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Morrison FG, Van Orden LJ, Zeitz K, Kuijer EJ, Smith SL, Heal DJ, Wallace TL. Navacaprant, a novel and selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist, has no agonist properties implicated in opioid-related abuse. Neuropharmacology 2024; 257:110037. [PMID: 38876309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) are implicated in the pathophysiology of various psychiatric and neurological disorders creating interest in targeting the KOR system for therapeutic purposes. Accordingly, navacaprant (NMRA-140) is a potent, selective KOR antagonist being evaluated as a treatment for major depressive disorder. In the present report, we have extended the pharmacological characterization of navacaprant by further demonstrating its selective KOR antagonist properties and confirming its lack of agonist activity at KORs and related targets involved in opioid-related abuse. Using CHO-K1 cells expressing human KOR, mu (MOR), or delta (DOR) opioid receptors, navacaprant demonstrated selective antagonist properties at KOR (IC50 = 0.029 μM) versus MOR (IC50 = 3.3 μM) and DOR (IC50 > 10 μM) in vitro. In vivo, navacaprant (10-30 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently abolished KOR-agonist induced analgesia in the mouse tail-flick assay. Additionally, navacaprant (10, 30 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced KOR agonist-stimulated prolactin release in mice and rats, confirming KOR antagonism in vivo. Navacaprant showed no agonist activity at any opioid receptor subtype (EC50 > 10 μM) in vitro and exhibited no analgesic effect in the tail-flick assays at doses ≤100 mg/kg, p.o. thereby confirming a lack of opioid receptor agonist activity in vivo. Importantly, navacaprant did not alter extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens shell of freely-moving rats following doses ≤100 mg/kg, p.o., whereas morphine (10, 20 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased dopamine levels. These results demonstrate that navacaprant is a KOR-selective antagonist with no pharmacological properties implicated in opioid-related abuse.
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MESH Headings
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cricetulus
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Rats
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Cricetinae
- Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Dopamine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karla Zeitz
- Neumora Therapeutics, Inc., 490 Arsenal Way, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
| | - Eloise J Kuijer
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - David J Heal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; DevelRx Ltd., BioCity, Nottingham, NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Tanya L Wallace
- Neumora Therapeutics, Inc., 490 Arsenal Way, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA.
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2
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Estave PM, Sun H, Peck EG, Holleran KM, Chen R, Jones SR. Cocaine self-administration augments kappa opioid receptor system-mediated inhibition of dopamine activity in the mesolimbic dopamine system. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:129-137. [PMID: 36748012 PMCID: PMC9898071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies examining the effects of cocaine on the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (Dyn/KOR) system primarily focus on non-contingent cocaine exposure, but the effects of self-administration, which more closely reflects human drug-taking behaviors, are not well studied. In this study we characterized the effects of escalated intravenous cocaine self-administration on the functional state of the Dyn/KOR system and its interaction with mesolimbic dopamine signaling. Rats self-administered cocaine in an extended access, limited intake cocaine procedure, in which animals obtained 40 infusions per day (1.5 mg/kg/inf) for 5 consecutive days to ensure comparable consumption levels. Following single day tests of cue reactivity and progressive ratio responding, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure levels of Oprk and Pdyn transcripts in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Additionally, after self-administration, ex vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in the NAc was used to examine the ability of the KOR agonist U50,488 to inhibit dopamine release. We found that KOR-induced inhibition of dopamine release was enhanced in animals that self-administered cocaine compared to controls, suggesting upregulated Dyn/KOR activity after cocaine self-administration. Furthermore, expression levels of Pdyn in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, and Oprk in the nucleus accumbens, were elevated in cocaine animals compared to controls. Additionally, Pdyn expression in the nucleus accumbens was negatively correlated with progressive ratio breakpoints, a measure of motivation to self-administer cocaine. Overall, these data suggest that cocaine self-administration elevates KOR/Dyn system activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara R. Jones
- Correspondence to: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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3
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Murphy MD, Heller EA. Convergent actions of stress and stimulants via epigenetic regulation of neural circuitry. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:955-967. [PMID: 36280459 PMCID: PMC9671852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal striatum integrates prior and current information to guide appropriate decision-making. Chronic stress and stimulant exposure interferes with decision-making, and can confer similar cognitive and behavioral inflexibilities. This review examines the literature on acute and chronic regulation of the epigenome by stress and stimulants. Recent evidence suggests that exposures to stress and stimulants share similarities in the manners in which they regulate the dorsal striatum epigenome through DNA methylation, transposable element activity, and histone post-translational modifications. These findings suggest that chronic stress and stimulant exposure leads to the accumulation of epigenetic modifications that impair immediate and future neuron function and activity. Such epigenetic mechanisms represent potential therapeutic targets for ameliorating convergent symptoms of stress and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Murphy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Heller
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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4
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Graham DP, Harding MJ, Nielsen DA. Pharmacogenetics of Addiction Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2547:437-490. [PMID: 36068473 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a serious relapsing disease that has high costs to society and to the individual addicts. Treatment of these addictions is still in its nascency, with only a few examples of successful therapies. Therapeutic response depends upon genetic, biological, social, and environmental components. A role for genetic makeup in the response to treatment has been shown for several addiction pharmacotherapies with response to treatment based on individual genetic makeup. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of genetics in pharmacotherapies, specifically for cocaine, alcohol, and opioid dependences. The continued elucidation of the role of genetics should aid in the development of new treatments and increase the efficacy of existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Graham
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark J Harding
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Nielsen
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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5
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Estave PM, Spodnick MB, Karkhanis AN. KOR Control over Addiction Processing: An Exploration of the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 271:351-377. [PMID: 33301050 PMCID: PMC8192597 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a complex, persistent, and chronically relapsing neurological disorder exacerbated by acute and chronic stress. It is well known that the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system regulates stress perception and responsivity, while the mesolimbic dopamine system plays a role in reward and reinforcement associated with alcohol and substance use disorders. Interestingly, the dopamine and dynorphin/KOR systems are highly integrated in mesolimbic areas, with KOR activation leading to inhibition of dopamine release, further altering the perception of reinforcing and aversive stimuli. Chronic or repeated exposure to stress or drugs potentiates KOR function ultimately contributing to a hypodopaminergic state. This hypodopaminergic state is one of the hallmarks of hyperkatifeia, defined as the hypersensitivity to emotional distress that is exacerbated during drug withdrawal and abstinence. The relationship between stress and drug addiction is bidirectional; repeated/chronic stress promotes pro-addictive behaviors, and repeated cycles of drug exposure and withdrawal, across various drug classes, produces stress. Neuroadaptations driven by this bidirectional relationship ultimately influence the perception of the reinforcing value of rewarding stimuli. In this chapter, we address the involvement of the dopamine and dynorphin/KOR systems and their interactions in shaping reinforcement value processing after drug and stress exposure, as well as a combinatorial impact of both drugs and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Estave
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mary B Spodnick
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Center for Developmental and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton University - SUNY, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Anushree N Karkhanis
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Center for Developmental and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton University - SUNY, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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6
