1
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Policardo GR, Nerini A, Di Gesto C, Matera C. The associations between positive body image, well-being and psychological flexibility in breast cancer survivors. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39415448 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2024.2417441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
In Italy, breast cancer survivors are increasing. Body image is a complex posttreatment concern for breast cancer survivors, particularly younger women. This population reports higher levels of body-image concerns associated with higher psychological distress and lower quality of life. Body image concerns and factors that can impact the body image of older breast cancer survivors remain an important but under-explored research area. The purpose of this study is to examine the association of negative and positive body image with both well-being and psychological inflexibility in a sample of breast cancer survivors. 114 women who have completed breast cancer treatment (±5 years) completed a questionnaire to measure the research variables. Hierarchical regressions and indirect effects were performed. Functionality appreciation and body compassion accounted for a significant percentage of the variance of well-being (34%) and psychological inflexibility (50%) of the participants. The indirect effect of body dissatisfaction on well-being and psychological inflexibility through body compassion was significant. The results emphasise the relevance of the positive aspect of body image on well-being and psychological inflexibility. Functionality appreciation and body compassion contribute to understanding the health-status description of these women and could be considered in future health-promotion interventions aimed at reducing psychological distress associated with body image concerns in older breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rosa Policardo
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amanda Nerini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Camilla Matera
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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2
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Markey CH, August KJ, Rosenbaum DL, Gillen MM, Malik D, Pillarisetty S. An exploratory examination of medical and nursing students' intentions to discuss body image, weight, and eating disorders with their patients. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:159. [PMID: 39394599 PMCID: PMC11475330 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many people have concerns about their body image, weight, and eating behaviors these issues are not usually discussed in a productive manner with medical providers. Thus, we examined nursing and medical students' willingness to discuss patients' weight, body image, and eating disorders and reasons why they may do so. METHOD One hundred and eighty-three nursing and medical students (Mage = 25.06, SD = 5.43) participated in this study. Participants completed open-ended questions pertaining to their willingness to discuss body image, eating, and weight-related issues with future patients. We further queried students' perspective on body mass index (BMI) as a measure of weight status and sought to determine if participants' own weight, weight concerns, appearance evaluation, body appreciation, and experiences of stigma were associated with their willingness to discuss weight-related issues with prospective patients. RESULTS Coding of qualitative data indicated that nursing and medical students were "sometimes" willing to discuss prospective patients' weight, body image, and eating disorders, especially if a health concern was evident. Nursing students seemed somewhat more willing to discuss weight issues than medical students and willingness to discuss one of these issues (e.g., body image) was positively associated with willingness discuss the others. Plans for future discussions of body image and weight were marginally associated with personal experiences of weight stigma. The majority of participants indicated that BMI was not a valid measure of health. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, findings suggest that future providers' conversations with patients about these sensitive topics are less likely to be associated with their own experiences and more with the relevance of these topics to specific patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Markey
- Rutgers University, 415 Armitage, 311 N 5th Street, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA.
| | - Kristin J August
- Rutgers University, 415 Armitage, 311 N 5th Street, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA
| | | | | | - Dua Malik
- Rutgers University, 415 Armitage, 311 N 5th Street, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA
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3
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Nuhn WN, Wick MR, Brown MP, Green TJ, Harriger JA. Understanding Fitness Trends in the Virtual Age: A Content Analysis of TikTok Workout Videos. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39381940 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2024.2411098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the content of workout videos on TikTok. A sample of 297 TikTok workout videos was coded for demographic factors and body shape of content creators, as well as the presence of body positivity messaging, appearance-related messaging, and other relevant themes. The results suggest that TikTok workout content is often presented in a time-lapse format with little verbal instruction, which may make it difficult for viewers to perform the exercises. The majority of the videos depicted young women with athletic bodies and other characteristics associated with culturally based beauty ideals, and approximately half of the videos included non-White content creators. Approximately a quarter of the videos in the sample included objectification and a smaller proportion of the sample included messages about inner positivity. Overall, the TikTok platform may provide underrepresented individuals opportunities to seek out workout content from a more diverse group of instructors; however, the fact that many of these videos including objectifying depictions of the content creators is concerning. Further experimental work is needed in order to more fully elucidate the effects of TikTok workout videos on viewers.
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4
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Cunha IM, Lamm E, Nett S, Rodgers RF. State affect and body image effects of body positive social media content within a female chronic illness sample. Body Image 2024; 51:101796. [PMID: 39366106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Body positivity refers to a movement, popularized on social media, that encourages the normalization and acceptance of bodies diverging from sociocultural ideals, specifically within marginalized communities. Previous studies suggest that briefly viewing body positive social media content may lead to increased body satisfaction and positive affect in young women relative to thin-ideal and appearance-neutral content. Diminished body functionality and appearance change due to chronic illness poses a unique challenge to positive body image in young adults living with chronic illness. Typical body positive social media content may not be useful for this community since chronic illnesses are often not outwardly depicted, so the current study aimed to examine the state effects before and after viewing body positive social media content in a sample of young women (N=201) with at least one self-reported chronic illness. Participants (Mage = 29.4, SD = 6.74; 79.2 % white) were randomly assigned to view one of two sets of 10 images: chronic illness body positive and typical body positive. Participants completed a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pre- and post-stimuli exposure. Findings from repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant interaction between time and group for negative affect (F(1198) = 4.402, p =.037) and broad conceptualization of beauty (F(1199) = 4.288, p =.040), such that those exposed to the chronic illness stimuli reported a larger reduction in negative affect and an increase in conceptualization of beauty beyond the non-chronically ill ideal post-exposure. Thus, exposure to body positive social media content inclusive of chronic illness may be more useful in stabilizing affect and promoting greater positive body image within the community. These findings highlight the importance of inclusive body positive portrayals in terms of dimensions beyond weight and shape to account for the effects of diminished body functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Cunha
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Ellen Lamm
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Samantha Nett
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin, Cherbourg, France.
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5
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Squires ND, Goode M, Pye A, Papini NM, Lopez NV, Harris C, Dillon JD, Laing EM, Lee S, Clifford D. Weight-Inclusive Podcasts Improved Intuitive Eating, Body Appreciation, and Anti-Fat Attitudes Among Nutrition Students. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 56:710-718. [PMID: 39046392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the impact of a weight-inclusive podcast (WIP) intervention on body appreciation, intuitive eating (IE), anti-fat attitudes, and weight and health attitudes in university students enrolled in an upper-division nutrition course. METHODS Quasi-experimental design: Intervention participants listened to 8 weekly WIP episodes (n = 16); the comparison group listened to 8 weekly general nutrition podcasts (n = 29). Intuitive eating, body appreciation, anti-fat attitudes, and general weight and health attitudes were measured preintervention and postintervention. RESULTS Two-way, repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant interaction effects of time × group, with participants in the WIP group experiencing significantly greater improvements in body appreciation (P = 0.03) and IE (P = 0.02) and greater reductions in anti-fat attitude scores (P = 0.006) than the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Podcasts may be a cost-effective tool to improve body appreciation and IE and reduce anti-fat attitudes in future nutrition professionals. Future research would benefit from recruiting prehealth professionals across different majors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikole D Squires
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ.
