Comparison of the bone remodeling in the midpalatal suture during maxillary expansion between young and middle-aged mice

Maxillary expansion is a common orthodontic procedure for treating maxillary transverse deficiency. However, the cell responses to mechanical force may vary across different age groups, suggesting the need for age-specific treatment protocols. To compare the age-related responses to the mechanical force, we examined the 6-week- and 12-month-old mice undergoing maxillary expansion with 0.012-in. stainless steel orthodontic wire bonded to the maxillary first and second molars (25 g force). Mice were euthanized on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 for analysis. MicroCT analysis, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain, and immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry stain using antibodies to RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Gli1 and Ki67 along with the TUNEL assay, were conducted to evaluate suture width, osteoclast activity, new bone formation and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation and apoptosis. Both 6-week- and 12-month-old mice exhibited successful midpalatal suture opening, but young mice demonstrated earlier and more intense osteoclast activity, along with higher expression of RUNX2 and ALP. Young mice also exhibited a higher percentage of Gli1+Ki67+ immunopositive cells, while middle-aged mice showed a higher percentage of Gli1+TUNEL+ positive cells on day 3 after maxillary expansion. Our findings suggest that aging negatively impacts mechanical force-induced bone remodeling by reducing osteoclastogenesis, osteogenesis, and MSC proliferation while increasing MSC apoptosis.

Artificial intelligence revolution in drug discovery: A paradigm shift in pharmaceutical innovation

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into drug discovery has revolutionized pharmaceutical innovation, addressing the challenges of traditional methods that are costly, time-consuming, and suffer from high failure rates. By utilizing machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP), AI enhances various stages of drug development, including target identification, lead optimization, de novo drug design, and drug repurposing. AI tools, such as AlphaFold for protein structure prediction and AtomNet for structure-based drug design, have significantly accelerated the discovery process, improved efficiency and reduced costs. Success stories like Insilico Medicine's AI-designed molecule for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and BenevolentAI's identification of baricitinib for COVID-19 highlight AI's transformative potential. Additionally, AI enables the exploration of vast chemical spaces, optimization of clinical trials, and the identification of novel therapeutic targets, paving the way for precision medicine. However, challenges such as limited data accessibility, integration of diverse datasets, interpretability of AI models, and ethical concerns remain critical hurdles. Overcoming these limitations through enhanced algorithms, standardized databases, and interdisciplinary collaboration is essential. Overall, AI continues to reshape drug discovery, reducing timelines, increasing success rates, and driving the development of innovative and accessible therapies for unmet medical needs.

The role of m6A methylation in abdominal aortic aneurysms: Mechanisms, progress and future perspectives (Review)

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a type of cardiovascular disease. Sudden aortic rupture and subsequent bleeding are the main causes of mortality due to AAA. N6‑methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, the most common epitranscriptomic modification in eukaryotic mRNAs, has a key role in the regulation of gene expression. m6A methylation markedly influences the development and progression of AAA. The present review highlights the mechanism of m6A methylation in AAA, including current research progress and future prospects. From a mechanistic perspective, m6A methylation exerts its influence on AAA‑related genes by modulating the post‑transcriptional levels of RNA, thereby impacting the pathological process of AAA. In terms of clinical applications, the mechanisms by which m6A methylation regulators influence their development and progression in AAA involve multiple target genes and signaling pathways. These regulatory factors affect inflammatory immunomodulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis and endogenous processes by modulating the m6A modification status of target genes and the activity of immune‑related signaling pathways. Therefore, for the prevention and treatment of AAA, current therapeutic strategies should comprehensively consider the interactions and synergistic regulation among m6A methylation regulators to reveal the integrated effects of the entire regulatory network in AAA development. Consequently, a more comprehensive understanding of the precise mechanisms of m6A methylation in AAA should be attained, which will support the development of innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at m6A methylation and establish a basis for the early diagnosis and treatment of AAA.

Myocardial transcriptomic and proteomic landscapes across the menopausal continuum in a murine model of chemically induced accelerated ovarian failure

Risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women increases with the menopausal transition. Using a chemical model (4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide; VCD) of accelerated ovarian failure, we previously demonstrated that menopausal females are more susceptible to CVD compared with peri- or premenopausal females like humans. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this shift in CVD susceptibility across the pre- to peri- to menopause continuum remain understudied. In this work using the VCD mouse model, we phenotyped cellular and molecular signatures from hearts at each hormonally distinct stage that included transcriptomic, proteomic, and cell biological analyses. The transcriptional profile of premenopausal hearts clustered separately from perimenopausal and menopausal hearts, which clustered more similarly. Proteomics also revealed hormonal clustering; perimenopausal hearts grouped more closely with premenopausal than menopausal hearts. Both proteomes and transcriptomes showed similar trends in genes associated with atherothrombosis, contractility, and impaired nuclear signaling between pre-, peri-, and menopausal murine hearts. Further analysis of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) showed hormone-dependent shifts in the phosphoproteome and acetylome. To further interrogate these findings, we triggered pathological remodeling using angiotensin II (Ang II). Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity were found to be dependent on hormonal status and Ang II stimulation. Finally, knockdown of anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells (Treg) exacerbated Ang II-dependent fibrosis implicating HDAC-mediated epigenetic suppression of Treg activity. Taken together, we demonstrated unique cellular and molecular profiles underlying the cardiac phenotype of pre-, peri-, and menopausal mice supporting the necessity to study CVD in females across the hormonal transition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cycling and perimenopausal females are protected from cardiovascular disease (CVD) whereas menopausal females are more susceptible to CVD and other pathological sequalae. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying loss of CVD protection across the pre- to peri- to menopause transition remain understudied. Using the murine 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) model of menopause we highlight cellular and molecular signatures from hearts at each hormonally distinct stage that included transcriptomic, proteomic, and cell biological analyses.

Piperine derivative, (2E,4E)-5-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)penta-2,4-dienamide, exerted cytotoxic activity toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells via Apoptosis: Gene expression and biomolecular change study

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in women worldwide. Adverse side effects have been reported from chemotherapeutic agents of systematic therapies. Therefore, new agents are still needed for breast cancer treatment. This research aimed to investigate anticancer activity and mechanisms of a piperine derivative, named (2E,4E)-5-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)penta-2,4-dienamide (1f), against MCF-7 breast cancer cell. The results show that 1f ranging from 7.5 to 60 μg/mL inhibited MCF-7 cells in dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 17.02 ± 1.74 μg/mL. It inhibited cell migration in dose and time dependent manners. In addition, it induced morphological characteristics of apoptosis and increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure staining and DNA fragmentation confirmed the induction of apoptosis. 1f induced the gene expression of TP53, PTEN, and CASP9, while ESR1, BRCA1, BRCA2, PIK3CA, AKT1 CHEK2, BRIP1 and KRAS expression were decreased. STRING protein-protein interaction network and KEGG pathway analysis predicted the induction of apoptosis linked with DNA repair, estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results shows that 1f reduced the lipid utilization rate and inhibited protein synthesis, resulting in the induction of apoptosis. Overall, 1f is an interesting candidate for development as an anticancer agent for breast cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors as indicators of aortic aneurysm and dissection development in extracellular matrix remodeling

Aneurysms and dissections represent some of the most serious cardiovascular diseases. The prevailing theory posits that mechanical overloading of the vessel wall is the underlying cause. Inspired by Barkhordarian et al, the authors present matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors in immunohistological analyses as contributing factors in the pathophysiology of aortic aneurysms (AA). Data analysis of MMP-1, MMP-9, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), including TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression reveals a varied distribution between the adventitia and media and a non-uniform expression of the investigated markers. These elements, as key components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), indicate that the formation of AA is not solely driven by endoluminal pressure loading of the aortic wall. Instead, degenerative processes within ECM elements contribute significantly. Importantly, AA do not necessarily imply dissection. Tissue destruction, allowing blood flow entry, arises from reduced oxygen supply to the media, primarily due to incomplete capillarization or neocapillarization.