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Windisch KA, Morochnik M, Reed B, Kreek MJ. Nalmefene, a mu opioid receptor antagonist/kappa opioid receptor partial agonist, potentiates cocaine motivation but not intake with extended access self-administration in adult male mice. Neuropharmacology 2021; 192:108590. [PMID: 33974940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mu opioid receptor antagonist/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) partial agonist nalmefene (NMF), a close structural analog of naltrexone (NTX), has been shown to reduce cocaine reward in preclinical models. Given the greater KOR potency and improved bioavailability compared to NTX, NMF may be a promising pharmacotherapeutic for cocaine use disorder (CUD). Here we examine the effects of NMF pretreatment on chronic daily extended access (4h) cocaine intravenous self-administration (IVSA) in adult male C57Bl/6J mice. METHODS separate groups of mice had daily 4h cocaine IVSA sessions (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg/inf, FR1) for 14 days. Starting on day 8, mice were pretreated with NMF (0, 1, or 10 mg/kg) 30m before each session. A separate group of mice acquired cocaine IVSA [seven days FR1 then four FR3 of 4h daily sessions (0.5 mg/kg/inf)] prior to a single progressive ratio 3 session to examine the effect of 1 mg/kg NMF on cocaine motivation. RESULTS No significant effect of NMF pretreatment on cocaine intake was observed. Acute pretreatment of 1 mg/kg NMF significantly potentiated cocaine motivation as measured by progressive ratio breakpoint. CONCLUSIONS NMF did not significantly attenuate cocaine intake and increased motivation for cocaine suggesting that NMF may not be suitable for non-abstinent CUD patients. Further research is needed with KOR selective partial or full agonists to determine their effect on cocaine reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Windisch
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Michelle Morochnik
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Brian Reed
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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7
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Zhang L, McCarthy DM, Eskow Jaunarajs KL, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Bhide PG. Frontal Cortical Monoamine Release, Attention, and Working Memory in a Perinatal Nicotine Exposure Mouse Model Following Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonism. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:483-496. [PMID: 32869057 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Perinatal nicotine exposure (PNE) produces frontal cortical hypo-dopaminergic state and attention and working memory deficits consistent with neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methylphenidate alleviates ADHD symptoms by increasing extracellular dopamine and noradrenaline. Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonism may be another mechanism to achieve the same results because KOR activation inhibits frontal cortical dopamine release. We administered the selective KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) (20 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) or methylphenidate (0.75 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) to PNE mouse model and examined frontal cortical monoamine release, attention, and working memory. Both compounds increased dopamine and noradrenaline release but neither influenced serotonin release. Both compounds improved object-based attention and working memory in the PNE group, with norBNI's effects evident at 2.5 h and 5.5 h but absent at 24 h. Methylphenidate's effects were evident at 0.5 h but not at 2.5 h. norBNI's effects temporally coincided with frontal cortical c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. norBNI did not alter tissue dopamine content in the nucleus accumbens, offering preliminary support for lack of reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Deirdre M McCarthy
- Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | | | - Joseph Biederman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas J Spencer
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pradeep G Bhide
- Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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8
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Zhang Y, Kreek MJ. Nalfurafine modulates the reinforcing effects of oxycodone in male and female adolescent C57BL/6J mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Atigari DV, Uprety R, Pasternak GW, Majumdar S, Kivell BM. MP1104, a mixed kappa-delta opioid receptor agonist has anti-cocaine properties with reduced side-effects in rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 150:217-228. [PMID: 30768946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists have preclinical anti-cocaine and antinociceptive effects. However, adverse effects including dysphoria, aversion, sedation, anxiety and depression limit their clinical development. MP1104, an analogue of 3-iodobenzoyl naltrexamine, is a potent dual agonist at KOPr and delta opioid receptor (DOPr), with full agonist efficacy at both these receptors. In this study, we evaluate the ability of MP1104 to modulate cocaine-induced behaviors and side-effects preclinically. In male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to self-administer cocaine, MP1104 (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) reduced cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior and caused significant downward shift of the dose-response curve in cocaine self-administration tests (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg). The anti-cocaine effects exerted by MP1104 are in part due to increased dopamine (DA) uptake by the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the dorsal striatum (dStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). MP1104 (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg) showed no significant anxiogenic effects in the elevated plus maze, pro-depressive effects in the forced swim test, or conditioned place aversion. Furthermore, pre-treatment with a DOPr antagonist, led to MP1104 producing aversive effects. This data suggests that the DOPr agonist actions of MP1104 attenuate the KOPr-mediated aversive effects of MP1104. The overall results from this study show that MP1104, modulates DA uptake in the dStr and NAc, and exerts potent anti-cocaine properties in self-administration tests with reduced side-effects compared to pure KOPr agonists. This data supports the therapeutic development of dual KOPr/DOPr agonists to reduce the side-effects of selective KOPr agonists. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Opioid Neuropharmacology: Advances in treating pain and opioid addiction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Atigari
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rajendra Uprety
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, USA
| | - Gavril W Pasternak
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, USA
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
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10
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Naltrexone and nalmefene attenuate cocaine place preference in male mice. Neuropharmacology 2018; 140:174-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Thomas TS, Baimel C, Borgland SL. Opioid and hypocretin neuromodulation of ventral tegmental area neuronal subpopulations. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:2825-2833. [PMID: 28849596 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current view of the midbrain dopaminergic system is evolving towards a complex system of subpopulations of neurons with distinct afferent and efferent connections and, importantly, functionally different intrinsic characteristics. Recent literature on the phenotypic diversity of dopaminergic neurons has outlined that in the ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons are not as anatomically or electrophysiologically homogeneous as they were once thought to be. Instead, the midbrain dopaminergic system is now understood to be composed of anatomically and functionally heterogeneous dopaminergic subpopulations receiving specific afferent inputs and with different axonal projections. An additional layer of complexity is the neuromodulation of each of these dopaminergic circuits. This review will examine the distinguishing electrophysiological and neuromodulatory characteristics of the afferent and efferent connections of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S Thomas
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Corey Baimel
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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12
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"Effects of the novel relatively short-acting kappa opioid receptor antagonist LY2444296 in behaviors observed after chronic extended-access cocaine self-administration in rats". Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2219-2231. [PMID: 28550455 PMCID: PMC5591939 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The recruitment of the stress circuitry contributes to a shift from positive to negative reinforcement mechanisms sustaining long-term cocaine addiction. The kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) signaling is upregulated by stress and chronic cocaine exposure. While KOPr agonists induce anhedonia and dysphoria, KOPr antagonists display antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. Most of the knowledge on KOPr antagonism is based on drugs with unusual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, complicating interpretation of results. Here we characterized in vivo behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the novel relatively short-acting KOPr antagonist LY2444296. To date, no study has investigated whether systemic KOPr blockade reduced anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors in animals previously exposed to chronic extended access cocaine self-administration. OBJECTIVES We tested the effect of LY2444296 in blocking KOPr-mediated aversive and neuroendocrine effects. Then, we tested acute systemic LY2444296 in reducing anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, as well as releasing the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT), observed after chronic extended access (18 h/day for 14 days) cocaine self-administration. RESULTS LY2444296 blocked U69,593-induced place aversion and -reduced motor activity as well as U69,593-induced release of serum CORT, confirming its major site of action, without exerting an effect per se. Acute systemic administration of LY2444296 reduced anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, as well as CORT release, in rats tested after chronic extended access cocaine self-administration, but not in cocaine-naïve rats. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that acute blockade of KOPr by a relatively short-acting antagonist produces therapeutic-like effects selectively in rats with a history of chronic extended access cocaine self-administration.
