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Holst JJ. GLP-1 physiology in obesity and development of incretin-based drugs for chronic weight management. Nat Metab 2024:10.1038/s42255-024-01113-9. [PMID: 39160334 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of the highly potent incretin receptor agonists semaglutide and tirzepatide has marked a new era in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. With normalisation of glycated haemoglobin levels and weight losses around 15-25%, therapeutic goals that were previously unrealistic are now within reach, and clinical trials have documented that these effects are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events and premature mortality. Here, I review this remarkable development from the earliest observations of glucose lowering and modest weight losses with native glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and short acting compounds, to the recent development of highly active formulations and new molecules. I will classify these agents as GLP-1-based therapies in the understanding that these compounds or combinations may have actions on other receptors as well. The physiology of GLP-1 is discussed as well as its mechanisms of actions in obesity, in particular, the role of sensory afferents and GLP-1 receptors in the brain. I provide details regarding the development of GLP-1 receptor agonists for anti-obesity therapy and discuss the possible mechanism behind their beneficial effects on adverse cardiovascular events. Finally, I highlight new pharmacological developments, including oral agents, and discuss important questions regarding maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Peart LA, Draper M, Tarasov AI. The impact of GLP-1 signalling on the energy metabolism of pancreatic islet β-cells and extrapancreatic tissues. Peptides 2024; 178:171243. [PMID: 38788902 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 signalling impacts glucose homeostasis and appetite thereby indirectly affecting substrate availability at the whole-body level. The incretin canonically produces an insulinotropic effect, thereby lowering blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake and inhibiting the production of the sugar by peripheral tissues. Likewise, GLP-1 signalling within the central nervous system reduces the appetite and food intake, whereas its gastric effect delays the absorption of nutrients, thus improving glycaemic control and reducing the risk of postprandial hyperglycaemia. We review the molecular aspects of the GLP-1 signalling, focusing on its impact on intracellular energy metabolism. Whilst the incretin exerts its effects predominantly via a Gs receptor, which decodes the incretin signal into the elevation of intracellular cAMP levels, the downstream signalling cascades within the cell, acting on fast and slow timescales, resulting in an enhancement or an attenuation of glucose catabolism, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Peart
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Matthew Draper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Andrei I Tarasov
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
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3
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Heckmann ND, Palmer R, Mayfield CK, Gucev G, Lieberman JR, Hong K. Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor-1 Agonists Used for Medically-Supervised Weight Loss in Patients With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: Critical Considerations for the Arthroplasty Surgeon. Arthroplast Today 2024; 27:101327. [PMID: 39071832 PMCID: PMC11282421 DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2024.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with morbid obesity and concomitant hip or knee osteoarthritis represent a challenging patient demographic to treat as these patients often present earlier in life, have more severe symptoms, and have worse surgical outcomes following total hip and total knee arthroplasty. Previously, bariatric and metabolic surgeries represented one of the few weight loss interventions that morbidly obese patients could undergo prior to total joint arthroplasty. However, data regarding the reduction in complications with preoperative bariatric surgery remain mixed. Glucagon-like peptide receptor-1 (GLP-1) agonists have emerged as an effective treatment option for obesity in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, recent data suggest these medications may serve as potential anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying agents for numerous chronic conditions, including osteoarthritis. This review will discuss the GLP-1 agonists and GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide dual agonists currently available, along with GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon triple agonists presently being developed to address the obesity epidemic. Furthermore, this review will address the potential problem of GLP-1-related delayed gastric emptying and its impact on the timing of elective total joint arthroplasty. The review aims to provide arthroplasty surgeons with a primer for implementing this class of medication in their current and future practice, including perioperative instructions and perioperative safety considerations when treating patients taking these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael D. Heckmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Palmer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cory K. Mayfield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gligor Gucev
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jay R. Lieberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kurt Hong
- Center for Clinical Nutrition, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Wu S, Zhou Y, Liang J, Ying P, Situ Q, Tan X, Zhu J. Upregulation of NF-κB by USP24 aggravates ferroptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 210:352-366. [PMID: 38056575 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent investigations have proposed a potential causal association between the occurrence of ferroptosis, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and ubiquitin-specific protease 24 (USP24). Nevertheless, the mechanism of USP24 and NF-κB regulation of ferroptosis in the context of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) remain unclear. METHODS In this study, a high-fat diet and a streptozotocin-induced mouse DCM model were established, and high glucose and palmitic acid treatment of H9c2 cells and neonatal mouse primary cardiomyocytes (NMPCs) was used as an in vitro DCM models. Utilizing both the in vivo and in vitro DCM models, we assessed of USP24, NF-κB, and ferroptosis levels, and explored the relationship among them. RESULTS In in vivo and in vitro DCM models, increased expression of USP24, NF-κB, phosphorylated NF-κB (p-NF-κB) and fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (FACL4) were detected, along with accumulated iron, as well as reduced ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and antioxidant capacity. Knockdown of USP24 resulted in a reduction of NF-κB levels, while knockdown of NF-κB did not lead to a decrease in USP24 expression. Moreover, in H9c2 cells, knockdown of USP24 and NF-κB separately resulted in reduced levels of FACL4, increased levels of SLC7A11 and FTH1, as well as improved antioxidant capacity and cell viability. In shUSP24 knockdown H9c2 cells, administration of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activated NF-κB, subsequently reversing the previously observed effect caused by USP24 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that USP24 upregulates NF-κB to promote ferroptosis in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Wu
- Institute of Clinical Electrocardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yueran Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Electrocardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jiaquan Liang
- Institute of Clinical Electrocardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Pengxiang Ying
- Institute of Clinical Electrocardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Qiwei Situ
- Institute of Clinical Electrocardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xuerui Tan
- Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jinxiu Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Electrocardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College (Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China.
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Ruck L, Wiegand S, Kühnen P. Relevance and consequence of chronic inflammation for obesity development. Mol Cell Pediatr 2023; 10:16. [PMID: 37957462 PMCID: PMC10643747 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-023-00170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing prevalence of morbid obesity accompanied by comorbidities like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) led to a demand for improving therapeutic strategies and pharmacological intervention options. Apart from genetics, inflammation processes have been hypothesized to be of importance for the development of obesity and related aspects like insulin resistance. MAIN TEXT Within this review, we provide an overview of the intricate interplay between chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue and the hypothalamus and the development of obesity. Further understanding of this relationship might improve the understanding of the underlying mechanism and may be of relevance for the establishment of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ruck
- Klinik Für Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Abteilung Interdisziplinär, Sozial-Pädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Klinik Für Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Panfili E, Frontino G, Pallotta MT. GLP-1 receptor agonists as promising disease-modifying agents in WFS1 spectrum disorder. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2023; 4:1171091. [PMID: 37333802 PMCID: PMC10275359 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1171091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
WFS1 spectrum disorder (WFS1-SD) is a rare monogenic neurodegenerative disorder whose cardinal symptoms are childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, deafness, diabetes insipidus, and neurological signs ranging from mild to severe. The prognosis is poor as most patients die prematurely with severe neurological disabilities such as bulbar dysfunction and organic brain syndrome. Mutation of the WFS1 gene is recognized as the prime mover of the disease and responsible for a dysregulated ER stress signaling, which leads to neuron and pancreatic β-cell death. There is no currently cure and no treatment that definitively arrests the progression of the disease. GLP-1 receptor agonists appear to be an efficient way to reduce elevated ER stress in vitro and in vivo, and increasing findings suggest they could be effective in delaying the progression of WFS1-SD. Here, we summarize the characteristics of GLP-1 receptor agonists and preclinical and clinical data obtained by testing them in WFS1-SD as a feasible strategy for managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Panfili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulio Frontino
- Diabetes Research Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
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Mehdi SF, Pusapati S, Anwar MS, Lohana D, Kumar P, Nandula SA, Nawaz FK, Tracey K, Yang H, LeRoith D, Brownstein MJ, Roth J. Glucagon-like peptide-1: a multi-faceted anti-inflammatory agent. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148209. [PMID: 37266425 PMCID: PMC10230051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to many chronic conditions. It is often associated with circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells. GLP-1 levels correlate with disease severity. They are often elevated and can serve as markers of inflammation. Previous studies have shown that oxytocin, hCG, ghrelin, alpha-MSH and ACTH have receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory properties that can rescue cells from damage and death. These peptides have been studied well in the past century. In contrast, GLP-1 and its anti-inflammatory properties have been recognized only recently. GLP-1 has been proven to be a useful adjuvant therapy in type-2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and hyperglycemia. It also lowers HbA1C and protects cells of the cardiovascular and nervous systems by reducing inflammation and apoptosis. In this review we have explored the link between GLP-1, inflammation, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faizan Mehdi