Inhibiting microtubule polymerization with EAPB02303, a prodrug activated by catechol-O-methyl transferase, enhances paclitaxel effect in pancreatic cancer models

The Imiqualines family is an original group of small heterocyclic compounds, diversely substituted around different scaffolds. Among these compounds, the lead EAPB02303 displays outstanding cytotoxic activity at nanomolar concentrations comparable to those of standard-of-care chemotherapy drugs in different cancer cell lines, including Pancreatic Ductal AdenoCarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines. Due to its high aggressiveness and resistance to therapies, PDAC has an extremely poor prognosis with limited treatment options. Here, we demonstrated the cytotoxic activities of EAPB02303 alone or combined with standard chemotherapy drugs in several PDAC cell lines and confirmed these results in patient-derived xenograft mouse models. EAPB02303 potently induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and in mitosis followed by apoptosis. Then, using a combination of transcriptomic, proteomic, biochemical and cellular assay, we found that EAPB02303 mechanism of action relies on its bioactivation by catechol-O-methyltransferase, resulting in the production of a methylated compound that effectively inhibits microtubule polymerization. Moreover, EAPB02303 had a synergistic effect when combined with paclitaxel (the standard-of-care agent in PDAC) providing the rationale to continue the development of EAPB02303 combination strategies for the treatment of catechol-O-methyltransferase-overexpressing PDAC.

Corporal Composition and Gut Microbiome Modification Through Exclusion Dietary Intervention in Adult Patients with Crohn's Disease: Protocol for a Prospective, Interventional, Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease in which there is an alteration in the homeostasis and functionality of the intestinal mucosa accompanied by a dysbiosis of the commensal microbiota. The analysis of different dietary strategies to achieve CD remission and reduce gastrointestinal symptoms concludes that it is necessary to restrict the intake of ultra-processed products and to promote the consumption of those with anti-inflammatory effects that improve intestinal permeability and dysbiosis. Methods: Based on previous studies conducted in other cohorts, mainly pediatric, we propose an experimental, prospective, randomized study in patients with active CD who do not show improvement with conventional pharmacological treatment. The control group will receive standard nutritional recommendations while the intervention group will be prescribed an exclusion diet supplemented with enteral nutrition. Results: Patients in the intervention group are expected to exhibit increased lean body mass and reduced visceral fat, as measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), alongside higher rates of clinical remission (CDAI), decreased inflammatory markers, and improved gut microbiota composition. Additionally, improvements in health-related quality of life are anticipated, as assessed by validated questionnaires. Conclusions: In the present project, we plan to conduct a detailed study to determine the potential of the exclusion diet for the treatment and remission of CD in adult patients, with the hypothesis that this nutritional intervention will be able to modify and improve intestinal dysbiosis, inflammatory status, and clinical and body composition markers in these patients.

Transmembrane Protease Serine 11B Modulates Lactate Transport Through SLC16A1 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma-A Functional Link to Phenotype Heterogeneity

Tumor cell heterogeneity, e.g., in stroma-rich pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), includes a differential metabolism of lactate. While being secreted as waste product by most cancer cells characterized by the glycolytic Warburg metabolism, it is utilized by a subset of highly malignant cancer cells running the reverse Warburg metabolism. Key drivers of lactate transport are the carrier proteins SLC16A1 (import/export) and SLC16A3 (export). Expression and function of both carriers are controlled by the chaperone Basigin (BSG), which itself is functionally controlled by the transmembrane protease serine 11B (TMPRSS11B). In this study we explored the impact of TMPRSS11B on the phenotype of PDAC cells under reverse Warburg conditions. Amongst a panel of PDAC cell lines, Panc1 and BxPc3 cells were identified to express TMPRSS11B at a high level, whilst other cell lines such as T3M4 did not. ShRNA-mediated TMPRSS11B knock-down in Panc1 and BxPc3 cells enhanced lactate import through SLC16A1, as shown by GFP/iLACCO1 lactate uptake assay, whereas TMPRSS1B overexpression in T3M4 dampened SLC16A1-driven lactate uptake. Moreover, knock-down and overexpression of TMPRSS11B differentially impacted proliferation and chemoresistance under reverse Warburg conditions in Panc1 or BxPc3 and T3M4 cells, respectively, as well as their stemness properties indicated by altered colony formation rates and expression of the stem cell markers Nanog, Sox2, KLF4 and Oct4. These effects of TMPRSS11B depended on both SLC16A1 and BSG as shown by gene silencing. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a reciprocal expression of TMPRSS11B and BSG together with SLC16A1 in some areas of tumor tissues from PDAC patients. Those regions exhibiting low or no TMPRSS11B expression but concomitant high expression of SLC16A1 and BSG revealed greater amounts of KLF4. In contrast, other tumor areas exhibiting high expression of TMPRSS11B together with BSG and SLC16A1 were largely negative for KLF4 expression. Thus, the differential expression of TMPRSS11B adds to metabolic heterogeneity in PDAC and its absence supports the reverse Warburg metabolism in PDAC cells by the enhancement of BSG-supported lactate uptake through SLC16A1 and subsequent phenotype alterations towards greater stemness.

IL-12 family cytokines and autoimmune diseases: A potential therapeutic target?

In recent years, the discovery of IL-12 family cytokines, which includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, and IL-39, whose biological functions directly or indirectly affect various autoimmune diseases. In autoimmune diseases, IL-12 family cytokines are aberrantly expressed to varying degrees. These cytokines utilize shared subunits to influence T-cell activation and differentiation, thereby regulating the balance of T-cell subsets, which profoundly impacts the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases. In such conditions, IL-12 family members are aberrantly expressed to varying degrees. By exploring their immunomodulatory functions, researchers have identified varying therapeutic potentials for each member. This review examines the physiological functions of the major IL-12 family members and their interactions, discusses their roles in several autoimmune diseases, and summarizes the progress of clinical studies involving monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-12 and IL-23 subunits currently available for treatment.

Altered vertebral biomechanical properties in prostate cancer patients following androgen deprivation therapy

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for localised and metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) is known to improve survival in patients but has been associated with negative long-term impacts on the skeleton, including decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. Generally, dual-enery X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements of areal BMD (aBMD) of vertebrae are used clinically to assess bone health. However, a prediction of vertebral bone strength requires information that aBMD cannot provide, such as geometry and volumetric BMD (vBMD). This study aims to investigate the effect of ADT on the densitometric (aBMD, trabecular vBMD, integral vBMD) and mechanical integrity (failure load and failure strength) of vertebrae, using a combination of DXA, quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and finite element (FE) modelling. For the FE analyses, 3D models were reconstructed from QCT images of 26 ADT treated patients, and their matched controls, collected as part of the ANTELOPE clinical trial. The ADT treated group experienced significantly decreased trabecular and integral vBMD (trabecular vBMD: -18 %, p < 0.001, integral vBMD: -11 %, p < 0.001) compared to control patients that showed no significant temporal changes (trabecular vBMD p = 0.037, integral vBMD p = 0.56). A similar trend was seen in the ADT treated group for the failure load and failure strength, where a decrease of 14 % was observed (p < 0.001). When comparing the proficiency in predicting the mechanical properties from densitometric properties, the integral vBMD performed best in the pooled data (r = 0.86-0.87, p < 0.001) closely followed by trabecular vBMD (r = 0.73-0.75, p < 0.001) with aBMD having a much weaker predictive ability (r = 0.19-0.21, p < 0.01). In conclusion, ADT significantly reduced both the densitometric properties and the mechanical strength of vertebrae. A stronger relationship between both trabecular vBMD and integral vBMD with the mechanical properties than the aBMD was observed, suggesting that such clinical measurements could improve predictions of fracture risk in prostate cancer patients treated with ADT.

Deciphering immune dynamics in atherosclerosis: Inflammatory mediators as biomarkers and therapeutic target

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerosis, one of the main causes of cardiovascular disease, is driven by complex interactions between lipid metabolism and immune mechanisms in the vascular system. Regulatory molecules, particularly protein fragments derived from cytokines, chemokines and other immune-related proteins, play a central role in modulating inflammation and immune responses in atherosclerotic plaques.

RESULTS

Recent advances in peptidomics have revealed the dual role of immune system-derived peptides as indicators and effectors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Certain subsets of immune cells, such as pro-inflammatory monocytes and regulatory T cells, contribute to this peptide-mediated regulation. New findings suggest that these peptides may serve as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights the translational relevance of immune-mediated peptides in ASCVD and emphasizes their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. By integrating peptidomics with immunology research, a new framework for understanding and targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis is proposed, opening new avenues for precision medicine in cardiovascular care.

