351
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Nurdin SU, Le Leu RK, Young GP, Stangoulis JCR, Christophersen CT, Abbott CA. Analysis of the Anti-Cancer Effects of Cincau Extract (Premna oblongifolia Merr) and Other Types of Non-Digestible Fibre Using Faecal Fermentation Supernatants and Caco-2 Cells as a Model of the Human Colon. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040355. [PMID: 28368356 PMCID: PMC5409694 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Green cincau (Premna oblongifolia Merr) is an Indonesian food plant with a high dietary fibre content. Research has shown that dietary fibre mixtures may be more beneficial for colorectal cancer prevention than a single dietary fibre type. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of green cincau extract on short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in anaerobic batch cultures inoculated with human faecal slurries and to compare these to results obtained using different dietary fibre types (pectin, inulin, and cellulose), singly and in combination. Furthermore, fermentation supernatants (FSs) were evaluated in Caco-2 cells for their effect on cell viability, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cincau increased total SCFA concentration by increasing acetate and propionate, but not butyrate concentration. FSs from all dietary fibre sources, including cincau, reduced Caco-2 cell viability. However, the effects of all FSs on cell viability, cell differentiation, and apoptosis were not simply explainable by their butyrate content. In conclusion, products of fermentation of cincau extracts induced cell death, but further work is required to understand the mechanism of action. This study demonstrates for the first time that this Indonesian traditional source of dietary fibre may be protective against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samsu U Nurdin
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
- Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Lampung University, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia.
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Richard K Le Leu
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Graeme P Young
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - James C R Stangoulis
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Claus T Christophersen
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Catherine A Abbott
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
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352
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Ritchie LE, Taddeo SS, Weeks BR, Carroll RJ, Dykes L, Rooney LW, Turner ND. Impact of Novel Sorghum Bran Diets on DSS-Induced Colitis. Nutrients 2017; 9:E330. [PMID: 28346392 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that polyphenol-rich sorghum bran diets alter fecal microbiota; however, little is known regarding their effect on colon inflammation. Our aim was to characterize the effect of sorghum bran diets on intestinal homeostasis during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 20/diet) were provided diets containing 6% fiber from cellulose, or Black (3-deoxyanthocyanins), Sumac (condensed tannins) or Hi Tannin Black (both) sorghum bran. Colitis was induced (N = 10/diet) with three separate 48-h exposures to 3% DSS, and feces were collected. On Day 82, animals were euthanized and the colon resected. Only discrete mucosal lesions, with no diarrhea or bloody stools, were observed in DSS rats. Only bran diets upregulated proliferation and Tff3, Tgfβ and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) transporter expression after a DSS challenge. DSS did not significantly affect fecal SCFA concentrations. Bran diets alone upregulated repair mechanisms and SCFA transporter expression, which suggests these polyphenol-rich sorghum brans may suppress some consequences of colitis.
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353
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Rios-Covian D, Salazar N, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilan CG. Shaping the Metabolism of Intestinal Bacteroides Population through Diet to Improve Human Health. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:376. [PMID: 28326076 PMCID: PMC5339271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Rios-Covian
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilan
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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354
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Pingitore A, Chambers ES, Hill T, Maldonado IR, Liu B, Bewick G, Morrison DJ, Preston T, Wallis GA, Tedford C, Castañera González R, Huang GC, Choudhary P, Frost G, Persaud SJ. The diet-derived short chain fatty acid propionate improves beta-cell function in humans and stimulates insulin secretion from human islets in vitro. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:257-265. [PMID: 27761989 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diet-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) improve glucose homeostasis in vivo, but the role of individual SCFAs and their mechanisms of action have not been defined. This study evaluated the effects of increasing colonic delivery of the SCFA propionate on β-cell function in humans and the direct effects of propionate on isolated human islets in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS For 24 weeks human subjects ingested an inulin-propionate ester that delivers propionate to the colon. Acute insulin, GLP-1 and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were quantified pre- and post-supplementation in response to a mixed meal test. Expression of the SCFA receptor FFAR2 in human islets was determined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Dynamic insulin secretion from perifused human islets was quantified by radioimmunoassay and islet apoptosis was determined by quantification of caspase 3/7 activities. RESULTS Colonic propionate delivery in vivo was associated with improved β-cell function with increased insulin secretion that was independent of changes in GLP-1 levels. Human islet β-cells expressed FFAR2 and propionate potentiated dynamic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro, an effect that was dependent on signalling via protein kinase C. Propionate also protected human islets from apoptosis induced by the NEFA sodium palmitate and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that propionate has beneficial effects on β-cell function in vivo, and in vitro analyses demonstrated that it has direct effects to potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin release and maintain β-cell mass through inhibition of apoptosis. These observations support ingestion of propiogenic dietary fibres to maintain healthy glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Pingitore
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Faculty of Medicine, Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Hill
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Inmaculada Ruz Maldonado
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Bewick
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tom Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Catriona Tedford
- School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | - Ramón Castañera González
- Department of General Surgery, Rio Carrión Hospital, University Hospital Complex of Palencia, Palencia, Spain
| | - Guo C Huang
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Faculty of Medicine, Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, UK
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355
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Halnes I, Baines KJ, Berthon BS, MacDonald-Wicks LK, Gibson PG, Wood LG. Soluble Fibre Meal Challenge Reduces Airway Inflammation and Expression of GPR43 and GPR41 in Asthma. Nutrients 2017; 9:E57. [PMID: 28075383 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced following the fermentation of soluble fibre by gut bacteria. In animal models, both dietary fibre and SCFAs have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects via the activation of free fatty acid receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptor 41 and 43 (GPR41 and GPR43). This pilot study examined the acute effect of a single dose of soluble fibre on airway inflammation-including changes in gene expression of free fatty acid receptors-in asthma. Adults with stable asthma consumed a soluble fibre meal (n = 17) containing 3.5 g inulin and probiotics, or a control meal (n = 12) of simple carbohydrates. Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) was measured and induced sputum was collected at 0 and 4 h for differential cell counts, measurement of interleukin-8 (IL-8) protein concentration, and GPR41 and GPR43 gene expression. At 4 h after meal consumption, airway inflammation biomarkers, including sputum total cell count, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, sputum IL-8, and eNO significantly decreased compared to baseline in the soluble fibre group only. This corresponded with upregulated GPR41 and GPR43 sputum gene expression and improved lung function in the soluble fibre group alone. Soluble fibre has acute anti-inflammatory effects in asthmatic airways. Long-term effects of soluble fibre as an anti-inflammatory therapy in asthma warrants further investigation.
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356
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Abstract
The rapid rise in childhood allergies (atopy) in Westernized nations has implicated associated environmental exposures and lifestyles as primary drivers of disease development. Culture-based microbiological studies indicate that atopy has demonstrable ties to altered gut microbial colonization in very early life. Infants who exhibit more severe multisensitization to food- or aero-allergens have a significantly higher risk of subsequently developing asthma in childhood. Hence an emerging hypothesis posits that environment- or lifestyle-driven aberrancies in the early-life gut microbiome composition and by extension, microbial function, represent a key mediator of childhood allergic asthma. Animal studies support this hypothesis. Environmental microbial exposures epidemiologically associated with allergy protection in humans confer protection against airway allergy in mice. In addition, gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acids produced from a high-fiber diet have been shown to protect against allergy via modulation of both local and remote mucosal immunity as well as hematopoietic antigen-presenting cell populations. Here we review key data supporting the concept of a gut-airway axis and its critical role in childhood atopy.
