, diffuse staining for CK19 and HCK was predominantly found in PC, and these markers were not much found in other carcinomas. TTF-1 uniformly stained the tumor cells of all cases of PC, FC and Hurthle cell carcinoma (HC) and 42% of the PDC, while there was only focal staining in one case of the UC. Compared to the strong, diffuse reactivity in the benign lesions, E-CD staining was noted in 67% of PC, 80% of FC, 83% of HC, 58% of PDC and none of the UC. These results suggest that HBME-1 may be a marker for well-differentiated carcinomas while CK19 and HCK are phenotypic markers for papillary carcinoma. The loss or reduced expression of TTF-1 and E-CD may be markers for dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Won Suh
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joungho Han
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Division of Breast-Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Yang
- Division of Breast-Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Jin Nam
- Division of Breast-Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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341
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Abstract
Recently, the rearrangement of RET proto-oncogene has been reported to be the most common genetic change in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, its prevalence has been reported variably and its relation to clinical outcome has been controversial. The characteristic nuclear features of PTC usually render the diagnosis, but problem arises with equivocal cytologic features that are present focally. Although there remains some controversy, CK19 has been reported to be a useful ancillary tool for diagnosis of PTC. To evaluate the expression rate of RET/PTC rearrangement and CK19 in PTCs in a Korean population, we studied 115 papillary thyroid carcinomas in 3 mm-core tissue microarray based immunohistochemical analysis. The prevalence of Ret protein expression was 62.6% and the CK19 immunoreactivity was 80.9%. There was no statistically significant association between the Ret positivity and CK19 immunoreactivity, although the percent agreement of the two was relatively high. The clinicopathological variables did not correlate with the expression of Ret. In conclusion, the prevalence of Ret protein expression and its clinicopathological implications in a Korean population are not much different from those reported in previous studies. However, its detection via immunohistochemistry can be a useful diagnostic tool for diagnosing papillary thyroid carcinoma in conjunction with CK19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunah Shin
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woung Youn Chung
- Department of General Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Ick Yang
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheong Soo Park
- Department of General Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Won Hong
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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342
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Abstract
Diagnostic utility of E-cadherin (E-CD) and cytokeratin (CK) subtype profiling in effusion cytology was investigated, employing immunocytochemistry on cellblock sections available from 211 metastatic carcinomas (MC), 6 mesotheliomas and 73 reactive mesothelial hyperplasias (MH). E-CD and monoclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (mCEA) stained 85% (120/141) and 65% (138/211) of MC, respectively. E-CD staining of MC was frequently heterogeneous (76/120) and absent in all anaplastic carcinomas (0/2). E-CD stained none (0/57) of MH while mCEA and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) stained 12% (9/73) and 32% (16/32) of MH, respectively. Of 6 mesotheliomas, E-CD focally stained in 2 while mCEA stained none and EMA stained all. CK20 and CK17 stained none of MH or mesotheliomas. CK20 stained 15% of MC and CK 17 stained 22% of MC. CK5/6 and high molecular weight CK stained all mesotheliomas, 56% and 88% of MH, 26% and 39% of MC, respectively. MC showed predominant CK7+/20-expression, with the exceptions of MC from mucinous type of colon/rectum and ovary showing predominant CK20 positive. E-CD may be a useful positive marker for MC in effusion cytology, although it may focally stain in some mesotheliomas. Any positive staining for CK20 of MC suggests MC from the gastrointestinal tract or ovary among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joungho Han
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Nam
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Yang
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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343
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Abstract
The outer part of the skin, the epidermis, is specialized to protect the human body from its environment. Because of the high levels of physical stress experienced by the human hand in everyday use, the epidermis of the hand is especially toughened. In particular, the epidermis of the palm is highly specialized to resist mechanical trauma. Like the epidermis, the nails are composed of specialized epithelial cells and are especially strong. In recent years it has become apparent that the physical strength of epithelial cells comes from the keratin cytoskeleton--a dense meshwork of filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm. Keratins are a large family of intermediate filament proteins encoded by more than 50 distinct genes in humans. These different keratin genes are expressed in well-defined combinations in specific epithelial tissues. Several keratin genes are expressed in palmoplantar epidermis and in the stratified epithelia of the nail bed. Genetic mutations in these genes lead to fragility of these tissues and result in a range of genetic disorders characterized by blistering and thickening of palm and sole skin and/or nails. Study of these diseases has shed new light on the vital structural role of keratins in maintaining the integrity of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Irwin McLean
- Human Genetics Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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344