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13
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Exposure to morphine-associated cues increases mu opioid receptor mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens of Wistar Kyoto rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:208-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Fattore L, Diana M. Drug addiction: An affective-cognitive disorder in need of a cure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:341-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Mukhin VN, Abdurasulova IN, Pavlov KI, Kozlov AP, Klimenko VM. Effects of Activation of κ-Opioid Receptors on Behavior during Postnatal Formation of the Stress Reactivity Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-016-0288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Váradi A, Marrone GF, Eans SO, Ganno ML, Subrath JJ, Le Rouzic V, Hunkele A, Pasternak GW, McLaughlin JP, Majumdar S. Synthesis and characterization of a dual kappa-delta opioid receptor agonist analgesic blocking cocaine reward behavior. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1813-24. [PMID: 26325040 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Iodobenzoyl naltrexamine (IBNtxA) is a potent analgesic belonging to the pharmacologically diverse 6β-amidoepoxymorphinan group of opioids. We present the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of five analogs of IBNtxA. The scaffold of IBNtxA was modified by removing the 14-hydroxy group, incorporating a 7,8 double bond and various N-17 alkyl substituents. The structural modifications resulted in analogs with picomolar affinities for opioid receptors. The lead compound (MP1104) was found to exhibit approximately 15-fold greater antinociceptive potency (ED50 = 0.33 mg/kg) compared with morphine, mediated through the activation of kappa- and delta-opioid receptors. Despite its kappa agonism, this lead derivative did not cause place aversion or preference in mice in a place-conditioning assay, even at doses 3 times the analgesic ED50. However, pretreatment with the lead compound prevented the reward behavior associated with cocaine in a conditioned place preference assay. Together, these results suggest the promise of dual acting kappa- and delta-opioid receptor agonists as analgesics and treatments for cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Váradi
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gina F. Marrone
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Michelle L. Ganno
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Joan J. Subrath
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Valerie Le Rouzic
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amanda Hunkele
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gavril W. Pasternak
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jay P. McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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17
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Ehrich JM, Phillips PEM, Chavkin C. Kappa opioid receptor activation potentiates the cocaine-induced increase in evoked dopamine release recorded in vivo in the mouse nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:3036-48. [PMID: 24971603 PMCID: PMC4229575 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral stressors increase addiction risk in humans and increase the rewarding valence of drugs of abuse including cocaine, nicotine and ethanol in animal models. Prior studies have established that this potentiation of drug reward was mediated by stress-induced release of the endogenous dynorphin opioids and subsequent kappa opioid receptor (KOR) activation. In this study, we used in vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry to test the hypothesis that KOR activation before cocaine administration might potentiate the evoked release of dopamine from ventral tegmental (VTA) synaptic inputs to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and thereby increase the rewarding valence of cocaine. The KOR agonist U50488 inhibited dopamine release evoked by either medial forebrain bundle (MFB) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) activation of VTA inputs to the shell or core of the mouse NAc. Cocaine administration increased the dopamine response recorded in either the shell or core evoked by either MFB or PPTg stimulation. Administration of U50488 15 min before cocaine blocked the conditioned place preference (CPP) to cocaine, but only significantly reduced the effect of cocaine on the dopamine response evoked by PPTg stimulation to NAc core. In contrast, administration of U50488 60 min before cocaine significantly potentiated cocaine CPP and significantly increased the effects of cocaine on the dopamine response evoked by either MFB or PPTg stimulation, recorded in either NAc shell or core. Results of this study support the concept that stress-induced activation of KOR by endogenous dynorphin opioids may enhance the rewarding valence of drugs of abuse by potentiating the evoked dopamine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ehrich
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul E M Phillips
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, PO Box 357280, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, Tel: +1 206 543 4266, Fax: +1 206 685 3822, E-mail:
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18
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Freeman KB, Naylor JE, Prisinzano TE, Woolverton WL. Assessment of the kappa opioid agonist, salvinorin A, as a punisher of drug self-administration in monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2751-8. [PMID: 24481567 PMCID: PMC4074245 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drugs can function as punishers. However, work on the study of drugs as punishers is limited, as is the range of compounds known to function as punishers. Kappa opioid agonists, which have received much experimental attention as potential therapeutics for drug abuse, reportedly produce aversive effects. However, kappa agonists have yet to be tested as punishers of behavior. OBJECTIVE The goal of the current study was to determine if a kappa agonist could function as a punisher of drug self-administration. METHOD In separate experiments, monkeys were allowed to choose in a two-lever choice design between intravenous injections of equal doses of either cocaine (0.1 mg/kg/injection on each lever) or remifentanil (0.1 μg/kg/injection on each lever) when one of the two options was mixed with various doses of the kappa agonist, salvinorin A. RESULTS Choice for the cocaine and remifentanil options that were combined with salvinorin A decreased as a function of salvinorin A dose in all monkeys. However, operant response rates were not systematically affected by salvinorin A administration. CONCLUSION The present findings demonstrate that the kappa agonist, salvinorin A, can punish self-administration of a psychotimulant, cocaine, and a mu opioid, remifentanil. In consideration of these findings, it may be possible to curtail the abuse of some drugs by contingently delivering kappa agonists (e.g., as combination formularies for prescription medications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Freeman
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA,
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19
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The κ-opioid receptor gene as a predictor of response in a cocaine vaccine clinical trial. Psychiatr Genet 2014; 23:225-32. [PMID: 23995774 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the pharmacogenetic association between a variant in the κ-opioid receptor (OPRK1) gene and the response to treatment with a cocaine vaccine tested in a recent clinical trial (October 2003 to April 2005). This gene has a protective allele for opioid addiction that may act by the inhibiting dopamine activation associated with reinforcement. METHODS Sixty-nine DNA samples were obtained from 114 cocaine-dependent and opioid-dependent patients who were enrolled in a 16-week phase IIb randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial and received five vaccinations over the first 12 weeks. We genotyped 66 of these patients for the rs6473797 variant of the OPRK1 gene and compared vaccine patients with placebo patients in terms of cocaine-free urines over time. RESULTS Using repeated measures analysis of variance corrected for population structure, it was seen that vaccine pharmacotherapy reduced cocaine-positive urines significantly on the basis of the OPRK1 genotype. Among patients treated with the cocaine vaccine, those who were homozygous for the protective A allele of rs6473797 had the proportion of positive urines drop from 78 to 51% on using the vaccine (point-wise P<0.0001, experiment-wise P<0.005), whereas the positive urines of individuals carrying the nonprotective, risk G allele dropped from 82 to 77%. Strong treatment by single nucleotide polymorphism interactions reflected a lower baseline and significant reduction for placebo patients with the risk G allele (P<0.00001). CONCLUSION This study indicates that a patient's OPRK1 genotype could be used to identify a subset of individuals for whom vaccine treatment may be an effective pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence.
