Effects of late gestation heat stress in Buffalo heifers on postnatal growth, thermoregulatory, and suckling behavior responses of their newborn calves under subtropical environment

This study aimed to evaluate various growth, physiological, and suckling behavioral parameters of calves born to nulliparous buffalo heifers exposed to summer heat stress (HT, provided only shade, n = 12) or winter coldness (CL, n = 12) during the final 60 days of gestation. Calves were individually housed and were monitored from birth until 6 days of age. Rectal temperature, pulse rate, and respiratory rate were measured, and heat tolerance and adaptability indices were calculated. Suckling responses, suckling durations, and milk drinking speeds were also recorded. HT calves had lighter birth weights, with approximately 1.26 kg and 1.06 kg differences for male and female calves, respectively. They gained less weight from birth to 6 days, with a difference of 0.12 kg/d for males and 0.11 kg/d for females and weighed about 1.9 kg less at 6 days old. HT calves exhibited elevated rectal temperatures, respiration rates, and pulse rates, with increases of approximately 0.7 °C, 27 breaths/min, and 20.3 beats/min, respectively, compared to CL calves. Female calves were more susceptible to heat stress than males and exhibited lower heat tolerance and adaptability. HT calves exhibited a shorter total suckling duration immediately after birth compared to CL calves by about 55.3% and demonstrated faster milk drinking speeds by about 44%. Only HT female calves exhibited slower milk drinking speeds compared to HT males, with a reduction of about 18.7%. In-utero heat stress during late gestation had negative immediate and prolonged effects on postnatal performance and suckling behavior in buffalo calves, particularly in female calves.

Host-defence caerin 1.1 and 1.9 peptides suppress B16 melanoma growth by inducing apoptosis and disrupting lipid metabolism

Caerin peptides, originally isolated from the skin secretions of Australian tree frogs of the genus Litoria, have shown potential as anti-cancer agents in previous studies. This study investigates the impact of caerin 1.1 and 1.9 (F1/F3) peptides on lipid and amino acid metabolism in B16 melanoma cells, assessing their effects on cell proliferation and the tumour microenvironment (TME). F1/F3 significantly inhibited the proliferation of B16 cells in vitro, and metabolomic analysis revealed lipid metabolites, including lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, were significantly downregulated in vivo in a murine model. Pathway enrichment analysis further highlighted suppressed fatty acid biosynthesis and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, suggesting an impairment in lipid metabolic processes. Additionally, elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokine expression and inflammatory macrophage infiltration were observed in the TME, likely contributing to the enhanced anti-tumour response. Branched-chain amino acid degradation pathways were also less active in the F1/F3 group, suggesting altered acetyl-CoA availability impacting lipid synthesis. Notably, metabolites such as 3-Hydroxyvalproic acid and carnitine derivatives were markedly elevated, indicating potential antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. These findings suggest that caerin peptides exert anti-cancer effects through multifaceted mechanisms, including modulation of lipid metabolism and immune activation, positioning caerin peptides as promising candidates for combination therapy in melanoma and potentially other malignancies.

Effects of maternal blood beta-hydroxybutyrate on brown adipose tissue functions and thermogenic and metabolic health in neonatal calves

Maternal metabolic health, particularly during late pregnancy, plays a crucial role in fetal development and postnatal metabolic function. Elevated levels of BHB in dry cows, commonly observed in late gestation, may affect offspring development, but the effects on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and metabolic health remain unclear. In this study, 60 pregnant Holstein dairy cows were categorized into 2 groups based on serum BHB concentrations measured at 1, 3, 5, and 7 wk after dry-off: maternal low BHB (n = 30; mean ± SEM, 0.21 ± 0.005 mM) and maternal high BHB (n = 30; mean ± SEM, 0.64 ± 0.02 mM). Blood metabolites, including BHB, nonesterified fatty acids, and glucose, were monitored throughout the dry period. Calves born from these cows were evaluated for body growth, body temperature, glucose sensitivity, fecal, and cough score during the first month of life, with perirenal BAT and skin samples collected for analysis of thermogenic gene expression. Expression of stress genes, including CIRBP, HSP70, and HSBP1, was analyzed in skin tissue. Expression of thermogenic genes, including UCP-1, CREBP4, and CPT1B, and protein contents of UCP-1, PGC-1a were analyzed in BAT. In vitro, stromal vascular fractions were also isolated in calf's BAT, and further induced for brown adipocyte formation with dosed BHB supplementation. Results showed no differences in birth weight, body size, and body temperatures of calves born to maternal high BHB cows compared with calves born to maternal low BHB cows. However, the calves from the maternal high BHB group had higher expressions of stress genes in the skin, and decreased BAT mass and expression of thermogenic genes. Compared with the maternal low BHB group, 1-mo-old calves in the maternal high BHB group also showed significantly lower BAT mass, decreased expression of thermogenic genes, such as UCP-1, CREBP4, and CPT1B, and decreased mitochondrial density, indicating impaired BAT development. In addition, the calves from the maternal high BHB group showed reduced glucose sensitivity, as evidenced by their inability to maintain stable blood glucose levels during a glucose tolerance test. Protein concentrations of UCP-1 and PGC-1a were significantly lower in the BAT of calves born to maternal high BHB cows. In vitro, BHB supplementation inhibited brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis, supporting the elevated maternal BHB impairs brown adipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Overall, this study demonstrates that calves born from elevated maternal BHB levels (∼0.64 mM) within the normal physiological range in the dry period significantly had impaired perinatal BAT development, thermogenesis, and glucose metabolism, highlighting the roles of maternal metabolic health in programming metabolic and thermoregulatory capacity in offspring.

Genome-wide identification of aquaporin and their potential role in osmotic pressure regulation in Ruditapes philippinarum

Aquaporins (AQPs) are specialized membrane proteins that create selective water channels, facilitating the transport of water across cell membranes and playing a vital role in maintaining water balance and regulating osmotic pressure in aquatic animals. This study identified 9 aquaporin genes from the genome of R. philippinarum, and a comprehensive analysis was conducted on their gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, protein structure, and chromosome localization. RNA-seq data analysis revealed that aquaporin genes were differentially expressed at different developmental stages, in tissue distribution, and in response to salinity stress. In addition, qPCR results revealed that the expression levels of aquaporin genes (AQP1, AQP4d, and AQP3) were significantly elevated in response to both acute low and high salinity stress, suggesting their important role in osmotic pressure regulation in R. philippinarum. This study's results offer an important reference for further investigations into the regulation of osmotic pressure and salinity adaptation of aquaporin in R. philippinarum.

Regulation of the gut-brain-pituitary-gonad axis in tilapia: Evidence for the involvement of orexin

The neuropeptide orexin is known as the regulator of appetite and is implicated in many physiological functions in vertebrates. Nevertheless, the physiological importance of this peptide within the gut-brain-reproductive axis remains poorly understood in teleosts. This work aimed at assessing the response of orexin to starvation and its impact on food consumption and the reproductive axis in tilapia. In the first experiment, the fish subjected to 21 days of starvation showed a greater increase in the intensity of orexin-A immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland compared to controls. The administration of either 0.1 or 1 mg orexin antagonist lemborexant (LBX) for 21 days led to a dose-dependent significant reduction in food intake, whereas a significant increase in the numbers of spermatogenic cells was observed in a high-dose LBX-treated group compared to the control fish. Moreover, a high-dose of LBX significantly enhanced the intensity of androgen receptor protein immunolabelling in the testis, percent area of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunolabelling in the proximal pars distalis of the pituitary gland (PPD), and the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). In addition, the in vitro testicular concentration of 11-KT was significantly increased following a high-dose LBX treatment. Overall, these findings suggest that blockade of orexin receptors by LBX promotes the spermatogenesis process. This effect might be mediated via the stimulation of 11-KT and androgen receptors at the testicular level and the GnRH-LH pathway at the hypothalamic-pituitary level in tilapia.

Computed Tomography Assessment of Retained Testes in Dogs

Cryptorchidism consists in the failure of one or both testicles to fully descend into the scrotum. The position of the retained testes can be abdominal or inguinal and may occur unilaterally or bilaterally. This retrospective, multi-center study aimed to describe the computed tomography (CT) features of retained testes in dogs. Nineteen CT scans of dogs, with either unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism, were analyzed with both pre- and post-contrast imaging. The location, size, shape, margins, homogeneous parenchyma, and density calculated were examined with the Hounsfield unit. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the differences between the scrotal (ST) and undescended testes (UT) and to detect any correlation between the features, ages, and size of the dog. CT identified the retained testes and provided enhanced three-dimensional visualization compared to traditional ultrasound. This study revealed that the UT were significantly smaller than ST, with UT measuring around 70% of ST size. Additionally, the UT exhibited increased density in both pre- and post-contrast scans, potentially due to the reduced or absent spermatogenesis or to histological changes occurring in the parenchyma. While CT showed clear advantages, such as three-dimensional spatial resolution and deeper tissue penetration, limitations such as general anesthesia and radiation exposure should also be considered. However, the present study showed that CT could serve as a valuable second step tool in cases where ultrasound fails, particularly in challenging anatomical situations.