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357
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Abstract
Although fiber is well recognized for its effect on laxation, increasing evidence supports the role of fiber in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the health benefits of fiber and its fermentation, and describe how the products of fermentation may influence disease risk and treatment. Higher fiber intakes are associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some forms of cancer. Fiber may also have a role in lowering blood pressure and in preventing obesity by limiting weight gain. Fiber is effective in managing blood glucose in type 2 diabetes, useful for weight loss, and may provide therapeutic adjunctive roles in kidney and liver disease. In addition, higher fiber diets are not contraindicated in inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome and may provide some benefit. Common to the associations with disease reduction is fermentation of fiber and its potential to modulate microbiota and its activities and inflammation, specifically the production of anti-inflammatory short chain fatty acids, primarily from saccharolytic fermentation, versus the deleterious products of proteolytic activity. Because fiber intake is inversely associated with all-cause mortality, mechanisms by which fiber may reduce chronic disease risk and provide therapeutic benefit to those with chronic disease need further elucidation and large, randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm causality.Teaching Points• Strong evidence supports the association between higher fiber diets and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some forms of cancer.• Higher fiber intakes are associated with lower body weight and body mass index, and some types of fiber may facilitate weight loss.• Fiber is recommended as an adjunctive medical nutritional therapy for type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and certain liver diseases.• Fermentation and the resulting shifts in microbiota composition and its activity may be a common means by which fiber impacts disease risk and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Dahl
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida/IFAS , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Nicole C Agro
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida/IFAS , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Åsa M Eliasson
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida/IFAS , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Kaley L Mialki
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida/IFAS , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Joseph D Olivera
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida/IFAS , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Carley T Rusch
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida/IFAS , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Carly N Young
- a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , University of Florida/IFAS , Gainesville , Florida
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358
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Kumari M, Kozyrskyj AL. Gut microbial metabolism defines host metabolism: an emerging perspective in obesity and allergic inflammation. Obes Rev 2017; 18:18-31. [PMID: 27862824 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The presence of >100 trillion microorganisms (collectively called gut microbiota) in our large intestine is essential for the maintenance of health. The gut microbiota starts to develop before birth and matures within first three years of life. The Western diet and lifestyle have been implicated in causing an imbalance of gut microbial communities and their metabolites that consequence in disease states, such as obesity and asthma. With more than 13% of the world population currently living with obesity and one out of 10 children diagnosed with asthma, we explore here the recent developments in the biosynthesis and mode of action of the key metabolites in relation to these two chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kumari
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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359
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Harris HC, Edwards CA, Morrison DJ. Impact of Glycosidic Bond Configuration on Short Chain Fatty Acid Production from Model Fermentable Carbohydrates by the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010026. [PMID: 28045429 PMCID: PMC5295070 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the major products of carbohydrate fermentation by gut bacteria. Different carbohydrates are associated with characteristic SCFA profiles although the mechanisms are unclear. The individual SCFA profile may determine any resultant health benefits. Understanding determinants of individual SCFA production would enable substrate choice to be tailored for colonic SCFA manipulation. To test the hypothesis that the orientation and position of the glycosidic bond is a determinant of SCFA production profile, a miniaturized in vitro human colonic batch fermentation model was used to study a range of isomeric glucose disaccharides. Diglucose α(1-1) fermentation led to significantly higher butyrate production (p < 0.01) and a lower proportion of acetate (p < 0.01) compared with other α bonded diglucoses. Diglucose β(1-4) also led to significantly higher butyrate production (p < 0.05) and significantly increased the proportions of propionate and butyrate compared with diglucose α(1-4) (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect of glycosidic bond configuration on absolute propionate production. Despite some differences in the SCFA production of different glucose disaccharides, there was no clear relationship between SCFA production and bond configuration, suggesting that other factors may be responsible for promoting selective SCFA production by the gut microbiota from different carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Harris
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G75 0QF, UK.
| | - Christine A Edwards
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G75 0QF, UK.
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360
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Adnan S, Nelson JW, Ajami NJ, Venna VR, Petrosino JF, Bryan RM, Durgan DJ. Alterations in the gut microbiota can elicit hypertension in rats. Physiol Genomics 2016; 49:96-104. [PMID: 28011881 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00081.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis has been linked to cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that hypertension could be induced in a normotensive strain of rats or attenuated in a hypertensive strain of rats by exchanging the gut microbiota between the two strains. Cecal contents from spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats (SHRSP) were pooled. Similarly, cecal contents from normotensive WKY rats were pooled. Four-week-old recipient WKY and SHR rats, previously treated with antibiotics to reduce the native microbiota, were gavaged with WKY or SHRSP microbiota, resulting in four groups; WKY with WKY microbiota (WKY g-WKY), WKY with SHRSP microbiota (WKY g-SHRSP), SHR with SHRSP microbiota (SHR g-SHRSP), and SHR with WKY microbiota (SHR g-WKY). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly using tail-cuff plethysmography. At 11.5 wk of age systolic blood pressure increased 26 mmHg in WKY g-SHRSP compared with that in WKY g-WKY (182 ± 8 vs. 156 ± 8 mmHg, P = 0.02). Although the SBP in SHR g-WKY tended to decrease compared with SHR g-SHRSP, the differences were not statistically significant. Fecal pellets were collected at 11.5 wk of age for identification of the microbiota by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. We observed a significant increase in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio in the hypertensive WKY g-SHRSP, as compared with the normotensive WKY g-WKY (P = 0.042). Relative abundance of multiple taxa correlated with SBP. We conclude that gut dysbiosis can directly affect SBP. Manipulation of the gut microbiota may represent an innovative treatment for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James W Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Venugopal R Venna
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Robert M Bryan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David J Durgan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
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361
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Sharma M, Shukla G. Metabiotics: One Step ahead of Probiotics; an Insight into Mechanisms Involved in Anticancerous Effect in Colorectal Cancer. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1940. [PMID: 27994577 PMCID: PMC5133260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is closely associated with environment, diet and lifestyle. Normally it is treated with surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy but increasing systemic toxicity, resistance and recurrence is prompting scientists to devise new potent and safer alternate prophylactic or therapeutic strategies. Among these, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and metabiotics are being considered as the promising candidates. Metabiotics or probiotic derived factors can optimize various physiological functions of the host and offer an additional advantage to be utilized even in immunosuppressed individuals. Interestingly, anti colon cancer potential of probiotic strains has been attributable to metabiotics that have epigenetic, antimutagenic, immunomodulatory, apoptotic, and antimetastatic effects. Thus, it's time to move one step further to utilize metabiotics more smartly by avoiding the risks associated with probiotics even in certain normal/or immuno compromised host. Here, an attempt is made to provide insight into the adverse effects associated with probiotics and beneficial aspects of metabiotics with main emphasis on the modulatory mechanisms involved in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Geeta Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
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362
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Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T, Janssen S, Shastri GG, Ilhan ZE, Challis C, Schretter CE, Rocha S, Gradinaru V, Chesselet MF, Keshavarzian A, Shannon KM, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Wittung-Stafshede P, Knight R, Mazmanian SK. Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell 2016; 167:1469-1480.e12. [PMID: 27912057 PMCID: PMC5718049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2014] [Impact Index Per Article: 251.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota influence neurodevelopment, modulate behavior, and contribute to neurological disorders. However, a functional link between gut bacteria and neurodegenerative diseases remains unexplored. Synucleinopathies are characterized by aggregation of the protein α-synuclein (αSyn), often resulting in motor dysfunction as exemplified by Parkinson's disease (PD). Using mice that overexpress αSyn, we report herein that gut microbiota are required for motor deficits, microglia activation, and αSyn pathology. Antibiotic treatment ameliorates, while microbial re-colonization promotes, pathophysiology in adult animals, suggesting that postnatal signaling between the gut and the brain modulates disease. Indeed, oral administration of specific microbial metabolites to germ-free mice promotes neuroinflammation and motor symptoms. Remarkably, colonization of αSyn-overexpressing mice with microbiota from PD-affected patients enhances physical impairments compared to microbiota transplants from healthy human donors. These findings reveal that gut bacteria regulate movement disorders in mice and suggest that alterations in the human microbiome represent a risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Sampson
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Justine W Debelius
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Taren Thron
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Stefan Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Gauri G Shastri
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zehra Esra Ilhan
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Collin Challis
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Catherine E Schretter
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sandra Rocha
- Biology and Biological Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kathleen M Shannon
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede
- Biology and Biological Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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363
