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Blalock LT, Landsberg J, Messmer M, Shi J, Pardee AD, Haskell R, Vujanovic L, Kirkwood JM, Butterfield LH. Human dendritic cells adenovirally-engineered to express three defined tumor antigens promote broad adaptive and innate immunity. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:287-357. [PMID: 22737604 PMCID: PMC3382861 DOI: 10.4161/onci.18628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy has shown a promising ability to promote anti-tumor immunity in vitro and in vivo. Many trials have tested single epitopes and single antigens to activate single T cell specificities, and often CD8(+) T cells only. We previously found that determinant spreading and breadth of antitumor immunity correlates with improved clinical response. Therefore, to promote activation and expansion of polyclonal, multiple antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, as well as provide cognate help from antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells, we have created an adenovirus encoding three full length melanoma tumor antigens (tyrosinase, MART-1 and MAGE-A6, "AdVTMM"). We previously showed that adenovirus (AdV)-mediated antigen engineering of human DC is superior to peptide pulsing for T cell activation, and has positive biological effects on the DC, allowing for efficient activation of not only antigen-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, but also NK cells. Here we describe the cloning and testing of "AdVTMM2," an E1/E3-deleted AdV encoding the three melanoma antigens. This novel three-antigen virus expresses mRNA and protein for all antigens, and AdVTMM-transduced DC activate both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells which recognize melanoma tumor cells more efficiently than single antigen AdV. Addition of physiological levels of interferon-α (IFNα) further amplifies melanoma antigen-specific T cell activation. NK cells are also activated, and show cytotoxic activity. Vaccination with multi-antigen engineered DC may provide for superior adaptive and innate immunity and ultimately, improved antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeann T Blalock
- Department of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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2
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Safina I, Alghazali KM, Childress L, Griffin C, Hashoosh A, Kannarpady G, Watanabe F, Bourdo SE, Dings RPM, Biris AS, Vang KB. Dendritic cell biocompatibility of ether-based urethane films. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1456-1466. [PMID: 33417269 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of synthetic materials for biomedical applications is ever expanding. One of the major requirements for these materials is biocompatibility, which includes prevention of immune system responses. Due to the inherent complexity of their structural composition, the polyurethane (PU) family of polymers is being used in a variety of medical applications, from soft and hard tissue scaffolds to intricate coatings on implantable devices. Herein, we investigated whether two polymer materials, D3 and D7, induced an immune response, measured by their effects on a dendritic cell (DC) line, JAWS II. Using a lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay and Annexin V/PI staining, we found that the PU materials did not induce cytotoxicity in DC cells. Using confocal microscopy, we also showed that the materials did not induce activation or maturation, as compared to positive controls. This was confirmed by looking at various markers, CD80, CD86, MHC class I, and MHC class II, via flow cytometry. Overall, the results indicated that the investigated PU films are biocompatible in terms of immunotoxicology and immunogenicity and show great promise for use in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Safina
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Karrer M Alghazali
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Luke Childress
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Christopher Griffin
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ahmed Hashoosh
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ganesh Kannarpady
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Fumiya Watanabe
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shawn E Bourdo
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Alexandru S Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kieng Bao Vang
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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3
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Kailashiya V, Sharma HB, Kailashiya J. Role of CTLA4 A49G polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus and its geographical distribution. J Clin Pathol 2019; 72:659-662. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4) or CD152 is an inhibitory receptor expressed constitutively on CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory lymphocytes and transiently on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Its inhibitory function promotes long-lived anergy in immune cells and prevents autoimmunity. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in T cell-mediated autoimmunity, and thus in susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is encoded by CTLA4 gene in humans. AtoG polymorphism at position +49 of CTLA4 gene is the only polymorphism which changes amino acid sequence from alanine to threonine in the leader sequence, which may affect the function of CTLA-4. Association of CTLA4 polymorphisms with SLE has been investigated in several reports in different ethnic populations from different countries, which have shown highly inconsistent findings. In this review, we have compiled previous studies which have reported the association of CTLA4 A49G polymorphism in SLE and its geographical distribution.
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Nima ZA, Vang KB, Nedosekin D, Kannarpady G, Saini V, Bourdo SE, Majeed W, Watanabe F, Darrigues E, Alghazali KM, Alawajji RA, Petibone D, Ali S, Biris AR, Casciano D, Ghosh A, Salamo G, Zharov V, Biris AS. Quantification of cellular associated graphene and induced surface receptor responses. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:932-944. [PMID: 30608496 PMCID: PMC9261879 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06847j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of graphene for biomedical and other applications involving humans is growing and shows practical promise. However, quantifying the graphitic nanomaterials that interact with cells and assessing any corresponding cellular response is extremely challenging. Here, we report an effective approach to quantify graphene interacting with single cells that utilizes combined multimodal-Raman and photoacoustic spectroscopy. This approach correlates the spectroscopic signature of graphene with the measurement of its mass using a quartz crystal microbalance resonator. Using this technique, we demonstrate single cell noninvasive quantification and multidimensional mapping of graphene with a detection limit of as low as 200 femtograms. Our investigation also revealed previously unseen graphene-induced changes in surface receptor expression in dendritic cells of the immune system. This tool integrates high-sensitivity real-time detection and monitoring of nanoscale materials inside single cells with the measurement of induced simultaneous biological cell responses, providing a powerful method to study the impact of nanomaterials on living systems and as a result, the toxicology of nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A Nima
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Kieng Bao Vang
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Dmitry Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301W. Markham St, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
| | - Ganesh Kannarpady
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Viney Saini
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Shawn E Bourdo
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Waqar Majeed
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Fumiya Watanabe
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Emilie Darrigues
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Karrer M Alghazali
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Raad A Alawajji
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Dayton Petibone
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Alexandru R Biris
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel Casciano
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Anindya Ghosh
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Gregory Salamo
- Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Vladimir Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301W. Markham St, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
| | - Alexandru S Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
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5
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Murthy V, Minehart J, Sterman DH. Local Immunotherapy of Cancer: Innovative Approaches to Harnessing Tumor-Specific Immune Responses. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:4085220. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Jörg S, Kissel J, Manzel A, Kleinewietfeld M, Haghikia A, Gold R, Müller DN, Linker RA. High salt drives Th17 responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis without impacting myeloid dendritic cells. Exp Neurol 2016; 279:212-222. [PMID: 26976739 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that high dietary salt intake aggravates T helper cell (Th) 17 responses and neuroinflammation. Here, we employed in vitro assays for myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) maturation, DC cytokine production, T cell activation and ex vivo analyses in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to investigate whether the salt effect on Th17 cells is further mediated through DCs in vivo. In cell culture, an excess of 40mM sodium chloride did neither affect the generation, maturation nor the function of DCs, but, in different assays, significantly increased Th17 differentiation. During the initiation phase of MOG35-55 EAE, we did not observe altered DC frequencies or co-stimulatory capacities in lymphoid organs, while IL-17A production and Th17 cells in the spleen were significantly increased. Complementary ex vivo analyses of the spinal cord during the effector phase of EAE showed increased frequencies of Th17 cells, but did not reveal differences in phenotypes of CNS invading DCs. Finally, adaption of transgenic mice harboring a MOG specific T cell receptor to a high-salt diet led to aggravated clinical disease only after active immunization. Wild-type mice adapted to a high-salt diet in the effector phase of EAE, bypassing the priming phase of T cells, only displayed mildly aggravated disease. In summary, our data argue for a direct effect of NaCl on Th17 cells in neuroinflammation rather than an effect primarily exerted via DCs. These data may further fuel our understanding on the dietary impact on different immune cell subsets in autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Jörg
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Jan Kissel
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Arndt Manzel
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Translational Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center & Max-Delbrück Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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Kemter AM, Scheu S, Hüser N, Ruland C, Schumak B, Findeiß M, Cheng Z, Assfalg V, Arolt V, Zimmer A, Alferink J. The cannabinoid receptor 2 is involved in acute rejection of cardiac allografts. Life Sci 2015; 138:29-34. [PMID: 25744392 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acute rejection of cardiac allografts is a major risk factor limiting survival of heart transplant recipients. Rejection is triggered by dendritic cell (DC) mediated activation of host T cells, amongst others CD4(+) T helper (TH)1- and TH17 cells. The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is an important modulator of cellular immune responses. However, its role in cardiac allograft rejection has not been studied so far. MAIN METHODS Here, we examined the effect of CB2 on cytokine release by mature DCs and its impact on CD4(+) T cell differentiation by utilizing in vitro generated bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) and CD4(+) T cells from CB2 knockout (Cnr2(-/-)) mice. We further assessed the functional role of CB2 in acute allograft rejection using Cnr2(-/-) mice in a fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched mouse cardiac transplantation model. KEY FINDINGS Cardiac allograft rejection was accelerated in Cnr2(-/-) mice compared to wild type recipients. In vitro stimulation of BM-DCs showed enhanced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the immunomodulatory cytokine TGF-β. Furthermore, secretion of the TH1/TH17 promoting cytokines IL-12 and IL-23 was increased in Cnr2(-/-) BM-DCs. In addition, Cnr2(-/-) CD4(+) T cells showed an enhanced capacity to differentiate into interferon (IFN)-γ- or IL-17-producing effector cells. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that CB2 modulates in vitro cytokine responses via DCs and directly via its influence on TH1/TH17 differentiation. These findings and the fact that allograft rejection is enhanced in Cnr2(-/-) mice suggest that CB2 may be a promising therapeutic target in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Kemter
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Ruland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Findeiß
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Zhangjun Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Volker Assfalg
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, University of Münster, Münster , Germany.