Aquaporin 9: Exacerbation of Vulnerable Carotid Plaque Formation

Aquaporin 9 (AQP9) expression is significantly elevated in vulnerable carotid plaque (VCP). Hence, we probed the mechanism of AQP9 in VCP formation. The VCP model was established in ApoE-/- C57BL/6 mice. Dataset GSE163154 was analyzed by R software. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were incubated with 50 µg/mL oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and 20 mM l-(+)-lactic acid for 24 h. Mice (AQP9 overexpression plasmid) and HAECs (AQP9 overexpression/dynamin-related protein 1 [DRP1] silencing plasmids) were infected by lentivirus. Mouse plasma lipid level was estimated. The histopathological condition of model mice was observed by oil red lipid staining, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, and Masson staining. Levels of AQP9 and DRP1 in model mice and HAECs were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Levels of AQP9, DRP1, and mitochondrial fission-/endothelium-mesenchymal transition (EndMT)-related factors in model mice and HAECs were assayed by western blot. Lactate level in model mice was detected. Promoter histone lactylation level of DRP1 was measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Behaviors of HAECs were tested by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation test, and scratch test. AQP9 was highly expressed in intraplaque hemorrhage patients. AQP9 overexpression promoted levels of DRP1, lactate, histone lactylation, mitochondrial fission factor, vimentin, and N-cadherin, while inhibiting vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin level and plaque stability in model mice and facilitating viability, proliferation, and migration of HAECs. DRP1 silencing reversed the impacts of AQP9 overexpression on cell viability, proliferation, migration, and levels of mitochondrial fission-/EndMT-related factors in HAECs. AQP9 enhances DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission by lactate and thus promotes EndMT to exacerbate the VCP formation.

Exploring two tumor treatment strategies: effectiveness of ribosome inactivating proteins and mesenchymal stem cells/MSC derived extracellular vesicles in cancer treatment

Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease that often requires multifaceted treatment strategies to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. Given the limitations of single-agent therapies, particularly in the face of intricate biological signaling networks and treatment resistance, there is a growing need for combinatory approaches. This article presents a novel hypothesis: the simultaneous use of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer treatment. RIPs, with their potent cytotoxic properties, can target tumor cells effectively, while MSCs, known for their tumor-homing abilities and regenerative potential, can serve as delivery vehicles, potentially enhancing the targeting precision and reducing the systemic toxicity of RIPs. This hypothesis explores the synergistic potential of combining these two therapeutic modalities, leveraging the advantages of both techniques to create a more effective cancer treatment strategy. By combining RIPs' ability to inhibit protein synthesis with MSCs or MSC-derived EVs' capability to modulate the tumor microenvironment and deliver therapeutic agents. This approach offers a promising avenue for overcoming cancer's inherent complexity. However, challenges remain, such as optimizing dosing protocols, addressing safety concerns, and ensuring efficient drug delivery. Future research and clinical trials are necessary to validate this combination as a viable cancer therapy.

Development of the thermoregulatory mechanism - Raising the possibility that it is acquired at birth

Whether the human thermoregulation mechanism in response to environmental temperature stimuli originates from learning or evolution remains an intriguing research question. Body temperature regulation depends not only on innate temperature sensation but also on acquired conditioning. Maintaining body temperature is essential for homeostasis, and the brain coordinates this process through a network of interconnected regulatory systems. In this review, we discuss how humans perceive temperature and establish thermoregulatory mechanisms at birth. We also propose an acquired connectivity structure perspective for the development of neonatal thermoregulatory mechanisms, particularly for brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. This perspective will enhance our understanding of the various acquired mechanisms of thermoregulation and adaptation to environmental temperature. Ultimately, this knowledge may contribute to the development of effective interventions for thermal balance disruptions, such as neonatal hypothermia.

Significance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography in the initial staging of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma

OBJECTIVE

This study was aimed at evaluating the significance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) in the staging and differentiation of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPeM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed clinical and imaging data of 21 women and 21 men with MPeM who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT, and reviewed and analyzed 18F-FDG PET/CT characteristics of the patients. Standardized uptake values (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG = MTV × SUVmean) were determined for peritoneal lesions at the highest glycolysis point. Two experienced readers assessed tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging and peritoneal cancer index according to Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International diagnostic requirements.

RESULTS

The SUVmax and MTV values were significantly lower for the epithelial cases than for the nonepithelioid cases, with the difference being significant (P < 0.05). The mean TLG value was significantly lower for the epithelial cases than for the nonepithelioid cases; however, the difference was NS (P > 0.05). Exploratory laparotomy was performed in 18 patients, the 18F-FDG PET/CT diagnostic accuracy for the T stage was 72.2%, and the TNM stage diagnostic accuracy was 94.4%. However, lymph node metastasis was more common in the biphasic type group, and metastasis was more often seen in the sarcomatoid type group.

CONCLUSION

Using a previously suggested novel approach for TNM staging in 18F-FDG PET/CT assessment of MPeM may improve the accuracy of staging; however, SUVmax values showed slight variations depending on the pathology type. 18F-FDG PET/CT can improve the accuracy of TNM staging, and SUVmax values vary slightly depending on the pathology type. Furthermore, 18F-FDG PET/CT can afford simultaneous visualization of lesions throughout the body, which can help develop a treatment strategy.

Stereological and morphometric insights into epididymal development in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) from 6 to 48 months

This study characterizes age-related morphometric and morphological changes in the epididymis of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) from puberty to adulthood (6 to 48 months), emphasizing its essential role in sperm maturation and storage-key processes for male fertility. A total of 42 epididymides were analyzed using histological staining (hematoxylin-eosin) and stereological quantification through the STEPanizer software. Morphometric analyses revealed an age-dependent increase in the diameter of the epididymal duct and epithelial height in the caput, whereas the cauda exhibited a progressive reduction in epithelial height, possibly reflecting adaptations in sperm storage capacity during sexual maturation. Morphological observations showed the presence of intraepithelial cysts in cats aged 24 to 48 months, along with the consistent detection of spermatozoa in all regions and age groups. Stereological findings indicated an increased volumetric density (%VV) of the ductal epithelium, particularly in the caput between 6 and 12 months of age, supporting the influence of androgenic activity on regional epididymal maturation. These changes suggest dynamic, age-related structural remodeling of the epididymal parenchyma, especially in epithelial and luminal components. While this cross-sectional study-conducted during the southern hemisphere spring-provides valuable insights into epididymal development, its design limits the establishment of causal relationships between age and histological changes. Future longitudinal studies examining hormonal modulation of epididymal maturation in domestic cats are encouraged. Overall, these findings contribute foundational knowledge of feline reproductive anatomy and underscore the importance of the epididymis as a hormonally responsive organ central to male fertility.

Endocrine regulation of feeding in non-transgenic and transgenic fluorescent orange tiger barb (Puntigrus tetrazona)

Tiger barbs are popular tropical aquarium fish but despite their economic importance, nothing is known about their feeding physiology, in particular their endocrine regulation of feeding. The tiger barb has also been used to make genetically modified fluorescent fish but the influence of this genetic modification on their physiology is poorly understood. In this study, we submitted both non-transgenic (NT) and transgenic fluorescent orange (T) fish to 2 weeks of fasting or different temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C) and assessed food intake and the expression of appetite regulators in brain, intestine and liver. Fasting had no effect on appetite regulators in the intestine, and decreased liver leptin expression in NT fish only. Fasting caused an overall increase and decrease in brain orexigenic and anorexigenic factors, respectively. The nature of peptides affected by this response differed between strains (MCH, ghrelin, POMCb in both NT and T, orexin in NT only, CRF and CCK in T only). In both T and NT fish, increasing temperatures increased food intake. Temperature affected the expression of most of the peptides examined, but the effects differed between the two fish strains. A shift from 25 to 20 °C increased hepatic leptin in NT and T, and intestine ghrelin in NT and had no effect on brain expression. A shift from 25 to 30 °C did not affect intestine or liver expressions, increased orexin, MCH and CRF brain expression in NT and T, and increased POMCb and CCKa expressions in T. Our study presents new information on the endocrine regulation of feeding in tiger barb, and provides insights on how transgenesis might affect feeding physiology of fish.

From Obesity to Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Peripheral Tissues and in the Central Nervous System

Obesity is a condition of chronic low-grade inflammation affecting peripheral organs of the body, as well as the central nervous system. The adipose tissue dysfunction occurring under conditions of obesity is a key factor in the onset and progression of a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria, key organelles in the production of cellular energy, play an important role in this tissue dysfunction. Numerous studies highlight the close link between obesity and adipocyte mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in excessive ROS production and adipose tissue inflammation. This inflammation is transmitted systemically, leading to metabolic disorders that also impact the central nervous system, where pro-inflammatory cytokines impair mitochondrial and cellular functions in different areas of the brain, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. To date, several bioactive compounds are able to prevent and/or slow down neurogenerative processes by acting on mitochondrial functions. Among these, some molecules present in the Mediterranean diet, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and omega-3 PUFAs, exert a protective action due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the involvement of adipose tissue dysfunction in the development of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, emphasizing the central role played by mitochondria, the main actors in the cross-talk between adipose tissue and the central nervous system.