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20
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Bissonnette S, Muratot S, Vernoux N, Bezeau F, Calon F, Hébert SS, Samadi P. The effect of striatal pre-enkephalin overexpression in the basal ganglia of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2406-16. [PMID: 24750443 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The midbrain dopamine (DA) cell death underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with upregulation of pre-enkephalin (pENK) in striatopallidal neurons. Our previous results obtained with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) parkinsonian monkeys suggest that increased striatal expression of pENK mRNA is a compensatory mechanism to alleviate PD-related motor symptoms. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that increased pENK expression in the striatum protects against the neurotoxic insults of MPTP in mice. To this end, recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 also containing green fluorescent protein was used to overexpress pENK prior to DA depletion. Our results showed that overexpression of pENK in the striatum of MPTP mice induced: (i) increased levels of the opioid peptide enkephalin (ENK) in the striatum; (ii) higher densities of ENK-positive fibers in both the globus pallidus (GP) and the substantia nigra; (iii) higher locomotor activity; and (iv) a higher density of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers in the striatum. In addition, striatal overexpression of pENK in MPTP -treated mice led to 52 and 43% higher DA concentrations and DA turnover, respectively, in the GP compared to sham-treated MPTP mice. These observations are in agreement with the idea that increased expression of pENK at an early stage of disease can improve PD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bissonnette
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705, boul. Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
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21
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Nielsen DA, Nielsen EM, Dasari T, Spellicy CJ. Pharmacogenetics of addiction therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:589-624. [PMID: 25150877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a serious relapsing disease that has high costs to society and to the individual addicts. Treatment of these addictions is still in its nascency, with only a few examples of successful therapies. Therapeutic response depends upon genetic, biological, social, and environmental components. A role for genetic makeup in the response to treatment has been shown for several addiction pharmacotherapies. For several addiction pharmacotherapies, response to treatment varies based on individual genetic makeup. In this chapter, we discuss the role of genetics in pharmacotherapies, specifically for cocaine, alcohol, and opioid dependences. The elucidation of the role of genetics should aid in the development of new treatments and increase the efficacy of existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Nielsen
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,
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22
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Trifilieff P, Martinez D. Kappa-opioid receptor signaling in the striatum as a potential modulator of dopamine transmission in cocaine dependence. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:44. [PMID: 23760592 PMCID: PMC3669800 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is accompanied by a decrease in striatal dopamine signaling, measured as a decrease in dopamine D2 receptor binding as well as blunted dopamine release in the striatum. These alterations in dopamine transmission have clinical relevance, and have been shown to correlate with cocaine-seeking behavior and response to treatment for cocaine dependence. However, the mechanisms contributing to the hypodopaminergic state in cocaine addiction remain unknown. Here we review the positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies showing alterations in D2 receptor binding potential and dopamine transmission in cocaine abusers and their significance in cocaine-seeking behavior. Based on animal and human studies, we propose that the kappa receptor/dynorphin system, because of its impact on dopamine transmission and upregulation following cocaine exposure, could contribute to the hypodopaminergic state reported in cocaine addiction, and could thus be a relevant target for treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Trifilieff
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA ; NutriNeuro, UMR 1286 INRA, University Bordeaux 2 , Bordeaux , France
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23
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Yoo JH, Kitchen I, Bailey A. The endogenous opioid system in cocaine addiction: what lessons have opioid peptide and receptor knockout mice taught us? Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1993-2014. [PMID: 22428846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addiction has become a major concern in the UK as Britain tops the European 'league table' for cocaine abuse. Despite its devastating health and socio-economic consequences, no effective pharmacotherapy for treating cocaine addiction is available. Identifying neurochemical changes induced by repeated drug exposure is critical not only for understanding the transition from recreational drug use towards compulsive drug abuse but also for the development of novel targets for the treatment of the disease and especially for relapse prevention. This article focuses on the effects of chronic cocaine exposure and withdrawal on each of the endogenous opioid peptides and receptors in rodent models. In addition, we review the studies that utilized opioid peptide or receptor knockout mice in order to identify and/or clarify the role of different components of the opioid system in cocaine-addictive behaviours and in cocaine-induced alterations of brain neurochemistry. The review of these studies indicates a region-specific activation of the µ-opioid receptor system following chronic cocaine exposure, which may contribute towards the rewarding effect of the drug and possibly towards cocaine craving during withdrawal followed by relapse. Cocaine also causes a region-specific activation of the κ-opioid receptor/dynorphin system, which may antagonize the rewarding effect of the drug, and at the same time, contribute to the stress-inducing properties of the drug and the triggering of relapse. These conclusions have important implications for the development of effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine addiction and the prevention of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Yoo
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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24
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Zhang Y, Schlussman SD, Rabkin J, Butelman ER, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Chronic escalating cocaine exposure, abstinence/withdrawal, and chronic re-exposure: effects on striatal dopamine and opioid systems in C57BL/6J mice. Neuropharmacology 2012; 67:259-66. [PMID: 23164614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing disease with periods of chronic escalating self-exposure, separated by periods of abstinence/withdrawal of varying duration. Few studies compare such cycles in preclinical models. This study models an "addiction-like cycle" in mice to determine neurochemical/molecular alterations that underlie the chronic, relapsing nature of this disease. Groups of male C57BL/6J mice received acute cocaine exposure (14-day saline/14-day withdrawal/13-day saline + 1-day cocaine), chronic cocaine exposure (14 day cocaine) or chronic re-exposure (14-day cocaine/14-day withdrawal/14-day cocaine). Escalating-dose binge cocaine (15-30 mg/kg/injection × 3/day, i.p. at hourly intervals) or saline (14-day saline) was administered, modeling initial exposure. In "re-exposure" groups, after a 14-day injection-free period (modeling abstinence/withdrawal), mice that had received cocaine were re-injected with 14-day escalating-dose binge cocaine, whereas controls received saline. Microdialysis was conducted on the 14th day of exposure or re-exposure to determine striatal dopamine content. Messenger RNA levels of preprodynorphin (Pdyn), dopamine D1 (Drd1) and D2 (Drd2) in the caudate putamen were determined by real-time PCR. Basal striatal dopamine levels were lower in mice after 14-day escalating exposure or re-exposure than in those in the acute cocaine group and controls. Pdyn mRNA levels were higher in the cocaine groups than in controls. Long-term adaptation was observed across the stages of this addiction-like cycle, in that the effects of cocaine on dopamine levels were increased after re-exposure compared to exposure. Changes in striatal dopaminergic responses across chronic escalating cocaine exposure and re-exposure are a central feature of the neurobiology of relapsing addictive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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25
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Ranganathan M, Schnakenberg A, Skosnik PD, Cohen B, Pittman B, Sewell RA, D’Souza DC. Dose-related behavioral, subjective, endocrine, and psychophysiological effects of the κ opioid agonist Salvinorin A in humans. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:871-9. [PMID: 22817868 PMCID: PMC3638802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvia divinorum (Salvia) is an increasingly popular recreational drug amongst adolescents and young adults. Its primary active ingredient, Salvinorin A (SA)-a highly selective agonist at the κ opiate receptor-is believed to be one of the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogens. However, there is little experimental data on the effects of SA in humans. METHODS In a 3-day, double-blind, randomized, crossover, counterbalanced study, the behavioral, subjective, cognitive, psychophysiological, and endocrine effects of 0 mg, 8 mg, and 12 mg of inhaled SA were characterized in 10 healthy individuals who had previously used Salvia. RESULTS SA produced psychotomimetic effects and perceptual alterations, including dissociative and somaesthetic effects, increased plasma cortisol and prolactin, and reduced resting electroencephalogram spectral power. The SA administration was associated with a rapid increase of its levels in the blood. SA did not produce euphoria, cognitive deficits, or changes in vital signs. The effects were transient and not dose-related. SA administration was very well-tolerated without acute or delayed adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS SA produced a wide range of transient effects in healthy subjects. The perceptual altering effects and lack of euphoric effects would explain its intermittent use pattern. Such a profile would also suggest a low addictive potential similar to other hallucinogens and consistent with κ opiate receptor agonism. Further work is warranted to carefully characterize a full spectrum of its effects in humans, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved, and to explore the basis for individual variability in its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Ranganathan
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Ashley Schnakenberg
- Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick D. Skosnik
- Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bruce Cohen
- Harvard Medical School, MA, USA,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Brian Pittman
- Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R. Andrew Sewell
- Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Deepak Cyril D’Souza
- Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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26