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8
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Terhune J, Berk E, Czerniecki BJ. Dendritic Cell-Induced Th1 and Th17 Cell Differentiation for Cancer Therapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:527-49. [PMID: 26344346 PMCID: PMC4494209 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of cellular immunotherapies against cancer requires the generation of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. The type of T-cell response generated (e.g., Th1 or Th2) will determine the efficacy of the therapy, and it is generally assumed that a type-1 response is needed for optimal cancer treatment. IL-17 producing T-cells (Th17/Tc17) play an important role in autoimmune diseases, but their function in cancer is more controversial. While some studies have shown a pro-cancerous role for IL-17, other studies have shown an anti-tumor function. The induction of polarized T-cell responses can be regulated by dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are key regulators of the immune system with the ability to affect both innate and adaptive immune responses. These properties have led many researchers to study the use of ex vivo manipulated DCs for the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. While Th1/Tc1 cells are traditionally used for their potent anti-tumor responses, mounting evidence suggests Th17/Tc17 cells should be utilized by themselves or for the induction of optimal Th1 responses. It is therefore important to understand the factors involved in the induction of both type-1 and type-17 T-cell responses by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Terhune
- Department of Surgery and Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Erik Berk
- Department of Surgery and Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery and Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Rena Rowan Breast Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Girard T, El-Far M, Gaucher D, Acuto O, Beaulé G, Michel F, Mourad W, Sékaly RP. A conserved polylysine motif in CD86 cytoplasmic tail is necessary for cytoskeletal association and effective co-stimulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:301-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Berk E, Muthuswamy R, Kalinski P. Lymphocyte-polarized dendritic cells are highly effective in inducing tumor-specific CTLs. Vaccine 2012; 30:6216-24. [PMID: 22561311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
High activity of dendritic cells (DCs) in inducing cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) led to their application as therapeutic cancer vaccines. The ability of DCs to produce IL-12p70 is one of the key requirements for effective CTL induction and a predictive marker of their therapeutic efficacy in vivo. We have previously reported that defined cocktails of cytokines, involving TNFα and IFNγ, induce mature type-1 polarized DCs (DC1s) which produce strongly elevated levels of IL-12 and CXCL10/IP10 upon CD40 ligation compared to "standard" PGE₂-matured DCs (sDCs; matured with IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and PGE₂) and show higher CTL-inducing activity. Guided by our observations that DC1s can be induced by TNFα- and IFNγ-producing CD8⁺ T cells, we have tested the feasibility of using lymphocytes to generate DC1s in a clinically-compatible process, to limit the need for clinical-grade recombinant cytokines and the associated costs. CD3/CD28 activation of bulk lymphocytes expanded them and primed them for effective production of IFNγ and TNFα following restimulation. Restimulated lymphocytes, or their culture supernatants, enhanced the maturation status of immature (i)DCs, elevating their expression of CD80, CD83 and CCR7, and the ability to produce IL-12p70 and CXCL10 upon subsequent CD40 ligation. The "lymphocyte-matured" DC1s showed elevated migration in response to the lymph-node-directing chemokine, CCL21, when compared to iDCs. When loaded with antigenic peptides, supernatant-matured DCs induced much high levels of CTLs recognizing tumor-associated antigenic epitope, than PGE₂-matured DCs from the same donors. These results demonstrate the feasibility of generation of polarized DC1s using autologous lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Berk
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Rate A, Upham JW, Bosco A, McKenna KL, Holt PG. Airway epithelial cells regulate the functional phenotype of locally differentiating dendritic cells: implications for the pathogenesis of infectious and allergic airway disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:72-83. [PMID: 19109137 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atopic asthma pathogenesis is driven by the combined effects of airway inflammation generated during responses to viral infections and aeroallergens, and both these pathways are regulated by dendritic cells (DC) that differentiate locally from monocytic precursors. These DCs normally exhibit a sentinel phenotype characterized by active Ag sampling but attenuated presentation capability, which limits the intensity of local expression of adaptive immunity. How this tight control of airway DC functions is normally maintained, and why it breaks down in some atopics leading to immunopathological changes in airway tissues, is unknown. We postulated that signals from adjacent airway epithelial cells (AEC) contribute to regulation of local differentiation of DC. We tested this in a coculture model containing both cell types in a GM-CSF-IL-4-enriched cytokine milieu characteristic of the atopic asthmatic airway mucosa. We demonstrate that contact with AEC during DC differentiation up-regulates expression of the function-associated markers MHC class II, CD40, CD80, TLR3, and TLR4 on DCs with concomitant up-regulation of Ag uptake/processing. Moreover, the AEC-conditioned DCs displayed increased LPS responsiveness evidenced by higher production of IL-12, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha. The Th2 memory-activating properties of AEC-conditioned DCs were also selectively attenuated. Data from microarray and blocking experiments implicate AEC-derived type 1 IFNs and IL-6 in modulation of DC differentiation. Collectively, these findings suggest that resting AECs modulate local DC differentiation to optimize antimicrobial defenses in the airways and in the process down-modulate capacity for expression of potentially damaging Th2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rate
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, and Centre for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Australia
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12
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Prutchi Sagiv S, Lifshitz L, Orkin R, Mittelman M, Neumann D. Erythropoietin effects on dendritic cells: potential mediators in its function as an immunomodulator? Exp Hematol 2008; 36:1682-90. [PMID: 18922618 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Modulatory effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the cellular and humoral compartments of the immune system have been described; however, the mechanism of action by which EPO affects the lymphocyte number and functions has yet to be elucidated. Because no EPO receptors (EPO-R) could be detected on lymphocytes, we searched for cells that might express the EPO-R and thereby mediate these immunomodulatory effects. We thus focused on dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting and T-cell-priming cells, as possible mediators of the immunomodulatory actions of EPO. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the in vitro effects of EPO on human DCs. Expression of EPO-R, expression of costimulatory molecules, antigen uptake, secretion of cytokines, and DC maturation were investigated. RESULTS We demonstrate that the EPO-R is expressed in human DCs and that EPO directly affects their phenotype and function. When applied in vitro, EPO increased the percentage of peripheral blood DCs and monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) expressing the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. EPO treatment of MoDCs was also associated with an increase in surface expression of CD80 and CD86 as well as that of HLA-DR. EPO enhanced MoDC function, as manifested in increased antigen uptake and secretion of interleukin 12. When applied to immature MoDCs, EPO in itself induced their maturation. CONCLUSION Our finding that DCs are directly affected by EPO renders them as potential candidates that mediate the immunomodulatory actions of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Prutchi Sagiv
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Perico N, Remuzzi G. Section Review Pulmonary-Allergy, Dermatological, Gastrointestinal & Arthritis: New antirejection drugs. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.6.9.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Murugaiyan G, Agrawal R, Mishra GC, Mitra D, Saha B. Functional Dichotomy in CD40 Reciprocally Regulates Effector T Cell Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6642-9. [PMID: 17082576 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of T cells requires signals through Ag-specific TCR and costimulatory molecules such as CD40L. Although the use of defined tumor Ags for the induction of protective T cells met with limited success, the CD40-CD40L interaction that was proposed to induce antitumor T cells did not prevent tumor growth completely. Using a model for prostate tumor, a leading cause of tumor-induced mortality in men, we show that the failure is due to a novel functional dichotomy of CD40 whereby it self-limits its antitumor functions by inducing IL-10. IL-10 prevents the CD40-induced CTL and TNF-alpha and IL-12 production, Th1 skewing, and tumor regression. Priming mice with tumor lysate-pulsed IL-10-deficient dendritic cells (DCs) or wild-type DC plus anti-IL-10 Ab establishes antitumor memory T cells that can transfer the protection into syngenic nude mice. Infusion of Ag-pulsed IL-10-deficient but not wild-type DCs back into syngenic mice results in successful therapeutic autovaccination. Thus, we demonstrate the IL-10-sensitive antitumor T cell memory formulating a novel prophylactic and therapeutic principle.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Interleukin-12/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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15