Microenvironment matters: insights from the FOSTER consortium on microenvironment-driven approaches to osteosarcoma therapy

Osteosarcoma (OS), a prevalent malignant bone tumor, has seen limited progress in treatment efficacy and patient outcomes over decades. Recent insights into the tumor microenvironment (TME) have revealed its crucial role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, particularly in OS. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of the OS microenvironment, meticulously dissecting its crucial components: the mesenchymal stromal TME, the immune microenvironment, hypoxia-induced adaptations, and the impact of the physical microenvironment. By demonstrating how these elements collectively drive tumor proliferation, immune evasion, and invasion, this review explores the intricate molecular and cellular dynamics at play. Furthermore, innovative approaches targeting the OS microenvironment, such as immunotherapies, are presented. This review highlights the importance of the TME in OS progression and its potential as a source of novel therapeutic strategies, offering new hope for improved patient outcomes.

Copper in melanoma: At the crossroad of protumorigenic and anticancer roles

Copper is an essential micronutrient that is a cofactor for various enzymes involved in multiple cellular processes. Melanoma patients have high serum copper levels, and elevated copper concentrations are found in melanoma tumors. Copper influences the activity of several melanoma-related proteins involved in cell survival, proliferation, pigmentation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Targeting these processes with copper chelators has shown efficacy in reducing tumor growth and overcoming drug resistance. In contrast, excessive copper can also have detrimental effects when imported into melanoma cells. Multiple distinct cellular effects of copper overload, including the induction of different types of cell death, have been reported. Cuproptosis, a novel type of copper-dependent cell death, has been recently described and is associated with the metabolic phenotype. Melanoma cells can switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, which are crucial for tumor growth and drug resistance. In this respect, metabolic plasticity might be exploited for the use of copper-delivery strategies, including repurposing of disulfiram, which is approved for the treatment of noncancer patients. In addition, the development of nanomedicines can improve the targeted delivery of copper to melanoma cells and enable the use of these drugs alone or in combination as copper has been shown to complement targeted therapy and immunotherapy in melanoma cells. However, further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms of both copper restriction and excess copper-induced processes and determine effective biomarkers for predicting treatment sensitivity in melanoma patients. In this review, we discuss the dual role of copper in melanoma biology.

Metabolic Energy is Stored in a Homeostatic Trans-Membrane Water Barochemical Gradient

Trans-membrane water transport and co-transport is ubiquitous in cell biology. Integrated over all the cell's H2O transporters and co-transporters, the rate of homeostatic, bidirectional trans-cytolemmal water "exchange" is synchronized with the metabolic rate of the crucial Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) enzyme: the active trans-membrane water cycling (AWC) phenomenon. Is AWC futile, or is it consequential? Conservatively representative literature metabolomic and proteinomic results enable comprehensive free energy (ΔG) calculations for the many transport reactions with known water stoichiometries. Including established intracellular pressure (Pi) magnitudes, these reveal an outward trans-membrane H2O barochemical ΔG gradient comparable to that of the well-known inward Na+ electrochemical ΔG gradient. For most co-influxers, these two gradients are finely balanced to maintain intracellular metabolite concentration values near their consuming enzyme Michaelis constants. Our analyses include glucose, glutamate-, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and lactate- transporters. 2%-4% Pi alterations can lead to disastrous metabolite concentrations. For the neurotransmitters glutamate- and GABA, very small astrocytic Pi changes can allow/disallow synaptic transmission. Unlike the Na+ and K+ electrochemical steady-states, the H2O barochemical steady-state is in (or near) chemical equilibrium. The analyses show why the presence of aquaporins (AQPs) does not dissipate trans-membrane pressure gradients. A feedback loop inherent in the opposing Na+ electrochemical and H2O barochemical gradients regulates AQP-catalyzed water flux as integral to AWC. A re-consideration of the underlying nature of Pi is also necessary. AWC is not a futile cycle but is inherent to the cell's "NKA system"-a new, fundamental aspect of biology. Metabolic energy is stored in the trans-membrane water barochemical gradient.

Feeding time modulates the daily rhythms of expression of digestive and metabolic enzymes in the liver, and food intake regulation and reward systems in the hypothalamus of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Fish exhibit daily rhythms at the molecular level across different tissues, synchronized by zeitgebers, such as food availability. To optimize feeding, organisms align internal timekeeping systems to environmental cues. Previous studies on intermediary metabolism and the hypothalamic control of food intake in fish have underscored the significance of feeding time and daily rhythms. This study examined how feeding times-mid-light (ML) versus mid-dark (MD)-influence the rhythmic transcription of digestive and metabolic enzymes in the liver, and regulatory factors of food intake in the hypothalamus of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). It also explored the connection between food intake control and the reward system. When fish were fed at ML, genes involved in protein digestion (tryp2, tryp3, ctrl, and cpa5) exhibited daily rhythms with peaks early in the dark phase (ZT 11:17-13:36). These peaks were delayed in MD-fed fish (ZT 16:57-18:27). Pla2, a gene related to lipid metabolism, and transamination genes (c-alt, m-alt) showed rhythms only in ML-fed fish, with acrophases in the light phase (ZT 5:01-13:58), such as pyruvate kinase (pk) that peaked at ZT 6:16. Orexigenic genes (npy, orexin) had rhythms only in the MD group, with nocturnal peaks (ZT 13:09, 16:06). Conversely, reward system genes (th, bdnf) were rhythmic in ML-fed fish (ZT 17:35, 11:46), with only th retaining its rhythm in MD-fed fish (ZT 15:30). These findings suggest feeding time significantly affects rhythms in digestive and metabolic processes. They also highlight the intricate nature of food intake regulation systems, which present diverse synchronization patterns in relation to feeding time.

Loss of fatty acid-binding protein 7 promotes B16F10 melanoma metastasis

Melanoma possesses the characteristic phenotypic plasticity, enhancing its metastatic formation and drug resistance. Lipid and fatty acid metabolism are usually altered to support melanoma progression and can be targeted for therapeutic development. Fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) is highly expressed in melanomas and is shown to support its proliferation, migration, and invasion, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Our study aimed to link FABP7 to lipid metabolism and phenotypic shift in melanomas. We established the Fabp7-knockout (KO) B16F10 melanoma cells, which showed an enhanced invasion through matrix-coated membrane, without significant change in proliferation. Similar outcomes were obtained when using RNA interference targeting FABP7. Fabp7-KO cells injected into mice exhibited slower primary tumor growth, but formed higher metastatic foci count in the lungs. We also discovered a higher saturation in overall lipids, phosphatidylcholines, and triacylglycerols. We observed transcriptional shifts toward the invasive MITFLow/AXLHigh phenotype, with upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) receptor mRNAs. In conclusion, FABP7 may help balancing lipid saturation and maintain the proliferative state of melanomas, mitigating invasiveness and metastatic formation.

Beyond Genetics: Exploring Lifestyle, Microbiome, and Social Determinants in Oral Cancer Development

Oral cancer refers to cancers originating in the oral cavity and oropharyngeal regions. It is the 16th most prevalent cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, the mechanisms of its progression are still being understood, and interventions to provide early diagnosis need to be improved. More studies have recently been conducted on oral cancer, and many reviews have summarized the findings in this field, focusing on individual factors. However, few review articles have evaluated the combinational impacts of different factors on oral cancer. This review aimed to provide an overview of the combinational effects of three extracellular factors, including lifestyle habits, oral microbiome, and socioeconomic factors, on oral cancer progression. Oral cancer is differentially affected by lifestyle habits; high-sugar diets, processed foods, alcohol, smoking, and possibly sleep disorders benefit its progression, whereas eating natural diets, such as fruits, vegetables, fish, and garlic, drinking tea or coffee, and physical exercise can combat it. The oral microbiome could suppress or promote oral cancer progression. Low socioeconomic status can impact oral cancer development. Furthermore, crosstalk among these three factors affects oral cancer progression. This review has limitations in not including all oral cancer-affecting factors and all important publications. More focus should be placed on the combinational effects of multiple factors on oral cancer progression and treatment. The findings in this study could update researchers on the landscape of oral cancer progression and help formulate approaches to promote oral cancer prevention and treatment.

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor as Biomarker of Clinical Outcome for Autologous Platelet Concentrate Therapy in Grade I Knee Osteoarthritis

Introduction

Autologous platelet concentrates (APC) are widely used in the infiltrative treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA) to enhance tissue healing and relieve pain. Aim of this study was to identify predictive biomarkers for clinical outcomes in patients with grade I knee OA.

Methods

A panel of growth factors (GFs) and cytokines was determined in peripheral blood (PB) and APC. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) was used as a clinical readout before and after the APC infiltration.