| | - Melissa Goode
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Abigail Pye
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Natalie M Papini
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Nanette V Lopez
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Cristen Harris
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Emma M Laing
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Saemi Lee
- School of Kinesiology, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dawn Clifford
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
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6
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Kieselbach K, Fauler I, Abberger B. Patients With Chronic Pain: The Aspect Of Negative Body Image. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2024; 74:369-375. [PMID: 38885658 DOI: 10.1055/a-2322-8484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Negative body image is an increasingly important factor in chronic pain disorders; particularly because the two conditions mutually influence each other. Our study examines body-image-related attitudes and comorbid psychic symptoms in patients with chronic pain disorders. METHODS AND MEASURES 188 patients with chronic pain answered the Dresden body image questionnaire (DKB-35), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS The mean values of the DKB-35 subscales range between 2.24 und 3.29. The subscale "vitality" has the lowest mean value. BDI and HADS correlated significantly with the DKB-35 subscales. The subscale "body-acceptance" intercorrelated high with the two subscales "vitality" and "self-aggrandizement". CONCLUSION Our findings verify that chronic pain is strongly associated with negative body image. The issues of vitality and psychological symptoms seem particularly central in this complex interaction. The biopsycho-social model and the avoidance-endurance approach to chronic pain offer important ideas for explanation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Fauler
- Interdisziplinäres Schmerzzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
| | - Birgit Abberger
- Interdisziplinäres Schmerzzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
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7
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Shi L, Jiang L, Zhou S, Zhou W, Yang H. Self-appreciation is not enough: exercise identity mediates body appreciation and physical activity and the role of perceived stress. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1377772. [PMID: 39319073 PMCID: PMC11420792 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1377772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study explores the relationship between body appreciation and physical activity, focusing on the mediating role of exercise identity and the moderating effect of perceived stress. While individuals with positive body image are generally thought to engage in proactive physical activity, it remains unclear whether this positive attitude necessarily promotes exercise. Methods We conducted a short-term longitudinal survey, recruiting 345 college students 28 (100 females, 245 males; M age = 22.94, SD = 5.99) who completed questionnaires at two-week intervals for a total of three times within four weeks. Body appreciation, exercise identity, perceived stress, and physical activity were measured for the participants separately. Results The results demonstrated that body appreciation positively predicted physical activity, exercise identity partially mediated the positive effect of body appreciation on physical activity, and perceived stress played a moderating role in body appreciation and exercise identity. Discussion These results highlight the significant role of body appreciation in influencing physical activity through exercise identity, with perceived stress further moderating this relationship. The study underscores the importance of promoting body appreciation and regulating stress to enhance physical activity engagement among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Jiang
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Song Zhou
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- China Basketball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqi Yang
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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8
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Huang Z, Wang S, Lin Y, Cui T, Barnhart WR, Gaggiano CM, Ji F, He J. The gratitude model of body appreciation and intuitive eating: Replication and extension of the model to explain intuitive eating facets among young adult women in China. Appetite 2024; 203:107672. [PMID: 39255866 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
The current study replicated and extended the gratitude model of body appreciation and intuitive eating in Chinese women. Using a sample of 957 young Chinese women, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to test two previously established models derived from samples of American (original model) and Japanese (modified model) women. Results indicated that the modified model had a better fit and was largely replicated in the Chinese context. Higher gratitude was associated with lower appearance and others' approval of self-worth, higher body appreciation, and greater intuitive eating. Also, we further extended the model by exploring whether and how the model could explain intuitive eating facets. Results showed unique links between the core variables in the model and each facet of intuitive eating. Specifically, findings of the excellent model fit indicate that interventions focused on cultivating gratitude may be promising in promoting body appreciation and intuitive eating in young Chinese women. Also, interventions based on the model might be modified to address specific facets of intuitive eating, which may enhance the effectiveness of future interventions. Future research should use longitudinal and experimental designs and develop culturally adapted models to advance our understanding of how the gratitude model of body appreciation and intuitive eating applies to Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Huang
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Yitong Lin
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christina M Gaggiano
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jinbo He
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China.
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9
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Saunders JF, Nutter S, Waugh R, Hayden KA. Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2024; 50:101738. [PMID: 38850716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Objectification theory has been instrumental in better understanding risk for eating disorders, depression, and sexual dysfunction, with self-objectification and body shame as serial mediators leading to these outcomes. Although originally proposed to explain these mental health outcomes in heterosexual women, researchers have extended objectification theory to individuals of various ages, racial identities, and sexual and gender identities. We conducted a systematic literature review of empirical peer-reviewed published research examining the relationship between the constructs of self-objectification, body dissatisfaction, and body shame in adult, youth, and LGBTQ+ samples. Our search yielded 5200 results, of which 318 met inclusion criteria. Of the papers included in this review, 26 reported correlations with sexual and gender diverse samples, 43 reported correlations with youth samples, and 249 reported correlations with samples of general adults (non-sexual or gender minorities). The meta-analyses yielded significant, moderate, positive correlations between body dissatisfaction and self-objectification, and between body shame and self-objectification, for each of the sub-samples. The majority of samples were predominantly White and cisgender female, suggesting the need for additional research examining these constructs among racial and gender minority populations. Overall, the results of this review highlight the unique contributions of body shame and body dissatisfaction to self-objectifying behaviors, and identify the moderating role of race and gender in these interrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Saunders
- Psychology Convening Group, Ramapo College of New Jersey, 505 Ramapo Valley Rd, Mahwah, NJ 07430, USA.
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Rachel Waugh
- Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - K Alix Hayden
- Health Sciences Library, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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10
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Wood-Barcalow NL, Alleva JM, Tylka TL. Revisiting positive body image to demonstrate how body neutrality is not new. Body Image 2024; 50:101741. [PMID: 38850714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
In this position paper, we review nonacademic and academic discourse on body neutrality, a recent concept that has spread from social media platforms into scientific publications. This discourse has (inaccurately) promulgated that body neutrality is distinct from and more realistic than positive body image and body positivity. We identify and challenge 10 myths found within this discourse: (1) positive body image and body positivity are the same and therefore interchangeable, (2) positive body image isn't realistic or attainable, (3) we should forget about body positivity and positive body image, (4) body neutrality is a new way of thinking about body image, (5) body neutrality is unique from positive body image and positivity, (6) body neutrality is a more realistic and inclusive alternative to positive body image and body positivity, (7) body neutrality is different from positive body image but we can still use the research on positive body image to support body neutrality, (8) body neutrality is a midpoint between negative body image and positive body image, (9) striving for body neutrality is sufficient, and (10) appearance can be disregarded. We offer recommendations applicable to researchers, clinicians, media, and the general public interested in body neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Kenger EB, Karahan TO. Body Appreciation is Associated with Emotional Eating in Turkish Female Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:775-781. [PMID: 38885661 DOI: 10.1055/a-2328-3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
It is known that female athletes are at risk for eating disorders. It is thought that factors such as pressure and stress experienced by professional athletes may affect emotional eating and body appreciation. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the emotional eating and body appreciation of professional Turkish female athletes. A total of 265 professional female athletes were categorized according to their sport types and nationality. Emotional eating was found to be higher and body appreciation to be lower in athletes competing at the national level. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis, which included variables such as age, body mass index, professional sports background, national level, and sport type show that the most effective factor in explaining emotional eating in professional female athletes is body appreciation. The present study findings support that professional female athletes are at risk in terms of emotional eating and body appreciation. In addition, emotional eating scores were found to be higher and body appreciation scores were lower in national athletes. Psychological factors such as intense stress and pressure have an impact on the eating behavior and body appreciation of national athletes. These results suggest that athletes should be evaluated by nutritionists, doctors, and psychologists from a multidisciplinary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Batuhan Kenger
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugce Ozlu Karahan
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Wu W, Li D, Zhou H, Wang K, Tylka TL. Psychometric properties of a Mandarin Chinese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 among Chinese adolescents. Body Image 2024; 50:101739. [PMID: 38820800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, we explored the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 among adolescents residing in the Chinese mainland. Exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 (N = 790; 396 girls, 394 boys) supported the unidimensionality of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 among Chinese adolescents. Internal consistency reliability was upheld via McDonald's omega. Convergent validity was supported by its moderate-to-strong relationships with body satisfaction, functionality satisfaction, self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect, while its small-to-moderate correlation with social desirability provided somewhat weaker discriminant validity support. Criterion-related validity was upheld by its inverse correlation with eating disorder symptomatology and positive correlation with intuitive eating. It explained unique variance in self-esteem (for girls and boys), eating disorder symptomatology (for girls), and intuitive eating (for boys) beyond age, body satisfaction, and functionality satisfaction, providing incremental validity evidence. A subsample of 134 girls and 114 boys completed the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 again after three months, and test-retest reliability was upheld. The confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 (N = 337; 192 girls, 145 boys) replicated the unidimensional structure and supported measurement invariance across gender. Collectively, the present study supported the unidimensionality, reliability, and validity of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2's scores among Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyu Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus and Marion Campuses, Marion, OH, United States
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13