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Suma Pusapati
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Muhammad Saad Anwar
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Durga Lohana
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Parkash Kumar
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | - Fatima Kausar Nawaz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kevin Tracey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Huan Yang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Jesse Roth
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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Lodato M, Plaisance V, Pawlowski V, Kwapich M, Barras A, Buissart E, Dalle S, Szunerits S, Vicogne J, Boukherroub R, Abderrahmani A. Venom Peptides, Polyphenols and Alkaloids: Are They the Next Antidiabetics That Will Preserve β-Cell Mass and Function in Type 2 Diabetes? Cells 2023; 12:cells12060940. [PMID: 36980281 PMCID: PMC10047094 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvement of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and preservation of their mass are the current challenges that future antidiabetic drugs should meet for achieving efficient and long-term glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The successful development of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogues, derived from the saliva of a lizard from the Helodermatidae family, has provided the proof of concept that antidiabetic drugs directly targeting pancreatic β-cells can emerge from venomous animals. The literature reporting on the antidiabetic effects of medicinal plants suggests that they contain some promising active substances such as polyphenols and alkaloids, which could be active as insulin secretagogues and β-cell protectors. In this review, we discuss the potential of several polyphenols, alkaloids and venom peptides from snake, frogs, scorpions and cone snails. These molecules could contribute to the development of new efficient antidiabetic medicines targeting β-cells, which would tackle the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lodato
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Plaisance
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Pawlowski
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maxime Kwapich
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
- Service de Diabétologie et d’Endocrinologie, CH Dunkerque, 59385 Dunkirk, France
| | - Alexandre Barras
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emeline Buissart
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Vicogne
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amar Abderrahmani
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-362531704
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Cui X, Feng J, Wei T, Zhang L, Lang S, Yang K, Yang J, Liu J, Sterr M, Lickert H, Wei R, Hong T. Pancreatic alpha cell glucagon-liver FGF21 axis regulates beta cell regeneration in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2023; 66:535-550. [PMID: 36331598 PMCID: PMC9892158 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism ameliorates hyperglycaemia and promotes beta cell regeneration in mouse models of type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of beta cell regeneration induced by GCGR antagonism in mice. METHODS The db/db mice and high-fat diet (HFD)+streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mice with type 2 diabetes were treated with antagonistic GCGR monoclonal antibody (mAb), and the metabolic variables and islet cell quantification were evaluated. Plasma cytokine array and liver RNA sequencing data were used to screen possible mediators, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). ELISA, quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to verify FGF21 change. Blockage of FGF21 signalling by FGF21-neutralising antibody (nAb) was used to clarify whether FGF21 was involved in the effects of GCGR mAb on the expression of beta cell identity-related genes under plasma-conditional culture and hepatocyte co-culture conditions. FGF21 nAb-treated db/db mice, systemic Fgf21-knockout (Fgf21-/-) diabetic mice and hepatocyte-specific Fgf21-knockout (Fgf21Hep-/-) diabetic mice were used to reveal the involvement of FGF21 in beta cell regeneration. A BrdU tracing study was used to analyse beta cell proliferation in diabetic mice treated with GCGR mAb. RESULTS GCGR mAb treatment improved blood glucose control, and increased islet number (db/db 1.6±0.1 vs 0.8±0.1 per mm2, p<0.001; HFD+STZ 1.2±0.1 vs 0.5±0.1 per mm2, p<0.01) and area (db/db 2.5±0.2 vs 1.2±0.2%, p<0.001; HFD+STZ 1.0±0.1 vs 0.3±0.1%, p<0.01) in diabetic mice. The plasma cytokine array and liver RNA sequencing data showed that FGF21 levels in plasma and liver were upregulated by GCGR antagonism. The GCGR mAb induced upregulation of plasma FGF21 levels (db/db 661.5±40.0 vs 466.2±55.7 pg/ml, p<0.05; HFD+STZ 877.0±106.8 vs 445.5±54.0 pg/ml, p<0.05) and the liver levels of Fgf21 mRNA (db/db 3.2±0.5 vs 1.8±0.1, p<0.05; HFD+STZ 2.0±0.3 vs 1.0±0.2, p<0.05) and protein (db/db 2.0±0.2 vs 1.4±0.1, p<0.05; HFD+STZ 1.6±0.1 vs 1.0±0.1, p<0.01). Exposure to plasma or hepatocytes from the GCGR mAb-treated mice upregulated the mRNA levels of characteristic genes associated with beta cell identity in cultured mouse islets and a beta cell line, and blockage of FGF21 activity by an FGF21 nAb diminished this upregulation. Notably, the effects of increased beta cell number induced by GCGR mAb were attenuated in FGF21 nAb-treated db/db mice, Fgf21-/- diabetic mice and Fgf21Hep-/- diabetic mice. Moreover, GCGR mAb treatment enhanced beta cell proliferation in the two groups of diabetic mice, and this effect was weakened in Fgf21-/- and Fgf21Hep-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings demonstrate that liver-derived FGF21 is involved in the GCGR antagonism-induced beta cell regeneration in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tianjiao Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linxi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Lang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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10
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Moosavi A, Yazdanparast R. Beta cell regeneration upon magainin and growth hormone treatment as a possible alternative to insulin therapy. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:447-458. [PMID: 36647783 PMCID: PMC9989927 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin therapy, pancreas transplantation and β cell regeneration are among the suggested treatment strategies for type 1 diabetes. It has been shown that some antimicrobial peptides have the potential to increase insulin release and to improve glucose tolerance, although the mechanism by which they promote the regeneration of damaged pancreatic cells to functional β-like cells remains unknown. To answer this question, we evaluated the in vivo effects of magainin-AM2 and growth hormone (GH) on the regeneration of streptozotocin (STZ)-damaged mouse pancreas. Treatment with magainin-AM2 and GH ameliorated the effects of STZ on fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance test values, and also resulted in a significant increase in total cell counts (α and β) and the number of insulin+ and glucagon+ cells per islet and a decrease in the number of T and B cells. In addition, we observed a 1.43- and 2.21-fold increase in expression of paired box 4, one of the main factors for α to β-like cell conversion, in normal- and diabetes-treated mice, respectively. Similarly, expression of P-S6 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, required for cell proliferation/differentiation, increased by 3.27- and 2.19-fold among the diabetes-treated and control diabetic mice, respectively. Furthermore, in all experiments, amelioration of the effects of STZ were greatest upon Mag treatment followed by GH administration. The present in vivo data provide evidence in support of the possibility of pharmaceutical induction of α cell production and their trans-differentiation to functional β-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Moosavi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Iran
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11
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Wang W, Mei A, Qian H, Li D, Xu H, Chen J, Yang H, Min X, Li C, Cheng L, Chen J. The Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:129-137. [PMID: 36815056 PMCID: PMC9939668 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s393323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the common diseases of the respiratory system. As the disease recurs, damage to the airways and lung tissue gradually worsens, leading to a progressive decline in lung function, affecting the patient's workforce and quality of life, and causing a huge social and economic burden. Diabetes is a common comorbidity of COPD and patients with COPD are at increased risk of developing diabetes, while hyperglycemia can also reduce lung function and contribute to the progression and poor prognosis of COPD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) is a new type of hypoglycemic agent that has been shown to regulate blood glucose levels, reduce inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, and regulate lipid metabolism, among other effects. GLP-1RAs may benefit COPD patients by acting directly on the lung from mechanisms such as reducing the inflammatory response, improving oxidative stress, regulating protease/anti-protease imbalance, improving airway mucus homeostasis, and reducing airway remodeling. This study provides a review of the potential role of GLP-1RAs in COPD and offers new ideas for the prevention and treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aihua Mei
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Qian
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jishun Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Handong Yang
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Min
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Cheng
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Patel R, Parmar N, Palit SP, Rathwa N, Begum R. A novel combination of sitagliptin and melatonin ameliorates T2D manifestations: studies on experimental diabetic models. J Endocrinol Invest 2023:10.1007/s40618-023-02014-6. [PMID: 36692817 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism, reduced pancreatic β-cell function and mass, and a reduced incretin effect. Circadian rhythm disruption is associated with increased T2D risk. We have investigated the therapeutic potential of a combination of melatonin (M) and sitagliptin (S), a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, in the amelioration of T2D manifestations in high-fat diet (HFD) induced T2D mouse model and also on β-cell proliferation under gluco-lipotoxicity stress in vitro. METHODS For in vivo study, mice were fed with HFD for 25 weeks to induce T2D and were treated with monotherapies and S + M for four weeks. For the in vitro study, primary mouse islets were exposed to normal glucose and high glucose + palmitate to induce gluco-lipotoxic stress. RESULTS Our results suggest that monotherapies and S + M improve metabolic parameters and glyco-lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, respectively, and improve mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscle. Moreover, it increases peripheral insulin sensitivity. Our in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that β-cell mass was preserved in all the drug-treated groups. CONCLUSION The combination treatment is superior to monotherapies in the management of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - N Parmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - S P Palit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - N Rathwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - R Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