Results

A lower white blood cell (WBC) count and higher Monocyte-chemoattractant Protein-1 levels in PB were associated with APC-induced pain relief. Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) levels in APC were significantly higher in OA patients displaying a larger NPRS reduction, independent of platelet count. Finally, the simultaneous determination of PDGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α in APC discriminated OA patients with very poor or no response.

Conclusion

Platelet-released GFs rather than platelet counts may predict clinical outcomes in grade 1 knee OA.

Emodin and Aloe-Emodin Reduce Cell Growth and Disrupt Metabolic Plasticity in Human Melanoma Cells

Background/Objectives: Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with intratumor metabolic heterogeneity, which drives its progression and therapy resistance. Natural anthraquinones, such as emodin and aloe-emodin, exhibit anti-cancer properties, but their effects on metabolic plasticity remain unclear. This study evaluated their impact on proliferation and metabolic pathways in heterogenous melanoma human cell lines. Methods: COLO 800, COLO 794, and A375 melanoma cell lines representing distinct metabolic phenotypes were analyzed. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics analyses integrated with Seahorse assays were performed to assess the effects of emodin and aloe-emodin on cell proliferation, mitochondrial function, and redox homeostasis. Glucose tracing using [U-13C6] glucose and metabolic flux analysis (MFA) were carried out to evaluate the glycolysis and TCA cycle dynamics. Results: Emodin and aloe-emodin inhibited proliferation by disrupting glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and energy production across all cell lines. Both compounds impaired glucose metabolism, reduced TCA cycle intermediates, and induced mitochondrial ROS accumulation, causing oxidative stress and redox imbalance. Despite intrinsic metabolic differences, COLO 800 and COLO 794 upregulated antioxidant defenses; A375 enhanced one-carbon metabolism and amino acid pathways to maintain redox balance and nucleotide biosynthesis. Conclusions: Emodin and aloe-emodin can disrupt the metabolic plasticity of melanoma cells by impairing glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and redox homeostasis. Their ability to target metabolic vulnerabilities across diverse phenotypes highlights their therapeutic potential for overcoming resistance mechanisms and advancing melanoma treatment strategies.

Engineered Drug-Amphiphile Conjugate Nanoparticles for Targeted Inhibition of AQP4-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling in Collagen-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis

Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane proteins that transport water, small solutes, and molecules across cell membranes. Studies have reported the role of AQPs in the activation, migration, and proliferation of immune cells, thus modulating the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. In joints, the enhanced AQP4 expression exaggerates pathological changes like hydrarthrosis, acidosis, and hyperosmotic stress-inducing dysfunction of the articular chondrocytes, leading to articular cartilage destruction in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Acetazolamide (AZM), a sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitor of AQP4, reversibly decreases water permeability through AQP4 and is a potential molecule for targeting AQP4 in the CIA. However, its low solubility and low bioavailability limit its therapeutic effectiveness. Therefore, in this study, we have synthesized a polyphenol drug (gallic acid) (GA) and an amphiphile (glycerol monostearate) (GMS) conjugate to self-assemble into nanoparticles and encapsulated with AZM. Apart from AZM, GA is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, intra-articular injection of AZM@GA-GMS NPs efficiently downregulates the expression of AQP4 and associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, the NPs are cytocompatible and showed enzyme-responsive drug release and thus offer a promising therapeutic strategy for RA by inhibiting AQP4-mediated inflammatory pathways. This opens up an avenue for treatment for RA.

Review: Mammary gland physiology and modulation during colostrogenesis in dairy goats

Newborn ruminants are highly dependent on the intake of high-quality colostrum immediately after birth to obtain energy and achieve an appropriate immunisation. Previous research indicates that poor management practices in the last months of gestation can lead to increased neonatal mortality rates by reducing colostrum quality among other factors. In ruminants, colostrum synthesis is a well-preserved mechanism which has been speculated to be regulated by the neuroendocrine system. However, this review aims to explore different approaches such as alternative dry-off management practices, the inclusion of different nutrients on prepartum diets, and the stimulation of the mammary gland immune response to modulate colostrogenesis and consequently, to enhance colostrum quality. Ensuring correct dry-off practices combined with controlled dietary supplementation can support mammary gland reorganisation and potentially modulate colostrogenesis. Despite positive effects on colostrum yield, the bioactive composition of colostrum seems to be irresponsive to prepartum energy, protein, and fat supplementation in dairy goats. On the other hand, mastitis has obvious negative effects on animal health; however, an experimentally induced local inflammation seems to trigger helpful modifications on the blood-milk barrier, enhancing the concentration of some immune components (i.e., immunoglobulin G and M) in goat colostrum. Yet, most research has focused on dairy cattle, leaving a significant knowledge gap on colostrogenesis in small ruminants. Therefore, future studies should focus on developing novel dry-off and dietary strategies to not only promote a healthy lactation but also to guarantee a successful colostrum synthesis.

Decreased Expression of Aquaporins as a Feature of Tubular Damage in Lupus Nephritis

Background: Tubulointerstitial hypoxia is a key factor for lupus nephritis progression to end-stage renal disease. Numerous aquaporins (AQPs) are expressed by renal tubules and are essential for their proper functioning. The aim of this study is to characterize the tubular expression of AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3, which could provide a better understanding of tubulointerstitial stress during lupus nephritis. Methods: This retrospective monocentric study was conducted at Erasme-HUB Hospital. We included 37 lupus nephritis samples and 9 healthy samples collected between 2000 and 2020, obtained from the pathology department. Immunohistochemistry was performed to target AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3 and followed by digital analysis. Results: No difference in AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3 staining location was found between healthy and lupus nephritis samples. However, we observed significant differences between these two groups, with a decrease in AQP1 expression in the renal cortex and in AQP3 expression in the cortex and medulla. In the subgroup of proliferative glomerulonephritis (class III/IV), this decrease in AQPs expression was more pronounced, particularly for AQP3. In addition, within this subgroup, we detected lower AQP2 expression in patients with higher interstitial inflammation score and lower AQP3 expression when higher interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy were present. Conclusions: We identified significant differences in the expression of aquaporins 1, 2, and 3 in patients with lupus nephritis. These findings strongly suggest that decreased AQP expression could serve as an indicator of tubular injury. Further research is warranted to evaluate AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3 as prognostic markers in both urinary and histological assessments of lupus nephritis.

Eco-friendly Synthesis and Molecular Modelling of 2-Phenylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine Derivatives: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies for Lead Optimization

7-methyl-2-phenylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-carboxylic acid (DM1) and 6-methoxy-2-phenylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-carboxylic acid (DM2) have been shown to act as human (h) Cav3.1 voltage-gated calcium channel blockers with promising in vivo anti-absence activity, positioning them as potential antiepileptic drugs. The primary aim of this work was to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly synthetic procedures for preparing 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives. After optimizing the synthesis of this compound class using efficient and green techniques such as microwaves and ultrasound irradiation, we further evaluated the antiepileptic effects of DM1 and DM2 in two animal models: CD-1 ICR mice after pentylenetetrazol administration and DBA/2 mice with seizures induced by audiogenic stimuli. Their neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress were assessed using C6 rat brain glioma cells. DM1 and DM2 exhibited potent anti-seizure effects in both animal models and demonstrated significant in vitro neuroprotective activity by reducing reactive oxygen species release. To lay the groundwork for the future rational optimization of this promising class of compounds, the molecular bases of DM1 and DM2 activity were investigated by modelling their interaction with hCav3.1 channels. The calculated binding modes of DM1 and DM2 to hCav3.1 channels partially mirrored that of the selective Cav3.1 blocker Z944, paving the way for future lead optimization.

C-Terminal Hsp90 Inhibitors Overcome MEK and BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma

Targeted therapies for melanoma MEK and BRAF inhibitors fail due to the development of chemoresistance. As Hsp90 inhibitors target client proteins of resistant pathways, we hypothesised that C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitors will target BRAF/MEK inhibitor resistant melanoma cells by overcoming the resistant pathways. Two melanoma cell lines, A375 and A375 MEK/BRAF inhibitor resistant (A375MEKi) were utilised. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of two C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitors, KU757 and KU758, were determined by CellTiter Glo. RNA sequencing was performed after treatment with KU757. Pathways targeted by differentially expressed genes were evaluated by David, IPA, GSEA, and by evaluating the cell cycle, apoptosis and oxidative phosphorylation. Expression levels of hub genes were evaluated using Xena and validated by RT-PCR. The survival analysis was performed using UALCAN. A375MEKi was not resistant to the C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitor with a KU757 IC50 of 0.59 μM versus 0.64 μM and a KU758 IC50 of 0.89 μM versus 0.93 μM in A375 versus A375MEKi, respectively. RNA sequencing analysis revealed KU757 upregulates cell cycle checkpoint regulation and apoptosis and downregulates genes involved in the peroxisome, AKT/PI3K/MTOR, EIF2, fatty acid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. These pathways were further validated through survival analysis that demonstrated potential survival benefit in patients with dysregulated NDUFA7, CDC20, CDC25C, CDK1, VDAC2, HEATR5a, COL4A4, FLT3LG, BMP2, PRKCH and ADMST9. Melanomas often develop concurrent resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. C-terminal Hsp90 inhibition with KU757 appears to overcome these chemo-resistance pathways in vitro, downregulating metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation and the cell cycle, warranting further in vivo translation. The novel C-terminal HSP90 inhibitor KU757 effectively targets primary and BRAF and MEK inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells equally by affecting oxidative phosphorylation and the cell cycle.