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Brichacek AL, Neill JT, Murray K, Rieger E, Watsford C. The distinct affect regulation functions of body image flexibility and inflexibility: A prospective study in adolescents and emerging adults. Body Image 2024; 50:101726. [PMID: 38810389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Body image flexibility and inflexibility are alternative ways of responding to body image threats. Affect regulation offers a framework for understanding how these responses impact health outcomes; however, research in young people is limited. This prospective study tested two potential affect regulation functions in adolescents and emerging adults (N = 351, 66.7% female) via online surveys completed five months apart. Specifically, body image flexibility and inflexibility were tested as (a) direct predictors of adaptive (body appreciation, intuitive eating) and maladaptive (muscle-building strategies, disordered eating) outcomes, and (b) moderators of the indirect effect of a social comparison threat via body appreciation. Results from hierarchical linear and conditional process models showed that body image flexibility and inflexibility served distinct affect regulation functions. Whereas body image inflexibility directly predicted adaptive and maladaptive body- and eating-related outcomes, body image flexibility protected against the negative effects of social comparison on intuitive eating via body appreciation. Findings suggest that adolescents and emerging adults could benefit from learning body image flexibility skills and reducing inflexibility to promote positive body image and prevent body- and eating-related disturbances. Future research should investigate how body image flexibility and inflexibility relate to other established threats and outcomes in diverse demographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Brichacek
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - James T Neill
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Kristen Murray
- School of Medicine and Psychology, ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Rieger
- School of Medicine and Psychology, ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Clare Watsford
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
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14
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Ladwig G, Tanck JA, Quittkat HL, Vocks S. Risks and benefits of social media trends: The influence of "fitspiration", "body positivity", and text-based "body neutrality" on body dissatisfaction and affect in women with and without eating disorders. Body Image 2024; 50:101749. [PMID: 38850713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
This online experimental study investigates the effects of the social media trends "fitspiration" (images of thin-muscular women promoting health and fitness), "body positivity" (images of larger female bodies motivating women to love their bodies), and "body neutrality" (illustrations encouraging women to appreciate the body's functions) on body dissatisfaction and affect in women with and without eating disorders (ED). Women with (n = 172) and women without ED (n = 210) were randomly assigned to the conditions "fitspiration", "body positivity", and text-based "body neutrality", each comprising the presentation of 30 Instagram posts. Before and after viewing the posts, participants answered state questionnaires on body dissatisfaction and affect. The results revealed that body dissatisfaction increased after viewing "fitspiration" images and decreased after viewing "body positivity" and text-based "body neutrality" posts. Positive affect decreased following exposure to "fitspiration" and text-based "body neutrality" but remained unchanged following "body positivity". Negative affect decreased following "body positivity" and text-based "body neutrality" content but did not change following exposure to "fitspiration". There was no differential effect on women with versus without ED. This study demonstrates harmful effects of "fitspiration" on body image and affect, indicating the need for prevention programs for both women with and without ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gritt Ladwig
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Julia A Tanck
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hannah L Quittkat
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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15
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Rouche M, Lebacq T, Dzielska A, Kelly C, Gabhainn SN, Mertens C, Castetbon K. Cross-National Study on the Convergent, Discriminant, and Concurrent Validity of the "Body Size Perception" Item in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:104445. [PMID: 39290316 PMCID: PMC11406042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its significant usefulness in adolescent health studies, the single-item "body size perception" question, developed within the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, has yet to undergo multidimensional validation. Objectives To assess the convergent, divergent and concurrent validity of the HBSC body size perception question among adolescents. Methods The single-item HBSC body size perception question is as follows: "Do you think your body is…?," with answers ranging from "much too thin" to "much too fat." Fifteen-year-old participants included in the analysis were 72,086 from 45 HBSC countries in 2017/18 (concurrent validity), and 595, 127, and 615 in 2021/22 in French-speaking Belgium, Ireland, and Poland, respectively. The convergent, divergent, and concurrent validity was assessed with body dissatisfaction, social desirability, and selfesteem, respectively. The concurrent validity was also examined with body mass index (BMI) from the 2017/18 HBSC data. All analyses were sex-stratified. Results Cohen's Kappa values were 0.67 [confidence interval (CI): 95%: 0.62, 0.72] and 0.64 (0.59, 0.69) for boys and girls, respectively, in all 3 countries together. Body size perception was associated with social desirability, selfesteem, and BMI, with a stronger association in girls than that in boys. For instance, girls with higher social desirability were less likely to perceive themselves as "too thin" [Relative Risk Ratio (RRR) = 0.78 (0.69, 0.89)] rather than as the "right size." Boys with higher selfesteem were less likely to perceive themselves as "too fat" [0.93 (0.90, 0.97)] rather than the "right size." Girls with underweight were less likely to perceive themselves as "too fat" [0.38 (0.34, 043)] rather than "right size" and girls with overweight/obesity were more likely to perceive themselves as such [8.19 (7.49, 8.95)]. Conclusions The single-item HBSC body size perception question demonstrated good convergent, divergent, and concurrent validity. It reflects adolescents' own perception of body size, possibly influenced by societal norms and ideals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Rouche
- Research Center in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, School of Public Health, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thérésa Lebacq
- Research Center in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, School of Public Health, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna Dzielska
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Colette Kelly
- Health Promotion Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
- Health Promotion Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Caroline Mertens
- Research Center in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, School of Public Health, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katia Castetbon
- Research Center in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, School of Public Health, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Harriger JA, Trammell JP, Krumrei-Mancuso EJ. Nature, urban, or treadmill: How walking environment impacts state body satisfaction and appreciation and the role of body sanctification. Body Image 2024; 50:101711. [PMID: 38781617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of walking environments on state body satisfaction and state body appreciation and the potential moderating role of body sanctification. Participants included 189 undergraduates from a private Christian University in the Southwestern US, randomly assigned to walk for 20-minutes in a natural, outdoors built, or indoors built environment. Participants completed measures of state body satisfaction and state body appreciation prior to and immediately following the walk. Those who walked in nature experienced increased state body satisfaction but not state body appreciation compared to those who walked in an indoor built environment. Theistic sanctification of the body was associated with greater state body appreciation and moderated the relationship between walking location and body appreciation. Participants who sanctified their bodies to a greater extent experienced increases in body appreciation when walking in a natural environment compared to an indoor built environment relative to those who were lower in body sanctification. Nontheistic sanctification of the body was associated with higher state body satisfaction and state body appreciation but did not moderate links between walking location and these outcomes. Overall, walking in nature is beneficial to body satisfaction and theistic sanctification of the body may bolster these effects.
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17
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Forbes J, Paxton S, Yager Z. Raising Confident Girls: A pragmatic school-based trial of a body image and parenting program for mothers of adolescent girls. Body Image 2024; 50:101718. [PMID: 38815453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated Raising Confident Girls (RCG), delivered to mothers of Year 8 students (mean age 12.8-years) who were receiving the classroom-based Dove Confident Me (DCM) program. RCG is an interactive, multi-session intervention designed to improve body image in mothers in order to enhance their capacity to parent and role model this to their daughters. A pragmatic non-randomised controlled trial involved delivery of the program to mothers (n = 69) over three, 2-hour seminars in evenings, compared with a comparison group (n = 51). The study took place at an independent all-girls secondary school in Australia. Multilevel mixed modelling analyses compared pre- and post-test scores on standardized scales. Mothers who participated in the program had significantly higher scores on primary outcome variables of body esteem and body appreciation compared to the comparison group at post-test. Further, participation significantly improved mother's knowledge, confidence, and skills for parenting, and improved role modeling of positive body image. Mothers were well engaged, with low attrition rates, and rated the program highly. The RCG program was effective and engaging for mothers, offering deeper insight into improving parental engagement in body image interventions delivered within the school context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Forbes
- School Psychologist, Brisbane Girls Grammar School, Australia
| | | | - Zali Yager
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Australia; The Embrace Collective, Australia.
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18
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Aubrey JS, Zeng J, Saha K, Gahler H, Dajches L. The body positive… or the body neutral? A content analysis of body positivity and body neutrality hashtagged videos on TikTok. Body Image 2024; 50:101737. [PMID: 38838603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to examine how body positivity and body neutrality are presented on TikTok. Based on a grounded-theory analysis, body-positivity themes included Broadly Conceptualizing Beauty (i.e., diversity in appearance types is beautiful), Body Acceptance and Love (i.e., love for and comfort in one's body), and Critiquing Standards (i.e., rejecting strict appearance standards). Body-neutrality themes included Size Inclusivity (i.e., people's activities/preferences should be based on body size), Adaptive Self-Investment (i.e., self care focused on health), Body Appreciation (i.e., respect for what one's body can do), and No Judgment (i.e., a person's worth should not be based on appearance). Further, based on a content analysis of 394 TikTok vidoes that were hashtagged with body positivity and/or body neutrality terms, at least one body-positivity theme occurred in 35.3% (n = 141) of videos, and at least one body neutrality theme occurred in 45.0% (n = 180) of videos. Body Acceptance and Love was the most common body-positivity theme, and Size Inclusivity was the most common body-neutrality theme. Understanding how TikTok videos present body positivity and neutrality is essential to further theorizing about how they might affect social media users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Communication, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kausumi Saha
- Department of Communication, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Heather Gahler
- Department of Communication, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leah Dajches
- Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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19
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Jankauskiene R, Balciuniene V, Rutkauskaite R, Pajaujiene S, Baceviciene M. Evaluating the Impact of the Nirvana Fitness and Functional Training Programs on Young Women's State Body Appreciation and Its Correlates. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1632. [PMID: 39201190 PMCID: PMC11353370 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12161632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of the Nirvana Fitness (NF) program on state body appreciation (BA) and its correlates, as well as the mechanisms that could explain these changes. The study participants were allocated to NF (n = 21) and functional training (control, n = 22) groups and participated in an 8-week exercise intervention. The mean age was 24.4 ± 6.7. The participants filled out online questionnaires on state measures of BA, body surveillance (BS), functionality appreciation, body-mind connection, mindfulness in physical activity (SMS-PA), intrinsic exercise motivation (IM), satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and perceived physical fitness (PPF) immediately after the first and last sessions. The results revealed a significant improvement in state BA and its correlates in both groups, with no changes in PPF in the NF group or IM in either group. An interaction between group and time effects was revealed in a change of relatedness, indicating a stronger effect in the NF group. Positive changes in SMS-PA, BS, and satisfaction of the need for relatedness significantly predicted improvement in state BA. These findings highlight the importance of targeting mindfulness, body surveillance, and relatedness during physical activity in interventions aimed at promoting positive body image in university-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vaiva Balciuniene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.B.); (R.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Renata Rutkauskaite
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.B.); (R.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Simona Pajaujiene
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.B.); (R.R.); (M.B.)