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Salazar N, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG. Editorial: Insights into Microbe-Microbe Interactions in Human Microbial Ecosystems: Strategies to Be Competitive. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1508. [PMID: 27721810 PMCID: PMC5033985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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Rubinelli P, Roto S, Kim SA, Park SH, Pavlidis HO, McIntyre D, Ricke SC. Reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium by Fermentation Metabolites of Diamond V Original XPC in an In Vitro Anaerobic Mixed Chicken Cecal Culture. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:83. [PMID: 27695699 PMCID: PMC5025443 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation metabolites of Diamond V Original XPC™ (XPC), a biological product derived from yeast fermentation, were evaluated for their ability to reduce the Salmonella Typhimurium population using an in vitro mixed anaerobic culture system containing cecal microbiota to simulate chicken hindgut conditions. Four different samples were prepared: anaerobic mixed culture containing (1) feed only, (2) cecal only (ceca were harvested from 42 days old broiler chickens), (3) feed and cecal contents, and (4) feed, cecal contents, and 1% XPC. Two experimental conditions were investigated: Group 1, in which the cecal content was added at the same time as a S. Typhimurium marker strain and Group 2, in which the cecal content was preincubated for 24 h prior to the inoculation with the S. Typhimurium marker strain. The mixed cultures were incubated anaerobically at 37°C, and the S. Typhimurium marker strain was enumerated at 0, 24, and 48 h. Analysis of short chain fatty acids was also conducted for 24 h. In the Group 1 experiment, adding XPC did not exhibit significant reduction of S. Typhimurium. However, the presence of XPC resulted in rapid reduction of S. Typhimurium in Group 2. S. Typhimurium was reduced from 6.81 log10 CFU/ml (0 h) to 3.73 log10 CFU/ml and 1.19 log10 CFU/ml after 24 and 48 h, respectively. These levels were also 2.47 log10 and 2.72 log10 lower than the S. Typhimurium level recovered from the control culture with feed and cecal contents, but without XPC. Based on these results, it appears that the ability of XPC to reduce S. Typhimurium requires the presence of the cecal microbiota. Short chain fatty acid analysis indicated that acetate and butyrate concentrations of cultures containing XPC were twofold greater than the control cultures by 24 h of anaerobic growth. Results from the present study suggest that dietary inclusion of XPC may influence cecal microbiota fermentation and has the potential to reduce Salmonella in the cecum. Implications of these findings suggest that XPC may decrease preharvest levels of Salmonella in broilers and layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rubinelli
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Stephanie Roto
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | | | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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365
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Wang H, Shi P, Zuo L, Dong J, Zhao J, Liu Q, Zhu W. Dietary Non-digestible Polysaccharides Ameliorate Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in IL-10 Knockout Mice. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:1076-86. [PMID: 26944415 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteral nutrition [EN] was reported to be as effective as steroids in achieving short-term remission in patients with Crohn's disease [CD], and exclusive EN [EEN] is widely used as primary therapy in children with CD. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a specific multi-fibre mix [MF], designed to match the fibre content of a healthy diet, on intestinal epithelial barrier function in IL-10 knockout [IL-10(-/-)] mice with spontaneous chronic colitis. METHODS IL-10(-/-) mice aged 16 weeks, with established colitis, were used for the experiments with multi-fibre mix diet [MF] for 4 weeks. Severity of colitis, levels of short cahin fatty acids [SCFA] in caecum contents, expression of STAT 3 and STAT 4 proteins, CD4(+) CD45(+) lymphocytes, CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells [Tregs] and cytokines in the lamina propria [LP], epithelial expression of tight junction proteins, TNF-α/TNFR2 mRNA expression, and epithelial apoptosis in the proximal colon were measured at the end of the experiment. RESULTS MF feeding effectively attenuated disease activity index and colitis associated with decreased lamina propria CD4(+) CD45(+) lymphocytes, IFN-γ/IL-17A mRNA expression, and p-STAT 3 and p-STAT 4 expression in colonic mucosa of IL-10(-/-) mice [p < 0.05]. Furthermore, CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs in the LP and concentrations of total SCFA, acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the caecum were markedly increased after MF feeding in IL-10(-/-) mice. After MF feeding, increased epithelial expression and correct localisation of tight junction proteins [occludin and zona occludens protein 1], as well as reduced TNF-α/TNFR2 mRNA expression and epithelial apoptosis, were also observed in IL-10(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that EEN supplemented with the tested fibre mix, known to modulate the intestinal microbiota composition and SCFA production, could possibly improve efficacy in inducing remission in patients with active CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou People's Hospital, Medical School of Nantong University, Taizhou, China Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiliang Shi
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianning Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou People's Hospital, Medical School of Nantong University, Taizhou, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Priyadarshini M, Wicksteed B, Schiltz GE, Gilchrist A, Layden BT. SCFA Receptors in Pancreatic β Cells: Novel Diabetes Targets? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:653-664. [PMID: 27091493 PMCID: PMC4992600 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing receptors are key metabolic mediators of responses to dietary and endogenously derived nutrients. These receptors are largely G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and many are gaining significant interest as drug targets with a potential therapeutic role in metabolic diseases. A distinct subclass of nutrient sensing GPCRs, two short chain fatty acid (SCFA) receptors (FFA2 and FFA3) are uniquely responsive to gut microbiota derived nutrients (such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate). Pharmacological, molecular, and genetic studies have investigated their role in organismal glucose metabolism and recently in pancreatic β cell biology. Here, we summarize the present knowledge on the role of these receptors as metabolic sensors in β cell function and physiology, revealing new therapeutic opportunities for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Annette Gilchrist
- Midwestern University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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367
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Pieper R, Villodre Tudela C, Taciak M, Bindelle J, Pérez JF, Zentek J. Health relevance of intestinal protein fermentation in young pigs. Anim Health Res Rev 2016; 17:137-47. [PMID: 27572670 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252316000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of the gastrointestinal microbiota has become an important subject of nutrition research in pigs in the past years, and the importance of intestinal microbial activity in the etiology of disease is doubtless. This review summarizes the recent knowledge related to the microbial ecology of protein fermentation and the appearance of protein-derived metabolites along the pig intestine. The amount of fermentable protein depends on factors such as dietary protein concentration, protein digestibility due to secondary or tertiary structure, the interaction with dietary compounds or anti-nutritional factors, and the secretion of endogenous proteins into the gut lumen. High protein diets increase the luminal concentrations and epithelial exposure to putatively toxic metabolites and increase the risk for post-weaning diarrhea, but the mechanisms are not yet clarified. Although the use of fermentable carbohydrates to reduce harmful protein-derived metabolites in pigs is well-established, recent studies suggest that the inclusion of fermentable carbohydrates into diets with low protein digestibility or high dietary protein level may not ameliorate all negative effects with regard to epithelial response. Based on the current knowledge, the use of diets with low levels of high-quality protein may help to reduce the risk for intestinal disease in young pigs.
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368
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van Esch BCAM, Abbring S, Diks MAP, Dingjan GM, Harthoorn LF, Vos AP, Garssen J. Post-sensitization administration of non-digestible oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V reduces allergic symptoms in mice. Immun Inflamm Dis 2016; 4:155-165. [PMID: 27933160 PMCID: PMC4879462 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To support dietary management of severe cow's milk allergic infants, a synbiotic mixture of non-digestible oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V (B. breve) was designed from source materials that are completely cow's milk-free. It was investigated whether this specific synbiotic concept can reduce an established food allergic response in a research model for hen's egg allergy. Mice were orally sensitized once a week for 5 weeks to ovalbumin (OVA) using cholera toxin (CT) as an adjuvant. Non-sensitized mice received CT in PBS only. Sensitized mice were fed a control diet or a diet enriched with short-chain- (scFOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS), B. breve or scFOSlcFOS + B. breve for 3 weeks starting after the last sensitization. Non-sensitized mice received the control diet. Anaphylactic shock symptoms, acute allergic skin responses and serum specific IgE, mMCP-1 and galectin-9 were measured upon OVA challenge. Activated Th2-, Th1-cells and regulatory T-cells were quantified in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and cytokine profiles were analyzed. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured in ceacal samples. The acute allergic skin response was reduced in mice fed the scFOSlcFOS + B. breve diet compared to mice fed any of the other diets. A reduction in mast cell degranulation (mMCP-1) and anaphylactic shock symptoms was also observed in these mice. Unstimulated splenocyte cultures produced increased levels of IL10 and IFNg in mice fed the scFOSlcFOS + B. breve diet. Correspondingly, increased percentages of activated Th1 cells were observed in the spleen. Allergen-specific re-stimulation of splenocytes showed a decrease in IL5 production. In summary; post-sensitization administration of scFOSlcFOS + B. breve was effective in reducing allergic symptoms after allergen challenge. These effects coincided with changes in regulatory and effector T-cell subsets and increases in the SCFA propionic acid. These results suggest immune modulatory benefits of dietary intervention with a unique combination of scFOSlcFOS + B. breve in established food allergy. Whether these effects translate to human applications is subject for ongoing clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty C. A. M. van Esch
- Faculty of ScienceDivison of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Nutricia ResearchUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Abbring
- Faculty of ScienceDivison of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Mara A. P. Diks
- Faculty of ScienceDivison of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Gemma M. Dingjan
- Faculty of ScienceDivison of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - A. Paul Vos
- Faculty of ScienceDivison of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Nutricia ResearchNutricia Advanced Medical NutritionUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Faculty of ScienceDivison of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Nutricia ResearchUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Ktsoyan ZA, Mkrtchyan MS, Zakharyan MK, Mnatsakanyan AA, Arakelova KA, Gevorgyan ZU, Sedrakyan AM, Hovhannisyan AI, Arakelyan AA, Aminov RI. Systemic Concentrations of Short Chain Fatty Acids Are Elevated in Salmonellosis and Exacerbation of Familial Mediterranean Fever. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:776. [PMID: 27252692 PMCID: PMC4877380 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota-produced short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play an important role in the normal human metabolism and physiology. Although the gradients of SCFAs from the large intestine, where they are largely produced, to the peripheral blood as well as the main routes of SCFA metabolism by different organs are known well for the healthy state, there is a paucity of information regarding how these are affected in disease. In particular, how the inflammation caused by infection or autoinflammatory disease affect the concentration of SCFAs in the peripheral venous blood. In this work, we revealed that diseases caused either by infectious agents (two Salmonella enterica serovars, S. Enteritidis, and S. Typhimurium) or by the exacerbation of an autoinflammatory disease, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), both result in a significantly elevated systemic concentration of SCFAs. In the case of salmonellosis the concentration of SCFAs in peripheral blood was significantly and consistently higher, from 5- to 20-fold, compared to control. In the case of FMF, however, a significant increase of SCFAs in the peripheral venous blood was detected only in the acute phase of the disease, with a lesser impact in remission. It seems counterintuitive that the dysbiotic conditions, with a reduced number of gut microorganisms, produce such an effect. This phenomenon, however, must be appraised within the context of how the inflammatory diseases affect the normal physiology. We discuss a number of factors that may contribute to the “leak” and persistence of gut-produced SCFAs into the systemic circulation in infectious and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna A Ktsoyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Mkhitar S Mkrtchyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Magdalina K Zakharyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armine A Mnatsakanyan
