1
|
Klein M, Failla AV, Hermey G. Internally tagged Vps10p-domain receptors reveal uptake of the neurotrophin BDNF. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105216. [PMID: 37660918 PMCID: PMC10540051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vps10p-domain (Vps10p-D) receptor family consists of Sortilin, SorLA, SorCS1, SorCS2, and SorCS3. They mediate internalization and intracellular sorting of specific cargo in various cell types, but underlying molecular determinants are incompletely understood. Deciphering the dynamic intracellular itineraries of Vps10p-D receptors is crucial for understanding their role in physiological and cytopathological processes. However, studying their spatial and temporal dynamics by live imaging has been challenging so far, as terminal tagging with fluorophores presumably impedes several of their protein interactions and thus functions. Here, we addressed the lack of appropriate tools and developed functional versions of all family members internally tagged in their ectodomains. We predict folding of the newly designed receptors by bioinformatics and show their exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. We examined their subcellular localization in immortalized cells and primary cultured neurons by immunocytochemistry and live imaging. This was, as far as known, identical to that of wt counterparts. We observed homodimerization of fluorophore-tagged SorCS2 by coimmunoprecipitation and fluorescence lifetime imaging, suggesting functional leucine-rich domains. Through ligand uptake experiments, live imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging, we show for the first time that all Vps10p-D receptors interact with the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mediate its uptake, indicating functionality of the Vps10p-Ds. In summary, we developed versions of all Vps10p-D receptors, with internal fluorophore tags that preserve several functions of the cytoplasmic and extracellular domains. These newly developed fluorophore-tagged receptors are likely to serve as powerful functional tools for accurate live studies of the individual cellular functions of Vps10p-D receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Klein
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Guido Hermey
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee AK, Yi N, Khaled H, Feller B, Takahashi H. SorCS1 inhibits amyloid-β binding to neurexin and rescues amyloid-β-induced synaptic pathology. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201681. [PMID: 36697254 PMCID: PMC9880023 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs), toxic peptide aggregates found in Alzheimer's disease, cause synapse pathology. AβOs interact with neurexins (NRXs), key synaptic organizers, and this interaction dampens normal trafficking and function of NRXs. Axonal trafficking of NRX is in part regulated by its interaction with SorCS1, a protein sorting receptor, but the impact of SorCS1 regulation of NRXs in Aβ pathology was previously unstudied. Here, we show competition between the SorCS1 ectodomain and AβOs for β-NRX binding and rescue effects of the SorCS1b isoform on AβO-induced synaptic pathology. Like AβOs, the SorCS1 ectodomain binds to NRX1β through the histidine-rich domain of NRX1β, and the SorCS1 ectodomain and AβOs compete for NRX1β binding. In cultured hippocampal neurons, SorCS1b colocalizes with NRX1β on the axon surface, and axonal expression of SorCS1b rescues AβO-induced impairment of NRX-mediated presynaptic organization and presynaptic vesicle recycling and AβO-induced structural defects in excitatory synapses. Thus, our data suggest a role for SorCS1 in the rescue of AβO-induced NRX dysfunction and synaptic pathology, providing the basis for a novel potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Kihoon Lee
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nayoung Yi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Husam Khaled
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benjamin Feller
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hideto Takahashi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salasova A, Monti G, Andersen OM, Nykjaer A. Finding memo: versatile interactions of the VPS10p-Domain receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:74. [PMID: 36397124 PMCID: PMC9673319 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of VPS10p-Domain (D) receptors comprises five members named SorLA, Sortilin, SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3. While their physiological roles remain incompletely resolved, they have been recognized for their signaling engagements and trafficking abilities, navigating a number of molecules between endosome, Golgi compartments, and the cell surface. Strikingly, recent studies connected all the VPS10p-D receptors to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. In addition, they have been also associated with diseases comorbid with AD such as diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder. This systematic review elaborates on genetic, functional, and mechanistic insights into how dysfunction in VPS10p-D receptors may contribute to AD etiology, AD onset diversity, and AD comorbidities. Starting with their functions in controlling cellular trafficking of amyloid precursor protein and the metabolism of the amyloid beta peptide, we present and exemplify how these receptors, despite being structurally similar, regulate various and distinct cellular events involved in AD. This includes a plethora of signaling crosstalks that impact on neuronal survival, neuronal wiring, neuronal polarity, and synaptic plasticity. Signaling activities of the VPS10p-D receptors are especially linked, but not limited to, the regulation of neuronal fitness and apoptosis via their physical interaction with pro- and mature neurotrophins and their receptors. By compiling the functional versatility of VPS10p-D receptors and their interactions with AD-related pathways, we aim to further propel the AD research towards VPS10p-D receptor family, knowledge that may lead to new diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies for AD patients.
Collapse
|
4
|
SorCS3 promotes the internalization of p75 NTR to inhibit GBM progression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:313. [PMID: 35393432 PMCID: PMC8989992 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal malignancy caused by dysregulation of cellular signal transduction. Internalization plays a key role in maintaining signalling balance. Previous reports showed that Sortilin related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3 (SorCS3) has the ability to regulate internalization. However, the impacts of SorCS3 on the biological processes involved in GBM have not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the bio-function of SorCS3 in GBM. We found that SorCS3 was significantly downregulated in GBM. In addition, low expression level of SorCS3 predicted poor prognoses in patients with GBM. Here, we proved that SorCS3 suppressed cell invasion and proliferation mainly via NGF/p75NTR pathway in GBM. We found that SorCS3 co-localized with p75NTR in GBM cells and regulated the p75NTR protein level by promoting trafficking of the endosomal to the lysosome. Immunofluorescence (IF) and Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) detection confirmed that SorCS3 bound to p75NTR, which subsequently increased the internalization of p75NTR, and then transported p75NTR to the lysosome for degradation, ultimately contributing to inhibit of glioma progression. Taken together, our work suggests that SorCS3 is a marker of promising prognosis in GBM patients and suggests that SorCS3 regulates internalization, which plays a pivotal role in inhibiting glioma progression.