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20
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Mulgrew KE, Hinz A. What is body neutrality and how is it different to existing body image concepts? An analysis of experts and general community responses. Body Image 2024; 51:101780. [PMID: 39146631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
There has been considerable recent interest in and reference to body neutrality, despite limited scholarship on differences from existing constructs. Our study examined perceptions of body neutrality in 229 individuals (researchers, clinicians, eating disorder lived experience, general community). Questions explored definitions of body neutrality, its similarity and differences to other concepts, perceived benefits and risks of adopting a body neutrality approach, and ratings on the usefulness of proposed components. Participants defined body neutrality as adopting an accepting, non-judgemental approach to one's body, de-emphasising the importance of appearance, and viewing the body as a vessel that carries a person through life. Perceived benefits included it being more accessible than existing approaches and a useful coping strategy, while risks were that neutrality can be difficult to adopt in an appearance focused society and that it may prompt an apathetic response to self-care. Body neutrality was rated as conceptually similar to functionality appreciation, body acceptance, and body compassion, and definitions consistent with these terms were rated most favourably. Our findings show how body neutrality is perceived and used by experts and the general community. However, we question whether this conceptualisation is distinct from existing positive body image concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Mulgrew
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia.
| | - Angela Hinz
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
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21
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Konings F, Sumter SR, Vandenbosch L. A linkage study investigating sexualized self-presentation on mobile dating apps and user traits. Body Image 2024; 51:101781. [PMID: 39146633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Mobile Dating Applications (MDAs) are integral to young adults' lives, serving as a platform for romantic and sexual self-presentation during the search for potential partners. Despite its potential link to adverse outcomes including body shame, the prevalence of sexualized self-presentation remains understudied. This pre-registered linkage study addresses this gap by documenting sexualized self-presentation while considering individual differences related to gender, sexual orientation, and body image. Young adults donated MDA (Tinder, Bumble) profile screenshots (nbiographies = 443, npictures = 1277; Mage = 23.15, SD = 2.94; 72.20 % women). Of those 443 participants, 237 additionally completed a body image linkage survey (Mage = 23.36, SD = 2.90; 71.30 % women). Sexualized self-presentation appeared in 4.30 % of biographies and 56.80 % of profile pictures, mainly through sexualized facial expressions. Women, non-heterosexual users, and those holding a more negative body image engaged more in sexualized self-presentation. Platform type and positive body image indicators did not relate to engagement in sexualized self-presentation. Future research is recommended to explore whether the extensive presence of sexualized self-presentations on MDAs impacts users' personal and relational well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Konings
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Research Foundation Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen, Grant number: G077420N), Belgium.
| | - Sindy R Sumter
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Laura Vandenbosch
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Research Foundation Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen, Grant number: G077420N), Belgium.
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22
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Li Q, Li H, Zhang G, Cao Y, Li Y. Athlete Body Image and Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review of Their Association and Influencing Factors. Nutrients 2024; 16:2686. [PMID: 39203822 PMCID: PMC11356870 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Body image and eating disorders pose significant challenges to the overall health of athletes. However, divergent findings exist regarding the potential association between athletes' body image and eating disorders. This systematic review aims to examine the relationship between these two variables and identify the modifiers of the association, such as gender, age, race, and exercise type. A search was conducted in five databases (Web of Science, PubMed, APA PsycINFO, ProQuest, and EBSCO), aiming to identify studies on athletes and involved body image and eating disorders in their conclusions. Ultimately, thirty-one studies were included for systematic evaluation. The results of the studies indicate that the relationship between athletes' body image and eating disorders is complex and inconclusive. In some types of sports, eating disorders can occur even when athletes are satisfied with their body image. Furthermore, female athletes, particularly young female athletes, and athletes involved in sports associated with leanness are more prone to eating disorders and body dissatisfaction. Due to limited resources in this type of research, there is a lack of comprehensive inclusivity across sports disciplines, genders, races, and levels of sports proficiency, which warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China (G.Z.)
| | - Hansen Li
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China (G.Z.)
| | - Guodong Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China (G.Z.)
- International College, Krirk University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Orebro University, 70182 Orebro, Sweden;
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Li
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China (G.Z.)
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23
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Finn D, Cardini F, Aspell JE, Swami V, Todd J. The impact of body image on social cognition: Fear of negative evaluation mediates the relationship between body surveillance and interpersonal distance in women. Body Image 2024; 51:101777. [PMID: 39128330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Interpersonal distance (IPD) refers to the distance naturally maintained during social interactions, while peripersonal space (PPS) refers to the immediate space surrounding the body, or the space within reaching distance. Previous research has preliminarily indicated that IPD is associated with body image disturbances. We sought to expand extant literature by exploring associations between aspects of positive and negative body image, IPD, and PPS. Seventy-five women from the United Kingdom aged 18-40 years completed measures of body appreciation, body image flexibility, body shame, body surveillance, and body dissatisfaction. IPD boundaries were estimated using a lab-based comfort-distance task, whereas PPS boundaries were estimated using an audio-tactile reaction-time task. Measures of body acceptance by others and fear of negative evaluation were completed as potential mediators. Overall, we identified positive associations between IPD, body surveillance, and fear of negative evaluation, with no statistically significant associations identified between the other indices. The association between active IPD and body surveillance was mediated by fear of negative evaluation, even after controlling for demographic factors. These findings suggest a nuanced relationship between IPD and body image-related factors, highlighting the role of social evaluation anxiety. Future investigations should use experimental designs to further understand these relationships and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Finn
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Cardini
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Aspell
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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24
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Hevron H, Weinbach N. Self-compassion and cognitive reappraisal restore female adolescents' body satisfaction and appreciation after appearance-related rumination. Body Image 2024; 51:101779. [PMID: 39128329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Rumination regarding appearance is a major cause of body dissatisfaction among adolescents. Body image concerns in this age group may lead to considerable psychological distress. Studies suggest that adaptive emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and self-compassion can counteract the harmful consequences of rumination. The goal of the current study was to assess if and to what extent cognitive reappraisal and self-compassion can improve female adolescents' body satisfaction and appreciation after engaging in appearance-related rumination. Using an experimental design, 142 healthy female adolescents underwent an appearance-related rumination induction. Following this, participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental conditions requiring to implement either self-compassion, cognitive reappraisal, or rumination using a writing task. State body dissatisfaction and appreciation were assessed at baseline, post-appearance rumination, and post-writing tasks. Appearance-related rumination increased state body dissatisfaction and reduced body appreciation in all groups. Importantly, state body dissatisfaction and appreciation fully restored to their baseline levels after implementing self-compassion and cognitive reappraisal, but not rumination. The findings provide empirical evidence regarding the negative consequences of appearance-related rumination among adolescents and demonstrate how adaptive emotion regulation strategies can assist in coping efficiently with appearance-related rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Hevron
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Noam Weinbach
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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25
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Baceviciene M, Bliujute K, Jankauskiene R. Analysis of Factors Contributing to State Body Appreciation during Exercise. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:690. [PMID: 39199086 PMCID: PMC11351326 DOI: 10.3390/bs14080690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to analyse the factors contributing to state body appreciation (SBA) during exercise. After providing their informed consent, 200 study participants (mean age 30.0 ± 9.4 years, 72.0% were men) filled in an online questionnaire immediately after the completion of resistance training (n = 125), cardiovascular exercise (n = 55), or functional/interval group exercise (n = 20) sessions. The study measures included socio-demographic variables, body mass index (BMI), the duration of involvement in sports, SBA, state body surveillance (SBS), state mindfulness in physical activity, state intrinsic exercise regulation, and perceived pleasantness during exercise. The results showed that exercisers involved in sports for >2 years and those whose body weight was within a healthy range (<25.0 kg/m2) demonstrated higher SBA and mindfulness during exercise, lower SBS, more intrinsic exercise regulation, and higher satisfaction during physical activity compared to exercisers with less exercise experience (≤2 years) and a body weight higher than a healthy range (≥25.0 kg/m2). The negative effects of being overweight or obese were more pronounced in individuals with ≤2 years of sports participation, except regarding body surveillance and monitoring the mind. The factors significantly contributing to SBA during the exercise sessions were a longer duration of involvement in sports, a lower BMI and SBS, and greater mindful body acceptance and exercise pleasantness. Decreasing SBS and enhancing mindful body acceptance, pleasantness, and intrinsic motivation during exercise might significantly contribute to SBA in physical activity. These results can inform physical-activity-based programmes aiming to promote a positive body image. Also, these results show that it is important to increase education and develop competencies for fitness coaches to create inclusive and positive-body-image-promoting sports environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Bliujute
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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26
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Modica CA, Markley AE. Reciprocal longitudinal associations between positive body image and wellbeing among early-adult women. Body Image 2024; 51:101770. [PMID: 39116579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
This longitudinal study examined the prospective associations between body appreciation and wellbeing (i.e., self-esteem, depression, and emotional wellbeing) as well as body image flexibility and wellbeing among 490 women between 18-35 years of age (M = 28.63; SD = 4.27) residing in the United States. Women were contacted in three waves, each two months apart, and completed measures relating to each construct online. As a prerequisite of longitudinal analyses, this study found evidence of configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance over time for each relevant measure. Cross-lagged panel modeling evidenced bidirectional associations between body appreciation and self-esteem between all waves and unidirectional associations between body appreciation and subsequent depression (negative) and body appreciation and subsequent emotional wellbeing (positive). Results showed bidirectional associations between body image flexibility, self-esteem, depression, and emotional wellbeing, although these bidirectional associations never occurred during the same interval between waves. This study evidences that higher body appreciation and body image flexibility are prospectively associated with increases in self-esteem, emotional wellbeing and decreases in depression, and also shows scenarios where the inverse associations also hold true. We also describe how this study complements existing cross-sectional research and the need to examine associations among more diverse participant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail E Markley