A novel butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor induces antidepressant, pro-cognitive, and anti-anhedonic effects in Flinders Sensitive Line rats: The role of the ghrelin-dopamine cascade

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is often treatment resistant, particularly in addressing anhedonia and cognitive deficits. Novel pharmacological strategies are needed. While butyrylcholinesterase, ghrelin, and dopamine (DA) have been well studied in the context of stress and MDD, their interaction remains unclear.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

The dose-dependent antidepressant effects of a novel butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor (BChEI) were evaluated in the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat model of MDD. Behavioural assessments included the forced swim test (despair), sucrose preference test (reward-related), and novel object recognition test (cognition). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), acetylcholine (ACh), and brain monoamines were analysed, as well as serum growth hormone and acyl- and desacyl-ghrelin. To confirm the role of ghrelin, pharmacological exploration was undertaken using the ghrelin receptor antagonist, D-Lys-3-GHRP-6.

KEY RESULTS

FSL rats had significantly lower ghrelin ratios, BDNF, ACh, DA and growth hormone levels. In FSL rats, both BChEI and escitalopram significantly reduced despair. BChEI significantly outperformed escitalopram in enhancing reward-related and cognitive behaviours. Biochemically, BChEI treatment significantly increased ghrelin ratios and brain DA levels without altering brain 5-HT, ACh or BDNF. D-Lys-3-GHRP-6 significantly reversed the antidepressant-like, rewarding, and pro-cognitive effects of BChEI, accompanied by significant reductions in BDNF and DA.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

FSL rats display impaired ghrelin, DA, serotonin, growth hormone, and BDNF signalling, akin to MDD. BChEI exerts antidepressant-like effects across despair, reward, and cognitive domains, most likely via the BChE-ghrelin-DA cascade. Reversal of these effects by ghrelin antagonism underscores the critical role of ghrelin, specifically via growth hormone secretagogue receptor-ghrelin interaction. These findings suggest a potentially novel multimodal neurobiological target for the treatment of MDD.

A novel synthetic oxazolidinone derivative BS-153 attenuated LPS-induced inflammation via inhibiting NF-κB/pkcθ signaling pathway

BS-153, a new derivative of oxazolidinone, was firstly found having potent anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. Our study aimed to study its potential molecular mechanisms. Firstly, BS-153 significantly inhibited the expression levels of inflammatory mediators (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, NF-κB nuclear translocation was blocked by 10 nM BS-153 after LPS-activated, and the phosphorylation of IκB, which could bind NF-κB and limit NF-κB nuclear translocation, was notably downregulated. The mechanistic investigation was followed the NF-κB-ikkα-TLR4/PKCθ pathway. The kinase panel screen and WB result revealed that BS-153 inhibited PKCθ phosphorylation on thr538 and ser643/676 site, and the expression of IL-17ɑ, instead of TLR4/myd88. Similarly in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by LPS-stimulation and tail-amputation in zebrafish and the results indicated that macrophages migration and infiltration were significantly inhibited by BS-153. In addition, RT-PCR results discovered that BS-153 can reduce the level of TNF-α, IL-1b and COX-2. In summary, we established BS-153 and evaluated anti-inflammatory effect for the first time. The mechanism analysis showed that BS-153 possesses anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the phosphorylation of PKCθ, and then leading to the inactivation of NF-κB pathway. These findings implied that BS-153 is a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.

XRCC1 is linked to poor prognosis in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction after radiotherapy: transcriptome and alternative splicing events analysis

PURPOSE

This study aimed to (i) investigate the relationship between X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 gene (XRCC1) and prognosis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG), and (ii) analyze the roles of XRCC1 in human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells following X-ray radiation.

METHODS

A total of 46 AEG patients were enrolled and examined for XRCC1 protein by immunohistochemistry. XRCC1 was knocked down in AGS cells by transfection, and AGS cells were subsequently exposed to 6 Gy of X-ray radiation. XRCC1 mRNA and protein expression was examined via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. The apoptosis of AGS cells was examined by flow cytometer. RNA-sequencing technology was used to identified differentially expressed genes and alternative splicing events following XRCC1 knockdown and radiation exposure.

RESULTS

XRCC1 positivity was strongly associated with distant metastasis, pathological tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) classification, and radiotherapy resistance in AEG patients. A significant difference in progression-free survival was observed between AEG patients with low and high XRCC1 protein expression. The knockdown of XRCC1 notably exacerbated the effects of X-ray radiation on apoptosis in AGS cells. Additionally, X-ray radiation modified the expression of genes related to apoptosis and immune response in XRCC1-knockdown AGS cells. Furthermore, the generation of splice variants was influenced by XRCC1 knockdown in AGS cells.

CONCLUSION

XRCC1 may serve as a key oncogene that elucidates the role of alternative splicing events in the progression of AEG following X-ray treatment.

AI-driven approaches in therapeutic interventions: Transforming RNA-seq analysis into biomarker discovery and drug development

Pharmacotranscriptomics integrates transcriptomics and pharmacology to discover potential therapeutic targets for effective treatment. This review focuses on significant advancements in combining artificial intelligence (AI) with transcriptomic research, enabling the conversion of vast data sets into valuable knowledge for therapeutics. We provide detailed insights into implementing machine learning (ML) techniques for analyzing intricate transcriptomic data, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms and the identification of key signature genes for biomarker and drug development. We further highlight the potential of ML to streamline the drug discovery process by revealing disease mechanisms and suggesting therapeutic interventions. This review presents a framework of AI models and their applications within pharmacotranscriptomics analysis. We also discuss the challenges and limitations needed to optimize AI models for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

Assessing Highly Processed Food Consumption in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Application of the German Screening Questionnaire (sQ-HPF)

Background/Objectives: The consumption of highly processed foods (HPFs) is increasing on a global scale, and these foods have been associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In particular, the consumption of HPFs has been associated with the intensification of inflammatory responses, with these foods being implicated in the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory conditions. Conversely, ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have been indicated as a possible factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly Crohn's disease (CD). Methods: From October 2023 to October 2024, 275 patients with IBD were screened at a tertiary referral center. This study's control cohort comprises 101 individuals from the local population. All study participants answered a questionnaire asking about the participants' sex, body type and weight, height, age, marital status, employment, and other sociodemographic information. All subjects had to complete a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the German version of the Screening Questionnaire of Highly Processed Food Consumption (sQ-HPF). IBD patients answered questions about their disease course and history as well as objective parameters of inflammation have been collected. Results: The sQ-HPF (%) showed significant differences (p < 0.001; g = -0.5) between the IBD cohort and the control group, suggesting higher HPF consumption within the IBD cohort. A subsequent analysis of the IBD cohort found no significant difference by disease type (Crohn's disease: p = 0.441; g = -0.1; ulcerative colitis: p = 0.170; g = -0.3) or sex (women: p = 0.219; g = 0.2; men: p = 0.522; g = 0.1), but men with colitis did show higher HPF% compared to women with the same diagnosis. Spearman's rho revealed no significant correlation between fecal calprotectin and HPF% in men with CD (p = 0.155, r = 0.191) or women with CD (p = 0.836, r = 0.026), and no correlation in men with UC (p = 0.707, r = 0.057) or women with UC (p = 0.560, r = -0.099). IBD health-related quality of life showed a significant positive correlation with HPF consumption in CD men (p = 0.026, r = 0.278), but not in CD women (p = 0.539, r = 0.075). No significant correlations between HPF consumption and health-related quality of life have been found in UC (men: p = 0.663, r = -0.064; women: p = 0.445, r = 0.121). Conclusions: The German version of the sQ-HPF is a reliable tool for rapid screening of habitual HPF% consumption in IBD patients. The findings of this analysis indicate a clear deviation from the recommended nutritional regimens for IBD, emphasizing the imperative for further investigation and the potential development of interventions to address these dietary discrepancies, with the ultimate goal of optimizing health outcomes for these patients.