Prognostic Value of Pretreatment 18F-FDG-PET/CT Metabolic Parameters in Advanced High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer

AIM

To assess the prognostic value of pretreatment 18F-FDG-PET/CT quantitative metabolic parameters in patients with advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC).

METHODS

A review of 47 patients diagnosed with advanced HGSOC between 2012 and 2020 in our center was performed, evaluating pretreatment 18F-FDG-PET/CT metabolic parameters: maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and metabolic tumoral volume (MTV). Two experienced nuclear medicine physicians evaluated the images, thereby obtaining quantitative parameters semiautomatically classifying the volume of interest (VOI) as the target (t): VOI with the highest SUVmax normalized by lean body mass (SUVmax(lbm)), non target (nt) and total (sum of target and non-target VOIs). The disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated. Optimal cutoff values with ROC curves/median values were used. The Correlation between metabolic parameters and DFS/OS was determined using univariate and survival-curves analysis.

RESULTS

The median DFS was 18 months (2.5-55) and the OS 33.6 months (2.5-92). The MTVtotal, MTV(t), TLGtotal and TLG(t) were significantly associated with DFS (p = 0.005, 0.01, 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). The patients with MTVtotal > 427.8 cm3 and MTVtarget > 434 cm3 had shorter DFS than the patients with lower values (18.8 versus 31 months and 15.6 versus 30, p = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). The patients with higher TLGtotal and TLG(t) values tended to have worse DFS (p = 0.26 and 0.31, respectively). In a multivariate analysis, the MTVtotal was statistically significantly associated with DFS (p = 0.003). No correlation was found with OS.

CONCLUSIONS

Pretreatment MTVtotal and MTV(t) appear to be predictive of relapse in patients with advanced HGSOC.

Thermography Analysis of Low-Level Laser Therapy Effect on the Swine Larynx

INTRODUCTION

The vocal folds are intrinsically associated with the thyroarytenoid muscle. During phonation, microlesions and inflammations can occur due to excessive voice use, which can hinder the correct vibration of the mucosa and alter the voice quality. In addition to vocal hygiene and exercises to reduce phonatory effort, resources such as low-level laser therapy (LLLT) are being used in clinical settings. LLLT has been reported to have a biomodulatory action that can reduce pain and edema in the larynx by accelerating the inflammatory process through temperature variation. This study aimed to evaluate the temperature before and after the application of single or multiple doses of red (RL) and infrared (IRL) in the laryngeal tissues of swine.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This descriptive and comparative study was conducted at NuPMIA-FM/UnB and at Granja Miunça, located in the rural region of Brasília. The animals were randomly divided into 13 groups (n = 5) to evaluate the temperature of the larynx before and after LLLT treatment using photothermographic analysis.

RESULTS

The study showed the thermoregulatory effect of the laser as an acute response to 1 and 8 doses of LLLT in the swine larynx. One dose of RL increased the temperature of the young animals (P = 0.0318); multiple doses of IRL increased the laryngeal temperature of the adult group by 2.1%, with differences between the applications (paired t test, P = 0.0208). In the combination of lasers (RL + IRL), the laryngeal temperature in the group of adult animals increased by 0.9%, between the minimum and maximum temperature before application, and between the minimum and maximum temperature after LLLT. There was a difference between the mean temperatures before (P = 0.0010) and after the combined (RL + IRL) (P = 0.0025). Also, the results showed that young animals with no LLLT treatment had 12% higher temperature (35.7 ± 1.7 ºC) than adult animals with no treatment (31.2 ± 1.9).

INTERPRETATION

The results demonstrated that there is an increase and decrease in laryngeal temperature after different low-level laser therapy application protocols and at different doses. These findings could provide a clinical guide for the use of LLLT in humans.

Suppression of Spry1 reduces HIF1α-dependent glycolysis and impairs angiogenesis in BRAF-mutant cutaneous melanoma

BACKGROUND

About 50% of cutaneous melanoma (CM) harbors the activating BRAFV600 mutation which exerts most of the oncogenic effects through the MAPK signaling pathway. In the last years, a number of MAPK modulators have been identified, including Spry1. In this context, we have recently demonstrated that knockout of Spry1 (Spry1KO) in BRAFV600-mutant CM led to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, repressed cell proliferation in vitro, and reduced tumor growth in vivo. Despite these findings, however, the precise molecular mechanism linking Spry1 to BRAFV600-mutant CM remains to be elucidated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry was employed to gain insight into Spry1 interactome. Spry1 gene was knocked-out using the CRISPR strategy in the BRAF-mutant cell lines. Transmission electron microscopy was used to assess the relationship between Spry1 expression and mitochondrial morphology. By using in vitro and in vivo models, the effects of Spry1KO were investigated through RNA-sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses. The Seahorse XF24 assay allowed real-time measurement of cellular metabolism in our model. Angiogenic potential was assessed through in vitro tube formation assays and in vivo CD31 staining.

RESULTS

Spry1 was mainly located in mitochondria in BRAFV600-mutant CM cells where it interacted with key molecules involved in mitochondrial homeostasis. Spry1 loss resulted in mitochondrial shape alterations and dysfunction, which associated with increased reactive oxygen species production. In agreement, we found that nuclear hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α) protein levels were reduced in Spry1KO clones both in vitro and in vivo along with the expression of its glycolysis related genes. Accordingly, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified "HIF1α Signaling" as the most significant molecular and cellular function affected by Spry1 silencing, whereas the glycolytic function was significantly impaired in Spry1 depleted BRAFV600-mutant CM cells. In addition, our results indicated that the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor A was down-regulated following Spry1KO, possibly as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction. Consistently, we observed a substantial impairment of angiogenesis, as assessed by the tube formation assay in vitro and the immunofluorescence staining of CD31 in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Altogether, these findings identify Spry1 as a potential regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis, and uncover a previously unrecognized role for Spry1 in regulating nuclear HIF1α expression and angiogenesis in BRAFV600-mutant CM.

SIGNIFICANCE

Spry1KO profoundly impacts on mitochondria homeostasis, while concomitantly impairing HIF1α-dependent glycolysis and reducing angiogenesis in BRAF-mutant CM cells, thus providing a potential therapeutic target to improve BRAFV600-mutant CM treatment.

Tumor dormancy and relapse: understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer recurrence

Cancer recurrence, driven by the phenomenon of tumor dormancy, presents a formidable challenge in oncology. Dormant cancer cells have the ability to evade detection and treatment, leading to relapse. This review emphasizes the urgent need to comprehend tumor dormancy and its implications for cancer recurrence. Despite notable advancements, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying dormancy and the lack of reliable biomarkers for predicting relapse. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the cellular, angiogenic, and immunological aspects of dormancy. It highlights the current therapeutic strategies targeting dormant cells, particularly combination therapies and immunotherapies, which hold promise in preventing relapse. By elucidating these mechanisms and proposing innovative research methodologies, this review aims to deepen our understanding of tumor dormancy, ultimately facilitating the development of more effective strategies for preventing cancer recurrence and improving patient outcomes.

A novel therapeutic approach targeting PD-L1 in HNSCC and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells hampers pro-metastatic features in vitro: perspectives for blocking tumor-stroma communication and signaling

BACKGROUND

Current conventional treatment regimens for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), are poorly effective because of the emergence of resistance mechanisms. Many studies have reported how the tumor microenvironment influences tumor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1. It has been reported that overexpression of PD-L1 correlates with and is involved in cancer progression by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) program, stemness and tumor cell invasiveness through AKT and MAPK pathways. In this study, we investigated how bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) recruited and educated by HNSCC cells are able to promote tumor cell invasion and EMT program. In addition, we analyzed how the crosstalk between stromal cells and tumor cells can affect PD-L1 expression levels. In this context, we developed and characterized a novel anti-PD-L1 recombinant Fab (rFab') and tested its ability to potentiate the effect of cisplatin.

METHODS

BM-MSCs and HNSCC cells co-cultures, cell migration and invasion were performed using Boyden chambers. The effect of treatments on cell viability and growth were analyzed by MTT and clonogenic assay, respectively. The anti-PD-L1 rFab' was prepared in E. Coli and tested for its binding on HNSCC cells and BM-MSCs by FACS analysis and fluorescence microscopy. PD-L1, p-AKT, p-ERK, N-cadherin and β-catenin expression levels were analyzed by western blotting.