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13
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Bulushova NV, Zalunin IA, Asrarkulova AS, Kozlov DG. Incretin Analogues in the Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822070031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Bourouh C, Courty E, Rolland L, Pasquetti G, Gromada X, Rabhi N, Carney C, Moreno M, Boutry R, Caron E, Benfodda Z, Meffre P, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Froguel P, Bonnefond A, Oger F, Annicotte JS. The transcription factor E2F1 controls the GLP-1 receptor pathway in pancreatic β cells. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111170. [PMID: 35947949 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide 1 (Glp-1) has emerged as a hormone with broad pharmacological potential in type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment, notably by improving β cell functions. The cell-cycle regulator and transcription factor E2f1 is involved in glucose homeostasis by modulating β cell mass and function. Here, we report that β cell-specific genetic ablation of E2f1 (E2f1β-/-) impairs glucose homeostasis associated with decreased expression of the Glp-1 receptor (Glp1r) in E2f1β-/- pancreatic islets. Pharmacological inhibition of E2F1 transcriptional activity in nondiabetic human islets decreases GLP1R levels and blunts the incretin effect of GLP1R agonist exendin-4 (ex-4) on insulin secretion. Overexpressing E2f1 in pancreatic β cells increases Glp1r expression associated with enhanced insulin secretion mediated by ex-4. Interestingly, ex-4 induces retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation and E2f1 transcriptional activity. Our findings reveal critical roles for E2f1 in β cell function and suggest molecular crosstalk between the E2F1/pRb and GLP1R signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Bourouh
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Courty
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France; Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laure Rolland
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France; Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Gianni Pasquetti
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1190 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Gromada
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nabil Rabhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Charlène Carney
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Maeva Moreno
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Raphaël Boutry
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Caron
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition - EGID - DISTALZ, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Zohra Benfodda
- Université de Nîmes, UPR CHROME, 30021 Nîmes Cedex 1, France
| | - Patrick Meffre
- Université de Nîmes, UPR CHROME, 30021 Nîmes Cedex 1, France
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1190 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - François Pattou
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1190 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Frédérik Oger
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Annicotte
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1283 - UMR 8199 - EGID, 59000 Lille, France; Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, 59000 Lille, France.
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15
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Sun H, Qi X. The role of insulin and incretin-based drugs in biliary tract cancer: epidemiological and experimental evidence. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:70. [PMID: 35933633 PMCID: PMC9357599 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and incretin-based drugs are important antidiabetic agents with complex effects on cell growth and metabolism. Emerging evidence shows that insulin and incretin-based drugs are associated with altered risk of biliary tract cancer (BTC). Observational study reveals that insulin is associated with an increased risk of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC), but not intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) or gallbladder cancer (GBC). This type-specific effect can be partly explained by the cell of origin and heterogeneous genome landscape of the three subtypes of BTC. Similar to insulin, incretin-based drugs also exhibit very interesting contradictions and inconsistencies in response to different cancer phenotypes, including BTC. Both epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that incretin-based drugs can be a promoter of some cancers and an inhibitor of others. It is now more apparent that this type of drugs has a broader range of physiological effects on the body, including regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, metabolic reprogramming, and gene expression. In particular, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have a more complex effect on cancer due to the multi-functional nature of DPP-4. DPP-4 exerts both catalytic and non-enzymatic functions to regulate metabolic homeostasis, immune reaction, cell migration, and proliferation. In this review, we collate the epidemiological and experimental evidence regarding the effect of these two classes of drugs on BTC to provide valuable information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, No.208 East Huancheng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Qi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.573 Xujiahui Road, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Model JFA, Rocha DS, Fagundes ADC, Vinagre AS. Physiological and pharmacological actions of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in domestic animals. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 16:100245. [PMID: 35372707 PMCID: PMC8966211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 improves peripheral glucose uptake in healthy dogs and cats. GLP-1 analogues administration in diabetic cats reduces exogenous insulin requirement. Dogs cardiomyocytes apoptosis is reduced by GLP-1-derived molecules action.
Analogues of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and other drugs that increase this peptide half-life are used worldwide in human medicine to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. These molecules can increase insulin release and satiety, interesting effects that could also be useful in the treatment of domestic animals pathologies, however their use in veterinary medicine are still limited. Considering the increasing incidence of DM and obesity in cats and dogs, the aim of this review is to summarize the available information about the physiological and pharmacological actions of GLP-1 in domestic animals and discuss about its potential applications in veterinary medicine. In diabetic dogs, the use of drugs based on GLP-1 actions reduced blood glucose and increased glucose uptake, while in diabetic cats they reduced glycemic variability and exogenous insulin administration. Thus, available evidence indicates that GLP-1 based drugs could become alternatives to DM treatment in domestic animals. Nevertheless, current data do not provide enough elements to recommend these drugs widespread clinical use.
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17
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Small J, Joblin-Mills A, Carbone K, Kost-Alimova M, Ayukawa K, Khodier C, Dancik V, Clemons PA, Munkacsi AB, Wagner BK. Phenotypic Screening for Small Molecules that Protect β-Cells from Glucolipotoxicity. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1131-1142. [PMID: 35439415 PMCID: PMC9127801 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is marked by progressive β-cell failure, leading to loss of β-cell mass. Increased levels of circulating glucose and free fatty acids associated with obesity lead to β-cell glucolipotoxicity. There are currently no therapeutic options to address this facet of β-cell loss in obese type 2 diabetes patients. To identify small molecules capable of protecting β-cells, we performed a high-throughput screen of 20,876 compounds in the rat insulinoma cell line INS-1E in the presence of elevated glucose and palmitate. We found 312 glucolipotoxicity-protective small molecules (1.49% hit rate) capable of restoring INS-1E viability, and we focused on 17 with known biological targets. 16 of the 17 compounds were kinase inhibitors with activity against specific families including but not limited to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), PI-3 kinase (PI3K), Janus kinase (JAK), and Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2). 7 of the 16 kinase inhibitors were PI3K inhibitors. Validation studies in dissociated human islets identified 10 of the 17 compounds, namely, KD025, ETP-45658, BMS-536924, AT-9283, PF-03814735, torin-2, AZD5438, CP-640186, ETP-46464, and GSK2126458 that reduced glucolipotoxicity-induced β-cell death. These 10 compounds decreased markers of glucolipotoxicity including caspase activation, mitochondrial depolarization, and increased calcium flux. Together, these results provide a path forward toward identifying novel treatments to preserve β-cell viability in the face of glucolipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnell
C. Small
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Chemistry
Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aidan Joblin-Mills
- School
of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kaycee Carbone
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kumiko Ayukawa
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- JT
Pharmaceuticals Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Carol Khodier
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Vlado Dancik
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paul A. Clemons
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew B. Munkacsi
- School
of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Bridget K. Wagner
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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18
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Free fatty acid-induced miR-181a-5p stimulates apoptosis by targeting XIAP and Bcl2 in hepatic cells. Life Sci 2022; 301:120625. [PMID: 35551953 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the major health concerns in the World. The dietary free fatty acids (FFAs) affect the metabolic status of the hepatocytes by modulating cellular pathways. In this study, we showed that free fatty acids stimulate apoptosis by upregulating miR-181a-5p expression, which in turn targets XIAP and Bcl2. METHODS Huh7 cells were incubated with FFAs for 72 h and the expression of XIAP, Bcl2, bax, pAkt, Akt, PTEN and β-actin were determined by Western blots, and miR-181a-5p expression was determined using real-time RT-PCR. The Huh7 cells were transfected with either miR-181a-5p pre-miRs or anti-miR-181a-5p and the regulation of apoptosis and proliferation was studied. Three groups of C57BL/6 mice (n = 6 per group) were fed with standard diet, CSAA or CDAA diet for 6, 18, 32 and 54 weeks. Total protein and RNA were isolated from the liver tissues and used for Western blots and real-time RT-PCR respectively. KEY FINDINGS FFAs inhibited Akt phosphorylation, expression of XIAP and Bcl2, while upregulating the expression of PTEN, bax, and miR-181a-5p in Huh7 cells. Similar results were observed when the Huh7 cells were transfected with miR-181a-5p premiRs, while these changes were reversed in anti-miR-181a-5p-transfected, FFA-treated Huh7 cells. The CDAA-fed mice showed a significant inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, XIAP and Bcl2, whereas PTEN and bax expression were upregulated. The expression of miR-181a-5p was also significantly higher in CDAA-fed mice. SIGNIFICANCE These findings showed that free fatty acids induced apoptosis via upregulating miR-181a-5p in hepatic cells.