- Department of Psychology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH United States
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27
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Andres FE, Boothroyd LG, Thornborrow T, Chamorro AM, Dutra NB, Brar M, Woodward R, Malik N, Sawhney M, Evans EH. Relationships between media influence, body image and sociocultural appearance ideals in Latin America: A systematic literature review. Body Image 2024; 51:101774. [PMID: 39116578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The rapidly growing body of research investigating media influence on body image in Latin America has not been previously comprehensively synthesised. We systematically reviewed studies of the relationships between media use/influence, body image, and sociocultural appearance ideals in Latin America (CRD42021254607). We searched PsycINFO/Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, ERIC, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations, SciElo, and LILACS for quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed articles and doctoral theses in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Research conducted in Latin America, published 1991-2023, measuring a) media use/influence, and b) body image or appearance ideals was included. 68 articles met inclusion criteria, and quality appraisal concluded that most were of medium/high quality. A narrative review found consistent quantitative relationships, stronger in women than men, between media use/internalisation of media ideals and both body dissatisfaction and thinner appearance ideals. In contrast, participants in qualitative studies acknowledged media influence on their body image, but perceived greater influence from family and peers. Limitations included a predominance of cross-sectional research from Brazil and Mexico with adolescents and young adults. Additional longitudinal, experimental, and interventional work from elsewhere in Latin America is needed, recruiting more diverse samples and assessing more culturally salient appearance aspects (e.g., skin tone and hair texture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne E Andres
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | - Natália B Dutra
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Manjot Brar
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby Woodward
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Neetu Malik
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Manya Sawhney
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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28
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Rodgers RF, Paxton SJ, Wertheim EH, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Better than average Bopo: Identifying which body positive social media content is most helpful for body image among women. Body Image 2024; 51:101773. [PMID: 39096861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Body positive social media content, and especially content that does not contain photos of bodies, has been shown to be helpful for body image compared to idealized social media content. However, body positive content is heterogenous and little is known regarding which types of content may be most helpful. This study examined self-reported body image and mood effects of different types of body positive content among women. A sample of 176 women, mean (SD) age = 21.77 (2.35) was recruited. Participants viewed body positive stimuli that were grouped into 14 different categories to represent the heterogenous nature of this social media content, including a text only category. Each image was rated in terms of its perceived effect on body image and mood. Findings suggested that the text-only category was rated most highly in terms of generating positive feelings towards the body and positive affect. Moreover, the comparative benefit of the text-only category was larger among women with higher BMI, and participants reporting closer proximity to the images, although not consistently across outcomes. Further work focused on understanding the effects of different types of body positive content is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France.
| | - Susan J Paxton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eleanor H Wertheim
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Swami V. Associations between nature exposure and body image: A critical, narrative review of the evidence. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 248:104355. [PMID: 38870689 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers are having to deal with the negative impact of body image concerns in populations globally. One cost-effective way of promoting healthier body image outcomes is through exposure to natural environments. A growing body of research has shown that spending time in, interacting with, and even just looking at natural environments can promote healthier body image outcomes. In this narrative review, I consider the different forms of evidence documenting an association between nature exposure and body image (i.e., cross-sectional and mediational, experimental and quasi-experimental, comparative, prospective, experience sampling, and qualitative research). Beyond this, I shine a critical light on the available evidence, highlighting concerns with methodological (i.e., who research has focused on and what types of natural environments have been considered), psychometric (i.e., how body image and nature exposure are measured), and conceptual issues (how the association is explained). I conclude that, although there are issues affecting the way the existing body of research is to be understood, there are reasons to be hopeful that nature exposure can be leveraged to promote healthier body image outcomes in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology, Sport, and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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30
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Huang X, Lin R, Yan Y. Self-objectification and cosmetic surgery consideration among Chinese young women: The mediating roles of alienation and body image inflexibility. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:1006-1017. [PMID: 38262922 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231222854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The behavior of undergoing cosmetic surgery is a coping strategy for body-image threats and challenges. Self-objectification is associated with alienation and body image inflexibility, and all of these are associated with stronger cosmetic surgery considerations. This study evaluated the relationship between self-objectification and cosmetic surgery consideration, and whether this relationship was mediated by alienation and body image inflexibility. The participants were 650 Chinese female college students. Serial mediation analysis indicated that the relationship between self-objectification and cosmetic surgery consideration was significantly mediated by alienation followed by body image inflexibility. The total mediating effect value was 0.424, accounting for 57.5% of the total effects. These results suggest that reducing alienation and improving the flexibility of body image can reduce the influence of self-objectification on young women's willingness to undergo cosmetic surgery. These findings provide a basis for intervening or preventing the self-objectified young women's willingness for cosmetic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Huang
- Fujian Normal University, China
- Minnan Normal University, China
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31
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Conboy L, Mingoia J, Hutchinson AD, Reisinger BAA, Gleaves DH. Digital body image interventions for adult women: A meta-analytic review. Body Image 2024; 51:101776. [PMID: 39094422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Although many women experience body dissatisfaction, treatment options that prevent the onset of more serious conditions are limited in accessibility. As such, digital interventions may be an appropriate alternative resource to address restricted treatment options. This study provides statistical syntheses of the evidence for digital body image interventions for non-clinical adult women. A systematic literature search identified 19 studies (N = 2424) that tested the effect of a digital body image intervention compared to a control condition. Study results were synthesised using random effects models, and small to medium statistically significant effect sizes indicated that digital interventions were beneficial in increasing overall global satisfaction (g = 0.43) and reducing cognitive body dissatisfaction (g = 0.36). These meta-analytic findings provide evidence for the efficacy of digital body image interventions for non-clinical adult women. Intervention type was not found to be a statistically significant moderator, which may suggest that a range of intervention types can produce similar reductions in body dissatisfaction. Overall, digital body image interventions may be a feasible option to alleviate body dissatisfaction, particularly for women who may be unable to access conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Conboy
- The University of South Australia: Justice and Society, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - John Mingoia
- The University of South Australia: Justice and Society, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Amanda D Hutchinson
- The University of South Australia: Justice and Society, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Bennett A A Reisinger
- The University of South Australia: Justice and Society, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - David H Gleaves
- The University of South Australia: Justice and Society, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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32
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Hanson LN, Gott A, Tomsett M, Useh E, Yeadon-Caiger E, Clay R, Fan J, Hui K, Wang H, Evans EH, Cowie D, Boothroyd LG. Examining body appreciation in six countries: The impact of age and sociocultural pressure. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306913. [PMID: 39083477 PMCID: PMC11290661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research on body appreciation across the lifespan has produced conflicting results that it increases with age, decreases with age, or is generally stable with an increase in women over 50-years-old. Furthermore, most of the research has been conducted in White, Western populations. Cross-cultural research suggests that both Chinese and African women experience similar sociocultural pressures as White Western women, and that appearance ideals are shifting to resemble a more Western ideal. We cross-sectionally and cross-culturally examined body appreciation across the lifespan, recruiting White Western women (UK, USA, Canada, and Australia), Black Nigerian women, and Chinese women. 1186 women aged 18-80 completed measures of body appreciation, internalisation of thin and athletic ideals, and perceived sociocultural pressure. Body appreciation did not vary with age in women from any country. Nigerian women reported the highest body appreciation, and Western women the lowest. Higher thin/athletic ideal internalisation, and higher perceived sociocultural pressure were significantly associated with lower body appreciation in all countries and age-groups. Overall, our findings indicate that although levels of body appreciation differ drastically between ethnicities and cultures, it is generally stable across age, and shows cross-culturally robust relationships between sociocultural internalisation and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Gott
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Tomsett
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Elozino Useh
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel Clay
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Jiamin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kennice Hui
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Hongdi Wang
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dorothy Cowie