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu J, Lu W. CircSPIDR acts as a tumour suppressor in cervical adenocarcinoma by sponging miR-431-5p and regulating SORCS1 and CUBN expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18340-18359. [PMID: 34326275 PMCID: PMC8351706 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To identify circular RNAs (circRNAs) with tumor suppressor activity against cervical adenocarcinoma, we compared the circRNA levels of cervical adenocarcinoma and normal cervical tissues. We found that circSPIDR was dramatically downregulated in cervical adenocarcinoma tissues. In cervical adenocarcinoma cells, overexpression of circSPIDR reduced cell viability, inhibited colony formation and promoted apoptosis, whereas knockdown of circSPIDR exerted the opposite effects. CircSPIDR overexpression also suppressed the tumorigenicity of cervical adenocarcinoma cells in a xenograft mouse model. CircSPIDR was found to sponge miR-431-5p, thereby de-repressing sortin-related VPS10 domain-containing receptor 1 (SORCS1) and cubilin (CUBN) and inhibiting the development of cervical adenocarcinoma. In clinical cervical samples, circSPIDR expression correlated negatively with miR-431-5p expression and positively with SORCS1 and CUBN expression. These results demonstrated that circSPIDR suppresses cervical adenocarcinoma by competitively binding to miR-431-5p, thus upregulating SORCS1 and CUBN. These findings suggest circSPIDR could serve as a novel therapeutic target for treatment of cervical adenocarcinoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfen Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
- Center of Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghaemimanesh F, Mehravar M, Milani S, Poursani EM, Saliminejad K. The multifaceted role of sortilin/neurotensin receptor 3 in human cancer development. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6271-6281. [PMID: 33634506 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin (also known as neurotensin receptor 3) is a multitasking protein implicated in numerous pathophysiological processes, including cancer development, cardiovascular impairment, Alzheimer-type dementia, and depression. Although the definitive role of sortilin in human solid and hematological malignancies has been evidenced, few articles reviewed the task. The aim of the current review is to unravel the mechanisms by which sortilin controls oncogenicity and cancer progression; and also to summarize and discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on this topic. Questions on how sortilin is involving in the impairment of cell junctions, in exosomes composition and release, as well as in the regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor trafficking are also responded. In addition, we provide a special focus on the regulatory role of sortilin in signal transduction by either neurotrophins or neurotensin in normal and malignant cells. The relevance of sortilin with normal and cancer stem cells is also discussed. The last section provides a general overview of sortilin applications as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in the context of cancer detection. Finally, we comment on the future research aspects in which the field of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy might be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghaemimanesh
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Mehravar
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Saeideh Milani
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh M Poursani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kioomars Saliminejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen P, Xu L, Zhang J, Cai X, Yang Y, Yu J, Qiu J, Ge J, Yu K, Zhuang J. Up-Regulation of SorCS1, an Important Sorting Receptor, in the Retina of a Form-Deprivation Rat Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:395-405. [PMID: 31605284 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Visually guided regulation is a sophisticated and active process, whereby sensory input helps to shape ocular development. Here, we sought to investigate the potential involvement of SorCS1, an important protein in synaptic transmission in neuron, in retinal development. A form-deprivation (FD) rat model was established. Ocular variations induced by FD were examined, including changes to eye axial length and retinal thickness. Scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) was used to examine retinal function. RD-PCR assays were screened for differentially expressed genes in FD rat eyes. Immunofluorescence staining identified the expression pattern and localization of SorCS1 in rat retina, with or without FD treatment. Additionally, primary retinal neural cells were cultured and incubated with or without a light-dark cycle, and western blot and real-time PCR assays were used to examine the expression of SorCS1. Retinal neural cells were treated with recombinant SorCS1 (h-SorCS1) coated with beads in serum-free conditions to test for effects on cellular physiology and expression of neurotransmitters involved in visual development. To monitor cell viability, a CCK8 assay was employed. Our data demonstrated that FD led to ocular axial elongation and retinal thinning. ERG tests showed FD impaired electrophysiological function in rat. An age-related expression pattern of SorCS1 was observed in the rat retina, and SorCS1 was significantly up-regulated in the FD rat retina. In addition, in vitro evidence suggested a strong correlation between light exposure and SorCS1 expression. Furthermore, treatment of retinal neural cells with h-SorCS1-beads promoted cell viability, neurite outgrowth, and up-regulation of inhibitory neurotransmitter expression, which implies that over-expression of SorCS1 may cause abnormal retinal development. Our findings suggest that SorCS1 is involved in the physiological processes of light/visually guided ocular growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Keming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bajaj L, Lotfi P, Pal R, di Ronza A, Sharma J, Sardiello M. Lysosome biogenesis in health and disease. J Neurochem 2019; 148:573-589. [PMID: 30092616 PMCID: PMC6368902 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the pathways that regulate lysosome biogenesis and that are implicated in numerous degenerative storage diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders and late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Lysosomal proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and trafficked to the endolysosomal system through the secretory route. Several receptors have been characterized that execute post-Golgi trafficking of lysosomal proteins. Some of them recognize their cargo proteins based on specific amino acid signatures, others based on a particular glycan modification that is exclusively found on lysosomal proteins. Nearly all receptors serving lysosome biogenesis are under the transcriptional control of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of the lysosomal system. TFEB coordinates the expression of lysosomal hydrolases, lysosomal membrane proteins, and autophagy proteins in response to pathways sensing lysosomal stress and the nutritional conditions of the cell among other stimuli. TFEB is primed for activation in lysosomal storage disorders but surprisingly its function is impaired in some late-onset neurodegenerative storage diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, because of specific detrimental interactions that limit TFEB expression or activation. Thus, disrupted TFEB function presumably plays a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Multiple studies in animal models of degenerative storage diseases have shown that exogenous expression of TFEB and pharmacological activation of endogenous TFEB attenuate disease phenotypes. These results highlight TFEB-mediated enhancement of lysosomal biogenesis and function as a candidate strategy to counteract the progression of these diseases. This article is part of the Special Issue "Lysosomal Storage Disorders".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshya Bajaj
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Parisa Lotfi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Rituraj Pal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Alberto di Ronza
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jaiprakash Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blondeau N, Béraud-Dufour S, Lebrun P, Hivelin C, Coppola T. Sortilin in Glucose Homeostasis: From Accessory Protein to Key Player? Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1561. [PMID: 30697159 PMCID: PMC6340931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological properties and physiological roles of the type I receptor sortilin, also called neurotensin receptor-3, are various and complex. Sortilin is involved in important biological functions from neurotensin and pro-Nerve Growth Factor signaling in the central nervous system to regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in the periphery. The peripheral functions of sortilin being less extensively addressed, the focus of the current review is to discuss recent works describing sortilin-induced molecular mechanisms regulating blood glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling. Thus, an overview of several roles ascribed to sortilin in diabetes and other metabolic diseases are presented. Investigations on crucial cellular pathways involved in the protective effect of sortilin receptor on beta cells, including recent discoveries about regulation of cell fate, are also detailed. In addition, we provide a special focus on insulin secretion regulation involving complexes between sortilin and neurotensin receptors. The last section comments on the future research areas which should be developed to address the function of new effectors of the sortilin system in the endocrine apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Blondeau
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Sophie Béraud-Dufour
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Patricia Lebrun
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Céline Hivelin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Thierry Coppola
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boggild S, Molgaard S, Glerup S, Nyengaard JR. Highly segregated localization of the functionally related vps10p receptors sortilin and SorCS2 during neurodevelopment. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1267-1286. [PMID: 29405286 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system development is a precisely orchestrated series of events requiring a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Sortilin and SorCS2 are members of the Vps10p receptor family with complementary influence on some of these cues including the neurotrophins (NTs). However, the developmental time points where sortilin and SorCS2 exert their activities in conjunction or independently still remain unclear. In this study we present the characterization of the spatiotemporal expression pattern of sortilin and SorCS2 in the developing murine nervous system. Sortilin is highly expressed in the fetal nervous system with expression localized to distinct cell populations. Expression was high in neurons of the cortical plate and developing allocortex, as well as subpallial structures. Furthermore, the neuroepithelium lining the ventricles and the choroid plexus showed high expression of sortilin, together with the developing retina, spinal ganglia, and sympathetic ganglia. In contrast, SorCS2 was confined in a marked degree to the thalamus and, at E13.5, the floor plate from midbrain rostrally to spinal cord caudally. SorCS2 was also found in the ventricular zones of the ventral hippocampus and nucleus accumbens areas, in the meninges and in Schwann cells. Hence, sortilin and SorCS2 are extensively present in several distinct anatomical areas in the developing nervous system and are rarely co-expressed. Possible functions of sortilin and SorCS2 pertain to NT signaling, axon guidance and beyond. The present data will form the basis for hypotheses and study designs for unravelling the functions of sortilin and SorCS2 during the establishment of neuronal structures and connections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Boggild
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, MIND Centre, Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Simon Molgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, MIND Centre, Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Simon Glerup
- MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, MIND Centre, Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Subkhangulova A, Malik AR, Hermey G, Popp O, Dittmar G, Rathjen T, Poy MN, Stumpf A, Beed PS, Schmitz D, Breiderhoff T, Willnow TE. SORCS1 and SORCS3 control energy balance and orexigenic peptide production. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201744810. [PMID: 29440124 PMCID: PMC5891432 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SORCS1 and SORCS3 are two related sorting receptors expressed in neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Using mouse models with individual or dual receptor deficiencies, we document a previously unknown function of these receptors in central control of metabolism. Specifically, SORCS1 and SORCS3 act as intracellular trafficking receptors for tropomyosin-related kinase B to attenuate signaling by brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a potent regulator of energy homeostasis. Loss of the joint action of SORCS1 and SORCS3 in mutant mice results in excessive production of the orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related peptide and in a state of chronic energy excess characterized by enhanced food intake, decreased locomotor activity, diminished usage of lipids as metabolic fuel, and increased adiposity, albeit at overall reduced body weight. Our findings highlight a novel concept in regulation of the melanocortin system and the role played by trafficking receptors SORCS1 and SORCS3 in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna R Malik
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Hermey
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Popp
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rathjen
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew N Poy
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Stumpf
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Prateep Sanker Beed
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany .,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Trafficking in Alzheimer's Disease: Modulation of APP Transport and Processing by the Transmembrane Proteins LRP1, SorLA, SorCS1c, Sortilin, and Calsyntenin. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5809-5829. [PMID: 29079999 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP), one key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is extensively processed by different proteases. This leads to the generation of diverging fragments including the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, which accumulates in brains of AD patients. Subcellular trafficking of APP is an important aspect for its proteolytic conversion, since the various secretases which cleave APP are located in different cellular compartments. As a consequence, altered subcellular targeting of APP is thought to directly affect the degree to which Aβ is generated. The mechanisms underlying intracellular APP transport are critical to understand AD pathogenesis and can serve as a target for future pharmacological interventions. In the recent years, a number of APP interacting proteins were identified which are implicated in sorting of APP, thereby influencing APP processing at different angles of the secretory or endocytic pathway. This review provides an update on the proteolytic processing of APP and the interplay of the transmembrane proteins low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, sortilin-receptor with A-type repeats, SorCS1c, sortilin, and calsyntenin. We discuss the specific interactions with APP, the capacity to modulate the intracellular itinerary and the proteolytic conversion of APP, a possible involvement in the clearance of Aβ, and the implications of these transmembrane proteins in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Januliene D, Manavalan A, Ovesen PL, Pedersen KM, Thirup S, Nykjær A, Moeller A. Hidden Twins: SorCS Neuroreceptors Form Stable Dimers. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2907-2917. [PMID: 28827148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3 belong to the Vps10p-domain family of multiligand receptors. Genetic and functional studies have linked SorCS receptors to psychiatric disorders, Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes, demonstrating critical roles in neuronal functionality and metabolic control. Surprisingly, their structural composition has so far not been studied. Here we have characterized SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3 using biochemical methods and electron microscopy. We found that their purified extracellular domains co-exist in stable dimeric and monomeric populations. This was supported by co-immunoprecipitation experiments, where membrane-bound dimers were successfully pulled down from cell lysate. While dimers were virtually unbreakable, dimerization of the monomeric population was promoted through enzymatic deglycosylation. We conclude that post-translational modifications, specifically the degree and pattern of glycosylation, regulate the oligomeric state of the protein. Hence, cells may dictate ligand specificity by controlling the ratio between monomers and dimers and, therefore, regulate the multiple functions of SorCS receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dovile Januliene
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; DANDRITE, iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Lund Ovesen
- DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karen-Marie Pedersen
- DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Thirup
- MIND Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjær
- Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Arne Moeller
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; DANDRITE, iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Christiansen GB, Andersen KH, Riis S, Nykjaer A, Bolcho U, Jensen MS, Holm MM. The sorting receptor SorCS3 is a stronger regulator of glutamate receptor functions compared to GABAergic mechanisms in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2017; 27:235-248. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Riis
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Ulrik Bolcho
- DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Mai Marie Holm
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Z, Zheng M, Abdalla BA, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Ye Q, Xu H, Luo W, Nie Q, Zhang X. Genome-wide association study of aggressive behaviour in chicken. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30981. [PMID: 27485826 PMCID: PMC4971532 DOI: 10.1038/srep30981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the poultry industry, aggressive behaviour is a large animal welfare issue all over the world. To date, little is known about the underlying genetics of the aggressive behaviour. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to explore the genetic mechanism associated with aggressive behaviour in chickens. The GWAS results showed that a total of 33 SNPs were associated with aggressive behaviour traits (P < 4.6E-6). rs312463697 on chromosome 4 was significantly associated with aggression (P = 2.10905E-07), and it was in the intron region of the sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 2 (SORCS2) gene. In addition, biological function analysis of the nearest 26 genes around the significant SNPs was performed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. An interaction network contained 17 genes was obtained and SORCS2 was involved in this network, interacted with nerve growth factor (NGF), nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), dopa decarboxylase (L-dopa) and dopamine. After knockdown of SORCS2, the mRNA levels of NGF, L-dopa and dopamine receptor genes DRD1, DRD2, DRD3 and DRD4 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In summary, our data indicated that SORCS2 might play an important role in chicken aggressive behaviour through the regulation of dopaminergic pathways and NGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Bahareldin Ali Abdalla
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenqiang Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Wens NanFang Poultry Breeding Co., Ltd., YunFu 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiao Ye
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiping Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Boggild S, Molgaard S, Glerup S, Nyengaard JR. Spatiotemporal patterns of sortilin and SorCS2 localization during organ development. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17:8. [PMID: 26964886 PMCID: PMC4785631 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sortilin and SorCS2 are part of the Vps10p receptor family. They have both been studied in nervous tissue with several important functions revealed, while their expression and possible functions in developing peripheral tissue remain poorly understood. Here we deliver a thorough characterization of the prenatal localization of sortilin and SorCS2 in mouse peripheral tissue. RESULTS Sortilin is highly expressed in epithelial tissues of the developing lung, nasal cavity, kidney, pancreas, salivary gland and developing intrahepatic bile ducts. Furthermore tissues such as the thyroid gland, developing cartilage and ossifying bone also show high expression of sortilin together with cell types such as megakaryocytes in the liver. SorCS2 is primarily expressed in mesodermally derived tissues such as striated muscle, adipose tissue, ossifying bone and general connective tissue throughout the body, as well as in lung epithelia. Furthermore, the adrenal gland and liver show high expression of SorCS2 in embryos 13.5 days old. CONCLUSIONS The possible functions relating to the expression patterns of Sortilin and SorCS2 in development are numerous and hopefully this paper will help to generate new hypotheses to further our understanding of the Vps10p receptor family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Boggild
- MIND Centre, Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark. .,MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Simon Molgaard
- MIND Centre, Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark.,MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Glerup
- MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- MIND Centre, Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schmidt V, Willnow TE. Protein sorting gone wrong – VPS10P domain receptors in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Atherosclerosis 2016; 245:194-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
18
|
Reuter E, Weber J, Paterka M, Ploen R, Breiderhoff T, van Horssen J, Willnow TE, Siffrin V, Zipp F. Role of Sortilin in Models of Autoimmune Neuroinflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5762-9. [PMID: 26566674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The proneurotrophin receptor sortilin is a protein with dual functions, being involved in intracellular protein transport, as well as cellular signal transduction. The relevance of the receptor for various neuronal disorders, such as dementia, seizures, and brain injury, is well established. In contrast, little is known about the role of sortilin in immune cells and inflammatory diseases. The aim of our study was to elucidate the distribution of sortilin in different immune cell types in mice and humans and to analyze its function in autoimmune CNS inflammation. Sortilin was expressed most profoundly in murine and human macrophages and dendritic cells and to a much lesser extent in B and T cells. In dendritic cells, sortilin had an impact on Ag processing. Accordingly, sortilin was highly expressed by infiltrated perivascular myeloid cells, mainly in vessel cuffs, in the CNS of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, the most common inflammatory autoimmune disease of the CNS. Yet, sortilin gene-targeted mice (Sort1(-/-)) and chimeras deficient in sortilin in the immune system were as susceptible as wild-type littermates to T cell-dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Considering our results and recent data from other investigators, we conclude that the proneurotrophin receptor sortilin plays a role in innate, rather than in adaptive, immune processes and, thus, not in autoimmune neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Reuter
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Juliane Weber