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19
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Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1: Are its roles as endogenous hormone and therapeutic wizard congruent? J Intern Med 2022; 291:557-573. [PMID: 34982496 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide derived from differential processing of the precursor for the hormone glucagon. It is secreted predominantly by endocrine cells in the gut epithelium in response to nutrient stimulation. Studies from the last 35 years have given us an idea about its physiological functions. On the basis of some of its many actions, it has also been developed into a pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). It is currently positioned as the most effective anti-obesity agent available and is recommended in both national and international guidelines as an effective second-in line treatment for T2DM, in particular in patients with increased cardiovascular risk. In this review, I first discuss whether the processing of proglucagon may also result in GLP-1 formation in the pancreas and in glucagon in the gut. Next, I discuss the relationship between the physiological actions of GLP-1 and the therapeutic effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonists, which are far from being congruent and generally poorly understood. These relationships illustrate both the difficulties and the benefits of bridging results obtained in the laboratory with those emerging from the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Holst
- NovoNordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Fernandes MF, Tomczewski MV, Duncan RE. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion Is Inhibited by Lysophosphatidic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084163. [PMID: 35456981 PMCID: PMC9025735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). While dozens of compounds stimulate GLP-1 secretion, few inhibit. Reduced GLP-1 secretion and impaired GSIS occur in chronic inflammation. Lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) are bioactive phospholipids elevated in inflammation. The aim of this study was to test whether LPA inhibits GLP-1 secretion in vitro and in vivo. GLUTag L-cells were treated with various LPA species, with or without LPA receptor (LPAR) antagonists, and media GLP-1 levels, cellular cyclic AMP and calcium ion concentrations, and DPP4 activity levels were analyzed. Mice were injected with LPA, with or without LPAR antagonists, and serum GLP-1 and DPP4 activity were measured. GLUTag GLP-1 secretion was decreased ~70–90% by various LPAs. GLUTag expression of Lpar1, 2, and 3 was orders of magnitude higher than Lpar4, 5, and 6, implicating the former group in this effect. In agreement, inhibition of GLP-1 secretion was reversed by the LPAR1/3 antagonist Ki16425, the LPAR1 antagonists AM095 and AM966, or the LPAR2 antagonist LPA2-antagonist 1. We hypothesized involvement of Gαi-mediated LPAR activity, and found that intracellular cyclic AMP and calcium ion concentrations were decreased by LPA, but restored by Ki16425. Mouse LPA injection caused an ~50% fall in circulating GLP-1, although only LPAR1 or LPAR1/3 antagonists, but not LPAR2 antagonism, prevented this. GLUTag L-cell and mouse serum DPP4 activity was unchanged by LPA or LPAR antagonists. LPA therefore impairs GLP-1 secretion in vitro and in vivo through Gαi-coupled LPAR1/3 signaling, providing a new mechanism linking inflammation with impaired GSIS.
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21
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Intravital Ca2+ imaging of pancreatic β cell function after bariatric surgery. Cell Calcium 2022; 104:102566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Kugo H, Sukketsiri W, Iwamoto K, Suihara S, Moriyama T, Zaima N. Low glucose and serum levels cause an increased inflammatory factor in 3T3-L1 cell through Akt, MAPKs and NF-кB activation. Adipocyte 2021; 10:232-241. [PMID: 33896390 PMCID: PMC8078669 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1914420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) involves the degradation of vascular fibres, and dilation and rupture of the abdominal aorta. Hypoperfusion in the vascular walls due to stenosis of the vasa vasorum is reportedly a cause of AAA onset and involves the induction of adventitial ectopic adipocytes. Recent studies have reported that ectopic adipocytes are associated with AAA rupture in both human and hypoperfusion-induced animal models, highlighting the pathological importance of hypoperfusion and adipocytes in AAA. However, the relationship between hypoperfusion and AAA remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the changes in inflammation-related factors in adipocytes at low glucose and serum levels. Low glucose and serum levels enhanced the production of AAA-related factors in 3T3-L1 cells. Low glucose and serum levels increased the activation of protein kinase B (also known as Akt), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor (NF) кB at the protein level. The inflammatory factors and related signalling pathways were markedly decreased following the return of the cells to normal culture conditions. These data suggest that low glucose and serum levels increase the levels of inflammatory factors through the activation of Akt, mitogen activated protein kinase, and NF-κB signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirona Kugo
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara City, Japan
| | - Wanida Sukketsiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Kazuko Iwamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara City, Japan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Osaka Aoyama University, Minoh City, Japan
| | - Satoki Suihara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara City, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Moriyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara City, Japan
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara City, Japan
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
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Bethea M, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Sandoval DA. Preproglucagon Products and Their Respective Roles Regulating Insulin Secretion. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6329397. [PMID: 34318874 PMCID: PMC8375443 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically, intracellular function and metabolic adaptation within the α-cell has been understudied, with most of the attention being placed on the insulin-producing β-cells due to their role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there is a growing interest in understanding the function of other endocrine cell types within the islet and their paracrine role in regulating insulin secretion. For example, there is greater appreciation for α-cell products and their contributions to overall glucose homeostasis. Several recent studies have addressed a paracrine role for α-cell-derived glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in regulating glucose homeostasis and responses to metabolic stress. Further, other studies have demonstrated the ability of glucagon to impact insulin secretion by acting through the GLP-1 receptor. These studies challenge the central dogma surrounding α-cell biology describing glucagon's primary role in glucose counterregulation to one where glucagon is critical in regulating both hyper- and hypoglycemic responses. Herein, this review will update the current understanding of the role of glucagon and α-cell-derived GLP-1, placing emphasis on their roles in regulating glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion, and β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maigen Bethea
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Correspondence: Darleen A. Sandoval, PhD, University of Colorado Anschut, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes,12801 E 17th Ave. Research Complex 1 South 7th Floor, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. E-mail:
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24
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Obesity-related gut hormones and cancer: novel insight into the pathophysiology. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1886-1898. [PMID: 34088971 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The number of cancers attributed to obesity is increasing over time. The mechanisms classically implicated in cancer pathogenesis and progression in patients with obesity involve adiposity-related alteration of insulin, sex hormones, and adipokine pathways. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of the association between obesity-related nutritional imbalance and cancer. Gut hormones are secreted by enteroendocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutritional cues, and act as nutrient sensors, regulating eating behavior and energy homeostasis and playing a role in immune-modulation. The dysregulation of gastrointestinal hormone physiology has been implicated in obesity pathogenesis. For their peculiar function, at the cross-road between nutrients intake, energy homeostasis and inflammation, gut hormones might represent an important but still underestimated mechanism underling the obesity-related high incidence of cancer. In addition, cancer research has revealed the widespread expression of gut hormone receptors in neoplastic tissues, underscoring their implication in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion processes that characterize tumor growth and aggressiveness. In this review, we hypothesize that obesity-related alterations in gut hormones might be implicated in cancer pathogenesis, and provide evidence of the pathways potentially involved.