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases Nork, Ministry of Health of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karine A Arakelova
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaruhi U Gevorgyan
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases Nork, Ministry of Health of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anahit M Sedrakyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Alvard I Hovhannisyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Arsen A Arakelyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Rustam I Aminov
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
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Abstract
The formation of SCFA is the result of a complex interplay between diet and the gut microbiota within the gut lumen environment. The discovery of receptors, across a range of cell and tissue types for which short chain fatty acids SCFA appear to be the natural ligands, has led to increased interest in SCFA as signaling molecules between the gut microbiota and the host. SCFA represent the major carbon flux from the diet through the gut microbiota to the host and evidence is emerging for a regulatory role of SCFA in local, intermediary and peripheral metabolism. However, a lack of well-designed and controlled human studies has hampered our understanding of the significance of SCFA in human metabolic health. This review aims to pull together recent findings on the role of SCFA in human metabolism to highlight the multi-faceted role of SCFA on different metabolic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, Scotland
| | - Tom Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, Scotland
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371
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Abstract
The formation of SCFA is the result of a complex interplay between diet and the gut microbiota within the gut lumen environment. The discovery of receptors, across a range of cell and tissue types for which short chain fatty acids SCFA appear to be the natural ligands, has led to increased interest in SCFA as signaling molecules between the gut microbiota and the host. SCFA represent the major carbon flux from the diet through the gut microbiota to the host and evidence is emerging for a regulatory role of SCFA in local, intermediary and peripheral metabolism. However, a lack of well-designed and controlled human studies has hampered our understanding of the significance of SCFA in human metabolic health. This review aims to pull together recent findings on the role of SCFA in human metabolism to highlight the multi-faceted role of SCFA on different metabolic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, Scotland
| | - Tom Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, Scotland
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Cosenza L, Nocerino R, Di Scala C, di Costanzo M, Amoroso A, Leone L, Paparo L, Pezzella C, Aitoro R, Berni Canani R. Bugs for atopy: the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strategy for food allergy prevention and treatment in children. Benef Microbes 2016; 6:225-32. [PMID: 25851101 DOI: 10.3920/bm2014.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy (FA) is a major health issue for children living in Western countries. At this time the only proven treatment for FA is elimination of offender antigen from the diet. It is becoming clear that the development of gut microbiota exerts a profound influence on immune system maturation and tolerance acquisition. Increasing evidence suggests that perturbations in gut microbiota composition of infants are implicated in the pathogenesis of FA. These findings have unveiled new strategies to prevent and treat FA using probiotics bacteria or bacterial substance to limit T-helper (Th)/Th2 bias, which changes during the disease course. Selected probiotics administered during infancy may have a role in the prevention and treatment of FA. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is the most studied probiotic in this field. Administration of LGG in early life have a role in FA prevention. Preliminary evidence shows that LGG accelerates oral tolerance acquisition in cow's milk allergic infants. We are understanding the mechanisms elicited by LGG and metabolites in influencing food allergen sensitization. A deeper definition of these mechanisms is opening the way to new immunotherapeutics for children affected by FA that can efficiently limit the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cosenza
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - R Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - C Di Scala
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - M di Costanzo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - A Amoroso
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - L Leone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - L Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - C Pezzella
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - R Aitoro
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - R Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy European Laboratory for The Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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373
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Dagar SS, Singh N, Goel N, Kumar S, Puniya AK. Role of anaerobic fungi in wheat straw degradation and effects of plant feed additives on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro. Benef Microbes 2016; 6:353-60. [PMID: 25391347 DOI: 10.3920/bm2014.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, rumen microbial groups, i.e. total rumen microbes (TRM), total anaerobic fungi (TAF), avicel enriched bacteria (AEB) and neutral detergent fibre enriched bacteria (NEB) were evaluated for wheat straw (WS) degradability and different fermentation parameters in vitro. Highest WS degradation was shown for TRM, followed by TAF, NEB and least by AEB. Similar patterns were observed with total gas production and short chain fatty acid profiles. Overall, TAF emerged as the most potent individual microbial group. In order to enhance the fibrolytic and rumen fermentation potential of TAF, we evaluated 18 plant feed additives in vitro. Among these, six plant additives namely Albizia lebbeck, Alstonia scholaris, Bacopa monnieri, Lawsonia inermis, Psidium guajava and Terminalia arjuna considerably improved WS degradation by TAF. Further evaluation showed A. lebbeck as best feed additive. The study revealed that TAF plays a significant role in WS degradation and their fibrolytic activities can be improved by inclusion of A. lebbeck in fermentation medium. Further studies are warranted to elucidate its active constituents, effect on fungal population and in vivo potential in animal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Dagar
- Nutrition Biotechnology Laboratory, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India Microbial Science Division, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - N Singh
- Nutrition Biotechnology Laboratory, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India Department of Paramedical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - N Goel
- Nutrition Biotechnology Laboratory, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - S Kumar
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - A K Puniya
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
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Patrone V, Vajana E, Minuti A, Callegari ML, Federico A, Loguercio C, Dallio M, Tolone S, Docimo L, Morelli L. Postoperative Changes in Fecal Bacterial Communities and Fermentation Products in Obese Patients Undergoing Bilio-Intestinal Bypass. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:200. [PMID: 26941724 PMCID: PMC4762995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the gut microbial ecology of 11 severely obese patients before and after bilio-intestinal bypass (BIB). Fecal samples were evaluated for microbial communities using 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing, real-time PCR targeting functional genes, and gas chromatography of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). At 6 months after surgery, subjects exhibited significant improvements in metabolic markers (body weight, glucose, and lipid metabolism) compared with baseline. The fecal microbiota of post-surgery individuals was characterized by an overall decrease of bacterial diversity, with a significant reduction in Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Eubacteriaceae, and Coriobacteriaceae. On the contrary, there were significant increases of genera Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, and Acidaminococcus and the family Enterobacteriaceae. The pH was decreased in fecal samples from patients after BIB and SCFA profiles were altered, with lower percentages of acetate and propionate and higher levels of valerate and hexanoate. Some changes in the bacterial populations were associated with variations in the patients' metabolic health parameters, namely Gemmiger and glucose, Lactobacillus and glucose, and Faecalibacterium and triglycerides. The results from this study of BIB patients furthers our understanding of the composition of gut microbiota and the functional changes that may be involved in improving obesity-related conditions following weight-loss surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Patrone
- Instituto di Microbiologia, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elia Vajana
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
| | - Maria L Callegari
- Instituto di Microbiologia, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Loguercio
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tolone
- Division of General and Bariatric Surgery, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Docimo
- Division of General and Bariatric Surgery, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Morelli
- Instituto di Microbiologia, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
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375
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Ríos-Covián D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Salazar N. Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:185. [PMID: 26925050 PMCID: PMC4756104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1129] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The colon is inhabited by a dense population of microorganisms, the so-called “gut microbiota,” able to ferment carbohydrates and proteins that escape absorption in the small intestine during digestion. This microbiota produces a wide range of metabolites, including short chain fatty acids (SCFA). These compounds are absorbed in the large bowel and are defined as 1-6 carbon volatile fatty acids which can present straight or branched-chain conformation. Their production is influenced by the pattern of food intake and diet-mediated changes in the gut microbiota. SCFA have distinct physiological effects: they contribute to shaping the gut environment, influence the physiology of the colon, they can be used as energy sources by host cells and the intestinal microbiota and they also participate in different host-signaling mechanisms. We summarize the current knowledge about the production of SCFA, including bacterial cross-feedings interactions, and the biological properties of these metabolites with impact on the human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ríos-Covián
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Probiotics and Prebiotics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
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376
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Ríos-Covián D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Salazar N. Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:185. [PMID: 26925050 PMCID: PMC4756104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00185 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The colon is inhabited by a dense population of microorganisms, the so-called "gut microbiota," able to ferment carbohydrates and proteins that escape absorption in the small intestine during digestion. This microbiota produces a wide range of metabolites, including short chain fatty acids (SCFA). These compounds are absorbed in the large bowel and are defined as 1-6 carbon volatile fatty acids which can present straight or branched-chain conformation. Their production is influenced by the pattern of food intake and diet-mediated changes in the gut microbiota. SCFA have distinct physiological effects: they contribute to shaping the gut environment, influence the physiology of the colon, they can be used as energy sources by host cells and the intestinal microbiota and they also participate in different host-signaling mechanisms. We summarize the current knowledge about the production of SCFA, including bacterial cross-feedings interactions, and the biological properties of these metabolites with impact on the human health.