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Paterka
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Ploen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Volker Siffrin
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Osadchii OE. Emerging role of neurotensin in regulation of the cardiovascular system. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:184-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
20
|
Hermey G, Schmidt N, Bluhm B, Mensching D, Ostermann K, Rupp C, Kuhl D, Kins S. SorCS1 variants and amyloid precursor protein (APP) are co-transported in neurons but only SorCS1c modulates anterograde APP transport. J Neurochem 2015; 135:60-75. [PMID: 26119586 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) into amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is crucial for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because this processing is highly dependent on its intracellular itinerary, altered subcellular targeting of APP is thought to directly affect the degree to which Aβ is generated. The sorting receptor SorCS1 has been genetically linked to AD, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We analyze two SorCS1 variants; one, SorCS1c, conveys internalization of surface-bound ligands whereas the other, SorCS1b, does not. In agreement with previous studies, we demonstrate co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization of both SorCS1 variants with APP. Our results suggest that SorCS1c and APP are internalized independently, although they mostly share a common post-endocytic pathway. We introduce functional Venus-tagged constructs to study SorCS1b and SorCS1c in living cells. Both variants are transported by fast anterograde axonal transport machinery and about 30% of anterograde APP-positive transport vesicles contain SorCS1. Co-expression of SorCS1b caused no change of APP transport kinetics, but SorCS1c reduced the anterograde transport rate of APP and increased the number of APP-positive stationary vesicles. These data suggest that SorCS1 and APP share trafficking pathways and that SorCS1c can retain APP from insertion into anterograde transport vesicles. Altered APP trafficking is thought to modulate its processing. SorCS1 has been suggested to function in APP trafficking. We analyzed if the two SorCS1 variants, SorCS1b and SorCS1c, tie APP to the cell surface or modify its internalization and intracellular targeting. We observed co-localization and vesicular co-transport of APP and SorCS1, but independent internalization and sorting through a common post-endocytic pathway. Co-expression of one variant, SorCS1c, reduced anterograde APP transport. These data demonstrate that SorCS1 and APP share trafficking pathways and that SorCS1c can retain APP from insertion into anterograde transport vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Hermey
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Björn Bluhm
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Mensching
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Ostermann
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Carsten Rupp
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dietmar Kuhl
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Savas JN, Ribeiro LF, Wierda KD, Wright R, DeNardo-Wilke LA, Rice HC, Chamma I, Wang YZ, Zemla R, Lavallée-Adam M, Vennekens KM, O'Sullivan ML, Antonios JK, Hall EA, Thoumine O, Attie AD, Yates JR, Ghosh A, de Wit J. The Sorting Receptor SorCS1 Regulates Trafficking of Neurexin and AMPA Receptors. Neuron 2015; 87:764-80. [PMID: 26291160 PMCID: PMC4692362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation, function, and plasticity of synapses require dynamic changes in synaptic receptor composition. Here, we identify the sorting receptor SorCS1 as a key regulator of synaptic receptor trafficking. Four independent proteomic analyses identify the synaptic adhesion molecule neurexin and the AMPA glutamate receptor (AMPAR) as major proteins sorted by SorCS1. SorCS1 localizes to early and recycling endosomes and regulates neurexin and AMPAR surface trafficking. Surface proteome analysis of SorCS1-deficient neurons shows decreased surface levels of these, and additional, receptors. Quantitative in vivo analysis of SorCS1-knockout synaptic proteomes identifies SorCS1 as a global trafficking regulator and reveals decreased levels of receptors regulating adhesion and neurotransmission, including neurexins and AMPARs. Consequently, glutamatergic transmission at SorCS1-deficient synapses is reduced due to impaired AMPAR surface expression. SORCS1 mutations have been associated with autism and Alzheimer disease, suggesting that perturbed receptor trafficking contributes to synaptic-composition and -function defects underlying synaptopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Luís F Ribeiro
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keimpe D Wierda
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Wright
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura A DeNardo-Wilke
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Heather C Rice
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Chamma
- UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yi-Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Roland Zemla
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Mathieu Lavallée-Adam
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristel M Vennekens
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew L O'Sullivan
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph K Antonios
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hall
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Anirvan Ghosh
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neuroscience Discovery, F. Hoffman-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Klinger SC, Siupka P, Nielsen MS. Retromer-Mediated Trafficking of Transmembrane Receptors and Transporters. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:288-306. [PMID: 26154780 PMCID: PMC4584283 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transport between the endoplasmatic reticulum, the Golgi-network, the endo-lysosomal system and the cell surface can be categorized as anterograde or retrograde, describing traffic that goes forward or backward, respectively. Traffic going from the plasma membrane to endosomes and lysosomes or the trans-Golgi network (TGN) constitutes the major retrograde transport routes. Several transmembrane proteins undergo retrograde transport as part of a recycling mechanism that contributes to reutilization and maintenance of a steady-state protein localization. In addition, some receptors are hijacked by exotoxins and used for entry and intracellular transport. The physiological relevance of retrograde transport cannot be overstated. Retrograde trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein determines the distribution between organelles, and hence the possibility of cleavage by γ-secretase. Right balancing of the pathways is critical for protection against Alzheimer’s disease. During embryonic development, retrograde transport of Wntless to the TGN is essential for the following release of Wnt from the plasma membrane. Furthermore, overexpression of Wntless has been linked to oncogenesis. Here, we review relevant aspects of the retrograde trafficking of mammalian transmembrane receptors and transporters, with focus on the retromer-mediated transport between endosomes and the TGN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine C Klinger
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Piotr Siupka
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Sortilin and sorCS1 [sortilin-related Vps10p (vacuolar protein sorting/targeting protein 10) domain-containing receptor 1], both members of the Vps10p-D (Vps10p-domain) receptor family, are synthesized as precursor proteins and are converted into their mature form by enzymatic cleavage of a short N-terminal propeptide. SorCS1 does not bind its propeptide, but sortilin is able to bind not just its own propeptide, but also that of sorCS1. In the present study we show that the propeptide region of sorCS1 contains two separate sites for binding to sortilin and that only one of these sites is removed from human (as opposed to mouse) sorCS1 during processing. This leaves mature human sorCS1 with a sortilin-binding N-terminus, which allows formation of a complex between the two receptors in solution and on cell membranes. Furthermore, we find that the interaction with sorCS1 has a pronounced effect on sortilin's ability to mediate the cellular uptake of alternative ligands, and to hamper its facilitation of CNTF (ciliary neutrophic factor) signalling and the induction of phosphorylated STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). Thus the present study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism and suggest an entirely new role for sorCS1 as a modulator of sortilin function.
Collapse
|
24
|
Lazar J, O'Meara CC, Sarkis AB, Prisco SZ, Xu H, Fox CS, Chen MH, Broeckel U, Arnett DK, Moreno C, Provoost AP, Jacob HJ. SORCS1 contributes to the development of renal disease in rats and humans. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:720-8. [PMID: 23780848 PMCID: PMC3742914 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00089.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lines of evidence demonstrate that genetic variability contributes to chronic kidney disease susceptibility in humans as well as rodent models. Little progress has been made in discovering causal kidney disease genes in humans mainly due to genetic complexity. Here, we use a minimal congenic mapping strategy in the FHH (fawn hooded hypertensive) rat to identify Sorcs1 as a novel renal disease candidate gene. We investigated the hypothesis that genetic variation in Sorcs1 influences renal disease susceptibility in both rat and human. Sorcs1 is expressed in the kidney, and knocking out this gene in a rat strain with a sensitized genome background produced increased proteinuria. In vitro knockdown of Sorcs1 in proximal tubule cells impaired protein trafficking, suggesting a mechanism for the observed proteinuria in the FHH rat. Since Sorcs1 influences renal function in the rat, we went on to test this gene in humans. We identified associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in SORCS1 and renal function in large cohorts of European and African ancestry. The experimental data from the rat combined with association results from different ethnic groups indicates a role for SORCS1 in maintaining proper renal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lazar
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu W, Xu J, Wang Y, Tang H, Deng Y, Ren R, Wang G, Niu W, Ma J, Wu Y, Zheng J, Chen S, Ding J. The genetic variation of SORCS1 is associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63621. [PMID: 23700427 PMCID: PMC3659081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The variations of SORCS1 gene may play potential key roles in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). To evaluate the relationship between the polymorphism of SORCS1 gene and LOAD in the ethnic Han Chinese, we conducted a case–control study to investigate the association between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in intron 1 of SORCS1 and LOAD in Chinese Han population. Six reported SNPs in intron 1 of SORCS1 were analyzed by Snapshot, genotyping and haplotyping in 236 Chinese LOAD cases and 233 matched controls. The significant differences in frequencies of two SNPs (rs10884402, rs950809) were found between the two groups. In addition, haplotype analyses revealed that, in the LOAD group, the frequency of haplotypes C-C-G-T-C (alleles in order of rs17277986, rs6584777, rs10884402, rs7078098, rs950809 polymorphisms) were significantly higher (Psim<0.0001) while haplotype C-C-A-T-C, C-C-A-C-C, T-T-A-C-C were significantly lower (Psim<0.0001). Our data suggested that the genetic variation of the rs10884402 and rs950809 in intron 1 of SORCS1 was associated with the late-onset AD in the Chinese Han population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huidong Tang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulei Deng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rujing Ren
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenquan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Ma
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience and Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (SC); (JD)