Association of the dietary inflammation index with the prevalence of stroke in patients with diabetes

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and stroke prevalence in patients with diabetes. Data were collected from 9,914 diabetic patients who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2020. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between DII and stroke risk in diabetic patients, with restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression employed to test for nonlinear relationships. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on sex, age, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, and coronary heart disease status. After adjusting for confounding factors, individuals in the highest DII quartile had a significantly higher risk of stroke compared to those in the lowest quartile, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.78 (95% CI: 1.35,2.36). Additionally, each unit increase in DII was associated with a 13% increase in stroke risk (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.20). The RCS curve indicated a linear positive association between DII and stroke risk in diabetic patients. A linear positive association between DII and stroke risk was observed in patients with diabetes. Given the cross-sectional nature of the study, further research is required to establish causality.

Klotho protein: a multifaceted regulator in aging and cancer dynamics

Klotho, named after the youngest of the three Fates in Greek mythology daughters of Zeus and Nyx, who together spin the thread of life, allot destiny, and determine the time of passing for both mortals and immortals, is an important regulatory factor in aging and cancer dynamics. Initially described as an aging-suppressing protein, Klotho is now recognized for its more diverse role in modulating key signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin, IGF-1, PI3K/AKT, and TGF-β. Essentially, its various pro-cellular health functions, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tumor-suppressive activities, are, in fact, considered that ensures the maintenance of cellular health and reduce complications related to aging. Klotho deficiency is associated with accelerated aging, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, and various cancers. This review thus covers the twin roles of Klotho as an antiaging and tumor-suppressor protein, on their therapeutic potential, as well as advances in delivery systems and development of biomarkers and challenges for clinical translation.. Moreover, natural strategies like exercise and dietary interventions are explored that could help overcome Klotho deficiency. Further research with Klotho may offer a paradigm shift in the treatment of aging and cancer and add yet another avenue to increase survival of the patients.

Alcohol or No Alcohol in Wine: Half a Century of Debate

Alcoholic beverages have been consumed for centuries in different countries around the world. Today, we know that the ethanol they contain is associated with significant health risks, especially in the case of abuse, in individuals with special health conditions, and in pregnant women. However, over the years, awareness has grown that wine, especially red wine, has a beneficial effect on human health due to the powerful effect of the antioxidant substances it contains, known under the generic term of polyphenols. The main concern remains around the ethanol content of wine and its effects on health. After fifty years of research and studies, the debate is still open, with conflicting indications about the positive effect of moderate wine consumption in the context of a balanced diet and the toxic effect of ethanol even in low doses. In this disputed area, the market for low-alcohol and alcohol-free wines has found its place in the last decade, creating a new opportunity for the global wine trade. These new types of wine are going to open a new chapter in the history of wine. In this review, we have summarised the main aspects of the health implications of wine consumption considering scientific evidence from the last 50 years, including low-alcohol and dealcoholised wine.

Genomic and Biomarker Innovations in Predicting Kidney Transplant Rejection

Currently, approximately 90,000 patients are on the kidney transplant waitlist in the United States, including 10,000 individuals awaiting re-transplantation due to prior graft failure. Allograft rejection remains a leading cause of kidney transplant failure. While the current gold standard for diagnosing rejection is tissue biopsy, it is invasive and impractical for routine or longitudinal graft surveillance. This review summarizes the current landscape of non-invasive biomarkers for detecting and predicting kidney transplant rejection, with a focus on both historical context and recent advancements. In particular, we highlight the roles of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) and gene expression profiling (GEP) in identifying acute rejection. We also discuss emerging biomarkers such as torque teno virus (TTV), which has shown potential as an indirect indicator of immunosuppression levels and rejection risk. Importantly, this review excludes biomarker studies that rely on tissue biopsy, emphasizing non-invasive approaches to rejection monitoring.

Icosapent ethyl reduces arterial thrombosis by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1-induced platelet reactivity

Large, randomized trials testing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplementation to reduce cardiovascular events have reported contradictory results. Interpretation of these trials is challenging, because different dosages and formulations of ω-3 PUFA were tested. Furthermore, the exact mechanisms for the reduction in cardiovascular events are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of ω-3 PUFA on platelet adhesion, degranulation, and aggregation in vitro and in patients with cardiovascular disease using different formulations of ω-3 PUFA. We also investigated the effects of ω-3 PUFA in rodent models of arterial thrombosis and in tail bleeding assays, including in cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)-deficient animals. The ω-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) dose-dependently reduced platelet adhesion, degranulation, and aggregation in vitro. Moreover, arterial thrombus formation in wild-type mice was inhibited by oral EPA administration before thrombus formation. Photoaffinity labeling and in silico docking analyses suggested a direct, competitive interaction of EPA and arachidonic acid at the level of COX-1. The COX-1 dependency of EPA's inhibitory effects was confirmed by platelet-specific COX-1-deficient animals that had no reduction of thrombus burden by EPA. In patients with cardiovascular disease, switching from 2 grams of EPA twice daily to 1 gram of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (460 milligrams of EPA and 380 milligrams of DHA) once daily completely blunted the platelet inhibition achieved by EPA. Our results may partially explain contradictory results with different ω-3 PUFA formulations in clinical trials.

Hydrogels of levan polysaccharide: A systematic review

Levan is a fructose-based homopolysaccharide renowned for its unique properties, including exceptional adhesive strength, self-assembly capability, low viscosity, and bioactivities such as prebiotic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. These characteristics have created increasing interest in levan-based biomaterials over the past decade, positioning levan as a highly under-explored biopolymer for a wide range of applications, from medicine to cosmetics. As a result, levan-based hydrogels have emerged as promising biomaterials in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cosmetic formulations, owing to their extracellular matrix-mimicking structure, tunable mechanical properties, and controlled cargo release capabilities. This review is the first to comprehensively examine the advancements in levan-based hydrogel research, systematically analyzing their biomedical applications and comparing them with other biopolymer-based hydrogels. Key questions regarding levan's potential as an alternative to established hydrogel systems are explored, highlighting areas requiring further research. By assessing trends and findings in the literature, this review provides an overview of the advantages, limitations, and prospects of levan hydrogels. Our analysis establishes a foundation for the continued development of levan-derived biomaterials, fostering broader adoption in biomedical and industrial applications.

The safety and effectiveness of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) surgery for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation

Background

The purpose of this study is to discuss the safety and effectiveness of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation.

Methods

From August 2018 to December 2021, patients with lumbar disc herniation who received TLIF treatment were included in this study. Clinical data collected during both the preoperative period and the 2-year postoperative follow-up were analyzed. The correlations between preoperative clinical indicators and postoperative functional outcomes were modeled using both univariate regression and multivariable-adjusted analyses.

Result

The study population comprised 547 consecutive cases (male: 261, 47.7%; female: 286, 52.3%). Stratified outcome analysis showed 458 patients (83.7%) attained optimal surgical recovery without detectable morbidity, contrasted with 89 cases (16.3%) manifesting postoperative complications. The univariate analysis of postoperative complications found that the recurrence of symptoms was related to body mass index (BMI), preoperative pain time, High-level segment, intraoperative bleeding volume and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS)-back. Postoperative hematoma was related to hypertension and wound drainage. Poor wound healing was related to BMI and Wound drainage volume. However, this study failed to find the related factors of wound infection. After binary logistic analysis of the above single factors, we found that BMI and preoperative pain time were independent risk factors for symptom recurrence, and BMI were independent risk factors for Poor wound healing.

Conclusion

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery can safely and effectively treat lumbar disc herniation.

Molecular Effect of Variants in Serotonin Transporter Gene in Women with Alcohol Use Disorder

The dysregulation of the serotonin system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorders. Meta-analytic evidence suggests a significant correlation between genetic variation in the serotonin transporter gene and the risk of alcohol dependence. Hence, we aimed to analyse the association between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and alcohol use disorder in a group of women and to perform an interaction analysis of 5-HTTLPR variants, personality traits, and AUD. The study group comprised 213 female volunteers; 101 were diagnosed with alcohol addiction, and 112 were not dependent on any substance or behaviour. The 5-HTTLPR variants were identified by PCR, and the resulting products were separated electrophoretically. When comparing the AUD group with the controls, we observed significant differences in the distribution of 5-HTTLPR genotypes (p = 0.0230) and alleles (p = 0.0046). We also observed a significant impact of the 5-HTTLPR genotype (p = 0.0001) on the Neuroticism and Extraversion (p = 0.0037) scales. Additionally, there was a statistically significant impact of 5-HTTLPR genotype interaction and alcohol dependency or lack of it on the Neuroticism scale (p < 0.0001). The observed interaction suggests that the effect of the 5-HTTLPR on neuroticism may be exacerbated or attenuated in the presence of alcohol addiction. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the precise nature of this interaction. Still, it potentially indicates a gene-environment interaction where the genetic predisposition conferred by the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism interacts with the environmental stressor of alcohol dependence to influence neuroticism.

Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Ulcerative Colitis: a case-control study

INTRODUCTION

Diet plays a crucial role in the activity and onset of ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to comprehensively explore the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and UC.

METHODS

Participants completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire to obtain data on their dietary intake. Individual DII scores were calculated to assess inflammatory potential of each participant's diet. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation between the DII and UC activity, including the active and remission phases.

RESULTS

In this study, 100 controls and 106 patients with UC were enrolled, including 50 patients in remission and 56 patients with active UC. Dietary nutrient intake was generally slightly lower in patients with UC than in the controls, including energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, folic acid, fat, monosaturated fatty acids, and n-3 fatty acids (P < 0.05). Compared with the low pro-inflammatory potential diet, patients with higher DII had a higher correlation with UC before and after adjustment for relevant confounders. In consecutive DII, the correlation with UC increased with each 1 increase in DII. No significant correlation was observed between DII and UC activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Diets with a high inflammatory index are correlated with UC. Therefore, consuming a diet with a low inflammatory index may be beneficial for patients with UC.

Sex differences of interferon-gamma levels according to burden of coronary atherosclerosis identified by CT coronary angiography

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The burden of coronary atherosclerosis differs between men and women. Beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory biomarkers can influence plaque progression. We analyzed the influence of sex on coronary atherosclerosis and inflammatory cytokines.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Coronary CT angiography was performed in 301 patients and the extent of coronary atherosclerosis was assessed using semi-automated software. We analyzed total (TPV), non-calcified (NCPV), calcified (CPV) and low-density plaque volume in mm3. Serum was analyzed for various cytokines. Out of 301 patients, 94 (31 %) were female and 207 (69 %) were male. Significant differences were seen between women and men respectively for age, BMI and smoking status (all p < 0.05). All plaque types showed significantly higher volumes in men as compared to women (all p < 0.05). In men, significantly lower serum levels for IL-2 (3.2vs.4.3; p = 0.01) and interferon-gamma (3.2vs.8.8; p < 0.001) but higher levels for MCP-1 (224vs.155; p < 0.001) were seen. In regression analysis, interferon-gamma - but not IL-2 or MCP-1 - showed significant inverse association with male sex (OR 0.32; 95 %CI: 0.16-0.67; p = 0.002). Of note, interferon-gamma levels significantly differed according to high and low TPV in men (16.8vs.9.9; p < 0.001) but not in women (14.5vs. 8.9; p = 0.65).

CONCLUSION

In our cohort of individuals with suspected CAD undergoing coronary CTA, serum levels of interferon-gamma were significantly higher in women, in spite of a lower coronary plaque burden. Higher interferon-gamma levels were associated with higher plaque burden among men, but not in women, which suggests an influence of sex on the role of interferon-gamma in atherogenesis and atherosclerosis progression.

Prognosis of Diffusely Infiltrative Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Radical Esophagectomy

BACKGROUND

Diffusely infiltrative esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is rare, and the benefit of surgical resection for this disease remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the prognosis of diffusely infiltrative squamous cell carcinoma compared with other macroscopic types of locally advanced esophageal cancer. Additionally, we aimed to identify prognostic factors for this disease.

METHODS

Eligible patients were limited to macroscopic types 1 to 4 with histological classification restricted to squamous cell carcinoma. Patients who underwent R2 resection were excluded, resulting in 850 patients being selected for analysis. The eligible patients were divided into two groups: Type 4 and non-Type 4. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method with statistical significance assessed via the log-rank test. Prognostic factors were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS

No significant differences in patient background characteristics or preoperative factors were observed between Type 4 and non-Type 4 groups. However, postoperative pathological findings revealed that Type 4 had a significantly greater number of lymph node metastases. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified Type 4 as an independent poor prognostic factor. Furthermore, the Type 4 group had more pleural recurrences and shorter survival times after recurrence than the non-Type 4 group.

CONCLUSION

Type 4 esophageal cancer itself was an independent poor prognostic factor, possibly because of the greater number of pathological nodal metastases and poor responsiveness after recurrence. Although approximately 20% of patients who underwent esophagectomy could achieve long-term survival, further development of multidisciplinary treatment for Type 4 esophageal cancer is crucial.

Oleoylethanolamine precursor triggers lipolysis during Time-Restricted Intermittent Fasting and promotes longevity and healthy aging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Intermittent fasting (IF), Time-Restricted Intermittent Fasting (TRIF), and fasting-mimicking diets have gained popularity among weight loss programs. The body efficiently utilizes its energy reserves to activate metabolic processes in response to food intake. Modifying food regimens can alter/extend life span and promote healthy aging by activating specific metabolic processes. However, changes in general lipid metabolism, especially the alteration in N-acylethanolamide (NAE) regulation and their role in promoting lipolysis and extending life span during TRIF, are still inadequately explored. To bridge the knowledge gap, this study focuses on enhancing Oleoylethanolamine (OEA), a precursor molecule that instigates satiety, promotes lipolysis and extends the life span of model system, Caenorhabditis elegans. TRIF regimen in C. elegans induces OEA, which in turn lead to satiety followed by lipolysis and ATP synthesis. Lipolysis is stimulated by the increase in Adipose Tissue Triglyceride Lipase-1 (ATGL-1) activity that results from the enrichment in OEA precursor. In addition, the TRIF regimen induces oxidative stress resistance in C. elegans. Subsequently, this promotes longevity and slow aging in C. elegans by altering the insulin/ insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway. The present study suggested the beneficial effects of time-restricted fasting in the eukaryotic model nematodes through the activation of lipid metabolism that involves enhanced production of OEA precursors which promotes lipolysis. In addition, the data revealed that the increased ATP production resulted in oxidative stress tolerance that promoted longevity and slow aging processes.

Analysis of the Expression and Activity of Cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2 in THP-1 Monocytes and Macrophages Cultured with Xenogenic Collagen Matrices Biofunctionalized with the Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin

Xenogenic collagen matrices are used in clinical practice for soft tissue augmentation around teeth and implants, either alone or biofunctionalized with injectable platelet-rich fibrin (iPRF). Their direct interaction with inflammatory cells may influence both healing and destructive inflammation processes. Therefore, expression of cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) and prostanoids (PGE2 and TXB2) was studied in THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cultures exposed to porcine collagen matrices (a non-cross-linked monolayer scaffold composed of collagen type I, collagen type III, and elastin (MLCM), a bilayer scaffold made of collagen types I and III (BLCM), and a volume-stable cross-linked monolayer scaffold (VSCM)). The study showed that VSCM and MLCM significantly reduced PGE2 concentrations in THP-1 monocyte cultures. iPRF further reduced PGE2 concentrations when exposed to MLCM. In contrast, incubation of THP-1 monocytes with VSCM and BLCM resulted in a significant increase in TXB2 concentrations compared with control conditions. Incubation of macrophages with MLCM, VSCM, and BLCM increased PGE2 concentrations, with VSCM and BLCM additionally increasing TXB2 concentrations. iPRF in macrophage cultures with VSCM and BLCM also resulted in increased PGE2 and TXB2 concentrations compared with control conditions. Confocal microscopy revealed no visible differences in COX-1 immunoexpression in monocytes and macrophages cultured with collagen matrices, either with or without iPFR. Weak positive COX-2 immunofluorescence was observed in monocytes, while moderate positive immunofluorescence was detected in macrophages. In conclusion, it can be suggested that the studied collagen matrices interact with monocytes/macrophages, with MLCM exhibiting the highest compatibility.