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Butelman ER, Yuferov V, Kreek MJ. κ-opioid receptor/dynorphin system: genetic and pharmacotherapeutic implications for addiction. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:587-96. [PMID: 22709632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Addictions to cocaine or heroin/prescription opioids [short-acting μ-opioid receptor (MOPr) agonists] involve relapsing cycles, with experimentation/escalating use, withdrawal/abstinence, and relapse/re-escalation. κ-Opioid receptors (KOPr; encoded by OPRK1), and their endogenous agonists, the dynorphins (encoded by PDYN), have counter-modulatory effects on reward caused by cocaine or MOPr agonist exposure, and exhibit plasticity in addictive-like states. KOPr/dynorphin activation is implicated in depression/anxiety, often comorbid with addictions. In this opinion article we propose that particular stages of the addiction cycle are differentially affected by KOPr/dynorphin systems. Vulnerability and resilience can be due to pre-existing (e.g., genetic) factors, or epigenetic modifications of the OPRK1 or PDYN genes during the addiction cycle. Pharmacotherapeutic approaches limiting changes in KOPr/dynorphin tone, especially with KOPr partial agonists, may hold potential for the treatment of specific drug addictions and psychiatric comorbidity.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological/genetics
- Adaptation, Biological/physiology
- Animals
- Behavior, Addictive/drug therapy
- Behavior, Addictive/genetics
- Behavior, Addictive/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Dynorphins/physiology
- Enkephalins/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Illicit Drugs/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Recurrence
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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27
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Kumar D, Chakraborty J, Das S. Epistatic effects between variants of kappa-opioid receptor gene and A118G of mu-opioid receptor gene increase susceptibility to addiction in Indian population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 36:225-30. [PMID: 22138325 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unequivocal evidence suggests contribution of κ-opioid receptor (KOR) in addiction to drugs of abuse. A study was undertaken to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at selective areas of kappa opioid receptor 1 (OPRK1) gene in heroin as well as in alcohol addicts and to compare them with that in control population. The potential interaction of the identified KOR SNPs with A118G of μ opioid receptor was also investigated. METHODS Two hundred control subjects, one hundred thirty heroin and one hundred ten alcohol addicts, all male and residing in Kolkata, a city in eastern India, volunteered for the study. Exons 3 and 4 of OPRK1 and the SNP, A118G of mu opioid receptor 1 (OPRM1) in the DNA samples were genotyped by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism respectively. The SNPs identified in the population were analyzed by odds ratio and its corresponding 95% confidence interval was estimated using logistic regression models. SNP-SNP interactions were also investigated. RESULTS Three SNPs of OPRK1, rs16918875, rs702764 and rs963549, were identified in the population, none of which showed significant association with addiction. On the other hand, significant association was observed for A118G with heroin addiction (χ²=7.268, P=0.0264) as well as with alcoholic addition (χ²=6.626, P=0.0364). A potential SNP-SNP interaction showed that the odds of being addicted was 2.51 fold in heroin subjects [CI (95%)=1.1524 to 5.4947, P=0.0206] and 2.31 fold in alcoholics [CI (95%)=1.025 to 5.24, P=0.0433] with the OPRK1 (rs16918875) and A118G risk alleles than without either. A significant interaction was also identified between GG/AG of A118G and GG of rs702764 [O.R (95%)=2.04 (1.279 to 3.287), P=0.0029] in case of opioid population. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that set associations of polymorphisms may be important in determining the risk profile for complex diseases such as addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Neurobiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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28
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Tejeda HA, Shippenberg TS, Henriksson R. The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system and its role in psychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:857-96. [PMID: 22002579 PMCID: PMC11114766 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system has been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. In the present review, we present evidence indicating a key role for this system in modulating neurotransmission in brain circuits that subserve mood, motivation, and cognitive function. We overview the pharmacology, signaling, post-translational, post-transcriptional, transcriptional, epigenetic and cis regulation of the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system, and critically review functional neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and pharmacological evidence, suggesting that alterations in this system may contribute to affective disorders, drug addiction, and schizophrenia. We also overview the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system in the genetics of psychiatric disorders and discuss implications of the reviewed material for therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Tejeda
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - T. S. Shippenberg
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - R. Henriksson
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, L8:04, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Paris JJ, Reilley KJ, McLaughlin JP. Kappa Opioid Receptor-Mediated Disruption of Novel Object Recognition: Relevance for Psychostimulant Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; S4. [PMID: 22900234 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.s4-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists are potentially valuable as therapeutics for the treatment of psychostimulant reward as they suppress dopamine signaling in reward circuitry to repress drug seeking behavior. However, KOR agonists are also associated with sedation and cognitive dysfunction. The extent to which learning and memory disruption or hypolocomotion underlie KOR agonists' role in counteracting the rewarding effects of psychostimulants is of interest. C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with vehicle (saline, 0.9%), the KOR agonist (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide (U50,488), or the peripherally-restricted agonist D-Phe-D-Phe-D-lle-D-Arg- NH(2) (ffir-NH(2)), through central (i.c.v.) or peripheral (i.p.) routes of administration. Locomotor activity was assessed via activity monitoring chambers and rotorod. Cognitive performance was assessed in a novel object recognition task. Prolonged hypolocomotion was observed following administration of 1.0 and 10.0, but not 0.3 mg/kg U50,488. Central, but not peripheral, administration of ffir-NH(2) (a KOR agonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier) also reduced motor behavior. Systemic pretreatment with the low dose of U50,488 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly impaired performance in the novel object recognition task. Likewise, ffir-NH(2) significantly reduced novel object recognition after central (i.c.v.), but not peripheral (i.p.), administration. U50,488- and ffir-NH(2)-mediated deficits in novel object recognition were prevented by pretreatment with KOR antagonists. Cocaine-induced conditioned place preference was subsequently assessed and was reduced by pretreatment with U50,488 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.). Together, these results suggest that the activation of centrally-located kappa opioid receptors may induce cognitive and mnemonic disruption independent of hypolocomotor effects which may contribute to the KOR-mediated suppression of psychostimulant reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
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Schlussman SD, Cassin J, Zhang Y, Levran O, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Regional mRNA expression of the endogenous opioid and dopaminergic systems in brains of C57BL/6J and 129P3/J mice: strain and heroin effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:8-16. [PMID: 21807019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown strain and dose differences in heroin-induced behavior, reward and regional expression of somatostatin receptor mRNAs in C57BL/6J and 129P3/J mice. Using Real Time PCR we examined the effects of five doses of heroin on the levels of the transcripts of endogenous opioid peptides and their receptors and dopaminergic receptors in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways in these same mice. Compared to C57BL/6J animals, 129P3/J mice had higher mRNA levels of Oprk1 in the nucleus accumbens and of Oprd1 in the nucleus accumbens and a region containing both the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA). In the cortex of 129P3/J mice, lower levels of both Oprk1 and Oprd1 mRNAs were observed. Pdyn mRNA was also lower in the caudate putamen of 129P3/J mice. Strain differences were not found in the levels of Oprm1, Penk or Pomc mRNAs in any region examined. Within strains, complex patterns of heroin dose-dependent changes in the levels of Oprm1, Oprk1 and Oprd1 mRNAs were observed in the SN/VTA. Additionally, Oprd1 mRNA was dose-dependently elevated in the hypothalamus. Also in the hypothalamus, we found higher levels of Drd1a mRNA in C57BL/6J mice than in 129P3/J animals and higher levels of DAT (Slc6a3) mRNA in the caudate putamen of C57BL/6J animals than in 129P3/J counterparts. Heroin had dose-related effects on Drd1a mRNA in the hypothalamus and on Drd2 mRNA in the caudate putamen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Schlussman
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Umberg EN, Pothos EN. Neurobiology of aversive states. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:69-75. [PMID: 21549137 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hoebel and colleagues are often known as students of reward and how it is coded in the CNS. This article, however, attempts to focus on the significant advances by Hoebel and others in dissecting out behavioral components of distinct aversive states and in understanding the neurobiology of aversion and the link between aversive states and addictive behaviors. Reward and aversion are not necessarily dichotomous and may reflect an affective continuum contingent upon environmental conditions. Descriptive and mechanistic studies pioneered by Bart Hoebel have demonstrated that the shift in the reward-aversion spectrum may be, in part, a result of changes in central dopamine/acetylcholine ratio, particularly in the nucleus accumbens. The path to aversion appears to include a specific neurochemical signature: reduced dopamine release and increased acetylcholine release in "reward centers" of the brain. Opioid receptors may have a neuromodulatory role on both of these neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Umberg
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States