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (SC); (JD)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Reitz C, Tosto G, Vardarajan B, Rogaeva E, Ghani M, Rogers RS, Conrad C, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Fallin MD, Foroud T, Farrer LA, Schellenberg GD, George-Hyslop PS, Mayeux R. Independent and epistatic effects of variants in VPS10-d receptors on Alzheimer disease risk and processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e256. [PMID: 23673467 PMCID: PMC3669917 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in the sortilin-related receptor (SORL1) and the sortilin-related vacuolar protein sorting 10 (VPS10) domain-containing receptor 1 (SORCS1) are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), declining cognitive function and altered amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. We explored whether other members of the (VPS10) domain-containing receptor protein family (the sortilin-related VPS10 domain-containing receptors 2 and 3 (SORCS2 and SORCS3) and sortilin (SORT1)) would have similar effects either independently or together. We conducted the analyses in a large Caucasian case control data set (n=11,840 cases, 10,931 controls) to determine the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all the five homologous genes and AD risk. Evidence for interactions between SNPs in the five VPS10 domain receptor family genes was determined in epistatic statistical models. We also compared expression levels of SORCS2, SORCS3 and SORT1 in AD and control brains using microarray gene expression analyses and assessed the effects of these genes on γ-secretase processing of APP. Several SNPs in SORL1, SORCS1, SORCS2 and SORCS3 were associated with AD. In addition, four specific linkage disequilibrium blocks in SORCS1, SORCS2 and SORCS3 showed additive epistatic effects on the risk of AD (P≤0.0006). SORCS3, but not SORCS2 or SORT1, showed reduced expression in AD compared with control brains, but knockdown of all the three genes using short hairpin RNAs in HEK293 cells caused a significant threefold increase in APP processing (from P<0.001 to P<0.05). These findings indicate that in addition to SORL1 and SORCS1, variants in other members of the VPS10 domain receptor family (that is, SORCS1, SORCS2, SORCS3) are associated with AD risk and alter APP processing. More importantly, the results indicate that variants within these genes have epistatic effects on AD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Tosto
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Vardarajan
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Rogaeva
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Ghani
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R S Rogers
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Conrad
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J L Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M A Pericak-Vance
- Miami Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M D Fallin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L A Farrer
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P S George-Hyslop
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Willnow TE, Andersen OM. Sorting receptor SORLA – a trafficking path to avoid Alzheimer disease. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2751-60. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.125393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive proteolytic breakdown of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to neurotoxic amyloid β peptides (Aβ) by secretases in the brain is a molecular cause of Alzheimer disease (AD). According to current concepts, the complex route whereby APP moves between the secretory compartment, the cell surface and endosomes to encounter the various secretases determines its processing fate. However, the molecular mechanisms that control the intracellular trafficking of APP in neurons and their contribution to AD remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the functional elucidation of a new sorting receptor SORLA that emerges as a central regulator of trafficking and processing of APP. SORLA interacts with distinct sets of cytosolic adaptors for anterograde and retrograde movement of APP between the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes, thereby restricting delivery of the precursor to endocytic compartments that favor amyloidogenic breakdown. Defects in SORLA and its interacting adaptors result in transport defects and enhanced amyloidogenic processing of APP, and represent important risk factors for AD in patients. As discussed here, these findings uncovered a unique regulatory pathway for the control of neuronal protein transport, and provide clues as to why defects in this pathway cause neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Reitz C, Lee JH, Rogers RS, Mayeux R. Impact of genetic variation in SORCS1 on memory retention. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24588. [PMID: 22046233 PMCID: PMC3202519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We previously reported that genetic variants in SORCS1 increase the risk of AD, that over-expression of SorCS1 reduces γ-secretase activity and Aβ levels, and that SorCS1 suppression increases γ-secretase processing of APP and Aβ levels. We now explored the effect of variation in SORCS1 on memory. Methods We explored associations between SORCS1-SNPs and memory retention in the NIA-LOAD case control dataset (162 cases,670 controls) and a cohort of Caribbean Hispanics (549 cases,544 controls) using single marker and haplotype analyses. Results Three SNPs in intron 1, were associated with memory retention in the NIA-LOAD dataset or the Caribbean Hispanic dataset (rs10884402(A allele:β = −0.15,p = 0.008), rs7078098(C allele:β = 0.18,p = 0.007) and rs950809(C allele:β = 0.17,p = 0.008)) and all three SNPs were significant in a meta-analysis of both datasets (0.002<p<0.03). The corresponding A-T-T haplotype for these SNPs was associated with lower scores in both datasets (p = 0.02,p = 0.0009), and the complementary G-C-C haplotype was associated with higher scores in NIA-LOAD (p = 0.02). These associations were restricted to cases. Conclusions Variation in intron 1 in SORCS1 is associated with memory changes in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sortilins are sorting receptors that direct proteins through secretory and endocytic pathways of the cell. Previously, these receptors have been shown to play important roles in regulating protein transport in neurons and to control neuronal viability and death in many diseases of the nervous system. Recent data, including genome-wide association studies, now suggest equally important functions for sortilins in control of systemic lipoprotein metabolism and risk of cardiovascular disease. This review discusses the evidence implicating two members of this gene family, sortilin and SORLA, in cardiovascular processes. RECENT FINDINGS SORLA is a multifunctional receptor expressed in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. It may act proatherogenic by promoting intimal SMC migration and by regulating apolipoprotein A-V dependent activation of lipoprotein lipase to modulate systemic triglyceride levels. Sortilin, encoded by the cardiovascular risk locus 1p13.3, is a novel regulator of hepatic lipoprotein production. It interacts with apolipoprotein B-100 to control release of very low-density lipoproteins, thereby affecting plasma cholesterol concentrations. SUMMARY Recent data shed light on the importance of sorting receptors in control of cellular and systemic lipoprotein metabolism and how altered trafficking pathways may represent a major risk factor for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in the human population.
Collapse
|
30
|
Reitz C, Tokuhiro S, Clark LN, Conrad C, Vonsattel JP, Hazrati LN, Palotás A, Lantigua R, Medrano M, Z Jiménez-Velázquez I, Vardarajan B, Simkin I, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Farrer LA, Lee JH, Rogaeva E, George-Hyslop PS, Mayeux R. SORCS1 alters amyloid precursor protein processing and variants may increase Alzheimer's disease risk. Ann Neurol 2011; 69:47-64. [PMID: 21280075 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sorting mechanisms that cause the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the β-secretases and γ-secretases to colocalize in the same compartment play an important role in the regulation of Aβ production in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We and others have reported that genetic variants in the Sortilin-related receptor (SORL1) increased the risk of AD, that SORL1 is involved in trafficking of APP, and that underexpression of SORL1 leads to overproduction of Aβ. Here we explored the role of one of its homologs, the sortilin-related VPS10 domain containing receptor 1 (SORCS1), in AD. METHODS We analyzed the genetic associations between AD and 16 SORCS1-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 6 independent data sets (2,809 cases and 3,482 controls). In addition, we compared SorCS1 expression levels of affected and unaffected brain regions in AD and control brains in microarray gene expression and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) sets, explored the effects of significant SORCS1-SNPs on SorCS1 brain expression levels, and explored the effect of suppression and overexpression of the common SorCS1 isoforms on APP processing and Aβ generation. RESULTS Inherited variants in SORCS1 were associated with AD in all datasets (0.001 < p < 0.049). In addition, SorCS1 influenced APP processing. While overexpression of SorCS1 reduced γ-secretase activity and Aβ levels, the suppression of SorCS1 increased γ-secretase processing of APP and the levels of Aβ. INTERPRETATIONS These data suggest that inherited or acquired changes in SORCS1 expression or function may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Willnow TE, Carlo AS, Rohe M, Schmidt V. SORLA/SORL1, a neuronal sorting receptor implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2010; 21:315-29. [PMID: 21086763 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2010.21.4.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The proteolytic breakdown of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to neurotoxic amyloid-beta peptides in the brain has been recognized as a major pathological pathway in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, the factors that control the processing of APP and their potential contribution to the common sporadic form of AD remain poorly understood. Here, we review recent findings from studies in patients and in animal models that led to the identification of a unique sorting receptor for APP in neurons, designated SORLA/SORL1, that emerges as a key player in amyloidogenic processing and as major genetic risk factor for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sortilin facilitates signaling of ciliary neurotrophic factor and related helical type 1 cytokines targeting the gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor beta heterodimer. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:4175-87. [PMID: 20584990 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00274-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a member of the Vps10p domain family of neuropeptide and neurotrophin binding neuronal receptors. The family members interact with and partly share a variety of ligands and partake in intracellular sorting and protein transport as well as in transmembrane signal transduction. Thus, sortilin mediates the transport of both neurotensin and nerve growth factor and interacts with their respective receptors to facilitate ligand-induced signaling. Here we report that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and related ligands targeting the established CNTF receptor alpha, binds to sortilin with high affinity. We find that sortilin may have at least two functions: one is to provide rapid endocytosis and the removal of CNTF, something which is not provided by CNTF receptor alpha, and the other is to facilitate CNTF signaling through the gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) receptor beta heterodimeric complex. Interestingly, the latter function is independent of both the CNTF receptor alpha and ligand binding to sortilin but appears to implicate a direct interaction with LIF receptor beta. Thus, sortilin facilitates the signaling of all helical type 1 cytokines, which engage the gp130/LIF receptor beta complex.