A thiocoumarin based self-reporting sulfide prodrug strategy with a favorable safety profile

H2S as the third gasotransmitter is an important endogenous bioregulator that shows various therapeutic potentials. Herein, we present a novel thiocoumarin-based self-reporting sulfide prodrug strategy that utilizes esterase-mediated hydrolysis of thionoesters to release H2S and provide real-time fluorescence monitoring. Our key discovery is that thionoesters can be hydrolyzed by esterases to release H2S under physiological conditions, providing ample opportunities to design prodrugs based on ester-containing molecules. Thiocoumarin derivatives bearing a unique lactone structure offer advantages that simplify prodrug construction by substituting oxygen with sulfur in coumarin backbone and allow in-situ monitoring of H2S release through thiocoumarin-coumarin transformation. Our prodrug candidates are demonstrated with favorable H2S release kinetics and showed combined therapeutic effects of H2S and coumarin, making them promising for treating cerebral infarction. Fluorescent monitoring in mouse confirmed sustained H2S release and revealed the organ distribution, further validating the self-reporting system. Additionally, this approach that ensures therapeutic efficacy and reduces the hepatorenal toxicity of coumarin derivatives constitutes a facile prodrug strategy to overcome the toxicity of drug candidates.

Harnessing Synthetic Riboswitches for Tunable Gene Regulation in Mammalian Cells

RNA switches regulated by specific inducer molecules have become a powerful synthetic biology tool for precise gene regulation in mammalian systems. The engineered RNA switches can be integrated with natural RNA-mediated gene regulatory functions as a modular and customizable approach to probe and control cellular behavior. RNA switches have been used to advance synthetic biology applications, including gene therapy, bio-production, and cellular reprogramming. This review explores recent progress in the design and functional implementation of synthetic riboswitches in mammalian cells based on diverse RNA regulation mechanisms by highlighting recent studies and emerging technologies. We also discuss challenges such as off-target effects, system stability, and ligand delivery in complex biological environments. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the potential of synthetic riboswitches as a platform for customizable gene regulation in diverse biomedical applications.

Are single nucleotide polymorphisms underutilized for guiding treatment of inflammatory bowel disease?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and IBD unclassified (IBDU), significantly impacts quality of life. Despite significant advances in the management of the conditions, responses to treatments vary greatly, and this is due partly to our natural genetic variation. Here we will review the evidence for whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have the potential to guide treatment decisions for people with IBD. We will first consider SNPs that exhibit strong associations with IBD pathogenesis and their relevance to epithelial barrier integrity, cytokine production, and immune system function. Then, we will cover those SNPs implicated in altering response to our various current IBD therapeutics, including the recently implemented drugs ustekinumab and tofacitinib. Finally, we will explore lesser-known SNPs that exhibit complex relationships with the disease and which may be undervalued as pharmacogenetic tools. Overall, it will be demonstrated that SNPs associated with IBD pathology are largely distinct from those predicting response to treatments and that new discoveries of clinically useful tools can be expected from therapy-focused investigations. Given the growing list of treatments available, we argue that beneficial personalization of treatments based on SNPs is still underutilized.

Biomechanical study of internal fixation methods for undisplaced femoral neck fractures with osteoporosis based on the Pauwels angle: Fixed angle device versus three cannulated screws

BACKGROUND

This study compared the biomechanical properties of three cannulated screws (3-CSs) and a fixed angle device (FAD) for treating undisplaced femoral neck fracture (FNF) Pauwels types I and III, using finite element analysis (FEA) models created with nonlinear material properties; accurately reflecting the bone quality of osteoporotic patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

FEA involved three patients with a history of undisplaced FNF. Mesh generation was performed using the preoperative CT data. Two internal fixation models:3-CSs and FAD were created for Pauwels type I and III models with a fracture angle of 30° and 70°, respectively. Compression force and relative displacement of the fracture site, and von Mises stress (VMS) of the implants were evaluated. Data analysis involved paired t-test at p < 0.05 statistical level of significance.

RESULTS

No significant difference was seen in the compression force between the two implants for Pauwels 30° and 70°models. There was no significant difference in the relative displacement and VMS between the two implants for Pauwels 30° model. However, both relative displacement and VMS were significantly higher in 3-CSs than in FAD for Pauwels 70° model.

CONCLUSION

Results indicate the need for FAD when treating Pawels Type III FNF with osteoporosis, since FAD fixation exhibited superior mechanical stability compared to 3-CSs. However, for the Pauwels Type I FNF, both fixation methods provided comparable stability. When considering the implant's simple and minimally invasive features, the clinical use of 3-CSs may be applicable. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating the Pauwels angle when determining the optimal fixation method for undisplaced FNF.

[Deformities of the hip joint as cause of groin pain: diagnostics and therapy]

Chronic groin pain in adults is often attributable to hip joint pathologies. This article analyzes important orthopedic differential diagnoses, including hip dysplasia, acetabular version abnormalities, femoral torsion anomalies, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), femoral head necrosis, and osteoarthritis. The pathophysiology of these conditions frequently lead to disrupted joint mechanics, leading to premature degeneration and arthritis. The diagnostics include patient history, clinical examination and imaging modalities such as X‑ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). Treatment options include conservative measures (e.g., physiotherapy, pain management) or surgical interventions, e.g., arthroscopy for FAI, periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for dysplasia and total hip arthroplasty (THA) for advanced osteoarthritis. The choice of treatment depends on factors, such as age, disease severity and lifestyle. Preventive measures, early detection of pre-arthritic deformities and regular monitoring of patients at-risk can slow degenerative progression; however, in cases of advanced osteoarthritis THA often remains the last option for preserving mobility and quality of life.

MRS demonstrates elevated brain glutathione in vascular mild cognitive impairment compared to cognitively normal coronary artery disease controls

INTRODUCTION

Oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in dementia. While elevated peripheral OS biomarkers were observed in vascular mild cognitive impairment (vMCI), the role of central antioxidants remains unclear. We assessed levels of the major brain antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in vMCI compared to cognitively normal coronary artery disease (CAD) controls (CN).

METHODS

In vivo tissue-corrected GSH in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and occipital cortex (OC) were quantified in persons with vMCI and CN using MEscher-GArwood Point RESolved magnetic resonance Spectroscopy.

RESULTS

Among participants (vMCI, n = 22, age [mean ± SD] = 67.4 ± 7.3; CN, n = 21, age = 66.7 ± 7.8), ACC-GSH (i.u. ± SD) was higher in vMCI (4.42 ± 0.59) versus CN (3.72 ± 1.01) (Z = -2.5, p = .01), even after controlling for age and sex (B [SE] = 0.74 [0.26], p = .007). Increased ACC-GSH correlated with poorer executive function (EF) (B [SE] = -0.31 [0.14], p = .04). OC-GSH showed no effect.

DISCUSSION

Higher ACC-GSH in vMCI may reflect a compensatory response to OS. ACC-GSH was negatively correlated with EF, suggesting a linkage between regional brain antioxidants and disease-relevant cognitive domains.

HIGHLIGHTS

Brain GSH was measured in vascular MCI and matched controls using MEGA-PRESS. In contrast to GSH deficits in AD, anterior cingulate GSH was elevated in vMCI. Brain GSH was correlated with disease-relevant cognitive domains in vMCI. The GSH antioxidant system may be etiologically implicated in vMCI.

Risk Factors for the Development of Persistent Scaphoid Non-Union After Surgery for an Established Non-Union

BACKGROUND

Between 2014 and 2020, candidates for scaphoid non-union (SNU) surgery were enrolled in a prospective randomized trial (Scaphoid Nonunion and Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound [SNAPU] trial) evaluating the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on postoperative scaphoid healing. At trial completion, 114/134 (85%) of these patients went on to union, and 20/134 (15%) went on to persistent SNU (PSNU). The purpose of this study was to use this prospectively gathered data to identify patient-, fracture-, and surgery-specific risk factors that may be predictive of PSNU in patients who undergo surgery for SNU.

METHODS

Data were extracted from the SNAPU trial database. The inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study were the same as that of the SNAPU trial. Nineteen patient-, fracture-, and surgery-specific risk factors were determined a priori. A stepwise multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify independent risk factors for PSNU.

RESULTS

Three risk factors were found to be independently significant predictors of PSNU: age at the time of surgery, dominant hand injury, and previous surgery on the affected scaphoid. With every decade of a patient's life, dominant hand injury, and previous scaphoid surgery, the odds of union are reduced by 1.72 times, 7.35 times, and 4.24 times, respectively.

CONCLUSION

We identified three independent risk factors for PSNU: age at SNU surgery, dominant hand injury, and previous surgery on the affected scaphoid. The findings of this study are significant and may contribute to shared decision-making and prognostication between the patient, surgeon, and affiliated members of their care team.