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377
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Abstract
Since the 1970s, the positive effects of dietary fiber on health have increasingly been recognized. The collective term "dietary fiber" groups structures that have different physiologic effects. Since 1995, some dietary fibers have been denoted as prebiotics, implying a beneficial physiologic effect related to increasing numbers or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Given the complex composition of the microbiota, the demonstration of such beneficial effects is difficult. In contrast, an exploration of the metabolites of dietary fiber formed as a result of its fermentation in the colon offers better perspectives for providing mechanistic links between fiber intake and health benefits. Positive outcomes of such studies hold the promise that claims describing specific health benefits can be granted. This would help bridge the "fiber gap"-that is, the considerable difference between recommended and actual fiber intakes by the average consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Delcour
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Per Aman
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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378
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Ho KJ, Xiong L, Hubert NA, Nadimpalli A, Wun K, Chang EB, Kibbe MR. Vancomycin treatment and butyrate supplementation modulate gut microbe composition and severity of neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12627. [PMID: 26660548 PMCID: PMC4760455 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial metabolites are increasingly recognized as determinants of health and disease. However, whether host–microbe crosstalk influences peripheral arteries is not understood. Neointimal hyperplasia, a proliferative and inflammatory response to arterial injury, frequently limits the long‐term benefits of cardiovascular interventions such as angioplasty, stenting, and bypass surgery. Our goal is to assess the effect of butyrate, one of the principal short chain fatty acids produced by microbial fermentation of dietary fiber, on neointimal hyperplasia development after angioplasty. Treatment of male Lewis Inbred rats with oral vancomycin for 4 weeks changed the composition of gut microbes as assessed by 16S rRNA‐based taxonomic profiling and decreased the concentration of circulating butyrate by 69%. In addition, rats treated with oral vancomycin had exacerbated neointimal hyperplasia development after carotid angioplasty. Oral supplementation of butyrate reversed these changes. Butyrate also inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression in a dose‐dependent manner in vitro. Our results suggest for the first time that gut microbial composition is associated with the severity of arterial remodeling after injury, potentially through an inhibitory effect of butyrate on VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ho
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Liqun Xiong
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nathaniel A Hubert
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anuradha Nadimpalli
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kelly Wun
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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379
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Mátis G, Kulcsár A, Petrilla J, Hermándy-Berencz K, Neogrády Z. Feed-drug interaction of orally applied butyrate and phenobarbital on hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:637-42. [PMID: 26614344 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of hepatic drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes may be affected by several nutrition-derived compounds, such as by the commonly applied feed additive butyrate, possibly leading to feed-drug interactions. The aim of this study was to provide some evidence if butyrate can alter the activity of hepatic CYPs in chickens exposed to CYP-inducing xenobiotics, monitoring for the first time the possibility of such interaction. Ross 308 chickens in the grower phase were treated with daily intracoelomal phenobarbital (PB) injection (80 mg/kg BW), applied as a non-specific CYP-inducer, simultaneously with two different doses of intra-ingluvial sodium butyrate boluses (0.25 and 1.25 g/kg BW) for 5 days. Activity of CYP2H and CYP3A subfamilies was assessed by specific enzyme assays from isolated liver microsomes. According to our results, the lower dose of orally administered butyrate significantly attenuated the PB-triggered elevation of both hepatic CYP2H and CYP3A activities, which might be in association with the partly common signalling pathways of butyrate and CYP-inducing drugs, such as that of PB. Based on these data, butyrate may take part in pharmacoepigenetic interactions with simultaneously applied drugs or other CYP-inducing xenobiotics, with possible consequences for food safety and pharmacotherapy. Butyrate was found to be capable to maintain physiological CYP activity by attenuating CYP induction, underlining the safety of butyrate application in poultry nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mátis
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Kulcsár
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Petrilla
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Hermándy-Berencz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zs Neogrády
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
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380
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Boets E, Deroover L, Houben E, Vermeulen K, Gomand SV, Delcour JA, Verbeke K. Quantification of in Vivo Colonic Short Chain Fatty Acid Production from Inulin. Nutrients 2015; 7:8916-29. [PMID: 26516911 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFA), including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are produced during bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the human colon. In this study, we applied a stable-isotope dilution method to quantify the in vivo colonic production of SCFA in healthy humans after consumption of inulin. Twelve healthy subjects performed a test day during which a primed continuous intravenous infusion with [1-13C]acetate, [1-13C]propionate and [1-13C]butyrate (12, 1.2 and 0.6 μmol·kg−1·min−1, respectively) was applied. They consumed 15 g of inulin with a standard breakfast. Breath and blood samples were collected at regular times during the day over a 12 h period. The endogenous rate of appearance of acetate, propionate, and butyrate was 13.3 ± 4.8, 0.27 ± 0.09, and 0.28 ± 0.12 μmol·kg−1·min−1, respectively. Colonic inulin fermentation was estimated to be 137 ± 75 mmol acetate, 11 ± 9 mmol propionate, and 20 ± 17 mmol butyrate over 12 h, assuming that 40%, 10%, and 5% of colonic derived acetate, propionate, and butyrate enter the systemic circulation. In conclusion, inulin is mainly fermented into acetate and, to lesser extents, into butyrate and propionate. Stable isotope technology allows quantifying the production of the three main SCFA in vivo and proved to be a practical tool to investigate the extent and pattern of SCFA production.
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381
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Ringel-Kulka T, Choi CH, Temas D, Kim A, Maier DM, Scott K, Galanko JA, Ringel Y. Altered Colonic Bacterial Fermentation as a Potential Pathophysiological Factor in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:1339-46. [PMID: 26303129 PMCID: PMC4983766 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysbiosis leading to abnormal intestinal fermentation has been suggested as a possible etiological mechanism in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to investigate the location and magnitude of altered intestinal bacterial fermentation in IBS and its clinical subtypes. METHODS IBS patients who satisfied the Rome III criteria (114) and 33 healthy controls (HC) were investigated. Intestinal fermentation was assessed using two surrogate measures: intestinal intraluminal pH and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Intraluminal pH and intestinal transit times were measured in the small and large bowel using a wireless motility capsule (SmartPill) in 47 IBS and 10 HC. Fecal SCFAs including acetate, propionate, butyrate, and lactate were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography in all enrolled subjects. Correlations between intestinal pH, fecal SCFAs, intestinal transit time, and IBS symptom scores were analyzed. RESULTS Colonic intraluminal pH levels were significantly lower in IBS patients compared with HC (total colonic pH, 6.8 for IBS vs. 7.3 for HC, P=0.042). There were no differences in total and segmental pH levels in the small bowel between IBS patients and HC (6.8 vs. 6.8, P=not significant). The intraluminal colonic pH differences were consistent in all IBS subtypes. Total SCFA level was significantly lower in C-IBS patients than in D-IBS and M-IBS patients and HC. The total SCFA level in all IBS subjects was similar with that of HC. Colonic pH levels correlated positively with colon transit time (CTT) and IBS symptoms severity. Total fecal SCFAs levels correlated negatively with CTT and positively with stool frequency. CONCLUSIONS Colonic intraluminal pH is decreased, suggesting higher colonic fermentation, in IBS patients compared with HC. Fecal SCFAs are not a sensitive marker to estimate intraluminal bacterial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ringel-Kulka
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chang Hwan Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Temas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ari Kim
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniele M Maier
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen Scott
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph A Galanko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yehuda Ringel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Corresponding author: Yehuda Ringel, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4107 BioInformatics Bldg, CB# 7080, 130 Mason Farm RD, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, Ph: (919) 843 9947 Fax: (919) 843 0800,
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382
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Etxeberria U, Arias N, Boqué N, Macarulla MT, Portillo MP, Milagro FI, Martinez JA. Shifts in microbiota species and fermentation products in a dietary model enriched in fat and sucrose. Benef Microbes 2015; 6:97-111. [PMID: 25213025 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbours a 'superorganism' called the gut microbiota, which is known to play a crucial role in the onset and development of diverse diseases. This internal ecosystem, far from being a static environment, can be manipulated by diet and dietary components. Feeding animals with high-fat sucrose (HFS) diets entails diet-induced obesity, a model which is usually used in research to mimic the obese phenotype of Western societies. The aim of the present study was to identify gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated metabolic changes produced in male Wistar rats fed a HFS diet for 6 weeks and compare it with the basal microbial composition. For this purpose, DNA extracted from faeces at baseline and after treatment was analysed by amplification of the V4-V6 region of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene using 454 pyrosequencing. Short-chain fatty acids, i.e. acetate, propionate and butyrate, were also evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At the end of the treatment, gut microbiota composition significantly differed at phylum level (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) and class level (Erisypelotrichi, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia and Bacilli). Interestingly, the class Clostridia showed a significant decrease after HFS diet treatment, which correlated with visceral adipose tissue, and is likely mediated by dietary carbohydrates. Of particular interest, Clostridium cluster XIVa species were significantly reduced and changes were identified in the relative abundance of other specific bacterial species (Mitsuokella jalaludinii, Eubacterium ventriosum, Clostridium sp. FCB90-3, Prevotella nanceiensis, Clostridium fusiformis, Clostridium sp. BNL1100 and Eubacterium cylindroides) that, in some cases, showed opposite trends to their relative families. These results highlight the relevance of characterising gut microbial population differences at species level and contribute to understand the plausible link between diet and specific gut bacterial species that are able to influence the inflammatory status, intestinal barrier function and obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Etxeberria