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Nair MPN, Reynolds JL, Mahajan SD, Schwartz SA, Aalinkeel R, Bindukumar B, Sykes D. RNAi-directed inhibition of DC-SIGN by dendritic cells: prospects for HIV-1 therapy. AAPS JOURNAL 2005; 7:E572-8. [PMID: 16353935 PMCID: PMC2751260 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are increasing globally, especially in North America. Therefore, it is logical to develop new therapies directed against HIV binding molecules on susceptible host cells in addition to current treatment modalities against virus functions. Inhibition of the viral genome can be achieved by degrading or silencing posttranslational genes using small interfering (si) ribonucleic acids (RNAs) consisting of double-stranded forms of RNA. These siRNAs usually contain 21-23 base pairs (bp) and are highly specific for the nucleotide sequence of the target messenger RNA (mRNA). These siRNAs form a complex with helicase and nuclease enzymes known as "RNA-induced silencing complex" (RISC) that leads to target RNA degradation. Thus, siRNA has become a method of selective destruction of HIV now used by various investigators around the globe. However, given the sequence diversity of the HIV genomes of infected subjects, it is difficult to target a specific HIV sequence. Therefore, targeting nonvariable HIV binding receptors on susceptible cells or other molecules of host cells that are directly or indirectly involved in HIV infections may be an interesting alternative to targeting the virus itself. Thus, the simultaneous use of siRNAs specific for HIV and host cells may be a unique, new approach to the therapy of HIV infections. In this article, we present evidence that siRNA directed at the CD4 independent attachment receptor (DC-SIGN) significantly inhibits HIV infection of dendritic cells (DCs). This effect may be mediated by modulation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan P N Nair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Buffalo General Hospital, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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16
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Tsukada J, Ozaki A, Hanada T, Chinen T, Abe R, Yoshimura A, Kubo M. The role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 as a negative regulator for aberrant expansion of CD8α+ dendritic cell subset. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1167-78. [PMID: 16091384 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 is a negative regulator in multiple cytokine-related aspects to maintain immunological homeostasis. Here, we studied a role of SOCS1 on dendritic cell (DC) maturation in the mice lacking either TCRalpha chain or CD28 in SOCS1-deficient background, and found that the SOCS1 could restore acute phase of inflammatory response in SOCS1-deficient mice. The CD11c+ CD8- DC population in freshly isolated splenic DCs from normal mice highly expressed SOCS1. However, in SOCS1-deficient environment, the proportion of CD8alpha+ DCs (CD8 DCs) noticeably increased without affecting the cell number of conventional and plasmacytoid DC populations. This population revealed the CD11cdull CD8alpha+ CD11b- CD45RA- B220- phenotype, which is a minor population in normal mice. Localization of the abnormal CD8 DCs in splenic microenvironments was mainly restricted to deep within red pulp. The CD8 DCs secrete a large amount of IFN-gamma, IL-12 and B lymphocyte stimulator/B cell activation factor of the tumor necrosis factor family in response to LPS and CpG stimulation. This is responsible for the development of DC-mediated systemic autoimmunity in the old age of SOCS1-deficient mice. Moreover, the CD8 DC subsets expressed more indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and IL-10, and hence inhibit the allogeneic proliferative T cell response and antigen-induced Th1 responses. Therefore, SOCS1 expression during DC maturation plays a role in surveillance in controlling the aberrant expansion of abnormal DC subset to maintain homeostasis of immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tsukada
- Laboratory for Signal Network, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology (RCAI), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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17
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He Q, Moore TT, Eko FO, Lyn D, Ananaba GA, Martin A, Singh S, James L, Stiles J, Black CM, Igietseme JU. Molecular basis for the potency of IL-10-deficient dendritic cells as a highly efficient APC system for activating Th1 response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4860-9. [PMID: 15814713 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification and targeting of novel immunobiological factors that regulate the induction of Th1 cells are crucial for designing effective vaccines against certain intracellular pathogens, including Chlamydia. IL-10-deficient dendritic cells (DC) are potent APCs and effective cellular vaccines that activate a high frequency of specific Th1 cells. To elucidate the molecular basis for the potency of the IL-10-deficient APC system, we tested the hypothesis that Chlamydia Ag-primed IL-10 knockout (IL-10KO) DC are quantitatively and qualitatively distinct in their metabolic characteristics relating to T cell activation. Using a combination of RT-PCR, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and MALDI-TOF-based proteomics analyses, the transcriptional and translational activities of Chlamydia-pulsed DC from wild-type and IL-10KO mice were assessed. IL-10 deficiency caused early maturation and activation of pulsed DC (i.e., high CD11c, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, IL-1, IL-12, and the T cell-attracting chemokine CCL27/CTACK) and consequently an enhanced ability to process and present Ags for a rapid and robust T cell activation. Supporting comparative proteomics revealed further that IL-10 deficient DC possess specific immunobiological properties, e.g., the T cell-attracting chemokine CCL27/CTACK, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and the IL-1/IL-12 inducer, NKR-P1A (CD161), which differentiated them immunologically from wild-type DC that express molecules relating to anti-inflammatory, differentiative, and metabolic processes, e.g., the anti-IL-12 molecule peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and thymidine kinase. Collectively, these results provide a molecular basis for the high Th1-activating capacity of IL-10KO APC and may provide unique immunomodulation targets when designing vaccines against pathogens controlled by T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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18
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Selenko-Gebauer N, Majdic O, Szekeres A, Höfler G, Guthann E, Korthäuer U, Zlabinger G, Steinberger P, Pickl WF, Stockinger H, Knapp W, Stöckl J. B7-H1 (programmed death-1 ligand) on dendritic cells is involved in the induction and maintenance of T cell anergy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3637-44. [PMID: 12646628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to identify immunoregulatory molecules on dendritic cells (DC), we generated and screened for mAbs capable of modulating the T cell stimulatory function of DC. A particularly interesting mAb was mAb DF272. It recognizes monocyte-derived DC, but not blood monocytes or lymphocytes, and has profound immunomodulatory effects on DC. Treatment of DC with intact IgG or Fab of mAb DF272 enhanced their T cell stimulatory capacity. This effect on DC was accompanied by neither an up-regulation of costimulatory molecules such as B7.1 (CD80), B7.2 (CD86), and MHC class II molecules nor by an induction of cytokine production, including IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-10, and IL-12. Moreover, the well-established inhibitory function of IL-10-treated DC could be reverted with mAb DF272. Even T cells, anergized because of stimulation with IL-10-treated DC, could be reactivated and induced to proliferate upon stimulation with mAb DF272-treated DC. Furthermore, mAb DF272-treated DC favored the induction of a type-1 cytokine response in T cells and inhibited IL-10 production. By using a retrovirus-based cDNA expression library generated from DC, we cloned and sequenced the mAb DF272-defined cell surface receptor and could demonstrate that it is identical with B7-H1 (programmed death-1 ligand), a recently identified new member of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules. Our results thus demonstrate that the mAb DF272-defined surface molecule B7-H1 represents a unique receptor structure on DC that might play a role in the induction and maintenance of T cell anergy.