Deep Learning in Echocardiography for Enhanced Detection of Left Ventricular Function and Wall Motion Abnormalities

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide, underscoring the need for advancements in diagnostic methodologies to improve early detection and treatment outcomes. This systematic review examines the integration of advanced deep learning (DL) techniques in echocardiography for detecting cardiovascular abnormalities, adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Through a comprehensive search across databases like IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and Web of Science, 29 studies were identified and analyzed, focusing on deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) and their role in enhancing the diagnostic precision of echocardiographic assessments. The findings highlight DL's capability to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of detecting and classifying echocardiographic data, particularly in measuring left ventricular function and identifying wall motion abnormalities. Despite these advancements, challenges such as data diversity, image quality, and the computational demands of DL models hinder their broader clinical adoption. In conclusion, DL offers significant potential to enhance the diagnostic capabilities of echocardiography. However, successful clinical implementation requires addressing issues related to data quality, computational demands, and system integration.

Pathobiology of Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections: Synthesis of Recent Investigations and Evolving Insights

The pathobiology of aortic disease is linked to aortic region: atherosclerosis for abdominal aorta, primary medial degeneration or aortitis for ascending thoracic aorta, and all causes for descending thoracic aorta and thoracoabdominal lesions. The pathogenesis of aortic dissection involves damage of the outer media from impaired perfusion from dysfunctional vasa vasorum, formation of discrete foci of disrupted vascular smooth muscle cell-elastic fiber extension-contractile units, and imbalance of radial sheer stress across the aortic wall, thereby creating an intimal tear and linear dissection. Thoracic aortic aneurysms develop from the chronic progression of medial degeneration coupled with the weakening of the remodeled adventitia, allowing for aortic dilatation. Precipitating factors include hypertension and mutations of genes regulating the vascular smooth muscle cell-elastic fiber extension-contractile units. Criteria are presented for distinguishing genetic from acquired causes of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections, with important implications for therapeutic and surgical decisions in the care of these patients.

Comparative Study on Interdental Papillae Regeneration: Leukocyte Platelet-Rich Fibrin By-product versus Hyaluronic Acid Injections in Modified Open Gingival Embrasure Model

OBJECTIVES

 This study aims to compare the regenerative effects of various by-products of human leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF), including L-PRF exudate, concentrated PRF (C-PRF), and a mixture of the two, with hyaluronic acid (HA) specifically for interdental papillae reconstruction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 The L-PRF was obtained by centrifuging 10 mL of human blood in a fixed-angle centrifuge at 2,700 rpm for 12 minutes. After centrifugation, the L-PRF layer was separated, and platelet and leukocyte counts were performed. An in vivo study was conducted using Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a modified open gingival embrasure (OGE) model for 7 days. Once the OGE was established, 20 µL of L-PRF exudate (n = 3), C-PRF (n = 3), a combination of L-PRF exudate and C-PRF (n = 3), HA (n = 3), and phosphate-buffered saline (n = 3) were injected 2 mm from the tip of the papillae using a 30G syringe. Clinical parameters, including OGE width and spring papilla distance (SPD), were observed on days 7 and 14. On day 14, histological observations included fibroblast count, blood vessel presence, epithelial width, and collagen density, while proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression was assessed immunohistochemically.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

 The SPD on day 7, along with all histological and immunohistochemical data, were normally distributed and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test. In contrast, the Kruskal-Wallis' test was used to analyze the OGE width and SPD on day 14, which was not normally distributed.

RESULTS

 The cell counts indicated that most platelets and leukocytes were in the C-PRF layer. The L-PRF membrane by-product increased fibroblast proliferation more effectively than HA (p < 0.05). Only C-PRF significantly enhanced the vascularization and epithelialization of the papillae (p < 0.05). However, the observed cellular and molecular changes increased at day 7 postinjection and did not impact collagen density or interdental papilla height.

CONCLUSION

 The regenerative effect of C-PRF injection is superior to that of HA and other L-PRF by-products, as it promotes papillae regeneration by enhancing fibroblast activity, vascularization, and epithelialization. These findings show the potential impact of L-PRF by-products as a nonsurgical papillae reconstruction treatment.

Brain-based gene expression and corresponding behavioural relevance of risk genes for broad antisocial behaviour

Antisocial behaviour (ASB) involves persistent irresponsible, delinquent activities violating rights and safety of others. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies revealed significant genetic associations with ASB, yet their brain expression patterns and behavioural relevance remain unclear. Our investigation of fifteen genes associated with ASB examined their biological role and distribution across tissues, integrating post-mortem brain sample data from the Allen-Human-Brain Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression project. We found that these genes were differentially expressed in the brain, particularly in regions like the cerebellum, putamen, and caudate, and were notably downregulated in the pancreas. Single cell type expression analysis revealed that ASB-associated genes had strong correlations with ductal and endothelial cells in the pancreas, indicating a possible metabolic influence on ASB. Certain genes like NTN1, SMAD5, NCAM2, and CDC42EP3 displayed specificity for cognitive terms including chronic pain, heart rate, and aphasia. These expression patterns aligned with neurocognitive domains related to thinking, and learning, distress, motor skills, as determined by fMRI analysis. This study connects specific brain gene expression with potential genetic and metabolic factors in ASB, offering novel insights into its biological basis and possible interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and addressing aggressive behaviours.

Multi-drug-resistant bacteria on household textiles: characteristics, transmission and low-temperature washing

The aim of this study was to analyse how the properties of reference-resistant bacterial strains and textiles affect the transmission of bacteria, the antibacterial potential of detergents and disinfectants and how this can be implemented in low-temperature washing. Bacterial cells were characterised by a hydrophobicity test, and textiles were characterised by roughness and surface energy. Transmission and suspension tests were then carried out, followed by an evaluation of the wash. The results show that cotton has the highest roughness, polyester is the most hydrophobic and MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is the most hydrophobic bacterium. It was observed that resistant bacteria can be transmitted to a considerable extent via household textiles. The suspension test showed that the 0.5% European Colourfastness Establishment (ECE) reference detergent did not achieve a sufficient reduction (>5 log colony forming units - CFU) for any of the strains tested, whereas the addition of 3% hydrogen peroxide or 4% quaternary ammonium silicone compound did so for all of them. Washing at 60 °C reduced the textile contamination sufficiently (>4 log CFU) for all strains tested, while the criteria for cross-contamination and wash water were not met (<1.1 CFU/mL). However, the addition of disinfectants to the detergent at 30 °C met all hygiene requirements with the complete elimination of all tested bacteria on all textiles. Washing home textiles contaminated with resistant bacteria at low temperatures was only possible if a disinfectant was added. Otherwise, textiles can be an important vehicle for the transmission of resistant bacteria in domestic facilities.

Unveiling the heterogeneity and immunotherapy potency of tumor-associated neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

The differentiation characteristics of neutrophils within the gastric cancer (GC) tumor microenvironment (TME) and their interactions with malignant gastric epithelial cells require further investigation. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in immunotherapy remains inadequately explored.

METHODS

We integrated two single-cell transcriptome datasets comprising 12 samples, including gastric primary tumors, non-tumor tissues, and metastatic tumors, to profile the epithelial cells and TANs atlas within the TME and examine their interaction modules. In addition, these data were integrated with the bulk transcriptomic including the Cancer Genome Atlas - Stomach Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-STAD) and Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) datasets to analyze the expression levels of neutrophil-associated genes across the tumor-associated neutrophil subsets.

RESULTS

We analyzed 3,118 gastric epithelial cells and 2,365 TANs from all samples. Epithelial cells were classified into ten subclusters, while TANs were grouped into five subclusters. In gastric primary tumors, epithelial cell subtypes included primarily MUC16 + and stem-like populations. In metastatic tumors, the epithelial cell subset with high CXCL5 expression was a characteristic subtype. TANs mainly interacted with epithelial cells via the LGALS9-CD45 and CD46-JAG1 pathways. And RGS2 was highly expressed in N4, a tumor-associated neutrophils subcluster characterized by high MMP9 expression, highlighting its potential as an immunotherapy target.

CONCLUSION

TANs exhibit robust interactions with gastric malignant epithelial cell subsets. Furthermore, RGS2, which is highly expressed in N4, could serve as a promising target for immunotherapy.