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Støy J, De Franco E, Ye H, Park SY, Bell GI, Hattersley AT. In celebration of a century with insulin - Update of insulin gene mutations in diabetes. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101280. [PMID: 34174481 PMCID: PMC8513141 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While insulin has been central to the pathophysiology and treatment of patients with diabetes for the last 100 years, it has only been since 2007 that genetic variation in the INS gene has been recognised as a major cause of monogenic diabetes. Both dominant and recessive mutations in the INS gene are now recognised as important causes of neonatal diabetes and offer important insights into both the structure and function of insulin. It is also recognised that in rare cases, mutations in the INS gene can be found in patients with diabetes diagnosed outside the first year of life. Scope of Review This review examines the genetics and clinical features of monogenic diabetes resulting from INS gene mutations from the first description in 2007 and includes information from 389 patients from 292 families diagnosed in Exeter with INS gene mutations. We discuss the implications for diagnosing and treating this subtype of monogenic diabetes. Major Conclusions The dominant mutations in the INS gene typically affect the secondary structure of the insulin protein, usually by disrupting the 3 disulfide bonds in mature insulin. The resulting misfolded protein results in ER stress and beta-cell destruction. In contrast, recessive INS gene mutations typically result in no functional protein being produced due to reduced insulin biosynthesis or loss-of-function mutations in the insulin protein. There are clinical differences between the two genetic aetiologies, between the specific mutations, and within patients with identical mutations. Dominant and recessive mutations in the insulin (INS) gene are important causes of neonatal diabetes. Associated phenotypes are variable in terms of age at diabetes onset, birth weight and treatment requirements. Dominant mutations affect the secondary structure of the insulin protein, resulting in beta-cell ER stress and destruction. Recessive mutations result in reduced insulin biosynthesis or loss-of-function mutations of the insulin protein. The studies of these forms of diabetes offer important insights into the structure, biosynthesis and secretion of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Støy
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Honggang Ye
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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Mechanisms of Beta-Cell Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetes-Prone Situations and Potential Protection by GLP-1-Based Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105303. [PMID: 34069914 PMCID: PMC8157542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia secondary to the decline of functional beta-cells and is usually accompanied by a reduced sensitivity to insulin. Whereas altered beta-cell function plays a key role in T2D onset, a decreased beta-cell mass was also reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of this metabolic disease. The decreased beta-cell mass in T2D is, at least in part, attributed to beta-cell apoptosis that is triggered by diabetogenic situations such as amyloid deposits, lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity. In this review, we discussed the molecular mechanisms involved in pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis under such diabetes-prone situations. Finally, we considered the molecular signaling pathways recruited by glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies to potentially protect beta-cells from death under diabetogenic situations.
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Marzook A, Tomas A, Jones B. The Interplay of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Trafficking and Signalling in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:678055. [PMID: 34040588 PMCID: PMC8143046 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.678055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which mediates the effects of GLP-1, an incretin hormone secreted primarily from L-cells in the intestine and within the central nervous system. The GLP-1R, upon activation, exerts several metabolic effects including the release of insulin and suppression of appetite, and has, accordingly, become an important target for the treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently, there has been heightened interest in how the activated GLP-1R is trafficked between different endomembrane compartments, controlling the spatial origin and duration of intracellular signals. The discovery of "biased" GLP-1R agonists that show altered trafficking profiles and selective engagement with different intracellular effectors has added to the tools available to study the mechanisms and physiological importance of these processes. In this review we survey early and recent work that has shed light on the interplay between GLP-1R signalling and trafficking, and how it might be therapeutically tractable for T2D and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaara Marzook
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Šrámek J, Němcová-Fürstová V, Kovář J. Molecular Mechanisms of Apoptosis Induction and Its Regulation by Fatty Acids in Pancreatic β-Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4285. [PMID: 33924206 PMCID: PMC8074590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell failure and death contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. One of the main factors responsible for β-cell dysfunction and subsequent cell death is chronic exposure to increased concentrations of FAs (fatty acids). The effect of FAs seems to depend particularly on the degree of their saturation. Saturated FAs induce apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells, whereas unsaturated FAs are well tolerated and are even capable of inhibiting the pro-apoptotic effect of saturated FAs. Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induction by saturated FAs in β-cells are not completely elucidated. Saturated FAs induce ER stress, which in turn leads to activation of all ER stress pathways. When ER stress is severe or prolonged, apoptosis is induced. The main mediator seems to be the CHOP transcription factor. Via regulation of expression/activity of pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, and potentially also through the increase in ROS production, CHOP switches on the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis induction. ER stress signalling also possibly leads to autophagy signalling, which may activate caspase-8. Saturated FAs activate or inhibit various signalling pathways, i.e., p38 MAPK signalling, ERK signalling, ceramide signalling, Akt signalling and PKCδ signalling. This may lead to the activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, as well. Particularly, the inhibition of the pro-survival Akt signalling seems to play an important role. This inhibition may be mediated by multiple pathways (e.g., ER stress signalling, PKCδ and ceramide) and could also consequence in autophagy signalling. Experimental evidence indicates the involvement of certain miRNAs in mechanisms of FA-induced β-cell apoptosis, as well. In the rather rare situations when unsaturated FAs are also shown to be pro-apoptotic, the mechanisms mediating this effect in β-cells seem to be the same as for saturated FAs. To conclude, FA-induced apoptosis rather appears to be preceded by complex cross talks of multiple signalling pathways. Some of these pathways may be regulated by decreased membrane fluidity due to saturated FA incorporation. Few data are available concerning molecular mechanisms mediating the protective effect of unsaturated FAs on the effect of saturated FAs. It seems that the main possible mechanism represents a rather inhibitory intervention into saturated FA-induced pro-apoptotic signalling than activation of some pro-survival signalling pathway(s) or metabolic interference in β-cells. This inhibitory intervention may be due to an increase of membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šrámek
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology & Center for Research of Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Vlasta Němcová-Fürstová
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology & Center for Research of Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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29
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Geng S, Qin L, He Y, Li X, Yang M, Li L, Liu D, Li Y, Niu D, Yang G. Effective and safe delivery of GLP-1AR and FGF-21 plasmids using amino-functionalized dual-mesoporous silica nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2021; 271:120763. [PMID: 33780737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have attracted increased attention because of their excellent drug-carrying capacity. However, these nanomaterials are rarely used in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has been widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) has been found to improve glucose metabolism and insulin resistance (IR). To investigate whether these two molecules have synergistic effects in vivo, we developed a novel drug delivery system using amino-functionalized and embedded dual-mesoporous silica nanoparticles (N-EDMSNs) to simultaneously carry liraglutide and FGF-21, and observed their biological effects. The resultant N-EDMSNs possessed unique hierarchical porous structures consisting of open large pores (>10 nm) and small mesopores (~2.5 nm) in the silica framework, highly positively charged surfaces and good disperisity in aqueous solution. We found that N-EDMSNs had a high loading capacity for exogenous genes and low toxicity to Hepa1-6 cells. Moreover, N-EDMSNs can simultaneously carry FGF-21 plasmids and liraglutide and successfully transfect them into Hepa1-6 cells. The transfection efficiency of N-EDMSNs was higher than that of Lipofectamine 2000 in vitro. In mice experiments, N-EDMSNs/pFGF21 treatment resulted in higher FGF-21 expression in the liver than pFGF21 treatment with hydrodynamic delivery. Compared with both pFGF21 and liraglutide, N-EDMSNs/pFGF21/Lira treatment significantly reduced the food intake, body weight, and blood glucose; increased the energy expenditure and improved hepatic IR in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Our results demonstrated that the biological effects of N-EDMSNs/pFGF21/Lira complexes were better than those of pFGF21 combined with liraglutide in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Limei Qin
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, School of Materials Science AndEngineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yirui He
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xinrun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Mengliu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, School of Materials Science AndEngineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dechao Niu
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, School of Materials Science AndEngineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Yang H, Wang S, Ye Y, Xie M, Li Y, Jin H, Li J, Gao L. GLP-1 preserves β cell function via improvement on islet insulin signaling in high fat diet feeding mice. Neuropeptides 2021; 85:102110. [PMID: 33307381 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have shown that Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) treatment can protect β cell function, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that GLP-1 may protect β cell function via its action on insulin signaling pathway. METHODS Mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD, 20 weeks) in the presence or absence of GLP-1 receptor agonist (exenatide) treatment. The islet structure was demonstrated by HE staining. Immunofluorescence antibodies targeting insulin and glucagon were used to illustrate α and β cell distribution. The insulin and glucagon abundance was measured by ELISA using pancreatic homogenates. The molecules involved in insulin signaling pathway (IRc, IRS1, IRS2, mTOR) in islet were examined with immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. The effect of IRS1 silencing on mTOR and apoptosis were examined on NIT cells(β cell line)with immunoblotting and flow cytometry. RESULTS HE and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that the normal structure of islet was deformed in HFD mice but preserved by exenatide. Insulin and glucagon contents were increased in islet and blood stream of HFD mice (HFD vs. Control, p<0.05) but resumed by exenatide. Meanwhile the expressions of IRc, IRS-1, mTOR from insulin signaling pathway and β cell apoptosis in the pancreas were significantly reduced (p<0.05) by HFD but reversed by exenatide. CONCLUSION Exenatide improved insulin signaling pathway that was suppressed by HFD in mice islet. Our results reveal a novel mechanism of the protective effects of GLP-1 on β cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, China
| | - Yingchun Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, China
| | - Yubin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, China.