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea St. E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - N Arias
- Nutrition and Obesity group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - N Boqué
- Nutrition and Health Research Group. Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS), TECNIO, CEIC S. Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - M T Macarulla
- Nutrition and Obesity group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M P Portillo
- Nutrition and Obesity group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - F I Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea St. E-31008 Pamplona, Spain CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea St. E-31008 Pamplona, Spain CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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383
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Aldunate M, Srbinovski D, Hearps AC, Latham CF, Ramsland PA, Gugasyan R, Cone RA, Tachedjian G. Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vaginal microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial vaginosis. Front Physiol 2015; 6:164. [PMID: 26082720 PMCID: PMC4451362 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by vaginal microbiota have reported antimicrobial and immune modulatory activities indicating their potential as biomarkers of disease and/or disease susceptibility. In asymptomatic women of reproductive-age the vaginal microbiota is comprised of lactic acid-producing bacteria that are primarily responsible for the production of lactic acid present at ~110 mM and acidifying the vaginal milieu to pH ~3.5. In contrast, bacterial vaginosis (BV), a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota, is characterized by decreased lactic acid-producing microbiota and increased diverse anaerobic bacteria accompanied by an elevated pH>4.5. BV is also characterized by a dramatic loss of lactic acid and greater concentrations of mixed SCFAs including acetate, propionate, butyrate, and succinate. Notably women with lactic acid-producing microbiota have more favorable reproductive and sexual health outcomes compared to women with BV. Regarding the latter, BV is associated with increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. In vitro studies demonstrate that lactic acid produced by vaginal microbiota has microbicidal and virucidal activities that may protect against STIs and endogenous opportunistic bacteria as well as immune modulatory properties that require further characterization with regard to their effects on the vaginal mucosa. In contrast, BV-associated SCFAs have far less antimicrobial activity with the potential to contribute to a pro-inflammatory vaginal environment. Here we review the composition of lactic acid and SCFAs in respective states of eubiosis (non-BV) or dysbiosis (BV), their effects on susceptibility to bacterial/viral STIs and whether they have inherent microbicidal/virucidal and immune modulatory properties. We also explore their potential as biomarkers for the presence and/or increased susceptibility to STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Aldunate
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Microbiology, Nursing and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniela Srbinovski
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Microbiology, Nursing and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna C Hearps
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Infectious Disease, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine F Latham
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Immunology, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Surgery Austin Health, The University of Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia ; School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences, Curtin University Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Raffi Gugasyan
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Immunology, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard A Cone
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Microbiology, Nursing and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia ; Department of Infectious Disease, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, VIC, Australia
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384
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Cooper DN, Martin RJ, Keim NL. Does Whole Grain Consumption Alter Gut Microbiota and Satiety? Healthcare (Basel) 2015; 3:364-92. [PMID: 27417768 PMCID: PMC4939539 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare3020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes recent studies examining whole grain consumption and its effect on gut microbiota and satiety in healthy humans. Studies comparing whole grains to their refined grain counterparts were considered, as were studies comparing different grain types. Possible mechanisms linking microbial metabolism and satiety are described. Clinical trials show that whole grain wheat, maize, and barley alter the human gut microbiota, but these findings are based on a few studies that do not include satiety components, so no functional claims between microbiota and satiety can be made. Ten satiety trials were evaluated and provide evidence that whole oats, barley, and rye can increase satiety, whereas the evidence for whole wheat and maize is not compelling. There are many gaps in the literature; no one clinical trial has examined the effects of whole grains on satiety and gut microbiota together. Once understanding the impact of whole grains on satiety and microbiota is more developed, then particular grains might be used for better appetite control. With this information at hand, healthcare professionals could make individual dietary recommendations that promote satiety and contribute to weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Cooper
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Roy J Martin
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- USDA-ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Nancy L Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- USDA-ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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385
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Al-Asmakh M, Hedin L. Microbiota and the control of blood-tissue barriers. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1039691. [PMID: 26451344 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1039691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastro-intestinal tract is an ecosystem containing trillions of commensal bacteria living in symbiosis with the host. These microbiota modulate a variety of our physiological processes, including production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients and development of the immune system. One of their major functions is to fortify the intestinal barrier, thereby helping to prevent pathogens and harmful substances from crossing into the general circulation. Recently, effects of these microbiota on other blood-tissue barriers have also been reported. Here, we review the evidence indicating that gut bacteria play a role in regulating the blood-brain and blood-testis barriers. The underlying mechanisms include control of the expression of tight junction proteins by fermentation products such as butyrate, which also influences the activity of histone deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Health Sciences; College of Arts and Sciences; Qatar University ; Doha, Qatar
| | - Lars Hedin
- Sidra Medical and Research Center; Division of Clinical Epidemiology ; Doha, Qatar
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386
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Abstract
The gastro-intestinal tract is an ecosystem containing trillions of commensal bacteria living in symbiosis with the host. These microbiota modulate a variety of our physiological processes, including production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients and development of the immune system. One of their major functions is to fortify the intestinal barrier, thereby helping to prevent pathogens and harmful substances from crossing into the general circulation. Recently, effects of these microbiota on other blood-tissue barriers have also been reported. Here, we review the evidence indicating that gut bacteria play a role in regulating the blood-brain and blood-testis barriers. The underlying mechanisms include control of the expression of tight junction proteins by fermentation products such as butyrate, which also influences the activity of histone deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Health Sciences; College of Arts and Sciences; Qatar University ; Doha, Qatar
| | - Lars Hedin
- Sidra Medical and Research Center; Division of Clinical Epidemiology ; Doha, Qatar
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387
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Frye RE, Slattery J, MacFabe DF, Allen-Vercoe E, Parker W, Rodakis J, Adams JB, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Bolte E, Kahler S, Jennings J, James J, Cerniglia CE, Midtvedt T. Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2015; 26:26878. [PMID: 25956237 PMCID: PMC4425814 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.26878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of scientific evidence that the health of the microbiome (the trillions of microbes that inhabit the human host) plays an important role in maintaining the health of the host and that disruptions in the microbiome may play a role in certain disease processes. An increasing number of research studies have provided evidence that the composition of the gut (enteric) microbiome (GM) in at least a subset of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) deviates from what is usually observed in typically developing individuals. There are several lines of research that suggest that specific changes in the GM could be causative or highly associated with driving core and associated ASD symptoms, pathology, and comorbidities which include gastrointestinal symptoms, although it is also a possibility that these changes, in whole or in part, could be a consequence of underlying pathophysiological features associated with ASD. However, if the GM truly plays a causative role in ASD, then the manipulation of the GM could potentially be leveraged as a therapeutic approach to improve ASD symptoms and/or comorbidities, including gastrointestinal symptoms. One approach to investigating this possibility in greater detail includes a highly controlled clinical trial in which the GM is systematically manipulated to determine its significance in individuals with ASD. To outline the important issues that would be required to design such a study, a group of clinicians, research scientists, and parents of children with ASD participated in an interdisciplinary daylong workshop as an extension of the 1st International Symposium on the Microbiome in Health and Disease with a Special Focus on Autism (www.microbiome-autism.com). The group considered several aspects of designing clinical studies, including clinical trial design, treatments that could potentially be used in a clinical trial, appropriate ASD participants for the clinical trial, behavioral and cognitive assessments, important biomarkers, safety concerns, and ethical considerations. Overall, the group not only felt that this was a promising area of research for the ASD population and a promising avenue for potential treatment but also felt that further basic and translational research was needed to clarify the clinical utility of such treatments and to elucidate possible mechanisms responsible for a clinical response, so that new treatments and approaches may be discovered and/or fostered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Division of Neurology, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA;
| | - John Slattery
- Division of Neurology, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Derrick F MacFabe
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - John Rodakis
- N of One: Autism Research Foundation, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James B Adams
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ellen Bolte
- N of One: Autism Research Foundation, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Kahler
- Division of Neurology, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Jill James
- Department of Developmental Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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388