RESULTS

BM-MSCs were induced by tumor cells to migrate, invade and to trans-differentiate in cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as demonstrated by increased expression levels of α-SMA and FAP-α. BM-MSCs contributed to HNSCC invasiveness by increasing p-AKT, p-ERK, N-cadherin and β-catenin expression levels. When BM-MSCs and HNSCC cells were co-cultured the level of PD-L1 expression was enhanced in both cells indicating a reciprocal support in favoring tumor aggressiveness. Tumor cell treatment with rFab' anti-PD-L1 reduced their viability, growth, migration and invasion and blunted the underlying signaling pathways. In addition, rFab' anti-PD-L1 was able to potentiate the antitumor effect of cisplatin on HNSCC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

BM-MSCs recruited and educated by HNSCC cells support tumor cell aggressiveness via PD-L1. A novel rFab' anti-PD-L1 reduces HNSCC proliferation, migration and invasion and potentiates the cisplatin effect suggesting its potential to be conjugated with drugs for immuno-cytotoxic therapy.

Downregulation of AQP9 Ameliorates NLRP3 Inflammasome-Dependent Inflammation and Pyroptosis in Crohn's Disease by Inhibiting the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway

Crohn's disease (CD), a complex gastrointestinal disorder, can be attributed to a combination of genetic factors, immune system dysfunction, and environmental triggers. Aquaporin 9 (AQP9) has been implicated in immunoregulation and inflammation in various conditions, yet its function in CD remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the contribution of AQP9 to CD pathogenesis and its impact on inflammation and pyroptosis. Bioinformatic analysis showed a significant increase in AQP9 expression (above 2.5-fold change) in CD patients compared to controls. In vitro experiments using human colonic epithelial cells (HT-29) demonstrated that AQP9 inhibition attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell damage, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and pyroptosis. Mechanistically, AQP9 silencing suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suggesting a role in regulating pyroptosis. AQP9 silencing inhibited p38 MAPK phosphorylation, indicating a direct involvement in modulating this inflammatory pathway. Furthermore, our findings indicate that AQP9 exacerbates inflammation and pyroptosis via activating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, known to contribute to CD pathogenesis. In vivo studies using a murine model of CD-like colitis revealed that AQP9 inhibition led to about 45% reduction in colitis severity scores and about 30% decrease in the production of inflammatory cytokine by inactivating NLRP3 inflammasome and the p38 MAPK signaling. To sum up, our study highlights the involvement of AQP9 in CD pathogenesis through modulation of inflammation and pyroptosis via the NLRP3 inflammasome and p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Targeting AQP9 may offer a promising therapeutic approach for CD by suppressing inflammatory responses and preventing tissue damage.

18F-FDG PET/CT biomarkers as predictors of long term outcomes and survival rates in patients with high risk malignant pulmonary masses/nodules treated with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy

INTRODUCTION

Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) is a standard treatment option for patients with malignant pulmonary masses (including primary and metastatic lesions) who are unfit for surgery or who are medically operable but refuse surgery. Flourine-18 flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) volumetric metabolic parameters, i.e., metabolic tumour volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) play an important role in assessing the biological characteristics of some tumours and its role as potential prognostic factors has also been introduced.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the value of baseline metabolic volumetric parameters as prognostic imaging biomarkers in patients with pulmonary masses/nodules treated with SABR.

METHODS

70 patients were included in this retrospective study (39 male and 31 female, age range 47-91 years, mean 76 years). Standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUVmean, MTV and TLG for all the patients were calculated on baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT. Patient outcome was divided into 3 categories free of disease, stable disease and disease progression.

RESULTS

There was no significant statistical difference in the SUVmax and SUVmean in all the three categories. Mean SUVmax ranges from 7.13 to 8.08 with its highest value in the stable disease and lowest value in the progressive disease categories. Similarly, the average SUVmean was 4.9 in the free of disease category and 4.68 in the progressive disease category. MTV and TLG were low in the free of disease and the highest in progressive disease. MTV increased from 2.25 cm3 in free of disease category to 3.23 cm3 and 7.29 cm3 in stable disease and progressive disease, respectively. TLG has increased from 11.7 in the disease-free survival category to 18.77 and 40.39 in the stable and progressive disease, respectively. Patients with low MTV had longer overall survival (OS) than patients with high MTV (37 months versus 27 months, p value = 0. 0018). In addition, OS was longer in patients with low TLG (36 months versus 24 months, p value = 0.016).

CONCLUSIONS

TLG and MTV are more useful than SUVmax and SUVmean for predicting outcome, OS and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients receiving SABR. The TLG and MTV measurement on 18F-FDG PET imaging may be routinely recommended in baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT prior to SABR.

Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 101, 153, and 180) and adipocyte lipid dysfunctions: Involvement of glycerol and role of aquaglyceroporins in mature 3T3-L1 cells

Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs), as well as dioxin-like PCBs, are endocrine disruptors that persist in human and animal tissues worldwide. Due to their lipophilicity and resistance to enzymatic degradation, PCBs accumulate in fat deposits contributing to the onset of endocrine and metabolic diseases. Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channel proteins that allow the transport of water and small solutes. In particular, the aquaglyceroporins AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9 mediate the release and the uptake of glycerol in adipose tissue. Here, we investigate the modulation of these AQPs by NDL-PCBs and the following effects on lipid metabolism in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed for 48 h to PCB 101, 153, or 180 (1 μM). NDL-PCBs modulated protein expression of AQP3 and AQP7, involved in glycerol release, and AQP9, implicated in glycerol uptake. This modulation induced a greater accumulation of glycerol in treated adipocytes indirectly evaluated by its reduction in the culture media. Interestingly, only PCB 153 altered the expression of enzymes involved in glycerol metabolism and lipid accumulation (i.e. Pparg, Fabp4, Gyk, Dgat1, and Agpat9). These modifications indicated an increase of adipocyte lipid accumulation confirmed by Oil Red O staining. The role of AQPs in the increased cellular accumulation of glycerol was confirmed using phloretin, an AQP9 inhibitor, that reverted the PCB 153 effect. Our results show the involvement of AQPs in PCB 153-induced dysfunction of glycerol metabolism and lipid storage in adipocytes, contributing to better defining the mechanisms underlying its known obesogenic effect.

Effect of the sarcoptic mange upon metabolome profiling in wild boars

Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious disease and represents one of the main health concerns for humans and non-human mammals worldwide. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei and can course with different morphological and physiological presentations. Accordingly, aside from skin inflammation, hosts may experience changes in body condition, immune system, biochemistry, reproduction, and thermoregulation, although the understanding of the downstream metabolic burden is still missing. In this context, mange-derived fat store depletion and following imbalance of fatty acid composition might contribute to the severity of the illness. The lack of a tool for early detection of this etiological agent often results in significant financial losses for farmers and harm to animal welfare. Therefore, using targeted LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach, we sought to investigate the impact of sarcoptic mange upon metabolome profiling in the blood serum of mangy wild boars. Thirteen wild boars were analyzed in three different clinical conditions, namely when they were sick, during the therapeutic treatment with ivermectin, and when they were deemed recovered from the disease. We identified specific long-chain acylcarnitines highly abundant in the blood serum of the subjects within the infection phase, when compared to the ivermectin-treated and healthy conditions. Overall, data from our preliminary study highlighted the need for more accurate and broad-based studies, about the potential role of the long chain acylcarnitines in the metabolic homeostasis, to help early diagnose of the sarcoptic mange.

Extract of Nanhaia speciosa J. Compton & Schrire alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury via the NF-κB/Nrf2/AQPs pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Nanhaia speciosas J. Compton & Schrire (the name Nanhaia speciosas J. Compton & Schrire has been accepted by the World Checklist of Vascular Plants https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0001444004) is a traditional Zhuang medicine that have been widely used for centuries. It has been used in the treatment of lung inflammation, tuberculosis, rheumatic pain, lumbar muscle strain, and various other ailments, such as chronic hepatitis, menoxenia, leukorrhea, and injuries. In addition, N. speciosa has also been used to treat acute lung injury (ALI).

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the effects of various constituents present in N. speciosas extract (NSE) on ALI and the related mechanisms while also elucidating the potential active monomeric components.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

NSE was extracted using an AB-8 macroporous resin column, and five fractions (Fr. 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 95%) were obtained. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities of the five fractions were evaluated in an A549 cell-based in vitro model, with the aim of evaluating their potential therapeutic effects. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities of NSE were assessed in a murine model of ALI induced by intratracheal injection of LPS. We utilized an in vitro model to analyse the critical molecular mechanisms through which NSE ameliorates ALI. The chemical composition of the optimal fraction was analysed and confirmed using UHPLC/MS.

RESULTS

Different fractions (especially Fr. 75%) significantly reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in A549 cells. Fr.75% abrogated LPS-induced pathological alterations and decreased the lung W/D ratio, total protein concentration in BALF, and the levels of the proinflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Moreover, Fr.75% reduced MPO and MDA concentrations and elevated SOD and GSH concentrations in pulmonary tissues. Additionally, it decreased the pulmonary tissue inflammation caused by LPS by downregulating the expression of p-NF-κB p65 and upregulating the expression of Nrf2, AQP1 and AQP5. Fr. 75% decreased p-NF-κB p65 protein levels; increased Keap1, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, AQP1 and AQP5 protein levels; and promoted the entry of Nrf2 into the nucleus. After UHPLC/MS analysis was conducted, the flavonoid Maackiain was determined to potentially play a pivotal role in this process.