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Niikura K, Narita M, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ, Suzuki T. Neuropathic and chronic pain stimuli downregulate central μ -opioid and dopaminergic transmission. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31:299-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Piras AP, Zhou Y, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Acute withdrawal from chronic escalating-dose binge cocaine administration alters kappa opioid receptor stimulation of [35S] guanosine 5'-O-[gamma-thio]triphosphate acid binding in the rat ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2010; 169:751-7. [PMID: 20452406 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the kappa opioid system plays an important role in cocaine addiction and that chronic cocaine administration and withdrawal from chronic cocaine alter kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) density. The present study employed in situ [(35)S]guanosine 5'-O-[gamma-thio]triphosphate acid (GTPgammaS) binding autoradiography to measure KOPr-stimulated activation of G-protein in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens core and shell, lateral hypothalamus, basolateral amygdala, substantia nigra compacta, substantia nigra reticulata and ventral tegmental area (VTA), in response to chronic cocaine administration or acute and chronic withdrawal from chronic cocaine. Male Fischer rats were injected i.p. with saline or cocaine three times daily at 1 h intervals in an escalating-dose paradigm for 14 days (from 3x15 mg/kg/injection on days 1-3 up to 3x30 mg/kg/injection on days 10-14). Identically treated separate groups were withdrawn from cocaine or saline for 24 h or 14 days. No significant change in KOPr agonist U-69593-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS was found in the seven regions studied 30 min or 14 days after chronic 14 days escalating-dose binge cocaine administration. However there was an increase in KOPr -stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in the VTA (P<0.01) of rats withdrawn for 24 h from chronic cocaine. Our results show a cocaine withdrawal induced increase of KOPr signaling in the VTA, and suggest that the KOPr may play a role in acute withdrawal from cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Piras
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Bruijnzeel AW. kappa-Opioid receptor signaling and brain reward function. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2009; 62:127-46. [PMID: 19804796 PMCID: PMC2787673 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynorphin-like peptides have profound effects on the state of the brain reward system and human and animal behavior. The dynorphin-like peptides affect locomotor activity, food intake, sexual behavior, anxiety-like behavior, and drug intake. Stimulation of kappa-opioid receptors, the endogenous receptor for the dynorphin-like peptides, inhibits dopamine release in the striatum (nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen) and induces a negative mood state in humans and animals. The administration of drugs of abuse increases the release of dopamine in the striatum and mediates the concomitant release of dynorphin-like peptides in this brain region. The reviewed studies suggest that chronic drug intake leads to an upregulation of the brain dynorphin system in the striatum and in particular in the dorsal part of the striatum/caudate putamen. This might inhibit drug-induced dopamine release and provide protection against the neurotoxic effects of high dopamine levels. After the discontinuation of chronic drug intake these neuroadaptations remain unopposed which has been suggested to contribute to the negative emotional state associated with drug withdrawal and increased drug intake. kappa-Opioid receptor agonists have also been shown to inhibit calcium channels. Calcium channel inhibitors have antidepressant-like effects and inhibit the release of norepinephrine. This might explain that in some studies kappa-opioid receptor agonists attenuate nicotine and opioid withdrawal symptomatology. A better understanding of the role of dynorphins in the regulation of brain reward function might contribute to the development of novel treatments for mood disorders and other disorders that stem from a dysregulation of the brain reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrie W Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA.
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Logrip ML, Janak PH, Ron D. Blockade of ethanol reward by the kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488H. Alcohol 2009; 43:359-65. [PMID: 19671462 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a pervasive social problem, and thus understanding factors that regulate alcohol (ethanol) reward is important for designing effective therapies. One putative regulatory system includes the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and its endogenous ligand, dynorphin. Previously, we demonstrated that acute ethanol increased preprodynorphin expression via brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in striatal neurons, and that blockade of the KOR attenuated decreases in ethanol intake observed following increased expression of BDNF. As high doses of KOR agonists can generate an aversive state, we hypothesized that endogenous dynorphin may regulate ethanol intake by interfering with the rewarding properties of ethanol. We found that low, nonaversive doses of the KOR agonist U50,488H blocked the rewarding properties of ethanol during conditioning, thus impairing the acquisition of conditioned place preference. Importantly, we demonstrate that U50,488H also inhibited the conditioned increase in locomotor activation normally observed in the ethanol-paired chamber on test day. Taken together, these data indicate that the KOR/dynorphin system may acutely regulate ethanol intake via inhibition of the rewarding properties of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Logrip
- The Ernest Gallo Research Center, Suite 200, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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Zhang Y, Landthaler M, Schlussman SD, Yuferov V, Ho A, Tuschl T, Kreek MJ. Mu opioid receptor knockdown in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area by synthetic small interfering RNA blocks the rewarding and locomotor effects of heroin. Neuroscience 2008; 158:474-83. [PMID: 18938225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mu opioid receptors (MOP-r) play an important role in the rewarding and locomotor stimulatory effects of heroin. The aim of the current study was to determine whether infusion of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting MOP-r into the midbrain could knock down MOP-r mRNA and affect heroin-induced locomotor activity or heroin-induced conditioned place preference. Ten-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were surgically implanted bilaterally with guide cannulae directed between the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. After 4 days' recovery, mice were infused bilaterally with siRNAs that target the MOP-r (2 mMx0.75 microl/side/day for 3 days) or control siRNA. Seven days after the last infusion, a procedure for conditioned place preference was begun with four heroin (3 mg/kg i.p.) administration sessions alternating with four saline sessions. While heroin induced an increase in locomotor activity in all groups, siRNAs targeting specific regions of MOP-r significantly attenuated this effect. Of particular interest, mice infused with specific siRNAs targeting the MOP-r failed to develop and express conditioned place preference to heroin, or showed a significantly attenuated preference. These alterations in reward-related behaviors are likely due to the reduction in MOP-r mRNA and protein, shown in separate studies by in situ hybridization and autoradiography using the same MOP-r- siRNA infusions. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the utility of siRNA in the neurobiological study of specific components of the reward system and should contribute to the study of other complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Kreek MJ, Schlussman SD, Reed B, Zhang Y, Nielsen DA, Levran O, Zhou Y, Butelman ER. Bidirectional translational research: Progress in understanding addictive diseases. Neuropharmacology 2008; 56 Suppl 1:32-43. [PMID: 18725235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is primarily on recent developments in bidirectional translational research on the addictions, within the Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases at The Rockefeller University. This review is subdivided into major interacting aspects, including (a) Investigation of neurobiological and molecular adaptations (e.g., in genes for the opioid receptors or endogenous neuropeptides) in response to cocaine or opiates, administered under laboratory conditions modeling chronic patterns of human self-exposure (e.g., chronic escalating "binge"). (b) The impact of such drug exposure on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and interacting neuropeptidergic systems (e.g., opioid, orexin and vasopressin). (c) Molecular genetic association studies using candidate gene and whole genome approaches, to define particular systems involved in vulnerability to develop specific addictions, and response to pharmacotherapy. (d) Neuroendocrine challenge studies in normal volunteers and current addictive disease patients along with former addicts in treatment, to investigate differential pharmacodynamics and responsiveness of molecular targets, in particular those also investigated in the experimental and molecular genetic approaches as described above.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
The articulated goals of Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience are to serve as "an interface between clinical neuropsychiatry and the neurosciences by providing state-of-the-art information and original insights into relevant clinical, biological, and therapeutic aspects." My laboratory the Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases at The Rockefeller University, has for years been focused on "bidirectional translational research," that is, learning by careful observations and study in patient populations with the disorders under study, in this case primarily specific addictive diseases, and then using that knowledge to create improved animal models or other laboratory-based research paradigms, while, at the same time, taking research findings made at the bench into the clinic as promptly as that is appropriate and feasible. In this invited review, therefore, the focus will be on perspectives of our Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases and related National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse research Center, including laboratory-based molecular neurobiological research, research using several animal models designed to mimic human patterns of drug abuse and addiction, as well as basic clinical research, intertwined with treatment-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Tzschentke TM. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade. Addict Biol 2007; 12:227-462. [PMID: 17678505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1006] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to study the motivational effects of drugs and non-drug treatments in experimental animals. This is obvious from a steady year-to-year increase in the number of publications reporting the use this model. Since the compilation of the preceding review in 1998, more than 1000 new studies using place conditioning have been published, and the aim of the present review is to provide an overview of these recent publications. There are a number of trends and developments that are obvious in the literature of the last decade. First, as more and more knockout and transgenic animals become available, place conditioning is increasingly used to assess the motivational effects of drugs or non-drug rewards in genetically modified animals. Second, there is a still small but growing literature on the use of place conditioning to study the motivational aspects of pain, a field of pre-clinical research that has so far received little attention, because of the lack of appropriate animal models. Third, place conditioning continues to be widely used to study tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding effects of drugs induced by pre-treatment regimens. Fourth, extinction/reinstatement procedures in place conditioning are becoming increasingly popular. This interesting approach is thought to model certain aspects of relapse to addictive behavior and has previously almost exclusively been studied in drug self-administration paradigms. It has now also become established in the place conditioning literature and provides an additional and technically easy approach to this important phenomenon. The enormous number of studies to be covered in this review prevented in-depth discussion of many methodological, pharmacological or neurobiological aspects; to a large extent, the presentation of data had to be limited to a short and condensed summary of the most relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Tzschentke
- Grünenthal GmbH, Preclinical Research and Development, Department of Pharmacology, Aachen, Germany.