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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Modrzejewska J, Todd J, Czepczor-Bernat K, Modrzejewska A, Wyszomirska J, Swami V. Translation and psychometric properties of a Polish version of the Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (BAOS-2). Body Image 2024; 51:101771. [PMID: 39083985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The 13-item Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (BAOS-2) measures generalised perceptions of body acceptance by others. Here, we examined the psychometric properties of a novel Polish translation of the BAOS-2. A sample of 1183 adults (898 women, 285 men; age M = 28.98) from Poland completed a Polish version of the BAOS-2, alongside measures of body appreciation, pressure to conform to appearance ideals, self-compassion, self-esteem, and impression management. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis identified a stable unidimensional model of the Polish BAOS-2, with all 13 items retained. Additionally, the Polish BAOS-2 evidenced complete invariance (i.e., through to latent mean invariance) across gender identity. Scores on the BAOS-2 evidenced adequate composite reliability and, in a retest subsample (n = 260), showed complete invariance across four weeks. Evidence of convergent, criterion-related, discriminant, and incremental validity was very strong when based on observed BAOS-2 scores, but weaker when based on latent BAOS-2 scores. Whether examined at the observed or latent level, greater body acceptance by others was consistently and strongly associated with higher body appreciation. These results suggest that the psychometric properties of the Polish BAOS-2 are robust and that this instrument can be confidently utilised in future research with Polish adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology, Sport, and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamila Czepczor-Bernat
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Psychology, Chair of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adriana Modrzejewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Psychology, Chair of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Julia Wyszomirska
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Psychology, Chair of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology, Sport, and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Vankerckhoven L, Claes L, Raemen L, Palmeroni N, Eggermont S, Luyckx K. Longitudinal Associations among Identity, Internalization of Appearance Ideals, Body Image, and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Community Adolescents and Emerging Adults: Adaptive and Maladaptive Pathways. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-02058-8. [PMID: 39068255 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Previous research examined the role of identity confusion and body dissatisfaction in eating disorder symptoms, but an integrative perspective including identity synthesis and positive body image is lacking. The current study used three-wave longitudinal data (T1: N = 403; 52.1% female; Mage = 14.85, SD = 0.89) spanning two years to examine the directionality of effects among identity, internalization of appearance ideals, body image, and eating disorder symptoms, with attention to adaptive mechanisms. Results revealed a maladaptive pathway in which internalizing appearance ideals posed a risk for body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms. Conversely, an adaptive pathway highlighted the potential protective role of positive body image regarding identity formation and internalization of appearance ideals. This study provides further insight into the critical role of appearance ideal internalization in the development of eating disorders and the potential value of positive body image. Future research and prevention/intervention efforts should focus on promoting resilience to appearance ideal internalization and enhancing positive body image in the context of identity struggles and eating disorder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Vankerckhoven
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leni Raemen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nina Palmeroni
- University Psychiatric Centre, KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Steven Eggermont
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UNIBS, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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35
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Namatame H, Sawamiya Y. Functionality appreciation mediates the association between age and body appreciation over the lifespan in Japan. Body Image 2024; 51:101765. [PMID: 39068722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Previous findings suggest that body appreciation increases with age, whereas body dissatisfaction remains constant across the lifespan. However, the reason for this phenomenon remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the role of functionality appreciation in the association between age and body appreciation among Japanese adults. A community sample of 280 Japanese women and men (20-79 years old) completed an online cross-sectional survey with measures of functionality and body appreciation. Simple mediation analysis (PROCESS; Model 4) demonstrated that age was positively related to body appreciation and this relationship was mediated by functionality appreciation, for women, but not for men. This finding suggests that increased functionality appreciation might be a strategy for increasing body appreciation as we age, but only among women and not among men. It is possible that the adaptive strategies employed by older women could be utilized by younger women. Thus, implementing interventions focused on the enhancement of functionality appreciation might be beneficial for young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Namatame
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoko Sawamiya
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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36
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Yousefi Afrashteh M, Blouri R, Morovati Z. Sexual anxiety mediate relationship between sexual schemas and body image with sexual function in Iranian women. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305340. [PMID: 39058704 PMCID: PMC11280222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual function is one of the most critical challenges in human society, especially among women. The problems associated with sexual function are significantly ambiguous in a society like Iran. This study investigated the mediating role of sexual anxiety in relationship between sexual schemas and body image with female sexual function. METHOD The research method was correlational and specifically path analysis. The statistical population included women aged 25-45 in Rasht, Iran, 2021. 365 women were selected using Cochran's formula and the convenience sampling method. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Sexual Self-Schema Scale for Women (SSSS), Body Image Scale (BIS), and Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSQ) were used for data collection. For data analysis, SPSS-26 and LISREL 10.2 software were used. RESULTS Descriptive data analysis showed that mean and standard deviation were for further passionate-romantic schema 22.96 and 4.83, open-direct schema 27.64 and 5.09, embarrassed-conservative 20.93 and 4.61, body image 128.96 and 27.35, sexual anxiety 13.13 and 3.91 and sexual function 49.83 and 8.67. According to the results of path analysis, passionate-romantic (β = 0.51), explicit-comfortable (β = 0.27), shy-conservative (β = -0.59), and body image (β = -0.62) schemas showed a significant relationship with sexual function. Sexual function anxiety as a mediating variable also had a significant role (β = -0.41) in female sexual function. CONCLUSION Sexual function anxiety, negative body image, and negative sexual schema negatively affect women's sexual function, and positive sexual schemas and body image positively affect sexual function anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rojan Blouri
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zekrollah Morovati
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
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37
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Mancin P, Ghisi M, Spoto A, Cerea S. The relation between body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and photo-based behaviors: is body appreciation a protective factor? Body Image 2024; 51:101764. [PMID: 39053195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Body image and social media use seem to be significantly associated. In particular, photo-based behaviors (i.e., photo investment and manipulation) seemed to have a positive relation with negative body image dimensions. On the other hand, positive body image dimensions could demonstrate the role of moderators. However, current available studies did not support these findings consistently. Moreover, available studies did not assess Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) and Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) symptoms. To address these issues, the associations between BDD/MD symptoms and photo-based behaviors and the possible moderation of body appreciation were examined in a sample of 485 social media users (71.1 % women). Findings from hierarchical multiple regressions highlighted that BDD symptoms were significantly associated with photo investment and manipulation, and MD symptoms were significantly associated with photo investment only. Body appreciation demonstrated a moderating role in the relation involving photo investment and BDD symptoms. Current findings supported that photo-based behaviors are significantly associated with negative body image dimensions, while positive body image demonstrated only a marginal protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mancin
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Hospital Psychology, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Spoto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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38
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Rupani N, Miller J, Renteria JA, Kaliebe KE. The impact of yoga on body image in adults: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Body Image 2024; 51:101772. [PMID: 39047524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that yoga can be used as an intervention to improve body image. This systematic review evaluates the evidence of the efficacy of yoga in improving body image among adults. Authors followed PRISMA guidelines, searching Pubmed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINHAL, PsycInfo, and grey literature up to December 2, 2023 and identifying 446 unique records. Eligibility criteria included English-language, peer-reviewed studies with quantitative data on adult populations. Twenty-nine studies were eligible for inclusion and were evaluated for methodological quality using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Interventions focused solely on yoga varied in length, frequency, and style. Our synthesis revealed that yoga is associated with improved body satisfaction and appreciation, as well as reduced body dissatisfaction, across diverse adult populations, including those with clinical or subclinical levels of body dissatisfaction. Most low- and moderate-quality studies reported significant improvements, and some suggested a dose-response relationship. However, the evidence is limited by methodological weaknesses, such as a lack of blinding and inadequate reporting. Despite these limitations, findings support yoga as a promising intervention for improving body image in adults. Future research should aim for methodologically rigorous studies that use validated outcome measures and more inclusive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rupani
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
| | - Justin Miller
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Julyssa A Renteria
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kristopher E Kaliebe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
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39
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Merino M, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Villanueva-Tobaldo CV, Martín-Rodríguez A, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1396. [PMID: 39057539 PMCID: PMC11276240 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12141396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This narrative review examines the interplay among body image perceptions, social media influence, physical measurements, and their impact on psychological well-being, focusing on the roles of cultural and gender differences and the need to understand the research methodologies employed in this field. In the age of digital proliferation, platforms like Instagram and Facebook have reshaped body image concerns, often leading to increased dissatisfaction and psychological distress due to constant exposure to idealized images and a culture of social comparison. Physical attributes such as weight, height, and BMI are scrutinized under societal standards of health and attractiveness, contributing to a spectrum of mental health issues including low self-esteem, depression, and eating disorders. This examination reveals how cultural norms and gender expectations further complicate body image perceptions, affecting individuals differently based on societal and personal ideals. It synthesizes current research and types of methods to illuminate how these factors together influence mental health and self-esteem, advocating for comprehensive interventions and policy measures aimed at mitigating body dissatisfaction and promoting a healthier, more inclusive understanding of body image. By delving into the complexities of body image satisfaction and its psychological implications, this review highlights the necessity of addressing these concerns within public health and social policy frameworks, underscoring the importance of a multifaceted approach to enhance individual and societal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Merino
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (J.F.T.-A.); (A.M.-R.)
| | | | - Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (J.F.T.-A.); (A.M.-R.)
| | | | - Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (J.F.T.-A.); (A.M.-R.)