In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Outcomes of Hypotony After Trabeculectomy Management with Autologous Blood Injection: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

Background: This study aimed to report the efficacy and safety of peribleb autologous blood injections in patients with hypotony maculopathy following trabeculectomy. Methods: In this retrospective chart-review study, patients with hypotony maculopathy from over-filtering bleb following mitomycin C (MMC)-augmented trabeculectomy treated with ≥1 peribleb autologous blood injections, ≥12 months of follow-up, and macula optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging were included. Patients with previous laser cyclophotocoagulation were excluded. Hypotony maculopathy was defined as choroidal folds in the macular region, as assessed by OCT. Results: Nine patients met the inclusion criteria (mean age 62.3 ± 17.0). The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) at hypotony maculopathy diagnosis was 3.8 ± 1.5 mmHg. Most (n = 7) patients received a single injection (4 injections n = 1, 5 injections n = 1). Significant improvements in mean overall IOP after blood injection were observed (8.3 ± 2.4 mmHg; p = 0.008). Improvements in visual acuity and the resolution of hypotony maculopathy were observed in patients requiring a single injection only. No intra-operative adverse events were recorded. Successful bleb surgical revision was performed for two patients refractory to blood injections. Conclusions: Peribleb autologous blood injection increased IOP, improved visual acuity, and resolved hypotony maculopathy in 5.3 weeks in 7/9 patients. This procedure is not a contra-indication for further surgical revision.

Chronic inflammation in obesity and neurodegenerative diseases: exploring the link in disease onset and progression

Obesity, a worldwide health emergency, is defined by excessive fat accumulation and significantly impacts metabolic health. In addition to its recognized association with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other metabolic illnesses, recent studies have revealed the connection between obesity and neurodegeneration. The main reason for this link is inflammation caused by the growth of fat tissue, which activates harmful processes that affect how the brain works. Fat tissue, particularly the fat around the organs, produces various substances that cause inflammation, such as cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), adipokines (leptin, resistin), and free fatty acids. These chemicals cause low-grade, persistent systemic inflammation, which is becoming more widely acknowledged as a major factor in peripheral metabolic dysfunction and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammatory signals in the brain cause neuroinflammatory reactions that harm neuronal structures, change neuroplasticity, and disrupt synaptic function. When obesity-related inflammation is present, the brain's resident immune cells, known as microglia, become hyperactivated, which can lead to the production of neurotoxic chemicals, which can cause neuronal death. This neuroinflammation exacerbates the negative effects of obesity on brain health and is linked to cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) exhibits increased permeability during inflammatory states, facilitating the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and cytokines into the brain, hence exacerbating neurodegeneration. Adipose tissue is a source of chronic inflammatory mediators, which are examined in this review along with the molecular pathways that connect inflammation brought on by obesity to neurodegeneration. Additionally, it addresses various anti-inflammatory treatment approaches, including lifestyle modifications, anti-inflammatory medications, and gut microbiota modulation, to lessen the metabolic and neurological effects of obesity. Recognizing the link between obesity and inflammation opens up new opportunities for early intervention and the development of targeted treatments to prevent or alleviate neurodegenerative disorders.

Nanoformulations: Reforming treatment for non-small cell lung cancer metastasis

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage, with 20 % of cases presenting as localized disease, 25 % with regional metastasis, and 55 % with distant metastasis, contributing significantly to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Current treatments, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy, have shown therapeutic efficacy but are limited by issues such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and therapeutic resistance. Nanoparticles (NPs) offer promising solutions to these challenges by enhancing drug penetration and retention, improving biocompatibility and stability, and achieving greater precision in targeting cancer cells. This review provides insights into various types of NPs utilized in anti-metastatic drug delivery, emphasizing their ability to enhance the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutics for the prophylaxis of metastatic NSCLC. The usage of NPs as carriers of synthetic and natural compounds aimed at inhibiting cancer cell migration and invasion have also been reviewed. Special attention has been given to biomimetic nanomaterials including extracellular vesicles and engineered exosomes, that are capable of targeting molecular pathways such as EMT, p53 and PI3K/Akt to treat metastatic NSCLC. Additionally, emphasis has been given to clinical trials of these nanoformulations and their efficacy. Although therapeutic outcomes have demonstrated certain improvements, challenges related to toxicity persist, highlighting the need for further optimization of these formulations to enhance safety and efficacy. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and future perspectives for integrating NPs into clinical settings as novel therapeutic agents for lung cancer metastasis.

Obesity negatively impacts corneal nerves in patients with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

To investigate the relationship between obesity and corneal nerve metrics in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included a total of 385 healthy controls and 663 patients with DM. Metrics for corneal nerve and epithelial cells were evaluated using in-vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Corneal nerve and epithelial cell parameters were quantified and compared between patients with and without obesity and across six different body mass index (BMI) categories. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between corneal nerve metrics and BMI in patients with DM.

RESULTS

Of the DM participants, 162 (25.4%) had obesity. Compared to the non-obese group, patients with obesity had significantly lower corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD, P < 0.0001), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL, P = 0.002), and corneal nerve branch density (CNBD, P = 0.005). Analyses across different BMI categories showed a progressive decline in corneal nerve parameters including CNFD (P < 0.0001), CNFL (P < 0.0001), CNBD (P < 0.0001), corneal nerve fiber total branch density (P = 0.003), corneal nerve fiber area (P = 0.04), and corneal nerve fiber fractal dimension (P = 0.02) with increasing obesity severity. Multivariable regression analyses demonstrated that lower CNFD (β: - 0.21, 95% CI: - 0.29 to - 0.13, P < 0.0001), shorter CNFL (β: - 0.12, 95% CI: - 0.17 to - 0.07, P < 0.0001), and lower CNBD (β: - 0.17, 95% CI: - 0.30 to - 0.04, P = 0.01) were significantly associated with BMI after adjusting for confounders. There were no significant differences in the corneal epithelial parameters between the obese and non-obese groups.

CONCLUSIONS

General obesity, specifically higher BMI, adversely affects corneal nerve health in individuals with DM. Evaluation of corneal nerves and resultant keratopathy should be considered in patients with DM and concomitant obesity.

Unraveling the significance of innate inflammation in vascular disease

Atheroma formation is initiated by the activation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells, as well as immune cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils are the innate immune cells that provide a rapid initial line of defence against vascular disease. These cells have a short lifespan and cannot retain memories, making them potential therapeutic targets for the inflammatory process associated with atherosclerosis. In addition, macrophages comprise the majority of vessel wall infiltrates and are, therefore, implicated in all stages of atherosclerosis progression. Neutrophils are the most common type of leukocyte found in circulation, and their high levels of matrix-degrading protease explain their significance in fibrous cap destabilization. However, the activation of immune cells becomes more complex by various microenvironmental stimuli and cytokines, which ultimately transform immune cells into their pro-inflammatory state. Different types of macrophage subsets with distinct functions in inflammation, such as M1 macrophages, cause an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, further worsening the disease. This review aims to shed light on immune-mediated inflammation in cardiovascular disease by focusing on the role of macrophage subsets in vascular inflammation and plaque stability, as well as the interaction between neutrophils and monocyte-macrophages.

Targeting FGFR Attenuates Tumor Growth in an Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patient Derived Xenograft Model

Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is a rare malignancy with a rising incidence and limited treatment options. To identify actionable therapeutic targets, we developed a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model using a metastatic ASCC sample and performed single-cell RNA sequencing. Our analysis confirmed previously reported genetic mutations highly expressed in the sample, along with copy number alterations, and revealed epithelial cancer cell heterogeneity. Notably, epithelial cells exhibited a low hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal transition (hEMT) signature compared to stromal cells. Among epithelial subpopulations, the most abundant cluster displayed high expression of FGFR1-2 and FGF ligands. Treatment with AZD4547, an FGFR1-3 inhibitor, resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volume over time (p = 0.0036). Immunohistochemistry staining for proliferative Ki67 and cleaved caspase 3 suggested ongoing proliferation in residual cells. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of post-treatment residual tumors revealed significant differences in the Amide I and Amide II regions between AZD4547-treated and control groups. These findings demonstrate that FGFR inhibition effectively attenuates ASCC tumor growth and highlights the promise of precision medicine in managing this rare cancer.