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19
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Abstract
One of the most controversial issues in immunology for over a century has been whether an effective immune response can be elicited against malignant tumours. Whether the immunology community has believed cancer immunotherapy is feasible or impossible has been largely determined by the prevailing immunological paradigms at that time. In fact, during the last 110 years it is possible to trace at least five dramatic fluctuations in attitude towards cancer immunotherapy. It now appears, however, that overwhelming evidence is available to support the view that both the innate and adaptive immune responses can recognize and eliminate tumours. On the other hand, it remains to be seen if these immune responses can be harnessed to control cancer as, at the time of diagnosis, many tumours have already been immunoselected to be highly resistant to immune elimination. Based on these observations it is argued that immunotherapy approaches, other than the generation of tumour-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, must be explored. Alternative strategies include recruiting tumouricidal myeloid cells into tumours, generating antiangiogenic immune responses and directing innate immunity to hypoxia-induced ligands on tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Parish
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
Although cancer immunotherapy was initiated by William Coley more than a century ago, the field of cancer vaccines is in an early stage of development. Only recently, major advances in cellular and molecular immunology have allowed a comprehensive understanding of the complex and high rate of interactions between the immune system and tumor cells. We have learned that these tumor-immune system interactions may result either in strong immune antitumor response or tolerance to tumor-associated antigens. This article will discuss the profound interest in cancer vaccines derived from their potential to induce antitumor responses in vivo. Substantial data from several preclinical models and early human clinical trials have confirmed the ability of cancer vaccines to induce immune responses that are tumor-specific and, in some cases, associated with clinical responses. One future challenge will be to determine how to appropriately stimulate the pathways leading to effective interaction among antigen-presenting cells, T lymphocytes, and tumor cells. It also is critical to develop monitoring strategies that may allow the identification of patients who may benefit from cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Espinoza-Delgado
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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21
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Müller G, Müller A, Tüting T, Steinbrink K, Saloga J, Szalma C, Knop J, Enk AH. Interleukin-10-treated dendritic cells modulate immune responses of naive and sensitized T cells in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:836-41. [PMID: 12406328 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine known to have inhibitory effects on the accessory functions of dendritic cells. In vitro, interleukin-10 converts immature dendritic cells into tolerizing antigen- presenting cells. To assess whether interleukin-10-treated dendritic cells exert tolerizing effects in vivo, CD4+ T cells from DO11.10 ovalbumin-T cell receptor transgenic mice were transferred to syngeneic BALB/c recipients. Recipient animals were treated with ovalbumin-pulsed/unpulsed, interleukin-10-treated/untreated CD11c+ dendritic cells thereafter and ovalbumin-specific proliferation of lymph node cells was assessed by restimulation with the peptide in vitro. In prophylactic experiments, recipients received naive CD4+ DO11.10 T cells and were immunized with ovalbumin323-339 peptide in incomplete Freund's adjuvant after treatment with various subtypes of dendritic cells. Strong ovalbumin-specific proliferation was observed in animals immunized with control ovalbumin-dendritic cells. Minimal proliferation was found in mice treated with ovalbumin-pulsed, interleukin-10-treated dendritic cells. In therapeutic experiments, preactivated CD4+ DO11.10 T cells were transferred, and recipients were treated with dendritic cells as described. Ovalbumin-specific proliferation was strong in recipients treated with ovalbumin-dendritic cells. CD4+ T cell proliferation from ovalbumin-interleukin-10-dendritic cell treated animals was below background. When delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in the footpads of prophylactically or therapeutically vaccinated animals were tested, mice treated with ovalbumin-interleukin-10-dendritic cells showed no footpad swelling compared with controls. Rechallenge with the antigen in vitro and in vivo did not alter the inhibitory effect of interleukin-10-treated dendritic cells. Thus, interleukin-10-treated dendritic cells inhibit ovalbumin-specific immune responses in naive and sensitized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Müller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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22
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Fassas ABT, Morris C, Badros A, Van Rhee F, Tricot G. Separating graft-versus-tumor from graft-versus-host reactions. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:725-33. [PMID: 12153157 DOI: 10.1080/10428190290016818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The full therapeutic potential of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, through its immunologically mediated graft-versus-tumor effect, in patients with hematologic malignancies is greatly compromised by the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease. Unfortunately, the use of non-selective immunosuppressive agents to reduce the incidence and severity of graft-versus-host disease is associated with severe immune compromise of the host and most likely a greater relapse risk of the underlying malignancy. Many attempts have been made to clinically separate these two effects. A critical overview of the published experience is the focus of this report. As the effector cells responsible for the two reactions are largely unknown, the limited success of the various approaches used is not surprising. A more thorough understanding of the antigenic stimuli involved in the initiation of the two reactions and of the molecular pathways through which the cytotoxic effects of T-cells are mediated is essential for abrogating graft-versus-host disease while preserving the graft-versus-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B T Fassas
- Myeloma and Transplantation Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA.
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23
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Dunn CJ, Wagstaff AJ, Perry CM, Plosker GL, Goa KL. Cyclosporin: an updated review of the pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability of a microemulsion-based formulation (neoral)1 in organ transplantation. Drugs 2002; 61:1957-2016. [PMID: 11708766 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200161130-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cyclosporin is a lipophilic cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant that interferes with the activity of T cells chiefly via calcineurin inhibition. The original oil-based oral formulation of this drug (Sandimmun)l was characterised by high intra- and interpatient pharmacokinetic variability, with poor bioavailability in many patients; a novel microemulsion formulation (Neoral)1 was therefore developed to circumvent these problems. Studies show increases, attributable chiefly to improved absorption in patients who absorb the drug only poorly from the original formulation, in mean systemic exposure to cyclosporin with the microemulsion, with no clinically significant differences in tolerability or drug interaction profiles. Cyclosporin microemulsion is at least as effective as the oil-based formulation in renal, liver and heart transplant recipients, with trends towards decreased incidence of acute rejection with the microemulsion formulation in some (statistically significant in a few) trials. Cyclosporin microemulsion and tacrolimus appear to have similar efficacy in preventing acute rejection episodes in most renal, pancreas-kidney, liver and heart transplant recipients. However, there are indications of superior efficacy for tacrolimus in some trials, particularly in the prevention of severe acute rejection and in Black transplant recipients. Current 12-month data also indicate equivalent efficacy of sirolimus in renal transplantation. Conversion from the oil-based to microemulsion formulation in stable renal, liver and heart transplant recipients is achievable with no change in acute rejection rates. The addition of an anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody and/or mycophenolate mofetil to cyclosporin microemulsion plus corticosteroids decreases rates of acute rejection; corticosteroid withdrawal without increased acute rejection rates was also achieved on the addition of these agents in some trials. Pharmacoeconomic analyses have shown savings in direct healthcare costs in kidney or liver transplantation when cyclosporin microemulsion is used in preference to the oil-based formulation, although studies incorporating indirect costs or expressing costs in terms of therapeutic outcomes are currently unavailable. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of cyclosporin microemulsion has consolidated the place of the drug as a mainstay of therapy in all types of solid organ transplantation; research into optimisation of outcomes through more effective therapeutic monitoring in patients receiving this formulation is ongoing. Several novel immunosuppressants have been introduced in recent years: further clinical and pharmacoeconomic research will be needed to clarify the relative positioning of these agents, particularly with respect to specific patient groups. Other new drugs (basiliximab/daclizumab and mycophenolate mofetil) offer particular advantages when used in combination with cyclosporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Dunn
- Adis International Limited, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, New Zealand.
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24
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Lindemann C, Schilz AJ, Emons B, Baum C, Löw R, Fauser AA, Kuehlcke K, Eckert HG. Down-regulation of retroviral transgene expression during differentiation of progenitor-derived dendritic cells. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:150-7. [PMID: 11823050 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hematopoietic progenitor cells are a promising source for generation of genetically modified dendritic cells. A prerequisite for using these cells in therapeutic approaches is stable vector-mediated transgene expression during and after cell maturation. We investigated the expression of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) mediated by retroviral vectors in dendritic cells and other hematopoietic cells differentiated in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS CD34(+) cells were efficiently transduced with retroviral vector constructs known to mediate different expression levels due to distinct cis-acting elements. EGFP(+) cells were purified by cell sorting and differentiated to monocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, and erythrocytes. Coexpression of EGFP and cell type-specific markers was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Transgene expression from various retroviral vectors was silenced exclusively in dendritic cells, but not in other mature myeloid cells. Loss of EGFP was most pronounced in cells initially displaying low expression levels. This was confirmed by using a retroviral vector coding for a variant of EGFP with significantly reduced half-life. In contrast, a majority of dendritic cells showed stable expression when a self-inactivating retroviral construct using an internal cytomegalovirus promotor was used. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that expression from the retroviral long terminal repeat is silenced during dendritic cell differentiation in vitro. High levels of stable transgene product in progenitor cells may mask a loss of expression. An improvement of retroviral vectors mediating stable transgenic expression is necessary for therapeutic approaches using gene-modified dendritic cells.