Collapse
|
33
|
Zeng J, Racicott J, Morales CR. The inactivation of the sortilin gene leads to a partial disruption of prosaposin trafficking to the lysosomes. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:3112-24. [PMID: 19732768 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are intracellular organelles which contain enzymes and activator proteins involved in the digestion and recycling of a variety of cellular and extracellular substances. We have identified a novel sorting receptor, sortilin, which is involved in the lysosomal trafficking of the sphingolipid activator proteins, prosaposin and GM(2)AP, and the soluble hydrolases cathepsin D, cathepsin H, and acid sphingomyelinase. Sortilin belongs to a growing family of receptors with homology to the yeast Vps10 protein, which acts as a lysosomal sorting receptor for carboxypeptidase Y. In this study we examined the effects of the sortilin gene inactivation in mice. The inactivation of this gene did not yield any noticeable lysosomal pathology. To determine the existence of an alternative receptor complementing the sorting function of sortilin, we quantified the concentration of prosaposin in the lysosomes of the nonciliated epithelial cells lining the efferent ducts. These cells were chosen because they express sortilin and have a large number of lysosomes containing prosaposin. In addition, the nonciliated cells are known to endocytose luminal prosaposin that is synthesized and secreted by Sertoli cells into the seminiferous luminal fluids. Consequently, the nonciliated cells are capable of targeting both exogenous and endogenous prosaposin to the lysosomes. Using electron microscope immunogold labeling and quantitative analysis, our results demonstrate that inactivation of the sortilin gene produces a significant decrease of prosaposin in the lysosomes. When luminal prosaposin was excluded from the efferent ducts, the level of prosaposin in lysosomes was even lower in the mutant mice. Nonetheless, a significant amount of prosaposin continues to reach the lysosomal compartment. These results strongly suggest the existence of an alternative receptor that complements the function of sortilin and explains the lack of lysosomal storage disorders in the sortilin-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Zeng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hermey G. The Vps10p-domain receptor family. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2677-89. [PMID: 19434368 PMCID: PMC11115710 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The family of mammalian type-I transmembrane receptors containing a Vps10p domain contains five members, Sortilin, SorCS1, SorCS2, SorCS3, and SorLA. The common characteristic of these receptors is an N-terminal Vps10p domain, which either represents the only module of the luminal/extracellular moiety or is combined with additional domains. Family members play roles in protein transport and signal transduction. The individual receptors bind and internalize a variety of ligands, such as neuropeptides and trophic factors, and Sortilin and SorLA mediate trans-Golgi network-to-endosome sorting. Their prominent neuronal expression, several of the identified ligands, and recent results support the notion that members of this receptor family have important functions in neurogenesis, plasticity-related processes, and functional maintenance of the nervous system. For instance, it has been demonstrated that Sortilin partakes in the transduction of proapoptotic effects, and there is converging biochemical and genetic evidence that implies that SorLA is an Alzheimer's disease risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Hermey
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liang X, Slifer M, Martin ER, Schnetz-Boutaud N, Bartlett J, Anderson B, Züchner S, Gwirtsman H, Gilbert JR, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. Genomic convergence to identify candidate genes for Alzheimer disease on chromosome 10. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:463-71. [PMID: 19241460 PMCID: PMC2713862 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A broad region of chromosome 10 (chr10) has engendered continued interest in the etiology of late-onset Alzheimer Disease (LOAD) from both linkage and candidate gene studies. However, there is a very extensive heterogeneity on chr10. We converged linkage analysis and gene expression data using the concept of genomic convergence that suggests that genes showing positive results across multiple different data types are more likely to be involved in AD. We identified and examined 28 genes on chr10 for association with AD in a Caucasian case-control dataset of 506 cases and 558 controls with substantial clinical information. The cases were all LOAD (minimum age at onset > or = 60 years). Both single marker and haplotypic associations were tested in the overall dataset and 8 subsets defined by age, gender, ApoE and clinical status. PTPLA showed allelic, genotypic and haplotypic association in the overall dataset. SORCS1 was significant in the overall data sets (p=0.0025) and most significant in the female subset (allelic association p=0.00002, a 3-locus haplotype had p=0.0005). Odds Ratio of SORCS1 in the female subset was 1.7 (p<0.0001). SORCS1 is an interesting candidate gene involved in the Abeta pathway. Therefore, genetic variations in PTPLA and SORCS1 may be associated and have modest effect to the risk of AD by affecting Abeta pathway. The replication of the effect of these genes in different study populations and search for susceptible variants and functional studies of these genes are necessary to get a better understanding of the roles of the genes in Alzheimer disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Liang
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael Slifer
- Miami Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL 33136, USA
| | - Eden R. Martin
- Miami Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL 33136, USA
| | - Nathalie Schnetz-Boutaud
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jackie Bartlett
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Brent Anderson
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stephan Züchner
- Miami Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL 33136, USA
| | - Harry Gwirtsman
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Hospital Medical Center, TN 37232, USA
| | - John R. Gilbert
- Miami Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL 33136, USA
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- Miami Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL 33136, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Botta R, Lisi S, Pinchera A, Giorgi F, Marcocci C, Taddei AR, Fausto AM, Bernardini N, Ippolito C, Mattii L, Persani L, de Filippis T, Calebiro D, Madsen P, Petersen CM, Marinò M. Sortilin is a putative postendocytic receptor of thyroglobulin. Endocrinology 2009; 150:509-18. [PMID: 18687776 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Vps10p family member sortilin is involved in various cell processes, including protein trafficking. Here we found that sortilin is expressed in thyroid epithelial cells (thyrocytes) in a TSH-dependent manner, that the hormone precursor thyroglobulin (Tg) is a high-affinity sortilin ligand, and that binding to sortilin occurs after Tg endocytosis, resulting in Tg recycling. Sortilin was found to be expressed intracellularly in thyrocytes, as observed in mouse, human, and rat thyroid as well as in FRTL-5 cells. Sortilin expression was demonstrated to be TSH dependent, both in FRTL-5 cells and in mice treated with methimazole and perchlorate. Plasmon resonance binding assays showed that Tg binds to sortilin in a concentration-dependent manner and with high affinity, with Kd values that paralleled the hormone content of Tg. In addition, we found that Tg and sortilin interact in vivo and in cultured cells, as observed by immunoprecipitation, in mouse thyroid extracts and in COS-7 cells transiently cotransfected with sortilin and Tg. After incubation of FRTL-5 cells with exogenous, labeled Tg, sortilin and Tg interacted intracellularly, presumably within the endocytic pathway, as observed by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, the latter technique showing some degree of Tg recycling. This was confirmed in FRTL-5 cells in which Tg recycling was reduced by silencing of the sortilin gene and in CHO cells transfected with sortilin in which recycling was increased. Our findings provide a novel pathway of Tg trafficking and a novel function of sortilin in the thyroid gland, the functional impact of which remains to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Botta
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
VPS10P-domain receptors — regulators of neuronal viability and function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:899-909. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
38
|
Canuel M, Bhattacharyya N, Balbis A, Yuan L, Morales CR. Sortilin and prosaposin localize to detergent-resistant membrane microdomains. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:240-7. [PMID: 18992238 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Most soluble lysosomal hydrolases are sorted in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and delivered to the lysosomes by the mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR). However, the non-enzymic sphingolipid activator protein (SAP), prosaposin, as well as certain soluble lysosomal hydrolases, is sorted and trafficked to the lysosomes by sortilin. Based on previous results demonstrating that prosaposin requires sphingomyelin to be targeted to the lysosomes, we hypothesized that sortilin and its ligands are found in detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs). To test this hypothesis we have analyzed DRM fractions and demonstrated the presence of sortilin and its ligand, prosaposin. Our results showed that both the M6PR and its cargo, cathepsin B, were also present in DRMs. Cathepsin H has previously been demonstrated to interact with sortilin, while cathepsin D interacts with both sortilin and the M6PR. Both of these soluble lysosomal proteins were also found in DRM fractions. Using sortilin shRNA we have showed that prosaposin is localized to DRM fractions only in the presence of sortilin. These observations suggest that in addition to interacting with the same adaptor proteins, such as GGAs, AP-1 and retromer, both sortilin and the M6PR localize to similar membrane platforms, and that prosaposin must interact with sortilin to be recruited to DRMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryssa Canuel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nielsen MS, Keat SJ, Hamati JW, Madsen P, Gutzmann JJ, Engelsberg A, Pedersen KM, Gustafsen C, Nykjaer A, Gliemann J, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Kuhl D, Petersen CM, Hermey G. Different motifs regulate trafficking of SorCS1 isoforms. Traffic 2008; 9:980-94. [PMID: 18315530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The type I transmembrane protein SorCS1 is a member of the Vps10p-domain receptor family comprised of Sortilin, SorLA and SorCS1, -2 and -3. Current information indicates that Sortilin and SorLA mediate intracellular protein trafficking and sorting, but little is known about the cellular functions of the SorCS subgroup. SorCS1 binds platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and is expressed in isoforms differing only in their cytoplasmic domains. Here, we identify two novel isoforms of mouse SorCS1 designated m-SorCS1c and -d. In situ hybridization revealed a combinatorial expression pattern of the variants in brain and embryonic tissues. We demonstrate that among the mouse variants, only SorCS1c mediates internalization and that the highly conserved SorCS1c is internalized through a canonical tyrosine-based motif. In contrast, human SorCS1a, whose cytoplasmic domain is completely different from mouse SorCS1a, is internalized through a DXXLL motif. We report that the human SorCS1a cytoplasmic domain interacts with the alphaC/sigma2 subunits of the adaptor protein (AP)-2 complex, and internalization of human SorCS1a and -c is mediated by AP-2. Our results suggest that the endocytic isoforms target internalized cargo to lysosomes but are not engaged in Golgi-endosomal transport to a significant degree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten S Nielsen