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Kobalava ZD, Kokhan EV. [Semaglutide for the Management of type 2 Diabetes: Clinical Evidence, Cardioprotective Effects, and Guidelines]. KARDIOLOGIYA 2020; 60:122-133. [PMID: 33131483 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.9.n1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause for unfavorable outcomes, including death, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). In the recent decade, novel drugs, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GPP-1-RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, have convincingly demonstrated their ability to reduce risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with DM2. This review discusses one of GPP-1-RA, semaglutide, with a special focus on the evidence-based data on its use, cardioprotective properties, and algorithms of administration consistent with current clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zh D Kobalava
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow
| | - E V Kokhan
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow
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Tian J, Pan W, Xu X, Tian X, Zhang M, Hu Q. RETRACTED: NF-κB inhibits the occurrence of type 1 diabetes through microRNA-150-dependent PUMA degradation. Life Sci 2020; 255:117724. [PMID: 32360624 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy) This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Concern was raised about the reliability of the Western blot results in Figures 1D,E+H, 2E+H, 3F,H+K, and 4B+E which appear to have a similar phenotype as many other publications, as detailed here: https://pubpeer.com/publications/C6FD5C041268DBBCDA521AEC112FA4 and here: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1r0MyIYpagBc58BRF9c3luWNlCX8VUvUuPyYYXzxWvgY/edit#gid=262337249. The journal requested the corresponding author comment on these concerns and provide the raw Western blot data. However, the authors were not able to satisfactorily fulfill this request and therefore the Editor-in-Chief decided to retract the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Xiaoheng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Qibo Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China.
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Abstract
Glucose-induced (physiological) insulin secretion from the islet β-cell involves interplay between cationic (i.e., changes in intracellular calcium) and metabolic (i.e., generation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic second messengers) events. A large body of evidence affirms support for novel regulation, by G proteins, of specific intracellular signaling events, including actin cytoskeletal remodeling, transport of insulin-containing granules to the plasma membrane for fusion, and secretion of insulin into the circulation. This article highlights the following aspects of GPCR-G protein biology of the islet. First, it overviews our current understanding of the identity of a wide variety of G protein regulators and their modulatory roles in GPCR-G protein-effector coupling, which is requisite for optimal β-cell function under physiological conditions. Second, it describes evidence in support of novel, noncanonical, GPCR-independent mechanisms of activation of G proteins in the islet. Third, it highlights the evidence indicating that abnormalities in G protein function lead to islet β-cell dysregulation and demise under the duress of metabolic stress and diabetes. Fourth, it summarizes observations of potential beneficial effects of GPCR agonists in preventing/halting metabolic defects in the islet β-cell under various pathological conditions (e.g., metabolic stress and inflammation). Lastly, it identifies knowledge gaps and potential avenues for future research in this evolving field of translational islet biology. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:453-490, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Diabetes, Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Comparative Study of the Effects of GLP1 Analog and SGLT2 Inhibitor against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Possible Underlying Mechanisms. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8030043. [PMID: 32106580 PMCID: PMC7175346 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the possible cardioprotective effects of GLP1 and SGLT2i against diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in type 2 diabetic rats and the possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly subdivided into 4 equal groups: a) control group, b) DM group, type 2 diabetic rats with saline daily for 4 weeks, c) DM+ GLP1, as DM group with GLP1 analogue (liraglutide) at a dose of 75 µg/kg for 4 weeks, and d) DM+ SGLT2i as DM group with SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin) at a dose of 1mg/kg for 4 weeks. By the end of treatment (4 weeks), serum blood glucose, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin, and cardiac enzymes (LDH, CK-MB) were measured. Also, the cardiac histopathology, myocardial oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and CAT) and norepinephrine (NE), myocardial fibrosis, the expression of caspase-3, TGF-β, TNF-α, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in myocardial tissues were measured. RESULTS T2DM caused significant increase in serum glucose, HOMA-IR, serum CK-MB, and LDH (p < 0.05). Also, DM caused significant myocardial damage and fibrosis; elevation of myocardial MDA; NE with upregulation of myocardial caspase-3, TNF-α, TGF-β, and TH; and significant decrease in serum insulin and myocardial GSH and CAT (p < 0.05). Administration of either GLP1 analog or SGLT2i caused a significant improvement in all studied parameters (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We concluded that both GLP1 and SGLT2i exhibited cardioprotective effects against DCM in T2DM, with the upper hand for SGLT2i. This might be due to attenuation of fibrosis, oxidative stress, apoptosis (caspase-3), sympathetic nerve activity, and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and TGF-β).
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Hartig SM, Cox AR. Paracrine signaling in islet function and survival. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:451-467. [PMID: 32067063 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet is a dense cellular network comprised of several cell types with endocrine function vital in the control of glucose homeostasis, metabolism, and feeding behavior. Within the islet, endocrine hormones also form an intricate paracrine network with supportive cells (endothelial, neuronal, immune) and secondary signaling molecules regulating cellular function and survival. Modulation of these signals has potential consequences for diabetes development, progression, and therapeutic intervention. Beta cell loss, reduced endogenous insulin secretion, and dysregulated glucagon secretion are hallmark features of both type 1 and 2 diabetes that not only impact systemic regulation of glucose, but also contribute to the function and survival of cells within the islet. Advancing research and technology have revealed new islet biology (cellular identity and transcriptomes) and identified previously unrecognized paracrine signals and mechanisms (somatostatin and ghrelin paracrine actions), while shifting prior views of intraislet communication. This review will summarize the paracrine signals regulating islet endocrine function and survival, the disruption and dysfunction that occur in diabetes, and potential therapeutic targets to preserve beta cell mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Hartig
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Among the gastrointestinal hormones, the incretins: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 have attracted interest because of their importance for the development and therapy of type 2 diabetes and obesity. New agonists and formulations of particularly the GLP-1 receptor have been developed recently showing great therapeutic efficacy for both diseases. RECENT FINDINGS The status of the currently available GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) is described, and their strengths and weaknesses analyzed. Their ability to also reduce cardiovascular and renal risk is described and analysed. The most recent development of orally available agonists and of very potent monomolecular co-agonists for both the GLP-1 and GIP receptor is also discussed. SUMMARY The GLP-1RAs are currently the most efficacious agents for weight loss, and show potential for further efficacy in combination with other food-intake-regulating peptides. Because of their glycemic efficacy and cardiorenal protection, the GLP-1 RAs will be prominent elements in future diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D'Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, Fritsche A, Gribble F, Grill HJ, Habener JF, Holst JJ, Langhans W, Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Perez-Tilve D, Pocai A, Reimann F, Sandoval DA, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Stemmer K, Tang-Christensen M, Woods SC, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab 2019; 30:72-130. [PMID: 31767182 PMCID: PMC6812410 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - B Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D J Drucker
- The Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - H J Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - J J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, St Josef Hospital (Ruhr-Universität Bochum), Bochum, Germany
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Pocai
- Cardiovascular & ImmunoMetabolism, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - F Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DL-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Tang-Christensen
- Obesity Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
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Holst JJ. The incretin system in healthy humans: The role of GIP and GLP-1. Metabolism 2019; 96:46-55. [PMID: 31029770 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The incretin effect, the amplification of insulin secretion occurring when glucose is taken in orally as compared to infused intravenously, is one of the factors that help the body to tolerate carbohydrate/glucose ingestion. These include 1) amount and type of carbohydrates; 2) gastric emptying rate; 3) digestion and absorption of the carbohydrates; 4) secretion and effect of the incretin hormones; 5) disposition of absorbed nutrients/glucose. The incretin effect can also be viewed as the fraction of the ingested glucose load handled via gastrointestinal mechanisms (including the incretin effect); it is calculated by comparison of the amount of glucose required to copy, by intravenous infusion, the oral load. Typically, for 75 g of oral glucose, about 25 g are required. This means that the GastroIntestinal Glucose Disposal (GIGD) is 66%. Both the GIGD and the incretin effect depend on the amount of glucose ingested: for higher doses the GIGD may amount to 80%, which shows that this effect is a major contributor to glucose tolerance. The main mechanism behind it is stimulation of insulin secretion by a proportional secretion of the insulinotropic hormones GIP and GLP-1. Recently it has become possible to estimate their contributions in healthy humans using specific and potent receptor antagonists. Both hormones act to improve glucose tolerance (i.e. the antagonists impair tolerance) and their effects are additive. GIP seems to be quantitatively the most important, particularly regarding insulin secretion, whereas the action of GLP-1 is mainly displayed via inhibition of glucagon secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- The NNF center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark.