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (J.F.T.-A.); (A.M.-R.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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40
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Mazzeo SE, Weinstock M, Vashro TN, Henning T, Derrigo K. Mitigating Harms of Social Media for Adolescent Body Image and Eating Disorders: A Review. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2587-2601. [PMID: 38978847 PMCID: PMC11229793 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s410600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Social media has negative effects on adolescent body image and disordered eating behaviors, yet adolescents are unlikely to discontinue engaging with these platforms. Thus, it is important to identify strategies that can reduce the harms of social media on adolescent mental health. This article reviews research on social media and adolescent body image, and discusses strategies to reduce risks associated with social media use. Topics covered include interventions aimed at mitigating social media's negative impacts, the body-positivity movement, and policies regulating adolescents' social media use. Overall, this review highlights specific factors (such as staffing, duration, modality, facilitator training, and cultural sensitivity) to consider when designing and implementing social media interventions targeting adolescents. This review also discusses psychosocial outcomes associated with body positivity on social media. Finally, policy efforts to reduce the negative impact of social media on adolescents' body image and eating behaviors are described. In sum, there is a strong need to conduct further research identifying optimal approaches to reduce the harms of social media for adolescent body image and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Mazzeo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Madison Weinstock
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Taryn Henning
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Karly Derrigo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Crerand CE, Shehata A, Umbaugh H, Kapa HM, Hansen-Moore J, Nahata L, Buchanan C, Chen D, Rausch J, Udaipuria S, Jayanthi VR, Chan YM, Pratt KJ, Buschur E, Indyk J, Tishelman AC. Body image and psychosocial outcomes in youth and young adults with differences of sex development: a multi-method study. J Pediatr Psychol 2024; 49:512-523. [PMID: 38867313 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differences of sex development (DSD) can affect the physical health, appearance, and psychosocial functioning of affected individuals, but little is known about how subjective appearance perceptions (body image) impact psychosocial outcomes. This study evaluated body image and its associations with psychosocial outcomes including quality of life, resilience, and psychosocial adjustment. METHODS This cross-sectional, multi-method study assessed body image and psychosocial outcomes including quality of life, adjustment, and resilience in 97 youth and young adults with DSD (mean age = 17 ± 3.7 years; 56% assigned female in infancy) using psychometrically sound instruments. A subsample (n = 40) completed qualitative interviews. RESULTS Quantitative results indicated that overall, participants were satisfied with their physical appearance, although less so with their primary sex characteristics. Body image dissatisfaction was associated with poorer psychosocial adjustment, quality of life, and resilience. Qualitatively, youth and young adults reported a variety of perceptions, both positive and negative, related to their body image and the impact of living with a DSD condition. Themes identified included appearance management; effects of DSD on body image; diagnostic factors and features; attitudes about diagnosis; and treatment. CONCLUSIONS Body image is significantly associated with psychosocial outcomes in youth and young adults with DSD, with qualitative findings highlighting both positive and negative body image experiences. Results have implications for clinical care including screening for appearance concerns, normalization of appearance variations, and intervention development to better support healthy body image and psychosocial functioning in youth and young adults with DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canice E Crerand
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ayah Shehata
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hailey Umbaugh
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hillary M Kapa
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Hansen-Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Leena Nahata
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cindy Buchanan
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Diane Chen
- Potocsnak Family Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joseph Rausch
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shivika Udaipuria
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Venkata R Jayanthi
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Ming Chan
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Keeley J Pratt
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Elizabeth Buschur
- Department of Endocrinology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Justin Indyk
- Department of Endocrinology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amy C Tishelman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, MA, United States
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Rousseau A. Body-Positive Instagram Exposure and Young Women's Body Image: The Mediating Role of Appearance Comparison and Broadly Conceptualizing Beauty. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:1520-1531. [PMID: 37280780 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2222460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is mixed as to whether viewing body-positive content on social media can cultivate positive body image in women. Body-positive exposure has been linked to positive (e.g. body satisfaction) and negative (e.g. self-objectification) outcomes. To increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between body-positive social media exposure and positive body image, this study tested two mediators: upward appearance comparisons and broad conceptualization of beauty. Combining insights from social comparison theory, objectification theory, and the acceptance model of body appreciation, we examined whether broadly conceptualizing beauty and engaging in fewer upward appearance comparisons can connect body-positive exposure on Instagram to decreased body surveillance and increased body appreciation. A sample of 345 young women (Mage = 21.65, SD = 1.70) participated in an online survey. Parallel mediation analyses showed that higher relative exposure to body-positive content on Instagram was indirectly related to decreased body surveillance and increased body appreciation, via lower engagement in upward appearance comparisons and a broader conceptualizing beauty. Taken together, body-positive posts on Instagram can positively contribute to women's body image, if they stimulate protective filtering of idealized content, decrease the relevance of idealized models as comparison targets, and increase perceptions of unconditional body appreciation by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Rousseau
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven
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Jankauskiene R, Balciuniene V, Rutkauskaite R, Pajaujiene S, Baceviciene M. The effects of Nirvana fitness and functional training on the body appreciation of young women: non-randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1412259. [PMID: 39011281 PMCID: PMC11247536 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1412259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exercise is an important intervention used to improve body image. The present non-randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effects of Nirvana Fitness (NF) and functional training (FT) on body appreciation and its correlates in young women. Methods Twenty-two students participated in FT, 21 in NF, and 47 in the control (CN) group. The mean age of the study participants was 22.79 ± 6.14 years. The FT and NF groups participated in sessions 2 days per week for 8 weeks, and the CN group did not participate in any sessions. All the participants were evaluated at pre- and post-intervention, filling in the Body Appreciation Scale 2 (BAS-2), Mind-Body Connection from the Physical Activity Body Experiences Questionnaire (PABEQ), Body Surveillance from the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS), the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS), intrinsic exercise motivation from Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 2 (BREQ-2), and perceived physical fitness. Results Significant improvements were found in terms of all outcome measures in the FT group, and improvements of body and mind connection and body surveillance in the NF group, while no improvements were observed in the CN group. FT's effect on body appreciation appeared to operate through the improvement of the mind-body connection in the FT and NF groups and via decreased body surveillance in the FT group. Conclusion These findings support the developmental theory of embodiment and provide initial evidence that professionally delivered FT and NF might be used as effective strategies for the promotion of positive body image in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vaiva Balciuniene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Renata Rutkauskaite
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Simona Pajaujiene
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Idini E, Paredes-Carreño P, Navarro-Gil M, Barceló-Soler A, Valera-Ceamanos D, Garcia-Campayo J. "Age of traumatic experience as a predictor of distorted body image in patients with eating disorders". Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1043-1057. [PMID: 38696812 DOI: 10.1177/13591045241251902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The timing of trauma exposure is a risk factor for the development of psychopathology in adulthood. We aim to assess the presence of adverse life events (ALEs) before age 13 in patients with eating disorders (ED). Specifically, we examined the relationship between exposure to interpersonal trauma before the age of 13 and body image distortion (BID), impulsivity, and perfectionism. We conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective study in which 79 outpatients with ED were consecutively enrolled. Assessment was performed using the Traumatic Life Event Questionnaire, Contour Drawing Rating Scale, and Eating Disorder Inventory. Linear regression models were used to analyze the predictive role of interpersonal trauma before age 13 on BID perfectionism and impulsivity. Seventy-two patients (91.1%) reported ALEs throughout their lives. Patients with trauma before age 13 (55.6%) overestimated their shape. Patients with ED and bulimic symptoms had significantly higher BID levels. Interpersonal trauma predicted higher levels of impulsivity and perfectionism. Experiencing interpersonal ALEs before age 13 may be a risk factor for the development of BID, impulsivity, and perfectionism in adulthood. Body image can be modified during childhood through interventions focused on identifying stressful relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Idini
- Psychiatric Department, Miguel Servet Hospital, Spain
| | | | - Mayte Navarro-Gil
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Barceló-Soler
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Spain
| | | | - Javier Garcia-Campayo
- Psychiatric Department, Miguel Servet Hospital, Spain
- Mindfulness Master Coordinator, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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45