- MIND center, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lemansky P, Fester I, Smolenova E, Uhländer C, Hasilik A. The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor is involved in lysosomal delivery of serglycin. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:1149-58. [PMID: 17210618 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0806520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the sorting mechanism of the lysosomal/granular proteoglycan serglycin, we treated human promonocytic U937 cells with p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside (PNP-xyl) and cycloheximide. In the absence of protein synthesis, the carbohydrate moiety of serglycin was synthesized as PNP-xyl-chondroitin sulfate (CS), and most of it was delivered to lysosomes and degraded. Further, an augmented lysosomal targeting of serglycin in the presence of tunicamycin suggested that a sorting/lectin receptor with multiple specificity was involved with an increased capacity for serglycin in the absence of N-glycosylation. Correspondingly, the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) and sortilin were observed to bind to immobilized CS. These receptors were eluted in the presence of 200-400 mM and 100-250 mM NaCl, respectively. After treating the cells with a cross-linking reagent, a portion of the sulfated proteoglycan was coimmunoprecipitated with the CI-MPR but not with sortilin. In the presence of phorbol ester, lysosomal targeting of serglycin and to a lesser extent, of cathepsin D was inhibited. We conclude that the CI-MPR participates in lysosomal and granular targeting of serglycin and basic proteins such as lysozyme associated with the proteoglycan in hematopoietic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lemansky
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fiete D, Mi Y, Oats EL, Beranek MC, Baenziger JU. N-Linked Oligosaccharides on the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Homolog SorLA/LR11 Are Modified with Terminal GalNAc-4-SO4 in Kidney and Brain. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:1873-81. [PMID: 17121844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606455200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting protein-related receptor (SorLA/LR11) is a highly conserved mosaic receptor that is expressed by cells in a number of different tissues including principal cells of the collecting ducts in the kidney and neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. SorLA/LR11 has features that indicate it serves as a sorting receptor shuttling between the plasma membrane, endosomes, and the Golgi. We have found that a fraction of SorLA/LR11 that is synthesized in the kidney and the brain bears N-linked oligosaccharides that are modified with terminal beta1,4-linked GalNAc-4-SO(4). Oligosaccharides located in the vacuolar sorting (Vps) 10p domain (Vps10p domain) are modified with beta1,4-linked GalNAc when the Vps10p domain is expressed in cells along with either of two recently cloned protein-specific beta1,4GalNAc-transferases, GalNAcTIII and GalNAcTIV. Either of two sequences with basic amino acids located within the Vps10p domain is able to mediate recognition by these beta1,4GalNAc-transferases. The highly specific modification of oligosaccharides in the Vps10p domain of SorLA/LR11 with terminal GalNAc-4-SO(4) suggests that this unusual modification may modulate the interaction of SorLA/LR11 with proteins and influence their trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Fiete
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Neurotensin exerts its actions in the central nervous system and the periphery through three identified receptors. Two of them, the NTS2 and NTS3, display unusual properties either because of their complex signal transduction mechanisms (NTS2) or because of their structural composition as a non-G-protein-coupled receptor (NTS3). Here, we review the transduction mechanisms, cellular trafficking, and potential physiological roles of these two unconventional receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Mazella
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6097 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, et de l'Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nyborg AC, Ladd TB, Zwizinski CW, Lah JJ, Golde TE. Sortilin, SorCS1b, and SorLA Vps10p sorting receptors, are novel gamma-secretase substrates. Mol Neurodegener 2006; 1:3. [PMID: 16930450 PMCID: PMC1513133 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian Vps10p sorting receptor family is a group of 5 type I membrane homologs (Sortilin, SorLA, and SorCS1-3). These receptors bind various cargo proteins via their luminal Vps10p domains and have been shown to mediate a variety of intracellular sorting and trafficking functions. These proteins are highly expressed in the brain. SorLA has been shown to be down regulated in Alzheimer's disease brains, interact with ApoE, and modulate Aβ production. Sortilin has been shown to be part of proNGF mediated death signaling that results from a complex of Sortilin, p75NTR and proNGF. We have investigated and provide evidence for γ-secretase cleavage of this family of proteins. Results We provide evidence that these receptors are substrates for presenilin dependent γ-secretase cleavage. γ-Secretase cleavage of these sorting receptors is inhibited by γ-secretase inhibitors and does not occur in PS1/PS2 knockout cells. Like most γ-secretase substrates, we find that ectodomain shedding precedes γ-secretase cleavage. The ectodomain cleavage is inhibited by a metalloprotease inhibitor and activated by PMA suggesting that it is mediated by an α-secretase like cleavage. Conclusion These data indicate that the α- and γ-secretase cleavages of the mammalian Vps10p sorting receptors occur in a fashion analogous to other known γ-secretase substrates, and could possibly regulate the biological functions of these proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Nyborg
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - Craig W Zwizinski
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Suite 505, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Grupe A, Li Y, Rowland C, Nowotny P, Hinrichs AL, Smemo S, Kauwe JSK, Maxwell TJ, Cherny S, Doil L, Tacey K, van Luchene R, Myers A, Wavrant-De Vrièze F, Kaleem M, Hollingworth P, Jehu L, Foy C, Archer N, Hamilton G, Holmans P, Morris CM, Catanese J, Sninsky J, White TJ, Powell J, Hardy J, O’Donovan M, Lovestone S, Jones L, Morris JC, Thal L, Owen M, Williams J, Goate A. A scan of chromosome 10 identifies a novel locus showing strong association with late-onset Alzheimer disease. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:78-88. [PMID: 16385451 PMCID: PMC1380225 DOI: 10.1086/498851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence of linkage to late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) has been observed on chromosome 10, which implicates a wide region and at least one disease-susceptibility locus. Although significant associations with several biological candidate genes on chromosome 10 have been reported, these findings have not been consistently replicated, and they remain controversial. We performed a chromosome 10-specific association study with 1,412 gene-based single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), to identify susceptibility genes for developing LOAD. The scan included SNPs in 677 of 1,270 known or predicted genes; each gene contained one or more markers, about half (48%) of which represented putative functional mutations. In general, the initial testing was performed in a white case-control sample from the St. Louis area, with 419 LOAD cases and 377 age-matched controls. Markers that showed significant association in the exploratory analysis were followed up in several other white case-control sample sets to confirm the initial association. Of the 1,397 markers tested in the exploratory sample, 69 reached significance (P < .05). Five of these markers replicated at P < .05 in the validation sample sets. One marker, rs498055, located in a gene homologous to RPS3A (LOC439999), was significantly associated with Alzheimer disease in four of six case-control series, with an allelic P value of .0001 for a meta-analysis of all six samples. One of the case-control samples with significant association to rs498055 was derived from the linkage sample (P = .0165). These results indicate that variants in the RPS3A homologue are associated with LOAD and implicate this gene, adjacent genes, or other functional variants (e.g., noncoding RNAs) in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grupe
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Yonghong Li
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Charles Rowland
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Petra Nowotny
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Anthony L. Hinrichs
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Scott Smemo
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John S. K. Kauwe
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Taylor J. Maxwell
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Sara Cherny
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Lisa Doil
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Kristina Tacey
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Ryan van Luchene
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Amanda Myers
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Fabienne Wavrant-De Vrièze
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Mona Kaleem
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Paul Hollingworth
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Luke Jehu
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Catherine Foy
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Nicola Archer
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Gillian Hamilton
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Peter Holmans