CONCLUSION

Fr.75% alleviates ALI by regulating the NF-κB/Nrf2/AQPs signalling pathway. The flavonoid Maackiain may also play an important role in this process. Overall, N. speciosas may be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of ALI.

P2Y1 and P2Y12 Receptors Mediate Aggregation of Dog and Cat Platelets: A Comparison to Human Platelets

Thrombosis is one of the most prevalent and serious health issues amongst humans. A key component of thrombotic events is the activation and aggregation of platelets, of which the P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors play a crucial role in this process. Despite a breadth of knowledge on thrombosis and its mechanisms and treatment in various disorders in humans, there is less of an understanding of the expression and exact role of these receptors in companion animals such as dogs and cats. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors on dog and cat platelets in platelet-rich plasma and compare them to human platelets. Immunoblotting revealed the presence of P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor proteins on dog and cat platelets, although relative amounts of each receptor appeared to contrast those of human platelets, with increased amounts of P2Y1 compared to P2Y12 receptors in dogs and cats. Using a modified 384-well plate aggregation assay, designed for use with small volumes, the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor agonists adenosine 5'-diphosphate and 2-methylthio-adenosine 5'-diphosphate caused aggregation of dog and cat platelets. This aggregation was near-completely inhibited by the selective P2Y12 antagonist ticagrelor. Aggregation of dog and cat platelets was partly inhibited by the human P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2179. The agonist and antagonist responses in dog and cat platelets were like those of human platelets. In contrast, the aggregation of dog platelets in the absence of added nucleotides was two-fold greater than that of cats and humans. This study indicates that platelets of cats and dogs possess functional P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors that can be inhibited by human antagonists. The data presented suggest differing roles or responses of the platelet P2Y receptors in dogs and cats compared to humans but also highlight the potential of using currently available P2Y1 or P2Y12 antiplatelet drugs such as ticagrelor for the treatment of thrombosis in these companion animals.

The Effects of a Food Supplement, Based on Co-Micronized Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)-Rutin and Hydroxytyrosol, in Metabolic Syndrome Patients: Preliminary Results

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients have impaired hypothalamic regulatory functions involved in food intake and energy expenditure and suffer from a state of meta-inflammation. Pre-clinical studies demonstrated that ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) acts both on the adipose tissue and the central nervous system, while hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) counteracts several types of dysmetabolism.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of our randomized crossover double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study was to evaluate the potential effects of a food supplement (FS) containing a co-micronized formulation of PEA and rutin along with HTyr, combined with a tailored calorie-controlled Mediterranean diet, in patients with MetS.

METHODS

Nineteen patients were enrolled and block-randomized to an eight-week MD together with the FS or placebo. After a two-week washout period, the treatments were reversed. Data on laboratory parameters and those detected by capillary sampling, anthropometry, body composition analysis, ultrasound examination, blood pressure monitoring, the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire, handgrip strength test, and physical performance tests were collected at each time point (protocol code R.S. 262.22, registered on 20 December 2022).

RESULTS

At the end of the study, patients supplemented with the FS showed a significant reduction in body weight, body mass index, fat mass, and inflammation biomarkers (CRP and ESR), compared to placebo-supplemented patients. In contrast, the fat-free mass, phase angle, and body cell mass were increased in FS compared to placebo patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Although preliminary, the results of our clinical study suggest that co-micronized PEA-rutin and HTyr may be of help against adiposopathy in patients with MetS.

The role of mitophagy-related genes in prognosis and immunotherapy of cutaneous melanoma: a comprehensive analysis based on single-cell RNA sequencing and machine learning

Mitophagy, the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy, plays a crucial role in cancer progression and therapy response. This study aims to elucidate the role of mitophagy-related genes (MRGs) in cutaneous melanoma (CM) through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and machine learning approaches, ultimately developing a predictive model for patient prognosis. The scRNA-seq data, bulk transcriptomic data, and clinical data of CM were obtained from publicly available databases. The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to identify gene modules associated with mitophagy phenotypes. A machine learning framework employing ten different algorithms was used to develop the prognostic model. Based on scRNA-seq data, we identified 16 distinct cell subpopulations in melanoma, and melanoma cells exhibited significantly higher mitophagy scores. The turquoise module identified via WGCNA showed the strongest correlation with mitophagy scores. A prognostic model incorporating seven genes was developed through machine learning algorithms, achieving an average C-index of 0.754 across training and validation cohorts. Functionally, low-risk patients were enriched in interferon-gamma response and inflammatory processes, whereas high-risk patients showed enrichment in glycolysis regulation and signaling pathways such as KRAS and Wnt/β-catenin. Notably, low-risk patients demonstrated enhanced immune infiltration and greater sensitivity to immunotherapy. RT-qPCR validated the expression level of 7 model genes in human melanoma cell lines and normal melanocyte cell lines. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of MRGs in melanoma and presents a novel prognostic model. These findings enhance our understanding of the tumor microenvironment and may guide personalized treatment strategies for CM patients.

Progress in the investigation of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio as a potential pathogenic factor in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that presents significant challenges in terms of treatment owing to a pronounced likelihood of recurrence and an elevated risk of cancer development, thereby imposing substantial risks on affected individuals. The gut microbiota of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (F/B) can affect diseases associated with IBD, which is also a risk factor for breast cancer. This review discusses the hazards associated with UC, highlights the existing disparities in UC-associated gut microbiome research, explores the concept of the F/B ratio and scrutinizes its correlation with UC. Moreover, the differences in the F/B ratios between healthy individuals and those with UC were thoroughly examined. These findings suggest that an elevated F/B ratio may promote the occurrence and progression of UC. Consequently, the F/B ratio may play a significant role in UC by influencing gut microbiota composition and inflammatory responses, suggesting that future research should focus on this ratio as a potential biomarker for disease progression and therapeutic targets in managing UC.

Effect of age, sex, breed and venipuncture site on platelet count and clumping in feline blood samples

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the associations between sex, age, breed and collection site on platelet count and platelet clumping in feline blood samples.

METHODS

Cats presenting to a primary care feline hospital from January 2016 to January 2017 were recruited. Any cat undergoing blood collection for a complete blood count was eligible. Cats were excluded if they were receiving clopidogrel or aspirin, had a disease known to affect platelet function, or if they required sedation for phlebotomy. All cats had their sex, age, site of venipuncture, platelet count, degree of platelet clumping and platelet morphology recorded.

RESULTS

In total, 649 cats were prospectively recruited. Of these, 579 (89%) cats had no clumping observed on blood smears. A significant association (P = 0.025) was found between sex and platelet count, with females having lower platelet counts. No significant association was found between sex and degree of platelet clumping (P = 0.323). Age did not have a statistically significant association with platelet clumping (P = 0.959); however, it did have a small significant (P = 0.003) positive correlation with platelet count. There was no significant effect of purebred status on platelet count (P = 0.457); however, the domestic group had a higher rate of platelet clumping (P = 0.009). No association was found between platelet count (P = 0.322) or degree of platelet clumping (P = 0.793) and collection site. When considering platelet clumping as a binary outcome, no association was found with sex (P = 0.292), age (P = 0.681), site of collection (P = 0.809) or breed (P = 0.264).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The lack of effect of collection site/technique suggests that multiple sites of collection are valid when accurate platelet counts are important. The finding of lower platelet counts in younger and female cats may highlight the need to recognize age and sex when considering the management and monitoring of platelet counts and platelet disorders. Additional studies are needed to understand breed variation.

Single-Cell Analysis in the Mouse and Human Mammary Gland

The mammary gland is a complex organ, host to a rich array of different cell types. As the only organ to complete its development in adulthood, it delicately balances both cell intrinsic and external signalling from hormones, growth factors and other stimulants. The gland can undergo vast proliferation, restructuring and functional maturation during pregnancy and undo these gross changes to a nearly identical resting state during involution. The adaptive nature of the mammary gland underpins its function but also increases its susceptibility to cancer. While already characterised at a macro scale, understanding the complexities of mammary gland morphogenesis, development and tumorigenesis requires interrogation of cellular and molecular mechanisms. As outlined below, single-cell analysis is a key approach for this, allowing us to unbiasedly explore and characterise the functions and properties of individual cells from the genome to the proteome. Here, we introduce key single-cell analysis methods and give brief introductions to their respective workflows. We then discuss the structure, cell types and development of the mammary gland from birth, puberty and through pregnancy, as well as cancer formation. Additionally, we highlight the benefits and caveats of implementing single-cell methodologies and mouse models for studying critical time points of human development and disease. Finally, we highlight some limitations and future directions of single-cell techniques. This chapter provides a starting point for users hoping to further their understanding of mammary gland development and its link to cancer as explained by single-cell analysis studies.