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Mezza T, Cinti F, Cefalo CMA, Pontecorvi A, Kulkarni RN, Giaccari A. β-Cell Fate in Human Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes: A Perspective on Islet Plasticity. Diabetes 2019; 68:1121-1129. [PMID: 31109941 PMCID: PMC6905483 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is generally due to the progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion against a background of insulin resistance, the actual correlation of reduced β-cell mass to its defective function continues to be debated. There is evidence that a compensatory increase in β-cell mass, and the consequent insulin secretion, can effectively cope with states of insulin resistance, until hyperglycemia supervenes. Recent data strongly indicate that the mechanisms by which islets are able to compensate in response to insulin resistance in peripheral tissues is secondary to hyperplasia, as well as the activation of multiple cellular machineries with diverse functions. Importantly, islet cells exhibit plasticity in altering their endocrine commitment; for example, by switching from secretion of glucagon to secretion of insulin and back (transdifferentiation) or from an active secretory state to a nonsecretory quiescent state (dedifferentiation) and back. Lineage tracing (a method used to track each cell though its differentiation process) has demonstrated these potentials in murine models. A limitation to drawing conclusions from human islet research is that most studies are derived from human autopsy and/or organ donor samples, which lack in vivo functional and metabolic profiling. In this review, we specifically focus on evidence of islet plasticity in humans-from the normal state, progressing to insulin resistance to overt T2D-to explain the seemingly contradictory results from different cross-sectional studies in the literature. We hope the discussion on this intriguing scenario will provide a forum for the scientific community to better understand the disease and in the long term pave the way for personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mezza
- U.O.C. Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica e Semeiotica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Francesca Cinti
- U.O.C. Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica e Semeiotica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Chiara Maria Assunta Cefalo
- U.O.C. Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica e Semeiotica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- U.O.C. Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica e Semeiotica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell & Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- U.O.C. Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica e Semeiotica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
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Holst JJ. From the Incretin Concept and the Discovery of GLP-1 to Today's Diabetes Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:260. [PMID: 31080438 PMCID: PMC6497767 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have been looking for insulin-stimulating factors for more than 100 years, and in the 1960ties it was definitively proven that the gastrointestinal tract releases important insulinotropic factors upon oral glucose intake, so-called incretin hormones. The first significant factor identified was the duodenal glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GIP, which however, turned out not to stimulate insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. But resection experiments clearly indicated the presence of an additional incretin, and in 1986, an unexpected processing fragment of the recently identified glucagon precursor, proglucagon, namely truncated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1 7-36 amide), was isolated from the gut and found to both stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion. The peptide also inhibited appetite and food intake. Unlike GIP, this peptide had preserved effects in patients with type 2 diabetes and it was soon documented to have powerful antidiabetic effects in clinical studies. Its utility was limited, however, because of an extremely short half-life in humans, but this problem had two solutions, both of which gave rise to important antidiabetic drugs: (1) orally active inhibitors of the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP-4 inhibitors), which was responsible for the rapid degradation; the inhibitors protect endogenous GLP-1 from degradation and thereby unfold its antidiabetic activity, and (2) long-acting injectable analogs of GLP-1 protected against DPP-4 degradation. Particularly, the latter, the GLP-1 receptor agonists, either alone or in various combinations, are so powerful that treatment allows more than 2/3 of type 2 diabetes patients to reach glycemic targets. In addition, these agents cause a weight loss which, with the most successful compounds, may exceed 10% of body weight. Most recently they have also been shown to be renoprotective and reduce cardiovascular risk and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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41
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Rowlands J, Heng J, Newsholme P, Carlessi R. Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:672. [PMID: 30532733 PMCID: PMC6266510 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incretin hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is best known for its "incretin effect" in restoring glucose homeostasis in diabetics, however, it is now apparent that it has a broader range of physiological effects in the body. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 mimetics alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress, regulate autophagy, promote metabolic reprogramming, stimulate anti-inflammatory signaling, alter gene expression, and influence neuroprotective pathways. A substantial body of evidence has accumulated with respect to how GLP-1 and its analogs act to restore and maintain normal cellular functions. These findings have prompted several clinical trials which have reported GLP-1 analogs improve cardiac function, restore lung function and reduce mortality in patients with obstructive lung disease, influence blood pressure and lipid storage, and even prevent synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, GLP-1 elicits its effects via acute elevation in cAMP levels, and subsequent protein kinase(s) activation, pathways well-defined in pancreatic β-cells which stimulate insulin secretion in conjunction with elevated Ca2+ and ATP. More recently, new studies have shed light on additional downstream pathways stimulated by chronic GLP-1 exposure, findings which have direct relevance to our understanding of the potential therapeutic effects of longer lasting analogs recently developed for clinical use. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the diverse roles for GLP-1 across multiple tissues, describe downstream pathways stimulated by acute and chronic exposure, and discuss novel pleiotropic applications of GLP-1 mimetics in the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
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Fang Y, Jiang D, Wang Y, Wang Q, Lv D, Liu J, Liu C. Neuroprotection of rhGLP‐1 in diabetic rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via regulation of oxidative stress, EAAT2, and apoptosis. Drug Dev Res 2018; 79:249-259. [PMID: 30222190 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Department of Pharmacy Peking University People's Hospital Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Daoli Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Peking University People's Hospital Beijing People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy Peking University Health Science Center Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Peking University People's Hospital Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jichao Liu
- Animal Experimental Center Peking University People's Hospital Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou People's Republic of China
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Frandsen CS, Dejgaard TF, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Non-insulin pharmacological therapies for treating type 1 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:947-960. [PMID: 29991320 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1483339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite intensified insulin treatment, many persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D) do not achieve glycemic and metabolic targets. Consequently, non-insulin chemical therapies that improve glycemic control and metabolic parameters without increasing the risk of adverse events (including hypoglycemia) are of interest as adjunct therapies to insulin. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the efficacy and safety of non-insulin therapies, including pramlintide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4), sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1 and SGLT2) inhibitors, metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones as add-on therapies to insulin in T1D. EXPERT OPINION The current evidence shows that the efficacy of non-insulin therapies as add-on therapies to insulin is minimal or modest with an average HbA1c reduction of 0.2-0.5% (2-6 mmol/mol). Indeed, the current focus is on the development of SGLT inhibitors as adjuncts to insulin in type 1 diabetes. Studies of subgroups with obesity, residual beta-cell function (including newly diagnosed patients) and patients prone to hypoglycemia could be areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Fremming Dejgaard
- a Department of Endocrinology , Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hvidovre , Denmark.,b Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , Gentofte , Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- a Department of Endocrinology , Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hvidovre , Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- c Department of Biomedical Sciences and NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Jiang D, Wan F. Exendin-4 protects INS-1 cells against palmitate-induced apoptosis through the IRE1α-Xbp1 signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1029-1035. [PMID: 30112049 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-apoptotic effect of the incretin analog, exendin-4 (EX-4) on pancreatic β cells is mediated via the activation of protein kinase B (Akt) signaling, and its effect is partly produced through the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the effect of EX-4 on the suppression of ER stress and the upregulation of Akt signaling are poorly understood. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), a member of the ER-localized transmembrane protein family, activates its downstream transcription factor X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) to mediate a key part of the cellular unfolded protein response in order to cope with ER stress. Using the clonal rat pancreatic β cell line INS-1, the present study produced an in vitro model of ER stress using palmitate (PA) in order to determine whether the beneficial effect of EX-4 under ER stress was regulated by the IRE1α-Xbp1 signaling pathway. The results demonstrated that the reduction in ER stress and the activation Akt by EX-4 may be associated with the upregulation of IRE1α phosphorylation and the splicing of Xbp1 mRNA, which improved PA-reduced cell viability. This effect was partially abrogated by the knockdown of IRE1α with small interfering RNA. Additionally, cellular IRE1α was phosphorylated by the protein kinase A (PKA) associated with EX-4 and the activation of IRE1α, as IRE1α phosphorylation was attenuated by the inhibition of PKA with its inhibitor. In conclusion, the data identified the IRE1α-Xbp1 signaling pathway as an essential mediator that associates EX-4 with the intracellular mechanism that inhibits ER stress and activates Akt in order to regulate β cell survival. This may provide important evidence for the use of EX-4 in treatments for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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45