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Ritchie LE, Sturino JM, Carroll RJ, Rooney LW, Azcarate-Peril MA, Turner ND. Polyphenol-rich sorghum brans alter colon microbiota and impact species diversity and species richness after multiple bouts of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv008. [PMID: 25764457 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota affects host health, and dysbiosis is involved in colitis. Sorghum bran influences butyrate concentrations during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis, suggesting microbiota changes. We aimed to characterize the microbiota during colitis, and ascertain if polyphenol-rich sorghum bran diets mitigate these effects. Rats (n = 80) were fed diets containing 6% fiber from cellulose, or Black (3-deoxyanthocyanins), Sumac (condensed tannins), or Hi Tannin black (both) sorghum bran. Inflammation was induced three times using 3% DSS for 48 h (40 rats, 2 week separation), and the microbiota characterized by pyrosequencing. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was higher in Cellulose DSS rats. Colonic injury negatively correlated with Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Lactobacillales and Lactobacillus, and positively correlated with Unknown/Unclassified. Post DSS#2, richness was significantly lower in Sumac and Hi Tannin black. Post DSS#3 Bacteroidales, Bacteroides, Clostridiales, Lactobacillales and Lactobacillus were reduced, with no Clostridium identified. Diet significantly affected Bacteroidales, Bacteroides, Clostridiales and Lactobacillus post DSS#2 and #3. Post DSS#3 diet significantly affected all genus, including Bacteroides and Lactobacillus, and diversity and richness increased. Sumac and Hi Tannin black DSS had significantly higher richness compared to controls. Thus, these sorghum brans may protect against alterations observed during colitis including reduced microbial diversity and richness, and dysbiosis of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Ritchie
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Joseph M Sturino
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA Nutrition and Food Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3143, USA
| | - Lloyd W Rooney
- Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2474, USA
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA
| | - Nancy D Turner
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA Nutrition and Food Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
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389
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are the main products of microbial fermentation in the gut and might mediate some of the effects of gut microbiota and nutrition on development, metabolism, and pathogenesis of obesity and other diseases. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effects of SCFAs on adipocyte differentiation and the underlying mechanism. METHODS The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of the porcine subcutaneous fat was used as the preadipocyte model. Adipocyte differentiation was assessed by Oil Red O staining and gene expression analysis of adipocyte markers. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to assess the histone acetylation amounts at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (CEBPA) promoters. RESULTS Compared with control, propionate and butyrate enhanced the formation of adipocytes by 10-20% and mRNA expression of adipocyte markers by 20-200% in porcine SVF undergoing adipocyte differentiation. Compared with control, short-term treatment of propionate and butyrate enhanced PPARG and CEBPA mRNA expression in porcine SVF by 50-100%. Neither free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) 2 nor FFAR3 mRNA was detectable in porcine SVF before or during differentiation. Neither a cAMP analogue nor an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) affected propionate- or butyrate-enhanced expression of PPARG or CEBPA mRNA. Trichostatin A, a specific inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs), enhanced the formation of adipocytes in porcine SVF by nearly 100% and the expression of PPARG and CEBPA mRNAs by 150% and 50%, respectively. Butyrate increased whereas propionate had no significant effect on histone H3 acetylation at the CEBPA promoter in porcine SVF. CONCLUSIONS Propionate and butyrate enhance adipocyte differentiation in porcine SVF. These effects are unlikely mediated through FFAR2, FFAR3, cAMP, or AMPK. The effect of butyrate may be partially mediated by its HDAC inhibitory activity, whereas that of propionate is independent of its HDAC inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genlai Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; and
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; and
| | - Honglin Jiang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
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390
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Netta S, Papadopoulos V, Apostolidis S, Michalopoulos A. The effect of intraoperative lavage with short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on rectal anastomosis of rats receiving corticosteroids. Hippokratia 2014; 18:350-354. [PMID: 26052203 PMCID: PMC4453810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic failure is one of the most frequent complications in rectal surgery. The present study aims to elucidate the effect of intraoperative lavage with short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on rectal anastomosis of rats receiving corticosteroids. METHODS Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Group A (control group, without lavage and medication), group B (lavage with saline solution and no medication), group C (lavage with SCFAs and no medication), group D (lavage with saline solution and injection of 30mg/kg methylprednisolone 7 days pre-operatively and 4 days post-operatively), group E (lavage with a SCFAs and methylprednisolone). On the 4(th) postoperative day the animals were sacrificed and bursting pressure of the anastomosis, CRP, IL-6 and TNF-a were measured. RESULTS Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis showed statistically significant differences between the groups (p<0.001). The bursting pressure of the anastomosis was lower in groups B and D, while it was higher in group C. TNF-a values displayed differences between group D and groups A, C, E. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative lavage with SCFAs increases anastomotic strength by increasing the bursting pressure of anastomosis in rats receiving corticosteroid, while lavage with saline solution decreases it. Rectal irrigation with short-chain fatty acids may improve anastomotic healing, especially in patients receiving corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Netta
- 1 Propaedeutic Surgical Department, A.H.E.P.A. University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - V Papadopoulos
- 1 Propaedeutic Surgical Department, A.H.E.P.A. University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Apostolidis
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Michalopoulos
- 1 Propaedeutic Surgical Department, A.H.E.P.A. University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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391
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Abstract
The fields of microbiology, immunology, neurology and nutrition are rapidly converging, as advanced sequencing and genomics-based methodologies have enabled the mapping out of the microbial diversity of humans for the first time. Bugs, guts, brains and behavior were once believed to be separate domains of clinical practice and research; however, recent observations in our understanding of the microbiome indicate that the boundaries between domains are becoming permeable. This permeability is multidirectional: Biological systems are operating simultaneously in a vastly complex and interconnected web. Understanding the microbiome-gut-brain axis will entail fleshing out the mechanisms by which transduction across each domain occurs, allowing us ultimately to appreciate the role of commensal organisms in shaping and modulating host immunity. This article will highlight animal and human research to date, as well as highlight directions for future research. We speculate that the gut microbiome is potentially the premier environmental risk factor mediating inflammatory central nervous system demyelination, in particular multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lloyd H Kasper
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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392
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Pieper R, Boudry C, Bindelle J, Vahjen W, Zentek J. Interaction between dietary protein content and the source of carbohydrates along the gastrointestinal tract of weaned piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:263-80. [PMID: 24979393 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.932962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although fermentable carbohydrates (CHO) can reduce metabolites derived from dietary protein fermentation in the intestine of pigs, the interaction between site of fermentation and substrate availability along the gut is still unclear. The current study aimed at determining the impact of two different sources of carbohydrates in diets with low or very high protein content on microbial metabolite profiles along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. Thirty-six piglets (n = 6 per group) were fed diets high (26%, HP) or low (18%, LP) in dietary protein and with or without two different sources of carbohydrates (12% sugar beet pulp, SBP, or 8% lignocellulose, LNC) in a 2 × 3 factorial design. After 3 weeks, contents from stomach, jejunum, ileum, caecum, proximal and distal colon were taken and analysed for major bacterial metabolites (D-lactate, L-lactate, short chain fatty acids, ammonia, amines, phenols and indols). Results indicate considerable fermentation of CHO and protein already in the stomach. HP diets increased the formation of ammonia, amines, phenolic and indolic compounds throughout the different parts of the intestine with most pronounced effects in the distal colon. Dietary SBP inclusion in LP diets favoured the formation of cadaverine in the proximal parts of the intestine. SBP mainly increased CHO-derived metabolites such as SCFA and lactate and decreased protein-derived metabolites in the large intestine. Based on metabolite profiles, LNC was partly fermented in the distal large intestine and reduced mainly phenols, indols and cadaverine, but not ammonia. Multivariate analysis confirmed more diet-specific metabolite patterns in the stomach, whereas the CHO addition was the main determinant in the caecum and proximal colon. The protein level mainly influenced the metabolite patterns in the distal colon. The results confirm the importance of CHO source to influence the formation of metabolites derived from protein fermentation along the intestinal tract of the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pieper
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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393
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Abstract
Brain development is an energy demanding process that relies heavily upon diet derived nutrients. Gut microbiota enhance the host's ability to extract otherwise inaccessible energy from the diet via fermentation of complex oligosaccharides in the colon. This nutrient yield is estimated to contribute up to 10% of the host's daily caloric requirement in humans and fluctuates in response to environmental variations. Research over the past decade has demonstrated a surprising role for the gut microbiome in normal brain development and function. In this review we postulate that perturbations in the gut microbial-derived nutrient supply, driven by environmental variation, profoundly impacts upon normal brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Selkrig
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore, Singapore,Lee Kong Chain School of Medicine; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peiyan Wong
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore; Singapore, Singapore,Behavioural Phenotyping Core Facility; Duke-NUS; Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore; Singapore, Singapore,Department of Physiology; National University of Singapore; Singapore, Singapore,Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC USA
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Lee Kong Chain School of Medicine; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore, Singapore,Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC); Karolinska Institute; Stockholm, Sweden,Correspondence to: Sven Pettersson,
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394