[Pathogenesis of fibrosis development in ovarian endometriosis]

Endometriosis-associated fibrosis is a complex phenomenon, and the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Fibrosis is invariably present in all forms of the disease and contributes to the classic endometriosis-associated symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain and infertility. The purpose of this literature review was to study the role of various cell populations, biological mechanisms and signaling pathways in inducing fibrogenesis of endometriosis lesions. PubMed and MEDLINE searched for studies published in English over the past 5 years that studied fibrosis in ovarian endometriosis.

The implications of the TNFα-TNFR2 immune checkpoint signaling pathway in cancer treatment: From immunoregulation to angiogenesis

Despite the tremendous advances that have been made in biomedical research, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Several therapeutic approaches have been suggested and applied to treat cancer with impressive results. Immunotherapy based on targeting immune checkpoint signaling pathways proved to be one of the most efficient. In this review article, we will focus on the recently discovered TNFα-TNFR2 signaling pathway, which controls the immunological and pro-angiogenic properties of many immunoregulatory and pro-angiogenic cells such as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Due to their biological properties, these cells can play a major role in cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of an anti-TNFR2 treatment that could carry two faces under one hood. It interrupts the immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic behaviors of the above-mentioned cells and interferes with tumor growth and survival.

Fibrinogen post-translational modifications are biochemical determinants of fibrin clot properties and interactions

The structure of fibrinogen and resulting fibrin formed during the coagulation process have important biological functions in human physiology and pathology. Fibrinogen post-translational modifications (PTMs) increase the complexity of the protein structure and many studies have emphasized the potential associations of post-translationally altered fibrinogen with the formation of a fibrin clot with a prothrombotic phenotype. However, the mechanisms by which PTMs exert their action on fibrinogen, and their causal association with disease pathogenesis are relatively unexplored. Moreover, the significance of fibrinogen PTMs in health has yet to be appreciated. In this review, the impact of fibrinogen PTMs on fibrinogen functionality is discussed from a biochemical perspective, emphasizing the potential mechanisms by which PTMs mediate the acquisition of altered fibrinogen properties. A brief discussion on dysfibrinogenemias of genetic origin, attributed to single point variations of the fibrinogen molecule is also provided, highlighting the influence that amino acid properties have on fibrinogen structure, properties, and molecular interactions that arise during thrombus formation.

The Anti-Obesity Effect of Fish Oil in Diet-Induced Obese Mice Occurs via Both Decreased Food Intake and the Induction of Heat Production Genes in Brown but Not White Adipose Tissue

Omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil have been shown to prevent diet-induced obesity in lean mice and to promote heat production in adipose tissue. However, the effects of fish oil on obese animals remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of fish oil in obese mice. C57BL/6J mice were fed a lard-based high-fat diet (LD) for 8 weeks and then assigned to either a fish oil-based high-fat diet (FOD) or continued the LD for additional 8 weeks. A control group was fed a standard diet for 16 weeks. Mice fed the FOD showed weight loss, reduced adipose tissue mass, and lower plasma insulin and leptin levels compared to those fed the LD. Rectal temperatures were higher in the FOD and LD groups compared to the control group. Energy intake was lower in the FOD group than the LD group but similar to the control group. The FOD and LD groups exhibited increased expression of heat-producing genes such as Ppargc1a, Ucp1, Adrb3, and Ppara in brown adipose tissue but not in white adipose tissue. The FOD reduced food consumption and increased rectal temperature and heat-producing genes in brown adipose tissue. Fish oil may therefore be a potential therapeutic approach to obesity.

Adipose MSCs response to breast cancer cell-derived factors in conditioned media and extracts

Interactions between MSCs and cancer cells are complex and multifaceted and have been shown to exhibit both pro-tumor and antitumor effects. This study investigated the effects of conditioned medium (CM) and cell extract (CE) from two different ERα statuses, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, on adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). Findings showed that CM and CE increased cellular metabolic activity and viability of ASCs, upregulated angiogenic factors VEGF and HIF-1α, and cytokine TGF-β expression levels. However, CM and CE treatment did not significantly affect the clonogenicity of ASCs. In addition, apoptosis-related genes caspase-3 and 9 showed differential expression patterns among the treatment groups. The findings suggest that breast cancer cell-derived factors can modulate the behavior of ASCs, highlighting their potential as a therapeutic tool in breast cancer treatment and tissue regeneration. However, it is essential to consider the potential risks associated with CM and CE treatment on ASCs, as well as the potential recruitment of ASCs by cancer tumors and the risks associated with this recruitment. Further research is needed to elucidate these potential risks and benefits.

Exploring Aquaporins in Human Studies: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential in Critical Illness

Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane proteins facilitating water and other small solutes to be transported across cell membranes. They are crucial in maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating water permeability in various tissues. Moreover, they regulate cell migration, signaling pathways, inflammation, tumor growth, and metastasis. In critically ill patients, such as trauma, sepsis, and patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which are frequently encountered in intensive care units (ICUs), water transport regulation is crucial for maintaining homeostasis, as dysregulation can lead to edema or dehydration, with the latter also implicating hemodynamic compromise. Indeed, AQPs are involved in fluid transport in various organs, including the lungs, kidneys, and brain, where their dysfunction can exacerbate conditions like ARDS, acute kidney injury (AKI), or cerebral edema. In this review, we discuss the implication of AQPs in the clinical entities frequently encountered in ICUs, such as systemic inflammation and sepsis, ARDS, AKI, and brain edema due to different types of primary brain injury from a clinical perspective. Current and possible future therapeutic implications are also considered.

Exploring the interplay between inflammation and male fertility

Male fertility results from a complex interplay of physiological, environmental, and genetic factors. It is conditioned by the properly developed anatomy of the reproductive system, hormonal regulation balance, and the interplay between different cell populations that sustain an appropriate and functional environment in the testes. Unfortunately, the mechanisms sustaining male fertility are not flawless and their perturbation can lead to infertility. Inflammation is one of the factors that contribute to male infertility. In the testes, it can be brought on by varicocele, obesity, gonadal infections, leukocytospermia, physical obstructions or traumas, and consumption of toxic substances. As a result of prolonged or untreated inflammation, the testicular resident cells that sustain spermatogenesis can suffer DNA damage, lipid and protein oxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction consequently leading to loss of function in affected Sertoli cells (SCs) and Leydig cells (LCs), and the formation of morphologically abnormal dysfunctional sperm cells that lay in the basis of male infertility and subfertility. This is due mainly to the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by local immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes T, mast cells) and tissue-specific cells [SCs, LCs, peritubular myoid cells (PMCs) and germ cells (GCs)]. Depending on the location, duration, and intensity of inflammation, these mediators can exert their toxic effect on different elements of the testes. In this review, we discuss the most prevalent inflammatory factors that negatively affect male fertility and describe the different ways inflammation can impair male reproductive function.

Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles induced through different activation pathways drive melanoma progression by functional and transcriptional changes

BACKGROUND

Beyond their conventional roles in hemostasis and wound healing, platelets have been shown to facilitate hematogenous metastasis by interacting with cancer cells. Depending on the activation route, platelets also generate different platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) that may educate cancer cells in the circulation or within the tumor microenvironment. We engaged different platelet-activating receptors, including glycoprotein VI and C-type lectin-like receptor 2, to generate a spectrum of PEV types. This allowed us to investigate the differential capacity of PEVs to alter cancer hallmark functions such as proliferation, invasion, and pro-angiogenic potential using melanoma as a model. Additionally, we analyzed changes in the cell transcriptomes and cancer EV profiles.

METHODS

Two human melanoma cell lines (MV3 and A2058) with differential metastatic potential were studied in the 3D spheroid cultures. Human platelets were activated with collagen related peptide (CRP), fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus (FFV), thrombin & collagen co-stimulus and Ca2+ ionophore, and PEVs were isolated by size-exclusion chromatography followed by ultrafiltration. Spheroids or cells were treated with PEVs and used in functional assays of proliferation, invasion, and endothelial tube formation as well as for the analysis of cancer EV production and their tetraspanin profiles. Differentially expressed genes and enriched signaling pathways in the PEV-treated spheroids were analyzed at 6 h and 24 h by RNA sequencing.

RESULTS

Among the studied PEVs, those generated by CRP and FFV exhibited the most pronounced effects on altering cancer hallmark functions. Specifically, CRP and FFV PEVs increased proliferation in both MV3 and A2058 spheroids. Distinct tetraspanin signatures of melanoma EVs were induced by all PEV types. While the PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways were activated by both CRP and FFV PEVs, they differently upregulated the immunomodulatory TGF-β and type-I interferon signaling pathways, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study revealed both shared and distinct, cancer-promoting functions of PEVs, which contributed to the transcriptome and metastatic capabilities of the melanoma spheroids. Inhibiting the platelet receptors that modulate the PEVs' cancer-promoting properties may open up new strategies for identifying promising treatment targets for cancer therapy.