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25
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Abstract
After nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a significant number of patients develop recurrent disease. In order to improve the prognosis of these patients, the role of adjuvant immunotherapy should be clarified; the appropriate selection of patients is especially crucial. For this purpose, the search for prognostic factors is important to identify at-risk patients. Known factors such as stage, grade, and microvascular invasion can be used for appropriate selection. Other molecular markers, such as cadherin-6 and G250 antigen, may become important. So far, adjuvant immunotherapy in RCC has not shown improved survival data, but the results may be hampered by inadequate recruitment and follow-up. Adequate selection of patients and the search for less toxic and more effective immunotherapy approaches are of importance. Therefore, the use of monoclonal antibody G250 or dendritic cell vaccinations, alone or together with cytokines, may be advantageous and is currently used. Today, adjuvant protocols are open for recruitment of patients to elucidate the important question as to whether this approach should be implemented in the treatment of RCC. In this article, an update is given in the field of adjuvant immunotherapy in patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F A Mulders
- Department of Urology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital St. Radboud, Geert Grooteplein, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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26
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Tanaka Y, Koido S, Chen D, Gendler SJ, Kufe D, Gong J. Vaccination with allogeneic dendritic cells fused to carcinoma cells induces antitumor immunity in MUC1 transgenic mice. Clin Immunol 2001; 101:192-200. [PMID: 11683578 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fusions of autologous tumor cells with allogeneic dendritic cells (DC) represent an approach for the induction of antitumor immunity. In the present studies, we investigated the antitumor effects of vaccinating MUC1-transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice with MC38/MUC1 carcinoma cells fused to allogeneic DC from BALB/c mice (allo-DC, H-2(d)) or syngeneic DC from C57BL/6 mice (syn-DC, H-2(b)). Both allo and syn fusion cells (FC/MUC1) expressed MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and the MUC1 antigen. Allo-FC/MUC1 exhibited dual expression of MHC class I haplotypes (H-2(d)/H-2(b))and MUC1 antigen. By contrast, only H-2(b) and MUC1 antigen were expressed by syn-FC/MUC1. CTLs from MUC1.Tg mice immunized with allo- or syn-FC/MUC1 fusion cells lysed MC38/MUC1 targets. Moreover, immunization with allo- or syn-FC/MUC1 was effective in eliminating established MUC1-positive pulmonary metastases in MUC1.Tg mice. These results indicate that immunization of MUC1.Tg mice with syn- or allo-FC/MUC1 is effective in reversing immunologic unresponsiveness to MUC1 antigen and inducing immunity against MUC1-positive tumors. The findings in the present study have broader clinical implications for fusion cell vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Beth Israel/Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Maturation of dendritic cells leads to up-regulation of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein and concomitant down-regulation of death ligand–mediated apoptosis. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.7.2628.h8002628_2628_2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) disappear from lymph nodes 1 to 2 days after antigen presentation, presumably by apoptosis. To evaluate the role of death ligands in elimination of DCs, we analyzed the sensitivity of human DCs to CD95 ligand (CD95L) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). We found mature DCs to be resistant to killing via CD95L or TRAIL, whereas only immature DCs were partially sensitive. However, all DC populations expressed CD95, TRAIL-R2, and TRAIL-R3 at comparable levels, suggesting that sensitivity to death ligand-induced DC apoptosis is not regulated at the receptor level. Interestingly, mature DCs highly expressed the caspase 8 inhibitory protein cFLIP, whereas only low levels were detected in immature DCs. Thus, death ligand sensitivity proved to be dependent on DC maturation and inversely correlated with expression levels of cFLIP. Induction of apoptosis by TRAIL or CD95L does not seem to play a role in the elimination of mature DCs, but instead might serve to regulate immature DC populations.
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28
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Maturation of dendritic cells leads to up-regulation of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein and concomitant down-regulation of death ligand–mediated apoptosis. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.7.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) disappear from lymph nodes 1 to 2 days after antigen presentation, presumably by apoptosis. To evaluate the role of death ligands in elimination of DCs, we analyzed the sensitivity of human DCs to CD95 ligand (CD95L) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). We found mature DCs to be resistant to killing via CD95L or TRAIL, whereas only immature DCs were partially sensitive. However, all DC populations expressed CD95, TRAIL-R2, and TRAIL-R3 at comparable levels, suggesting that sensitivity to death ligand-induced DC apoptosis is not regulated at the receptor level. Interestingly, mature DCs highly expressed the caspase 8 inhibitory protein cFLIP, whereas only low levels were detected in immature DCs. Thus, death ligand sensitivity proved to be dependent on DC maturation and inversely correlated with expression levels of cFLIP. Induction of apoptosis by TRAIL or CD95L does not seem to play a role in the elimination of mature DCs, but instead might serve to regulate immature DC populations.
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29
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Paquet P, Paquet F, Al Saleh W, Reper P, Vanderkelen A, Piérard GE. Immunoregulatory effector cells in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 22:413-7. [PMID: 11048976 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200010000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare drug-induced disease for which the pathomechanism remains poorly understood. The effector cells of epidermal injury in TEN were studied by taking skin biopsies of early lesions in 23 TEN patients and by performing immunohistochemical tests using antibodies to factor XIIIa (type I dendrocytes), L1-protein (mainly Mac 387+ monocytes and macrophages), UCLHI (mainly CD45R0+ T-memory lymphocytes), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). Computerized image analysis was used to evaluate the cell density relative to each immunolabeling. A statistical analysis of cellular counts revealed a numeric relation between the cell types in skin with TEN. Factor XIIIa+ dendrocytes were abundant and plump in the dermis, although Mac 387+ macrophages were the most numerous inflammatory cells in the epidermis. Their numbers greatly exceeded those of CD45R0+ T lymphocytes and cells showing immunoreactivity for either IL-6 or TNFalpha. In the epidermis, IL-6+ cells were significantly less numerous than TNFalpha+ cells. No quantitative difference was found between IL-6+ and CD45R0+ cell populations. Correlations were observed between either the numbers of TNFalpha+ cells or Mac 387+ macrophages and CD45R0+ lymphocytes. In the dermis, a significant correlation was also present between the numbers of Mac 387+ and factor XIIIa+ cells. These findings highlight the complex interactions between the inflammatory cells that mediate epidermal damage in skin with TEN. The high density of factor XIIIa+ dendrocytes and Mac 387+ macrophages in lesional skin assigns these cellular populations a prominent role in the pathomechanism of TEN. Despite a lower cell density, CD45RO+ T-memory lymphocytes likely participate in TNFalpha- and IL-6-regulated processes in the epidermis of TEN. TNFalpha seems to be a major cytokine involved in TEN, although a less prominent role can be ascribed to IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Paquet
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Medical Center Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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30
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Igietseme JU, Ananaba GA, Bolier J, Bowers S, Moore T, Belay T, Eko FO, Lyn D, Black CM. Suppression of endogenous IL-10 gene expression in dendritic cells enhances antigen presentation for specific Th1 induction: potential for cellular vaccine development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4212-9. [PMID: 10754317 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.8.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new paradigm for designing vaccines against certain microbial pathogens, including Chlamydia trachomatis, is based on the induction of local mucosal Th1 response. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that exerts negative immunoregulatory influence on Th1 response. This study investigated whether biochemical modulation of endogenous IL-10 expression at the level of APCs is a practical strategy for enhancing the specific Th1 response against pathogens controlled by Th1 immunity. The results revealed that the high resistance of genetically engineered IL-10-/- (IL-10KO) mice to genital chlamydial infection is a function of the predilection of their APCs to rapidly and preferentially activate a high Th1 response. Thus, in microbiological analysis, IL-10KO mice suffered a shorter duration of infection, less microbial burden, and limited ascending infection than immunocompetent wild-type mice. Also, IL-10KO were resistant to reinfection after 8 wk of the primary infection. Cellular and molecular immunologic evaluation indicated that IL-10KO mice induced greater frequency of chlamydial-specific Th1 response following C. trachomatis infection. Moreover, IL-10KO APCs or antisense IL-10 oligonucleotide-treated wild-type APCs were potent activators of Th1 response from naive or immune T cells. Furthermore, both Ag-pulsed dendritic cells from IL-10KO mice and IL-10 antisense-treated dendritic cells from wild-type mice were efficient cellular vaccines in adoptive immunotherapeutic vaccination against genital chlamydial infection. These findings may furnish a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for boosting the Th1 response against T cell-controlled pathogens and tumors, using IL-10-deficient APCs as vaccine delivery agents.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Chlamydia Infections/genetics