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Irvine AD, Coleman CM, Moore JE, Swensson O, Morgan SJ, McCarthy JH, Smith FJD, Black GCM, McLean WHI. A novel mutation in KRT12 associated with Meesmann's epithelial corneal dystrophy. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86:729-32. [PMID: 12084738 PMCID: PMC1771195 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.86.7.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular basis of Meesmann's epithelial corneal dystrophy (MECD) has recently been attributed to mutations in the cornea specific keratin genes KRT3 and KRT12. The mechanisms by which these mutations cause the Meesmann's phenotype are not clear. This study presents new data, examines clinical, histological, ultrastructural, and molecular aspects of MECD, and compares the features seen in this condition with those observed in other well studied keratin diseases such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex. METHODS A two generation family with typical features of Meesmann's epithelial corneal dystrophy (MECD) was studied. All family members were examined under a slit lamp. Biopsy material from elective keratoplasty was studied by histopathological and ultrastructural analysis using standard techniques. Direct automated sequencing of genomic DNA was used for mutation detection, mutations were confirmed by restriction digest analysis. RESULTS The abnormal corneal epithelium was acanthotic and contained numerous dyskeratotic cells and intraepithelial vesicles. By electron microscopy abnormally aggregated and clumped keratin filament bundles were detected in basal and suprabasal keratinocytes from the centre of the cornea. Direct sequencing of the patients' genomic DNA revealed a novel missense mutation (423T>G) in exon 1 of the cornea specific keratin 12 (KRT12) gene. This mutation predicts the amino acid change N133K within the helix initiation motif of the K12 polypeptide. Comparative studies with well established keratin disorders of other human epithelia underscore the pathogenic relevance of K3 and K12 gene mutations in Meesmann's epithelial corneal dystrophy. The morphological data presented here illustrate the disruptive effects of keratin gene mutations on the integrity of corneal keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS A clinical, histopathological, and ultrastructural study of a previously unreported family with MECD is presented. In this family the disease is ascribed to a novel mutation in KRT12. A molecular mechanism is proposed for MECD based on the comparison with other well characterised keratin diseases.
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345
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Abstract
Onset of type I keratin 17 (K17) synthesis marks the adoption of an appendageal fate within embryonic ectoderm, and its expression persists in specific cell types within mature hair, glands, and nail. We report that K17 null mice develop severe alopecia during the first week postbirth, correlating with hair fragility, alterations in follicular histology, and apoptosis in matrix cells. These alterations are incompletely penetrant and normalize starting with the first postnatal cycle. Absence of a hair phenotype correlates with a genetic strain-dependent compensation by related keratins, including K16. These findings reveal a crucial role for K17 in the structural integrity of the first hair produced and the survival of hair-producing cells. Given that identical inherited mutations in this gene can cause either pachyonychia congenita or steatocystoma multiplex, the features of this mouse model suggest that this clinical heterogeneity arises from a cell type-specific, genetically determined compensation by related keratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M McGowan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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346
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Elson DA, Thurston G, Huang LE, Ginzinger DG, McDonald DM, Johnson RS, Arbeit JM. Induction of hypervascularity without leakage or inflammation in transgenic mice overexpressing hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Genes Dev 2001; 15:2520-32. [PMID: 11581158 PMCID: PMC312791 DOI: 10.1101/gad.914801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) transactivates genes required for energy metabolism and tissue perfusion and is necessary for embryonic development and tumor explant growth. HIF-1alpha is overexpressed during carcinogenesis, myocardial infarction, and wound healing; however, the biological consequences of HIF-1alpha overexpression are unknown. Here, transgenic mice expressing constitutively active HIF-1alpha in epidermis displayed a 66% increase in dermal capillaries, a 13-fold elevation of total vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and a six- to ninefold induction of each VEGF isoform. Despite marked induction of hypervascularity, HIF-1alpha did not induce edema, inflammation, or vascular leakage, phenotypes developing in transgenic mice overexpressing VEGF cDNA in skin. Remarkably, blood vessel leakage resistance induced by HIF-1alpha overexpression was not caused by up-regulation of angiopoietin-1 or angiopoietin-2. Hypervascularity induced by HIF-1alpha could improve therapy of tissue ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Elson
- Cancer Genetics Program, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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347
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Abstract
The properties of keratin intermediate filaments (IFs) have been studied after transfection with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged K18 and/or K8 (type I/II IF proteins). GFP-K8 and -K18 become incorporated into tonofibrils, which are comprised of bundles of keratin IFs. These tonofibrils exhibit a remarkably wide range of motile and dynamic activities. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analyses show that they recover their fluorescence slowly with a recovery t(1/2) of approximately 100 min. The movements of bleach zones during recovery show that closely spaced tonofibrils (<1 microm apart) often move at different rates and in different directions. Individual tonofibrils frequently change their shapes, and in some cases these changes appear as propagated waveforms along their long axes. In addition, short fibrils, termed keratin squiggles, are seen at the cell periphery where they move mainly towards the cell center. The motile properties of keratin IFs are also compared with those of type III IFs (vimentin) in PtK2 cells. Intriguingly, the dynamic properties of keratin tonofibrils and squiggles are dramatically different from those of vimentin fibrils and squiggles within the same cytoplasmic regions. This suggests that there are different factors regulating the dynamic properties of different types of IFs within the same cytoplasmic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Han Yoon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea
| | - Miri Yoon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Robert D. Moir
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Satya Khuon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Frederick W. Flitney
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Goldman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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348
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Tamai Y, Ishikawa T, Bösl MR, Mori M, Nozaki M, Baribault H, Oshima RG, Taketo MM. Cyto keratins 8 and 19 in the mouse placental development. J Cell Biol 2000; 151:563-72. [PMID: 11062258 PMCID: PMC2185583 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.151.3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2000] [Accepted: 09/12/2000] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the expression and biological roles of cytokeratin 19 (K19) in development and in adult tissues, we inactivated the mouse K19 gene (Krt1-19) by inserting a bacterial beta-galactosidase gene (lacZ) by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, and established germ line mutant mice. Both heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice were viable, fertile, and appeared normal. By 7.5-8.0 days post coitum (dpc), heterozygous mutant embryos expressed lacZ in the notochordal plate and hindgut diverticulum, reflecting the fact that the notochord and the gut endoderm are derived from the axial mesoderm-originated cells. In the adult mutant, lacZ was expressed mainly in epithelial tissues. To investigate the possible functional cooperation and synergy between K19 and K8, we then constructed compound homozygous mutants, whose embryos died approximately 10 dpc. The lethality resulted from defects in the placenta where both K19 and K8 are normally expressed. As early as 9. 5 dpc, the compound mutant placenta had an excessive number of giant trophoblasts, but lacked proper labyrinthine trophoblast or spongiotrophoblast development, which apparently caused flooding of the maternal blood into the embryonic placenta. These results indicate that K19 and K8 cooperate in ensuring the normal development of placental tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Embryo, Mammalian/blood supply
- Embryo, Mammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Female
- Fetal Death
- Fetal Growth Retardation
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Galactosidases/genetics
- Galactosidases/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Targeting
- Genes, Reporter
- Genotype
- Germ-Line Mutation/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization
- Keratins/genetics
- Keratins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- Placenta/blood supply
- Placenta/embryology
- Placenta/metabolism
- Placenta/pathology
- Placental Circulation
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Trophoblasts/metabolism
- Trophoblasts/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tamai
- Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute (Merck), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
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349
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Wong P, Colucci-Guyon E, Takahashi K, Gu C, Babinet C, Coulombe PA. Introducing a null mutation in the mouse K6alpha and K6beta genes reveals their essential structural role in the oral mucosa. J Cell Biol 2000; 150:921-8. [PMID: 10953016 PMCID: PMC2175283 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.150.4.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomes feature multiple genes encoding highly related keratin 6 (K6) isoforms. These type II keratins show a complex regulation with constitutive and inducible components in several stratified epithelia, including the oral mucosa and skin. Two functional genes, K6alpha and K6beta, exist in a head-to-tail tandem array in mouse genomes. We inactivated these two genes simultaneously via targeting and homologous recombination. K6 null mice are viable and initially indistinguishable from their littermates. Starting at two to three days after birth, they show a growth delay associated with reduced milk intake and the presence of white plaques in the posterior region of dorsal tongue and upper palate. These regions are subjected to greater mechanical stress during suckling. Morphological analyses implicate the filiform papillae as being particularly sensitive to trauma in K6alpha/K6beta null mice, and establish the complete absence of keratin filaments in their anterior compartment. All null mice die about a week after birth. These studies demonstrate an essential structural role for K6 isoforms in the oral mucosa, and implicate filiform papillae as being the major stress bearing structures in dorsal tongue epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Wong
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Emma Colucci-Guyon
- Unité de Biologie du Développement, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Kenzo Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Changhong Gu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Charles Babinet
- Unité de Biologie du Développement, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Pierre A. Coulombe
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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350
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Su CQ, Qiu H, Zhang Y. Localization of keratin mRNA and collagen I mRNA in gastric cancer by in situ hybridization and hybridization electron microscopy. World J Gastroenterol 1999; 5:527-530. [PMID: 11819505 PMCID: PMC4688799 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v5.i6.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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