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41
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Goletiani NV, Mendelson JH, Sholar MB, Siegel AJ, Skupny A, Mello NK. Effects of nalbuphine on anterior pituitary and adrenal hormones and subjective responses in male cocaine abusers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:667-77. [PMID: 17391744 PMCID: PMC2020834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nalbuphine (Nubain) is a mixed action mu-kappa agonist used clinically for the management of pain. Nalbuphine and other mu-kappa agonists decreased cocaine self-administration in preclinical models. Cocaine stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but the effects of nalbuphine on the HPA axis are unknown. Analgesic doses (5 and 10 mg/70 kg) of IV nalbuphine were administered to healthy male cocaine abusers, and plasma levels of PRL, ACTH and cortisol were measured before and at 10, 17, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 40, 45, 60, 75, 105, and 135 min after nalbuphine administration. Subjective effects were measured on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Prolactin (PRL) increased significantly within 17 min (P=.04) and reached peak levels of 22.1+/-7.1 ng/ml and 54.1+/-11.3 at 60 min after low and high dose nalbuphine administration, respectively. VAS reports of "Sick," "Bad" and "Dizzy" were significantly higher after 10 mg/70 kg than after 5 mg/70 kg nalbuphine (P=.05-.0001), and were significantly correlated with increases in PRL (P=.05-.0003). However, sedation and emesis were observed only after a 10 mg/70 kg dose of nalbuphine. Interestingly, ACTH and cortisol levels did not change significantly after administration of either dose of nalbuphine. Taken together, these data suggest that nalbuphine had both mu- and kappa-like effects on PRL (PRL increase) but did not increase ACTH and cortisol.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones/blood
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
- Adult
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/drug therapy
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Humans
- Hydrocortisone/blood
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology
- Male
- Nalbuphine/administration & dosage
- Nalbuphine/adverse effects
- Nalbuphine/blood
- Nalbuphine/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Narcotic Antagonists/adverse effects
- Narcotic Antagonists/blood
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/drug effects
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/physiopathology
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology
- Prolactin/blood
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie V Goletiani
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Henriksen G, Willoch F, Talbot PS, Wester HJ. Recent development and potential use of µ- and κ-opioid receptor ligands in positron emission tomography studies. Drug Dev Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Hubert GW, Kuhar MJ. Colocalization of CART peptide with prodynorphin and dopamine D1 receptors in the rat nucleus accumbens. Neuropeptides 2006; 40:409-15. [PMID: 17064765 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CART peptide is a peptidergic neurotransmitter that is expressed in brain regions involved in critical biological processes such as feeding and stress, and in areas associated with drug reward and abuse including the dopamine-rich nucleus accumbens (NAcc), which can be considered part of the basal ganglia. Because CART has been shown to colocalize with substance P, a marker of the basal ganglia direct pathway, we now test for colocalization with other markers of the direct pathway to determine if CART colocalizes with dynorphin and dopamine D1 receptors. In the NAcc, CART peptide immunoreactivity (IR) was colocalized with prodynorphin-IR in neurons. Approximately 80.1% of CART-IR cells colocalized with prodynorphin-IR, while only 27.6% of prodynorphin-IR neurons contained CART-IR, suggesting that CART cells are a subset of dynorphin cells. In contrast, only about 25% of CART-IR cell bodies demonstrated dopamine D1 receptor-IR. Because dynorphin and D1 receptors are markers for the basal ganglia direct pathway, from the NAcc to the basal ganglia output nuclei, and because CART significantly colocalizes with these markers, some CART neurons are part of the direct pathway or some comparable pathway in the accumbens. The presence of CART in NAcc neurons and the fact that NAcc projection neurons have extensive local collaterals suggest that CART may have effects in both terminal and cell body regions of the accumbens and may therefore affect information processing in the NAcc by modulating accumbal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Hubert
- Division of Neuroscience, Yerkes National Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Butelman ER, Mandau M, Tidgewell K, Prisinzano TE, Yuferov V, Kreek MJ. Effects of salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid hallucinogen, on a neuroendocrine biomarker assay in nonhuman primates with high kappa-receptor homology to humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:300-6. [PMID: 17060493 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the in vivo effects of the kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A, derived from the plant Salvia divinorum. The effects of salvinorin A (0.0032-0.056 mg/kg i.v.) were studied in a neuroendocrine biomarker assay of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin in gonadally intact, adult male and female rhesus monkeys (n = 4 each). Salvinorin A produced dose- and time-dependent neuroendocrine effects, similar to the synthetic high-efficacy kappa-agonist U69,593 ((+)-(5alpha,7 alpha,8beta)-N-methyl-N-[7-(1-pyrrolidiniyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-8yl]-benzeneacetamide), but of shorter duration than the latter. Salvinorin A was approximately equipotent to U69,593 in this endpoint (salvinorin A ED50, 0.015 mg/kg; U69,593 ED(50), 0.0098 mg/kg). The effects of i.v. salvinorin A were not prevented by a small dose of the opioid antagonist nalmefene (0.01 mg/kg s.c.) but were prevented by a larger dose of nalmefene (0.1 mg/kg); the latter nalmefene dose is sufficient to produce kappa-antagonist effects in this species. In contrast, the 5HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin (0.1 mg/kg i.m.) did not prevent the effects of salvinorin A. As expected, the neuroendocrine effects of salvinorin A (0.0032 mg/kg i.v.) were more robust in female than in male subjects. Related studies focused on full-length cloning of the coding region of the rhesus monkey kappa-opioid receptor (OPRK1) gene and revealed a high homology of the nonhuman primate OPRK1 gene compared with the human OPRK1 gene, including particular C-terminal residues thought to be involved in receptor desensitization and internalization. The present studies indicate that the hallucinogen salvinorin A acts as a high-efficacy kappa-agonist in nonhuman primates in a translationally viable neuroendocrine biomarker assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Box 171, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10021, USA.