- Chlamydia Infections/immunology
- Chlamydia Infections/prevention & control
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/therapeutic use
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Uterine Cervicitis/genetics
- Uterine Cervicitis/immunology
- Uterine Cervicitis/microbiology
- Uterine Cervicitis/prevention & control
- Vaginosis, Bacterial/genetics
- Vaginosis, Bacterial/immunology
- Vaginosis, Bacterial/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Igietseme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Van Gool
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Guinan EC, Boussiotis VA, Neuberg D, Brennan LL, Hirano N, Nadler LM, Gribben JG. Transplantation of anergic histoincompatible bone marrow allografts. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1704-14. [PMID: 10352162 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199906033402202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation relies on global immunosuppression or elimination of T cells. In contrast, the induction of anergy can inactivate specific sets of alloreactive T cells in the donor marrow. Previous work has shown that anergy can be induced by blocking the interaction of the B7 molecule on the surface of antigen-presenting cells with the CD28 molecule on the surface of T cells, thus preventing key signaling events essential for the activation of T cells. To investigate the feasibility of this approach with respect to transplantation of histoincompatible bone marrow, we undertook a clinical trial of ex vivo induction of anergy in T cells present in donor marrow to recipient alloantigens. METHODS Outcomes in 12 transplant recipients were evaluated. The recipients' peripheral-blood lymphocytes were collected before myeloablation and served as alloantigen-presenting cells. To induce alloantigen-specific anergy, bone marrow from a donor mismatched with the recipient for one HLA haplotype was cocultured with irradiated cells from the recipient for 36 hours in the presence of CTLA-4-Ig, an agent that inhibits B7:CD28-mediated costimulation. After conventional myeloablation and immunoprophylaxis, the treated donor cells were transfused into the recipient. RESULTS After the induction of anergy, the frequency of T cells capable of recognizing alloantigens of the recipient in donor marrow was sharply reduced (P<0.001), whereas the responsiveness to alloantigens from persons unrelated to the recipient or the donor was unaffected (P=0.51). In the 11 patients who could be evaluated, the haploidentical bone marrow cells engrafted. Of these 11 patients, 3 had acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) confined to the gastrointestinal tract. No deaths were attributable to GVHD. Five of the 12 patients were alive and in remission 4.5 to 29 months after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Donor bone marrow treated ex vivo to induce anergy to alloantigens from the recipient can reconstitute hematopoiesis in vivo with a relatively low risk of GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Guinan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Interleukin-10–Treated Human Dendritic Cells Induce a Melanoma-Antigen–Specific Anergy in CD8+ T Cells Resulting in a Failure to Lyse Tumor Cells. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.5.1634.405k11_1634_1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critically involved in the initiation of primary immune processes, including tumor rejection. In our study, we investigated the effect of interleukin-10 (IL-10)–treated human DC on the properties of CD8+ T cells that are known to be essential for the destruction of tumor cells. We show that IL-10–pretreatment of DC not only reduces their allostimulatory capacity, but also induces a state of alloantigen-specific anergy in both primed and naive (CD45RA+) CD8+ T cells. To investigate the influence of IL-10–treated DC on melanoma-associated antigen-specific T cells, we generated a tyrosinase-specific CD8+ T-cell line by several rounds of stimulation with the specific antigen. After coculture with IL-10–treated DC, restimulation of the T-cell line with untreated, antigen-pulsed DC demonstrated peptide-specific anergy in the tyrosinase-specific T cells. Addition of IL-2 to the anergic T cells reversed the state of both alloantigen- or peptide-specific anergy. In contrast to optimally stimulated CD8+ T cells, anergic tyrosinase-specific CD8+ T cells, after coculture with peptide-pulsed IL-10–treated DC, failed to lyse an HLA-A2–positive and tyrosinase-expressing melanoma cell line. Thus, our data demonstrate that IL-10–treated DC induce an antigen-specific anergy in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, a process that might be a mechanism of tumors to inhibit immune surveillance by converting DC into tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells.
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34
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Interleukin-10–Treated Human Dendritic Cells Induce a Melanoma-Antigen–Specific Anergy in CD8+ T Cells Resulting in a Failure to Lyse Tumor Cells. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.5.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critically involved in the initiation of primary immune processes, including tumor rejection. In our study, we investigated the effect of interleukin-10 (IL-10)–treated human DC on the properties of CD8+ T cells that are known to be essential for the destruction of tumor cells. We show that IL-10–pretreatment of DC not only reduces their allostimulatory capacity, but also induces a state of alloantigen-specific anergy in both primed and naive (CD45RA+) CD8+ T cells. To investigate the influence of IL-10–treated DC on melanoma-associated antigen-specific T cells, we generated a tyrosinase-specific CD8+ T-cell line by several rounds of stimulation with the specific antigen. After coculture with IL-10–treated DC, restimulation of the T-cell line with untreated, antigen-pulsed DC demonstrated peptide-specific anergy in the tyrosinase-specific T cells. Addition of IL-2 to the anergic T cells reversed the state of both alloantigen- or peptide-specific anergy. In contrast to optimally stimulated CD8+ T cells, anergic tyrosinase-specific CD8+ T cells, after coculture with peptide-pulsed IL-10–treated DC, failed to lyse an HLA-A2–positive and tyrosinase-expressing melanoma cell line. Thus, our data demonstrate that IL-10–treated DC induce an antigen-specific anergy in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, a process that might be a mechanism of tumors to inhibit immune surveillance by converting DC into tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells.
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35
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Lake RA, Robinson BW, Hayball JD. MHC multimerization, antigen expression and the induction of APC amnesia in the developing immune response. Immunol Cell Biol 1999; 77:99-104. [PMID: 10101691 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Class II multimer formation is an important event in immune recognition. Not only is multimerization a prerequisite for T cell activation, but it is a signal to APC. In the present article, we propose that multimerization can result in the specific removal of ligand complexes from the cell surface of the APC, an event which may influence the overall pattern of T cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lake
- University Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical School, Nedlands, Perth, Australia.
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36
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Stoll S, Jonuleit H, Schmitt E, Müller G, Yamauchi H, Kurimoto M, Knop J, Enk AH. Production of functional IL-18 by different subtypes of murine and human dendritic cells (DC): DC-derived IL-18 enhances IL-12-dependent Th1 development. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:3231-9. [PMID: 9808192 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199810)28:10<3231::aid-immu3231>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
IL-18 is a recently described cytokine that shares biological activities with IL-12 in driving the development of Th1-type T cells. As dendritic cells (DC) are very potent inducers of T cell proliferation and differentiation we wondered whether they utilize IL-18 as a factor driving Th1 development. We demonstrate by Northern blot and reverse transcription-PCR that various subtypes of human and murine DC as well as the DC-line XS contain IL-18 mRNA. When supernatants of either enriched Langerhans cells (LC) or bone marrow-derived DC were analyzed for production of IL-18 protein, IL-18 production was detected in an IL-18-specific ELISA. To assess whether the IL-18 protein released by DC is functional, we performed a sensitive bioassay using the IL-18-dependent stimulation of concanavalin A-stimulated T cells. Both, supernatants from bone marrow-derived DC and enriched LC induced IFN-gamma production in the T cells. This production was partially inhibitable by addition of anti-IL-18 antiserum. In a TCR-transgenic mouse system we further demonstrate that DC-derived IL-18 potentiates IL-12-dependent Th1 development. Using DC derived from IL-12 knockout animals, we show that DC-derived IL-18 by itself is not capable of inducing Th1 cell differentiation. Together the data demonstrate that subtypes of DC are able to release functional IL-18 that is able to induce IFN-gamma production and Th1 differentiation in primed T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stoll
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Germany
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37