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Jones B, Buenaventura T, Kanda N, Chabosseau P, Owen BM, Scott R, Goldin R, Angkathunyakul N, Corrêa IR, Bosco D, Johnson PR, Piemonti L, Marchetti P, Shapiro AMJ, Cochran BJ, Hanyaloglu AC, Inoue A, Tan T, Rutter GA, Tomas A, Bloom SR. Targeting GLP-1 receptor trafficking to improve agonist efficacy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1602. [PMID: 29686402 PMCID: PMC5913239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, causes weight loss, and is an important pharmacological target in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Like other G protein-coupled receptors, the GLP-1R undergoes agonist-mediated endocytosis, but the functional and therapeutic consequences of modulating GLP-1R endocytic trafficking have not been clearly defined. Here, we investigate a series of biased GLP-1R agonists with variable propensities for GLP-1R internalization and recycling. Compared to a panel of FDA-approved GLP-1 mimetics, compounds that retain GLP-1R at the plasma membrane produce greater long-term insulin release, which is dependent on a reduction in β-arrestin recruitment and faster agonist dissociation rates. Such molecules elicit glycemic benefits in mice without concomitant increases in signs of nausea, a common side effect of GLP-1 therapies. Our study identifies a set of agents with specific GLP-1R trafficking profiles and the potential for greater efficacy and tolerability as T2D treatments. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and undergoes agonist-mediated endocytosis. Here, authors study GLP-1R endocytosis caused by different agonists and show that a longer plasma membrane retention time of GLP-1R results in greater long-term insulin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Teresa Buenaventura
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nisha Kanda
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rebecca Scott
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Robert Goldin
- Centre for Pathology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Napat Angkathunyakul
- Centre for Pathology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Domenico Bosco
- Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute (HSR-DRI), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Laboratory and Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2C8, AB, Canada
| | - Blake J Cochran
- Section of Renal and Vascular Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.,School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Tricia Tan
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor Deficiency Enhances β-Cell Susceptibility to Palmitate. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00680-17. [PMID: 29378831 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00680-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitate attenuates insulin secretion and reduces the viability of insulin-producing cells. Previous studies identified the aberrant palmitoylation or mispalmitoylation of proteins as one mechanism by which palmitate causes β-cell damage. In this report, we identify a role for lysosomal protein degradation as a mechanism by which β cells defend themselves against excess palmitate. The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) is responsible for the trafficking of mannose 6-phosphate-tagged proteins to lysosomes via Golgi sorting and from extracellular locations through endocytosis. RINm5F cells, which are highly sensitive to palmitate, lack CI-MPR. The reconstitution of CI-MPR expression attenuates the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the toxic effects of palmitate on RINm5F cell viability. INS832/13 cells express CI-MPR and are resistant to the palmitate-mediated loss of cell viability. The reduction of CI-MPR expression increases the sensitivity of INS832/13 cells to the toxic effects of palmitate treatment. The inhibition of lysosomal acid hydrolase activity by weak base treatment of islets under glucolipotoxic conditions causes islet degeneration that is prevented by the inhibition of protein palmitoylation. These findings indicate that defects in lysosomal function lead to the enhanced sensitivity of insulin-producing cells to palmitate and support a role for normal lysosomal function in the protection of β cells from excess palmitate.
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He R, Yin Y, Li Y, Li Z, Zhao J, Zhang W. Esophagus-duodenum Gastric Bypass Surgery Improves Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Mice. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:241-250. [PMID: 29398599 PMCID: PMC5898028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite of its significant therapeutic effects on obesity and metabolic diseases, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has limited clinical application because of considerable impacts on the gastrointestinal structure and postoperative complications. This study aims to develop a simplified surgical approach with less damage and complication but efficient metabolic benefit. Methods The effects of Esophagus-Duodenum gastric bypass (EDGB) on body weight, food intake, glucose and lipid metabolism were compared to RYGB in mice. Findings EDGB is simple, has higher survival rate and less complication. Relative to RYGB, EDGB demonstrated modest body weight control, identical improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism in obese mice. Blood glucose increased significantly 15 and 30 min after oral glucose administration, then markedly decreased in both EDGB and RYGB groups relative to the sham surgery, indicating a quicker absorption of oral glucose and improvement in glucose uptake by insulin targeted tissues. Insulin sensitivity was identically improved. EDGB significantly decreased plasma and hepatic triglyceride levels, while increased browning in visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue to the extent identical to RYGB. Levels of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 increased significantly after EDGB and RYGB. Interpretation EDGB is a valuable model to study the metabolic benefit of bariatric surgery in mice. Esophagus-Duodenum gastric bypass surgery is easier and safer to perform in mice. Esophagus-Duodenum gastric bypass can produce a metabolic benefit as efficient as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. EDGB may serve as an alternative model to study the weight-loss-independent mechanisms for glycemic control.
A valuable bariatric surgery designated as esophagus-duodenum gastric bypass surgery is easier and safer to perform. Post-operative complications are rare and survival rate is higher. The benefits to reduce bodyweight and improve blood glucose are identical to the commonly used bariatric surgery named Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. In addition, esophagus-duodenum gastric bypass surgery improves lipid profile in the extent identical to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Our study indicates that esophagus-duodenum gastric bypass surgery may provide an alternative approach for the intervention of obesity, and its associated metabolic dysfunctions such as diabetes and fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetic of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Shengli Street No.1160, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA.
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Gu W, Rebsdorf A, Hermansen K, Gregersen S, Jeppesen PB. The Dynamic Effects of Isosteviol on Insulin Secretion and Its Inability to Counteract the Impaired β-Cell Function during Gluco-, Lipo-, and Aminoacidotoxicity: Studies In Vitro. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020127. [PMID: 29373526 PMCID: PMC5852703 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isosteviol (ISV), a diterpene molecule, is an isomer of the backbone structure of a group of substances with proven antidiabetic capabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate if ISV elicits dynamic insulin release from pancreatic islets and concomitantly is able to ameliorate gluco-, lipo-, and aminoacidotoxicity in clonal β-cell line (INS-1E) in relation to cell viability and insulin secretion. Isolated mice islets placed into perifusion chambers were perifused with 3.3 mM and 16.7 mM glucose with/without 10−7 M ISV. INS-1E cells were incubated for 72 h with either 30 mM glucose, 1 mM palmitate or 10 mM leucine with or without 10−7 M ISV. Cell viability was evaluated with a Cytotoxic Fluoro-test and insulin secretion was measured in Krebs-Ringer Buffer at 3.3 mM and 16.7 mM glucose. In the presence of 3.3 mM glucose, 10−7 M ISV did not change basal insulin secretion from perifused islets. However, at a high glucose level of 16.7 mM, 10−7 M ISV elicited a 2.5-fold increase (−ISV: 109.92 ± 18.64 ng/mL vs. +ISV: 280.15 ± 34.97 ng/mL; p < 0.01). After 72 h gluco-, lipo-, or aminoacidotoxicity in INS-1E cells, ISV treatment did not significantly affect cell viability (glucotoxicity, −ISV: 19.23 ± 0.83%, +ISV: 18.41 ± 0.90%; lipotoxicity, −ISV: 70.46 ± 3.15%, +ISV: 65.38 ± 2.81%; aminoacidotoxicity: −ISV: 8.12 ± 0.63%; +ISV: 7.75 ± 0.38%, all nonsignificant). ISV did not improve impaired insulin secretion (glucotoxicity, −ISV: 52.22 ± 2.90 ng/mL, +ISV: 47.24 ± 3.61 ng/mL; lipotoxicity, −ISV: 19.94 ± 4.10 ng/mL, +ISV: 22.12 ± 3.94 ng/mL; aminoacidotoxicity: −ISV: 32.13 ± 1.00 ng/mL; +ISV: 30.61 ± 1.54 ng/mL, all nonsignificant). In conclusion, ISV acutely stimulates insulin secretion at high but not at low glucose concentrations. However, ISV did not counteract cell viability or cell dysfunction during gluco-, lipo-, or aminoacidotoxicity in INS-1E cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Rebsdorf
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Søren Gregersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Per Bendix Jeppesen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Semaglutide seems to be more effective the other GLP-1Ras. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:505. [PMID: 29299466 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Skarbaliene J, Rigbolt KT, Fosgerau K, Billestrup N. In-vitro and in-vivo studies supporting the therapeutic potential of ZP3022 in diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:181-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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