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45
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McLaughlin JP, Li S, Valdez J, Chavkin TA, Chavkin C. Social defeat stress-induced behavioral responses are mediated by the endogenous kappa opioid system. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:1241-8. [PMID: 16123746 PMCID: PMC2096774 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that repeated forced-swim stress-induced behaviors (including analgesia, immobility, and increased drug reward) were mediated by the release of endogenous prodynorphin-derived opioid peptides and subsequent activation of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). We tested the generality of these effects using a different type of stressful situation: repeated social defeat. C57Bl/6 mice subjected to social defeat stress (SDS) over 3 days showed a characteristic stress-induced immobility and defeated-postural response, as well as stress-induced analgesia (SIA). Daily pretreatment with the KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the SIA and significantly reduced the stress-induced immobility on the second and third days of SDS exposure. In contrast, prodynorphin gene-disrupted mice showed no significant increase in immobility, socially defeated postures, or SIA following repeated exposure to SDS. Since both stress and the kappa opioid system can modulate the response to drugs of abuse, we tested the effects of SDS on cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP). SDS-exposed mice conditioned with cocaine (15 mg/kg, s.c.) showed significant potentiation of place-preference for the drug-paired chamber over the responses of unstressed mice. Nor-BNI pretreatment blocked stress-induced potentiation of cocaine-CPP. Consistent with this result, mice lacking the prodynorphin gene did not show stress-induced potentiation of cocaine-CPP, whereas wild-type littermates did. The findings suggest that chronic SDS may activate the kappa opioid system to produce analgesia, immobility, social defeat postures, and resulting in a potentiation of the acute rewarding properties of cocaine.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Conditioning, Operant/physiology
- Enkephalins/deficiency
- Enkephalins/genetics
- Immobility Response, Tonic/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Protein Precursors/deficiency
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Reaction Time/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Social Behavior
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph Valdez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: Dr C Chavkin, Department of Pharmacology, Box 357280, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA, Tel: + 206 543 4266, Fax: + 206 685 3822, E-mail:
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46
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McLaughlin JP, Land BB, Li S, Pintar JE, Chavkin C. Prior activation of kappa opioid receptors by U50,488 mimics repeated forced swim stress to potentiate cocaine place preference conditioning. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:787-94. [PMID: 16123754 PMCID: PMC2096772 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Repeated forced-swim stress (FSS) produced analgesia, immobility and potentiation of cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) in wild-type C57Bl/6 mice, but not in littermates lacking the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) gene. These results were surprising because kappa agonists are known to produce conditioned place aversion and to suppress cocaine-CPP when coadministered with cocaine. The possibility that disruption of the kappa system blocked the stress response by adversely affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary axis was examined by measuring plasma corticosterone levels. However, disruption of the dynorphin/kappa system by gene deletion or receptor antagonism did not reduce the FSS-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone levels. A second explanation for the difference is that kappa receptor activation caused by FSS occurred prior to cocaine conditioning rather than contemporaneously. To test this hypothesis, we measured the effects of the kappa agonist (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide (U50,488) administered to mice at various intervals preceding cocaine conditioning. The results showed that the interaction between the kappa system and cocaine reinforcement depended on the timing of the drug pairing. Mice given U50,488 60 min prior to cocaine showed a robust, nor-BNI-sensitive potentiation of cocaine-CPP, whereas administration 15 min before cocaine significantly suppressed cocaine-CPP. In the absence of cocaine, U50,488 given 60 min prior to saline conditioning produced no place preference, whereas administration 15 min before saline conditioning produced significant place aversion. The results of this study suggest that kappa receptor activation induced by FSS prior to the cocaine-conditioning session may be both necessary and sufficient for potentiation of the reinforcing actions of cocaine.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/pharmacology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Drug Interactions
- Enkephalins/deficiency
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Protein Precursors/deficiency
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/deficiency
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/etiology
- Stress, Physiological/prevention & control
- Swimming
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Pintar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: Dr C Chavkin, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Box 357280, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA, Tel: +1 206 543 4266, Fax: +1 206 685 3822, E-mail:
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47
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Abstract
This paper is the 27th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over 30 years of research. It summarizes papers published during 2004 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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48
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Bart G, Schluger JH, Borg L, Ho A, Bidlack JM, Kreek MJ. Nalmefene induced elevation in serum prolactin in normal human volunteers: partial kappa opioid agonist activity? Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:2254-62. [PMID: 15988468 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In humans, mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists lower tuberoinfundibular dopamine, which tonically inhibits prolactin release. Serum prolactin is, therefore, a useful biomarker for tuberoinfundibular dopamine. The current study evaluated the unexpected finding that the relative mu- and kappa-opioid receptor selective antagonist nalmefene increases serum prolactin, indicating possible kappa-opioid receptor agonist activity. In all, 33 healthy human volunteers (14 female) with no history of psychiatric or substance use disorders received placebo, nalmefene 3 mg, and nalmefene 10 mg in a double-blind manner. Drugs were administered between 0900 and 1000 on separate days via 2-min intravenous infusion. Serial blood specimens were analyzed for serum levels of prolactin. Additional in vitro studies of nalmefene binding to cloned human kappa-opioid receptors transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells were performed. Compared to placebo, both doses of nalmefene caused significant elevations in serum prolactin (p<0.002 for nalmefene 3 mg and p<0.0005 for nalmefene 10 mg). There was no difference in prolactin response between the 3 and 10 mg doses. Binding assays confirmed nalmefene's affinity at kappa-opioid receptors and antagonism of mu-opioid receptors. [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding studies demonstrated that nalmefene is a full antagonist at mu-opioid receptors and has partial agonist properties at kappa-opioid receptors. Elevations in serum prolactin following nalmefene are consistent with this partial agonist effect at kappa-opioid receptors. As kappa-opioid receptor activation can lower dopamine in brain regions important to the persistence of alcohol and cocaine dependence, the partial kappa agonist effect of nalmefene may enhance its therapeutic efficacy in selected addictive diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism
- Animals
- Benzeneacetamides/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/metabolism
- Estradiol/blood
- Female
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/metabolism
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Prolactin/blood
- Pyrrolidines/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Bart
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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49
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Prisinzano TE, Tidgewell K, Harding WW. Kappa opioids as potential treatments for stimulant dependence. AAPS J 2005; 7:E592-9. [PMID: 16353938 PMCID: PMC2751263 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulant abuse is a major problem in the United States and the development of pharmacological treatments for stimulant abuse remains an important therapeutic goal. Classically, the "dopamine hypothesis" has been used to explain the development of addiction and dependence of stimulants. This hypothesis involves the direct increase of dopamine as the major factor in mediating the abuse effects. Therefore, most treatments have focused on directly influencing the dopamine system. Another approach, which has been explored for potential treatments of stimulant abuse, is the use of kappa opioid agonists. The kappa receptor is known to be involved, via indirect effects, in synaptic dopamine levels. This review covers several classes of kappa opioid ligands that have been explored for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Prisinzano
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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50
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McGough NNH, He DY, Logrip ML, Jeanblanc J, Phamluong K, Luong K, Kharazia V, Janak PH, Ron D. RACK1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a homeostatic pathway that regulates alcohol addiction. J Neurosci 2005; 24:10542-52. [PMID: 15548669 PMCID: PMC6730316 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3714-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is a devastating disease that manifests as uncontrolled drinking. Consumption of alcohol is regulated by neurochemical systems within specific neural circuits, but endogenous systems that may counteract and thus suppress the behavioral effects of ethanol intake are unknown. Here we demonstrate that BDNF plays a role in reducing the behavioral effects of ethanol, including consumption, in rodents. We found that decreasing the levels of BDNF leads to increased behavioral responses to ethanol, whereas increases in the levels of BDNF, mediated by the scaffolding protein RACK1, attenuate these behaviors. Interestingly, we found that acute exposure of neurons to ethanol leads to increased levels of BDNF mRNA via RACK1. Importantly, acute systemic administration of ethanol and voluntary ethanol consumption lead to increased levels of BDNF expression in the dorsal striatum. Taken together, these findings suggest that RACK1 and BDNF are part of a regulatory pathway that opposes adaptations that lead to the development of alcohol addiction.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Drinking/metabolism
- Alcohol Drinking/psychology
- Alcoholism/metabolism
- Alcoholism/psychology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Ethanol/administration & dosage
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Hippocampus/cytology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors for Activated C Kinase
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Self Administration
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy N H McGough
- Ernest Gallo Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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