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Derhaag JG, Duijvestijn AM, Van Breda Vriesman PJ. Heart EC respond heterogeneous on cytokine stimulation in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, but not in MHC expression. A study with 3 rat heart endothelial cell (RHEC) lines. ENDOTHELIUM : JOURNAL OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL RESEARCH 1998; 5:307-19. [PMID: 9588822 DOI: 10.3109/10623329709052595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MHC class I and II was studied at different time points in microvascular endothelial cells (EC) of heart origin, using three different rat endothelial cell (RHEC) lines that were stimulated with TNFalpha and/or IFNgamma. Each of the three RHEC lines responded to TNFalpha as well as to IFNgamma; stimulation with combined cytokines led to increased or even synergistic effects. TNFalpha was most potent in inducing ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, whereas MHC class II was most effectively induced by IFNgamma. The 3 RHEC lines responded similarly regarding induction of MHC class II and upregulation of constitutively expressed MHC class I on the cells. However, the RHEC lines showed remarkable differences with respect to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induction, with each line having a unique expression profile. In RHEC-3, both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were well inducible, whereas in RHEC-10, no ICAM-1 and only some VCAM-1 could be induced. RHEC-11 showed minimal induction of ICAM-1, but strong induction of VCAM-1. For P-selectin induction, no such differences were found between the RHEC lines. These heterogeneous effects of cytokine stimulation could neither be explained by differences in mobilization of calcium nor by ultra-structural differences between the lines. Stimulation of the RHEC lines for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 or MHC class II molecule induction resulted in expressing and non-expressing EC. Experiments with selected and subsequently cultured expressing and non-expressing cell populations for either ICAM-1, VCAM-1 or MHC class II, indicated that this selective induction most likely results from intrinsic regulation mechanisms in the cell cultures, and not from the presence of particular EC subpopulations within the lines. We conclude that microvascular heart endothelial cells, as represented by the 3 RHEC lines, demonstrate a selective heterogeneity in expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, but not of MHC class I and II, upon cytokine stimulation. The consequences of this heterogeneity for leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in heart inflammation and immune reactivity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Derhaag
- Department of Immunology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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38
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Gapin L, Bravo de Alba Y, Casrouge A, Cabaniols JP, Kourilsky P, Kanellopoulos J. Antigen Presentation by Dendritic Cells Focuses T Cell Responses Against Immunodominant Peptides: Studies in the Hen Egg-White Lysozyme (HEL) Model1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T lymphocyte responses to a protein Ag are restricted to a limited number of determinants and not to all peptides capable of binding to MHC class II molecules. This focusing of the immune response is defined as immunodominance and has been observed with numerous protein Ags. In the H-2d haplotype, hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL)-specific T lymphocytes react with I-Ed-restricted peptides derived from a single immunodominant (ID) region (HEL 103–117). Moreover, we have recently found that another region of HEL (HEL 7–31) binds to I-Ad molecules and is efficiently processed and presented by splenocytes. HEL7-31 is as tolerogenic as the ID region in HEL transgenic mice. The present report demonstrates that the subdominance of the HEL 7–31 region is not due to a defect in the T cell repertoire, since specific TCRs can be found in all BALB/c mice. We show that normal and lymphoma B cells present efficiently HEL regions 103–117 and 7–31, whereas dendritic cells favor the ID region only. These results suggest that dendritic cells play a major role in the focusing of the immune response against a few antigenic determinants, while B lymphocytes may diversify the T cell response by presenting a more heterogeneous set of peptide-MHC complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gapin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yolanda Bravo de Alba
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Armanda Casrouge
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean Pierre Cabaniols
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Kourilsky
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean Kanellopoulos
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Subauste CS, de Waal Malefyt R, Fuh F. Role of CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) in the Immune Response to an Intracellular Pathogen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The costimulatory ligands CD80 and CD86 play a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance of an immune response. We demonstrate that whereas infection of human monocytes with viable tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii resulted in rapid induction of expression of CD80 and up-regulation of expression of CD86, incubation with killed organisms failed to alter the levels of expression of these costimulatory ligands. The T. gondii-mediated changes in levels of expression of these molecules are critical to the T cell response to the parasite. Proliferation of resting T cells in response to parasite-infected cells was dependent on both CD80 and CD86. More importantly, early production of IFN-γ in response to T. gondii by T cells from T. gondii-seronegative individuals occurred only after stimulation with monocytes that exhibited increased expression of CD80 and CD86 (monocytes infected with viable parasites) and was almost completely ablated by the combination of anti-CD80 plus anti-CD86 mAb. Moreover, proliferation and IFN-γ production by CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells from unexposed individuals were dependent on both CD80 and CD86. These data indicate that pathogen-monocyte interaction influences the ensuing T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Subauste
- *Research Institute, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA 94301
- †Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; and
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- ‡DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Franklin Fuh
- *Research Institute, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA 94301
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Abstract
In the past 2 decades, progressive improvements in the results of organ transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with end-stage organ disease have been achieved due to greater insight into the immunobiology of graft rejection and better measures for surgical and medical management. It is now known that T cells play a central role in the specific immune response of acute allograft rejection. Strategies to prevent T cell activation or effector function are thus all potentially useful for immunosuppression. Standard immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplantation consists of baseline therapy to prevent rejection and short courses of high-dose corticosteroids or monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies as treatment of ongoing rejection episodes. Triple-drug therapy with the combination of cyclosporin, corticosteroids and azathioprine is now the most frequently used immunosuppressive drug regimen in cadaveric kidney recipients. The continuing search for more selective and specific agents has become, in the past decade, one of the priorities for transplant medicine. Some of these compounds are now entering routine clinical practice: among them are tacrolimus (which has a mechanism of action similar to that of cyclosporin), mycophenolate mofetil and mizoribine (which selectively inhibit the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo purine synthesis during cell division), and sirolimus (rapamycin) [which acts on and inhibits kinase homologues required for cell-cycle progression in response to growth factors, like interleukin-2 (IL-2)]. Other new pharmacological strategies and innovative approaches to organ transplantation are also under development. Application of this technology will offer enormous potential not only for the investigation of mechanisms and mediators of graft rejection but also for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Perico
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Innovative Antirejection Therapies, Ospedali Riuniti, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
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Abstract
Abstract
Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) and glucocorticoid hormones induce apoptosis in immature thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes. This process is inhibited by a number of growth factors, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-3, and IL-4, as well as by triggering of the adhesion molecule CD44, which would indicate that signals generated by membrane receptors can modulate the survival of lymphoid cells. To investigate whether triggering of CD2 may also affect apoptosis in lymphoid cells, we analyzed the effect of stimu-lation with anti-CD2 MoAbs on T-cell apoptosis induced by two stimuli, anti-CD3 MoAbs and dexamethasone (DEX), using a hybridoma T-cell line and a T-helper cell clone. The results show that CD2 engagement decreased anti-CD3 MoAb-induced apoptosis, but did not influence DEX-induced cell death. Furthermore, the decrease appeared to be related to the expression of Fas/APO-1 (CD95) and Fas-ligand (Fas-L). In fact, we show that CD2 stimulation inhibits apoptosis by preventing the CD3-induced upregulation of Fas and Fas-L in a Fas-dependent experimental system. These data suggest that a costimulatory molecule may control a deletion pathway and may therefore contribute to the regulation of peripheral tolerance.
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Abstract
Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) and glucocorticoid hormones induce apoptosis in immature thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes. This process is inhibited by a number of growth factors, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-3, and IL-4, as well as by triggering of the adhesion molecule CD44, which would indicate that signals generated by membrane receptors can modulate the survival of lymphoid cells. To investigate whether triggering of CD2 may also affect apoptosis in lymphoid cells, we analyzed the effect of stimu-lation with anti-CD2 MoAbs on T-cell apoptosis induced by two stimuli, anti-CD3 MoAbs and dexamethasone (DEX), using a hybridoma T-cell line and a T-helper cell clone. The results show that CD2 engagement decreased anti-CD3 MoAb-induced apoptosis, but did not influence DEX-induced cell death. Furthermore, the decrease appeared to be related to the expression of Fas/APO-1 (CD95) and Fas-ligand (Fas-L). In fact, we show that CD2 stimulation inhibits apoptosis by preventing the CD3-induced upregulation of Fas and Fas-L in a Fas-dependent experimental system. These data suggest that a costimulatory molecule may control a deletion pathway and may therefore contribute to the regulation of peripheral tolerance.