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Chris M. Morris
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Joseph Catanese
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John Sninsky
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Thomas J. White
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John Powell
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John Hardy
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Michael O’Donovan
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Lesley Jones
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John C. Morris
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Leon Thal
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Michael Owen
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Julie Williams
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Alison Goate
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Biology, and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; National Institute on Aging (NIA), Bethesda; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit and Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London; Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Westergaard UB, Kirkegaard K, Sørensen ES, Jacobsen C, Nielsen MS, Petersen CM, Madsen P. SorCS3 does not require propeptide cleavage to bind nerve growth factor. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1172-6. [PMID: 15710408 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The functional properties of the Vps10p-domain receptor SorCS3 are undescribed. Here, we examine its processing and sorting in cellular transfectants, and analyze the binding of potential ligands to the purified receptor. We show that SorCS3 is synthesized as a proprotein and converted to its mature form by N-terminal propeptide cleavage in distal Golgi compartments. The propeptide is not a requirement for normal processing of the receptor and does not prevent ligands from binding to the SorCS3 precursor form. Expression of wt and chimeric receptors further suggests that SorCS3 predominates on the plasma membrane, exhibits slow internalization and does not engage in intracellular trafficking. SorCS3 emerges as a new neurotrophin binding Vps10p-domain receptor functionally distinct from its relatives Sortilin and SorLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U B Westergaard
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Ole Worms Allé, bldg. 170, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Westergaard UB, Sørensen ES, Hermey G, Nielsen MS, Nykjaer A, Kirkegaard K, Jacobsen C, Gliemann J, Madsen P, Petersen CM. Functional organization of the sortilin Vps10p domain. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:50221-9. [PMID: 15364913 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A Vps10p domain makes up the entire luminal part of Sortilin, and this type of domain is the hallmark of a new family of neuronal receptors that target a variety of ligands, including neurotrophins and neuropeptides. We have shown that two structural features of the Vps10p domain, the N-terminal propeptide and the C-terminal segment of ten conserved cysteines (10CC), are key elements in the function of Sortilin. The propeptide has two functions. (i) It binds the mature part of Sortilin and prevents ligands in the biosynthetic pathway from binding to the uncleaved proreceptor, and (ii) it facilitates receptor transport in early Golgi compartments by a mechanism that does not depend on its ability to prevent ligand binding. In contrast, other Vps10p domain receptors, such as SorLA and SorCS3, do not need their propeptide for normal and swift processing. The 10CC segment constitutes an exchangeable module containing five conserved disulfide bridges, and using module-shuffling and truncations, we have shown that the 10CC segment is a major ligand-binding region in Sortilin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uffe B Westergaard
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Ole Worms Allé, Building 170, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hermey G, Plath N, Hübner CA, Kuhl D, Schaller HC, Hermans-Borgmeyer I. The three sorCS genes are differentially expressed and regulated by synaptic activity. J Neurochem 2004; 88:1470-6. [PMID: 15009648 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2004.02286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated the murine sorCS3 gene, a new member of the family of receptors containing a Vps10p-domain. Receptors of this family facilitate rapid endocytosis and are thought to be involved in intracellular sorting. SorCS3 and the highly homologous sorCS1 and sorCS2 genes were expressed in a combinatorial, mostly non-overlapping pattern in both the developing and mature central nervous system. During development, distribution and abundancy of their transcripts was regulated. Moreover, their expression was differentially influenced by neuronal activity in the hippocampus of adult mice. Although kainic acid-induced seizures had no effect on sorCS2 mRNA levels, they dramatically increased the expression of sorCS1 and sorCS3. The activity-dependent induction of sorCS1 expression required de novo protein synthesis, whereas that of sorCS3 did not. Our results imply that the three sorCS genes have diverse, but partly overlapping functions in the developing and mature central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Hermey
- Zentram für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sarret P, Krzywkowski P, Segal L, Nielsen MS, Petersen CM, Mazella J, Stroh T, Beaudet A. Distribution of NTS3 receptor/sortilin mRNA and protein in the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2003; 461:483-505. [PMID: 12746864 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The neurotensin (NT) receptor, NTS3, originally identified as the intracellular sorting protein sortilin, is a member of a recently discovered family of receptors characterized by a single transmembrane domain. The present study provides the first comprehensive description of the distribution of NTS3/sortilin mRNA and protein in adult rat brain using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Both NTS3/sortilin mRNA and immunoreactivity displayed a widespread distribution throughout the brain. High levels of NTS3/sortilin expression and immunoreactivity were found in neuronal cell bodies and dendrites of allocortical areas such as the piriform cortex and hippocampus. Regions expressing both high levels of NTS3/sortilin mRNA and protein also included several neocortical areas, the islands of Calleja, medial and lateral septal nuclei, amygdaloid nuclei, thalamic nuclei, the supraoptic nucleus, the substantia nigra, and the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. In the brainstem, all cranial nerve motor nuclei were strongly labeled. NTS3/sortilin mRNA and immunoreactivity were also detected over oligodendrocytes in major fiber tracts. Subcellularly, NTS3/sortilin was predominantly concentrated over intracytoplasmic membrane-bound organelles. Many of the areas exhibiting high levels of NTS3/sortilin (e.g., olfactory cortex, medial septum, and periaqueductal gray) have been documented to contain high concentrations of NT nerve cell bodies and axons, supporting the concept that NTS3/sortilin may play a role in NT sorting and/or signaling. Other areas (e.g., hippocampal CA fields, cerebellar cortex, and cranial nerve motor nuclei), however, are NT-negative, suggesting that NTS3/sortilin also exerts functions unrelated to NT signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Sarret
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hermey G, Keat SJ, Madsen P, Jacobsen C, Petersen CM, Gliemann J. Characterization of sorCS1, an alternatively spliced receptor with completely different cytoplasmic domains that mediate different trafficking in cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:7390-6. [PMID: 12482870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210851200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously isolated and sequenced murine sorCS1, a type 1 receptor containing a Vps10p-domain and a leucine-rich domain. We now show that human sorCS1 has three isoforms, sorCS1a-c, with completely different cytoplasmic tails and differential expression in tissues. The b tail shows high identity with that of murine sorCS1b, whereas the a and c tails have no reported counterparts. Like the Vps10p-domain receptor family members sortilin and sorLA, sorCS1 is synthesized as a proreceptor that is converted in late Golgi compartments by furin-mediated cleavage. Mature sorCS1 bound its own propeptide with low affinity but none of the ligands previously shown to interact with sortilin and sorLA. In transfected cells, about 10% of sorCS1a was expressed on the cell surface and proved capable of rapid endocytosis in complex with specific antibody, whereas sorCS1b presented a high cell surface expression but essentially no endocytosis, and sorCS1c was intermediate. This is an unusual example of an alternatively spliced single transmembrane receptor with completely different cytoplasmic domains that mediate different trafficking in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Hermey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Maeda S, Nobukuni T, Shimo-Onoda K, Hayashi K, Yone K, Komiya S, Inoue I. Sortilin is upregulated during osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and promotes extracellular matrix mineralization. J Cell Physiol 2002; 193:73-9. [PMID: 12209882 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and adipocytes are derived from a common precursor in bone marrow, the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). Factors driving human MSCs (hMSCs) to differentiate down the two lineages play important roles in determining bone density because it has been shown that bone volume loss associated with osteoporosis and aging is accompanied by reduced osteoblastic bone formation and increased marrow adipose tissue. The genes upregulated in hMSCs during osteogenic differentiation were screened using cDNA microarrays and were semi-quantitated by real-time RT-PCR. One of the genes identified was sortilin, which was upregulated one day after osteogenic induction and remained upregulated for a week. The overexpression of sortilin in hMSCs using an adenovirus vector resulted in the acceleration of mineralization during osteogenic differentiation without affecting alkaline phosphatase activity. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), produced by adipocytes, is bound by sortilin, which may mediate its endocytosis. By adding LPL to osteogenic induction medium, osteoblastic mineralization was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, sortilin overexpression abolished the LPL-mediated suppression of osteogenic differentiation. hMSCs exist in marrow where LPL-producing adipose cells are abundant and where osteogenesis is negatively regulated by LPL. Sortilin has a counter effect of promoting osteogenesis by acting as a scavenger of LPL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Maeda
- Division of Genetic Diagnosis, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|