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Jahns F, Wilhelm A, Jablonowski N, Mothes H, Greulich KO, Glei M. Butyrate modulates antioxidant enzyme expression in malignant and non-malignant human colon tissues. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:249-60. [PMID: 24677319 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The induction of antioxidant enzymes is an important mechanism in colon cancer chemoprevention, but the response of human colon tissue to butyrate, a gut fermentation product derived from dietary fiber, remains largely unknown. Therefore, our study investigated the effect of a butyrate treatment on catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD2) in matched human colon tissues of different transformation stages (n = 3-15 in each group) ex vivo. By performing quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and spectrophotometric measurements, we found an increase in SOD2 at expression and activity level in colonic adenocarcinomas (mRNA: 1.96-fold; protein: 1.41-fold, activity: 1.8-fold; P < 0.05). No difference was detectable for CAT between normal, adenoma, and carcinoma colon tissues. Treatment of normal colon epithelium (12 h) with a physiologically relevant concentration of butyrate (10 mM) resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in CAT mRNA (1.24-fold) and protein (1.39-fold), without affecting the enzymatic activity. Consequently, preliminary experiments failed to show any protective effect of butyrate against H2 O2 -mediated DNA damage. Despite a significantly lowered SOD2 transcript (0.51-fold, P < 0.01) and, to a lesser extent, protein level (0.86-fold) after butyrate exposure of normal colon cells, the catalytic activity was significantly enhanced (1.19-fold, P < 0.05), suggesting an increased protection against tissue superoxide radicals. In malignant tissues, greater variations in response to butyrate were observed. Furthermore, both enzymes showed an age-dependent decrease in activity in normal colon epithelium (CAT: r = -0.49, P = 0.09; SOD2: r = -0.58, P = 0.049). In conclusion, butyrate exhibited potential antioxidant features ex vivo but cellular consequences need to be investigated more in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Jahns
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Single Cell and Single Molecule Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
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395
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Abstract
Global incidence rates for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have gradually risen over the past 20 years. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 160 genetic loci associated with IBD; however, inherited factors only account for a partial contribution to the disease risk. We have recently shown that urban airborne particulate matter (PM) ingested via contaminated food can alter gut microbiome and immune function under normal and inflammatory conditions. In this addendum, we will discuss how PM can modify the gut microbial form and function, provide evidence on changes seen in intestinal barrier, and suggest a working hypothesis of how pollutants affect the gastrointestinal tract. The significance of the work presented could lead to identifying airborne pollutants as potential risk factors and thus provide better patient care management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Y Salim
- Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Gilaad G Kaplan
- Department of Medicine and Community Health Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada,Correspondence to: Karen L Madsen,
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396
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Graham LS, Krass L, Zariffard MR, Spear GT, Mirmonsef P. Effects of Succinic Acid and Other Microbial Fermentation Products on HIV Expression in Macrophages. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:385-91. [PMID: 24083094 PMCID: PMC3776615 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common condition in women, is associated with increased shedding of HIV in the female genital tract. While the Lactobacillus species that comprise a healthy vaginal microbiota produce lactic acid, the bacteria common in BV produce high concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and succinic acid. Macrophages are abundant in the lower genital tract mucosa and are thought to play an important role in HIV infection. In this study, we investigated whether SCFAs and succinic acid impacted HIV expression in monocyte-derived macrophages. Monocytes differentiated with either granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were infected with either HIVBal or an HIV-luciferase reporter virus and treated with SCFAs, succinic acid, or lactic acid. Butyric acid suppressed HIV expression while succinic acid significantly increased expression in macrophages differentiated with either GM-CSF or M-CSF. Acetic, propionic, and lactic acids had no effect on HIV expression. Only succinic acid resulted in a significant increase in interleukin-8 production by infected macrophages. Our results suggest that succinic acid present in increased concentrations in the genital tract of women with BV plays a pro-inflammatory role and increases HIV expression. This could be one factor contributing to increased virus shedding seen in women with BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Graham
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
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397
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Leber C, Da Silva NA. Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the synthesis of short chain fatty acids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:347-58. [PMID: 23928901 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbon feedstocks from fossilized sources are being rapidly depleted due to rising demand for industrial and commercial applications. Many petroleum-derived chemicals can be directly or functionally substituted with chemicals derived from renewable feedstocks. Several short chain organic acids may fulfill this role using their functional groups as a target for chemical catalysis. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered to produce short chain carboxylic acids (C6 to C10 ) from glucose using the heterologous Homo sapiens type I fatty acid synthase (hFAS). This synthase was activated by phosphopantetheine transfereases AcpS and Sfp from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, both in vitro and in vivo. hFAS was produced in the holo-form and produced carboxylic acids in vitro, confirmed by NADPH and ADIFAB assays. Overexpression of hFAS in a yeast FAS2 knockout strain, deficient in de novo fatty acid synthesis, demonstrated the full functional replacement of the native fungal FAS by hFAS. Two active heterologous short chain thioesterases (TEs) from Cuphea palustris (CpFatB1) and Rattus norvegicus (TEII) were evaluated for short chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis in vitro and in vivo. Three hFAS mutants were constructed: a mutant deficient in the native TE domain, a mutant with a linked CpFatB1 TE and a mutant with a linked TEII TE. Using the native yeast fatty acid synthase for growth, the overexpression of the hFAS mutants and the short-chain TEs (linked or plasmid-based) increased in vivo caprylic acid and total SCFA production up to 64-fold (63 mg/L) and 52-fold (68 mg/L), respectively, over the native yeast levels. Combined over-expression of the phosphopantetheine transferase with the hFAS mutant resulted in C8 titers of up to 82 mg/L and total SCFA titers of up to 111 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Leber
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
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398
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Schilderink R, Verseijden C, de Jonge WJ. Dietary inhibitors of histone deacetylases in intestinal immunity and homeostasis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:226. [PMID: 23914191 PMCID: PMC3730085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are integral players in homeostasis of immunity and host defense in the gut and are under influence of the intestinal microbiome. Microbial metabolites and dietary components, including short chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate, SCFAs), have an impact on the physiology of IECs at multiple levels, including the inhibition of deacetylases affecting chromatin remodeling and global changes in transcriptional activity. The number and diversity of butyrate-producing bacteria is subject to factors related to age, disease, and to diet. At physiological levels, SCFAs are inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) which may explain the transcriptional effects of SCFAs on epithelial cells, although many effects of SCFAs on colonic mucosa can be ascribed to mechanisms beyond HDAC inhibition. Interference with this type of post-translational modification has great potential in cancer and different inflammatory diseases, because HDAC inhibition has anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, and in in vivo models of intestinal inflammation. Hence, the influence of dietary modulators on HDAC activity in epithelia is likely to be an important determinant of its responses to inflammatory and microbial challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schilderink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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399
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Parkar SG, Trower TM, Stevenson DE. Fecal microbial metabolism of polyphenols and its effects on human gut microbiota. Anaerobe 2013; 23:12-9. [PMID: 23916722 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the biotransformation of four common dietary polyphenols, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, in an in vitro mixed culture model of human intestinal microbiota, to determine effects on human gut bacteria. All four compounds were biotransformed rapidly, disappearing from the medium within 0.5 h and later replaced by known phenolic acid breakdown products, at concentrations up to hundreds of micromolar, much higher than in no-polyphenol control experiments. Quantitative PCR was used to measure effects of the polyphenols on the balance between the major groups of intestinal bacteria that are known to influence gut health, i.e., Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. Fermentation of polyphenols stimulated proliferation of bifidobacteria and decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, relative to controls. Polyphenols also stimulated short chain fatty acid production by the bacteria. Pure bifidobacterial cultures were treated separately with either fermented media isolated from the incubations, the pure test polyphenols, or the biotransformation products detected in the fermentations. Growth stimulation was observed only with fermented polyphenol media and the pure biotransformation products. It appears that dietary polyphenols may have the ability to modify the gut microbial balance, but this effect is indirect, i.e., it is mediated by biotransformation products, rather than the original plant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi G Parkar
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 3123, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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400
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Patel A, Falck P, Shah N, Immerzeel P, Adlercreutz P, Stålbrand H, Prajapati JB, Holst O, Nordberg Karlsson E. Evidence for xylooligosaccharide utilization in Weissella strains isolated from Indian fermented foods and vegetables. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 346:20-8. [PMID: 23738850 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Six strains isolated from fermented food were identified as Weissella species by 16S rDNA sequencing, clustering with the species pair W. confusa/W. cibaria. The strains were analysed for growth on glucose, xylose and xylooligosaccharides (XOS). All strains were xylose positive using the API CHL 50 test. Growth on XOS was observed for strains 85, 92, 145 and AV1, firstly by optical density measurements in microtitre plates and secondly in batch cultures also confirming concomitant decrease in pH. Analysis of XOS before and after growth established consumption in the DP2-DP5 range in the four XOS-fermenting strains. XOS were consumed simultaneously with glucose, while xylose was consumed after glucose depletion. Cell-associated β-xylosidase activity was detected in the XOS-fermenting strains. Analysis of genomic data suggests this activity to be linked with genes encoding glycoside hydrolases from family 3, 8 or 43. No endo-β-xylanase activity was detectable. Major end products were lactate and acetate. A higher ratio of acetic acid to lactic acid was obtained during growth on XOS compared with growth on glucose. This is the first report on utilization of XOS in Weissella, indicating an increased probiotic potential for XOS-utilizing strains from the species pair W. confusa/W. cibaria, but also showing that XOS utilization is strain dependent for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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