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Migliorati G, Bartoli A, Nocentini G, Ronchetti S, Moraca R, Marchetti C, Riccardi C. Dexamethasone modulates CD2 expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1996; 18:677-84. [PMID: 9172010 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(97)85549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) are able to modulate leukocyte activity. We studied the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on the expression of CD2, an adhesion molecule involved in T-lymphocyte homing and activation. Results of flow cytometry analysis and immunoprecipitation with anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) indicated that in vitro treatment with DEX augments CD2 expression in transformed T-cell lines. This effect correlated with a rapid increase in the mRNA and was inhibited by actinomycin-D (AD). The DEX-induced CD2 augmentation was transient, peaked at days 1-2 and returned to the levels of untreated controls at days 3-4. It was a dose-dependent phenomenon, mediated by the GC receptor (GCR), because it was inhibited by the GCR antagonist RU486, and was not induced by other steroids such as testosterone and progesterone. This CD2 modulation could presumably contribute to GC-induced effects on T-cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Migliorati
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
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44
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Knigge H, Simon MM, Meuer SC, Kramer MD, Wallich R. The outer surface lipoprotein OspA of Borrelia burgdorferi provides co-stimulatory signals to normal human peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2299-303. [PMID: 8898937 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830261005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies in man and mice have indicated that T cells induced during Borrelia burgdorferi infection are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. We analyzed the ability of B. burgdorferi to provide co-stimulatory signals to highly enriched normal human CD2+ T lymphocytes in the presence of suboptimal concentrations of immobilized anti-CD3 antibodies. Here we show that the lipid-containing recombinant outer surface lipoprotein A (rlip-OspA) of B. burgdorferi but not its delipidated derivative rNS1-OspA augmented CD3-induced T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and at levels similar to that obtained with anti-CD28 antibodies. Lipopolysaccharide had no effect in this system at any concentration tested, suggesting that the active principle of co-stimulation is associated with the lipid moiety of rlip-OspA and distinct from conventional lipid A. Furthermore, incubation of CD2+ T cells or selected CD4+ as well as CD8+ subpopulations with rlip-OspA, but not with rNS1-OspA led to the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, but not IL-4. In contrast, co-stimulation of the respective T cell populations with anti-CD28 antibodies resulted in the generation of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and TNF-alpha, but not IL-6. This indicated that the signal transduction pathway induced by rlip-OspA is distinct from that elicited via the CD28 receptor. Co-stimulation of T cells with rlip-OspA also resulted in the development of cytolytic effector cells. In light of the fact that inflamed tissues of B. burgdorferi-infected hosts contain blood leukocytes together with spirochetes, their degradation products, or both, these results suggest that infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of any specificities, including spirochetes, autoantigens, or both, participate in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Knigge
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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Van Gool SW, Vandenberghe P, de Boer M, Ceuppens JL. CD80, CD86 and CD40 provide accessory signals in a multiple-step T-cell activation model. Immunol Rev 1996; 153:47-83. [PMID: 9010719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, a sequential multiple-step model for T-cell activation is proposed. In a series of in vitro studies, highly purified freshly isolated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes were stimulated through the CD28 receptor, with mAb or with natural ligands B7-1 or B7-2, along with TCR stimulation, in the absence of other costimulatory interactions. Ligation of the CD28 receptor, along with stimulation of the TCR, was found to up-regulate pleiotropic in vitro activities, including the secretion of both Th1 and Th2-type cytokines, B-cell help, and the development of cytotoxic activity. This costimulatory action involves CD4+ and CD8+ as well as naive and memory T-cell subsets. The expression of B7-1 and B7-2 on professional APC in situ in both normal and pathological tissues, and its up-regulation on monocytes by GM-CSF and IFN-gamma is consistent with this role. Additional studies have addressed the contribution of interactions between CD28 and B7-1 and B7-2 in T-cell activation initiated by normal un-engineered APC, such as stimulation with recall antigens and primary MLR. Blockade of the interaction between CD28 and B7-1/B7-2 under these conditions failed to completely inhibit T-cell responses or to induce anergy. Complete inhibition and anergy were, however, induced with a combination of CsA, targeting downstream TCR-triggered signalling, as well as anti-B7-1- and anti-B7-2-directed reagents. Interestingly, and in contrast to anti-LFA-1 mAb, the addition of anti-B7-1 or anti-B7-2 reagents could be delayed until at least 48 h after the initiation of T-cell stimulation, indicating a requirement for a late interaction between CD28 and its counter-receptors. Interactions between CD40L on activated T cells and CD40 on APC may serve to sustain, enhance or prolong the presentation of B7-1 or B7-2 on the APC, and thus to prevent anergy induction, or ineffective or abortive T-cell stimulation. Based on these data a sequential multiple-step T-cell activation model is proposed, and novel strategies for immuno-intervention can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Van Gool
- Department of Pathophysiology, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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46
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Abstract
Naive CD4 T cell activation is a complex process involving many steps. T cell receptor (TCR) signals, provided by interaction with peptide/MHC on antigen-presenting cells (APC), control many events associated with activation. The extent of TCR signaling and the magnitude of the T cell response is in turn controlled by accessory molecules on APC, which stabilize T-APC interactions. Full T cell activation additionally requires multiple costimulatory signals, generated upon ligation of T cell coreceptors by accessory molecules, and these lead to IL-2 production, proliferation and differentiation of the naive cell into an effector state. This review summarizes the role played by accessory molecules in naive CD4 activation and discusses how integration of signals from these molecules, with signals from the TCR, may determine the outcome of T-APC interaction. The available data provide explanations for why only APC which express high levels of multiple costimulatory/adhesion molecules, such as dendritic cells and activated B cells, induce efficient naive T cell responses, and suggest that ICAM-1/LFA-1 and B7/CD28 interactions are major pathways used to initiate naive T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dubey
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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47
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Premier RR, Jacobs HJ, Brandon MR, Meeusen EN. Distribution of antigen specific memory T cells in lymph nodes after immunization at peripheral or mucosal sites. Immunol Cell Biol 1996; 74:265-73. [PMID: 8799727 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1996.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of antigen-specific memory T cells in different lymph nodes of sheep was determined using an antigen-specific in vitro proliferation assay. Lymph nodes were collected from sheep immunized simultaneously with avidin or ovalbumin in a peripheral tissue site (hind leg muscle) and keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) in an intestinal tissue site (gut wall or colonic mucosa). The results showed a consistently high proliferative response in typical peripheral lymph nodes (popliteal and prescapular) and a low or negative response in gastrointestinal lymph nodes (abomasal and jejunal) while the response in other nodes was variable. The low proliferative response in the gastrointestinal lymph nodes was not due to the presence of suppressor CD8- lymphocytes and the proliferative response could not be raised to peripheral lymph nodes levels with the addition to cultures of IL-2 or mitomycin-C treated peripheral lymph node cells. The high proliferative response in the peripheral lymph nodes was not suppressed by the addition of mitomycin-C-treated gastric lymph node cells but was dramatically reduced by the addition of mAb against the IL-2-receptor or by depletion of CD4- T cells. The results suggest that antigen-specific proliferative memory T cells, which may be Th1-like memory cells, preferentially migrate to peripheral lymph nodes independent of their site of induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Premier
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Perico N, Amuchastegui S, Bontempelli M, Remuzzi G. CTLA4Ig alone or in combination with low-dose cyclosporine fails to reverse acute rejection of renal allograft in the rat. Transplantation 1996; 61:1320-2. [PMID: 8629290 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199605150-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Perico
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Section of Immunohematology, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Italy
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49
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Blauvelt A, Asada H, Klaus-Kovtun V, Altman DJ, Lucey DR, Katz SI. Interleukin-15 mRNA is expressed by human keratinocytes Langerhans cells, and blood-derived dendritic cells and is downregulated by ultraviolet B radiation. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 106:1047-52. [PMID: 8618037 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12338641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a recently described cytokine that shares many functional activities with IL-2; however, unlike IL-2, IL-15 is produced by monocytes/macrophages, and not by lymphocytes. In this report, we assessed IL-15 mRNA expression by freshly isolated human epidermal cells, as well as by negatively selected keratinocytes and positively selected Langerhans cells, utilizing reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. In addition, cultured keratinocytes, immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), and dendritic cells expanded from adult peripheral blood in the presence of granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor and IL-4 were examined for IL-15 transcripts. Using cultured keratinocytes, we also studied the regulation of IL-15 mRNA expression by ultraviolet B radiation in vitro. Freshly isolated keratinocytes, HaCaT cells, and cultured keratinocytes all constitutively expressed IL-15 mRNA, and IL-15 expression was downregulated by ultraviolet B radiation in cultured keratinocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, IL-15 transcripts were constitutively expressed by freshly isolated Langerhans cells. IL-15 produced by keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, and other tissue-specific dendritic cells may be important in attracting and activating antigen-specific Th1 T cells. Furthermore, ultraviolet B-induced downregulation of keratinocyte IL-15 production may contribute to the relative state of immunosuppression induced by sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blauvelt
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1908, USA
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50
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Agea E, Bistoni O, Bini P, Migliorati G, Nicoletti I, Bassotti G, Riccardi C, Bertotto A, Spinozzi F. Costimulation of CD3/TcR complex with either integrin or nonintegrin ligands protects CD4+ allergen-specific T-cell clones from programmed cell death. Allergy 1995; 50:677-82. [PMID: 7503404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An optimal stimulation of CD4+ cells in an immune response requires not only signals transduced via the TcR/CD3 complex, but also costimulatory signals delivered as a consequence of interactions between T-cell surface-associated costimulatory receptors and their counterparts on antigen-presenting cells (APC). The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) efficiently costimulates proliferation of resting, but not antigen-specific, T cells. In contrast, CD28 and CD2 support interleukin (IL)-2 synthesis and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells more efficiently than those of resting T cells. The molecular basis for this differential costimulation of T cells is poorly understood. Cypress-specific T-cell clones (TCC) were generated from four allergic subjects during in vivo seasonal exposure to the allergen. Purified cypress extract was produced directly from fresh collected pollen and incubated with the patients' mononuclear cells. Repeated allergen stimulation was performed in T-cell cultures supplemented with purified extract and autologous APC. The limiting-dilution technique was then adopted to generate allergen-specific TCC, which were also characterized by their cytokine secretion pattern as Th0 (IL-4 plus interferon-gamma) or Th2 (IL-4). Costimulation-induced proliferation or apoptosis was measured by propidium iodide cytofluorometric assay. By cross-linking cypress-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell clones with either anti-CD3 or anti-CD2, anti-CD28, and anti-CD54 monoclonal antibodies, we demonstrated that CD4+ clones (with Th0- or Th2-type cytokine production pattern) undergo programmed cell death only after anti-CD3 stimulation, whereas costimulation with either anti-CD54 or anti-CD28 protects target cells from apoptosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E Agea
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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