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Rodgers RF, Gordon AR, Burke NL, Ciao A. Parents and caregivers as key players in the prevention and identification of body image concerns and eating disorders among early adolescents. Eat Disord 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38913912 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2366546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Early adolescence (ages 11-14 years) is a key period for the emergence of body image and eating concerns, and early identification and access to treatment are imperative for positive outcomes. Despite research identifying this critical developmental period, few prevention resources are available for early adolescents. Parents are key players for this age group and important socializing agents. As such, they are well positioned to help youth access resources or support where needed. However, programs to position and involve parents as interventionists are lacking. Our aims are two-fold. First, we review the evidence for the effectiveness of parents as body image interventionists and the existing data regarding parental needs. Second, we provide directions for future research and outline a framework for empowering parents as interventionists, identifying key domains in which parents may play a role in addressing body image and eating concerns among early adolescents. Based on the extent literature, these domains include facilitating engagement with or co-utilizing intervention content to decrease body image and eating concerns in at-risk children, which may also help to increase parents' effectiveness in their efforts to support youth. In addition, parents may deliver content to decrease or reverse risk-factors and early symptoms, or disrupt the early disorder phase of illness. To date, parents constitute an underutilized resource in eating disorder and disordered eating prevention, and efforts should be made to increase the evidence-based strategies to leverage their relationship with at-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Allegra R Gordon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natasha L Burke
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anna Ciao
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
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46
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Yager Z. Something, everything, and anything more than nothing: stories of school-based prevention of body image concerns and eating disorders in young people. Eat Disord 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38910350 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2364523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Much work has been done to promote the development of positive body image in schools. This paper aims to tell some stories from the past 35 years of work in this field that illuminate important issues in developing, evaluating, and disseminating programs, and in removing policies and practices that could trigger weight stigma and body shame or disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. The need for, goals of, and approaches to body image programs, problematic activities we have 'good enough' evidence to avoid, and next steps for advocacy, research, and action are explored as we celebrate how far we've come and have hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zali Yager
- The Embrace Collective
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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47
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Meléndez M, Lanausse PG, Miranda AE, Vega G, Mulero Portela AL. The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Psychometric evaluation of the Puerto Rican Spanish version among women aged ≥ 50 years who are breast cancer survivors. J Psychosoc Oncol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38896833 DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2024.2367696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
PURSPOSE Self-perceived body image may impact women's well-being and levels of depressive symptomatology after cancer-related treatment. The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a 10-item, unidimensional tool used to assess body appreciation, a facet of body image. A culturally relevant version of the BAS-2 was needed for the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico. A cross-cultural adaptation of the BAS-2 for Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico was conducted and tested its psychometric properties, using a methodological design. It was hypothesized that the BAS-2 adapted for Puerto Rican Spanish would have an internal consistency with a Cronbach α value greater than 0.70 and a unidimensional structure; and that body appreciation would be positively and significantly correlated to mental health and would be negatively and significantly correlated to depression and body mass index. METHODS One hundred-nine participants were recruited with a diagnosis of breast cancer (stages 0 to III) who completed adjuvant curative therapy at least two months to five years prior to recruitment. RESULTS Participants had an average age of 61.5 years (SD = 7.1), and 64.2% had a bachelor's degree or higher educational level. The internal consistency of the BAS-2 adapted for the Puerto Rican Spanish was Cronbach α = 0.92. Exploratory factor analysis indicated one-dimensionality of the test. Body appreciation was negatively correlated with higher levels of depressive symptomatology and with a higher body mass index, and positively correlated with higher levels of mental health. CONCLUSION The BAS-2 adapted for the Spanish of Puerto Rico is a psychometrically sound instrument to assess body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marytere Meléndez
- Medical Sciences Campus, School of Health Professions, Physical Therapy Program, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Paulo G Lanausse
- Medical Sciences Campus, School of Health Professions, Physical Therapy Program, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Adriel E Miranda
- Medical Sciences Campus, School of Health Professions, Physical Therapy Program, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Graciela Vega
- Medical Sciences Campus, School of Health Professions, Physical Therapy Program, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ana L Mulero Portela
- Medical Sciences Campus, School of Health Professions, Physical Therapy Program, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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48
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Larrinaga B, Borrajo E, Muñoz-Perez I, Urquijo I, Garcia-Rodríguez A, Arbillaga-Etxarri A. Eating disorder symptoms and weight pressure in female rowers: associations between self-concept, psychological well-being and body composition. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:81. [PMID: 38877594 PMCID: PMC11177466 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female rowers may be at risk of eating disorders and high weight pressure. AIM The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of disordered eating symptoms and weight-related pressure and the associations with self-concept, psychological well-being, socio-demographic data, experience, performance level and body composition in female fixed-bench rowers. METHODS Female rowers (n = 208; age ranged mean ± SD 23.6 ± 6.5 years) completed the SCOFF scale, Weight-Pressures in Sport-Females (WPS-F), Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire and the Ryff scales of psychological well-being and provided information on their experience and level of competition. In a subgroup of 115 athletes, body composition was assessed using bioimpedance. RESULTS It was found that 42.3% of the athletes scored ≥ 2 on SCOFF and mean ± SD value of WPS-F score was 3.65 ± 0.82. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that self-concept of strength and pressure from teammates and the uniform were associated with higher ED symptoms, whereas better psychological well-being in terms of autonomy, self-concept of attractiveness, and age were protective factors for ED symptoms. BMI, athletes' physical condition, strength, and experience were associated with more weight-related pressure and better self-concept of attractiveness and physical well-being of autonomy were significantly associated with less pressure. In body composition analysis, higher extra cellular water, self-acceptance, and physical condition were associated with more weight-related pressure in female rowers, being attractiveness and the environmental mastery protective elements. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ED symptomatology and weight-related pressure are high in female fixed bench rowing. The psychological factors of well-being and self-concept, team environment, body image concerns and body composition analysis should be considered to promote healthy eating behaviours in female rowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beñat Larrinaga
- Deusto Healh-PASS, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Erika Borrajo
- Deusto Sport and Society, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iker Muñoz-Perez
- Deusto Healh-PASS, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Itziar Urquijo
- Deusto Sport and Society, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Garcia-Rodríguez
- Deusto Physical TherapIker, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ane Arbillaga-Etxarri
- Deusto Physical TherapIker, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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49
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Pacheco CR, VanderJagt H, Serier KN, Peterson KP, Smith JE. Measurement invariance of two measures of positive body image among Hispanic/Latina undergraduate women. Body Image 2024; 51:101752. [PMID: 38865896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Although positive body image is associated with mental and physical health benefits, there is a relative dearth of research investigating the psychometric properties of commonly used measures of positive body image among Hispanic/Latina women in the United States. The current study explored the psychometric properties of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a) and the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS; Alleva et al., 2017) in undergraduate women. Altogether 565 undergraduates (n = 386 Hispanic/Latina; n = 179 non-Hispanic White [NHW]) completed the BAS-2, FAS, and demographic questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and measurement invariance testing across ethnicity was conducted on each measure. The CFA confirmed the 1-factor, 10-item model of the BAS-2 among Hispanic/Latina women but indicated a less than adequate model fit for the FAS which improved after correlating the residuals of items 6 and 7. Measurement invariance testing revealed evidence of partial scalar invariance of the BAS-2 and full invariance of the FAS across ethnicity. There were no significant mean differences between groups on the measures. These analyses indicate acceptable psychometric properties of the BAS-2 and FAS among Hispanic/Latina women. Nonetheless, they did suggest potentially meaningful group differences in how these items behaved, which warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina R Pacheco
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, 2001 Redondo Drive Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Hayley VanderJagt
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, 2001 Redondo Drive Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kelsey N Serier
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Street, Boston MA 02130, USA
| | - Kirsten P Peterson
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, 2001 Redondo Drive Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jane Ellen Smith
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, 2001 Redondo Drive Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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50
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Gumančík J, Cornelissen PL, Brokjøb LG, Ridley BJ, McCarty K, Tovée MJ, Cornelissen KK. Testing the validity of online psychophysical measurement of body image perception. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302747. [PMID: 38857270 PMCID: PMC11164378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This body image study tests the viability of transferring a complex psychophysical paradigm from a controlled in-person laboratory task to an online environment. 172 female participants made online judgements about their own body size when viewing images of computer-generated female bodies presented in either in front-view or at 45-degrees in a method of adjustment (MOA) paradigm. The results of these judgements were then compared to the results of two laboratory-based studies (with 96 and 40 female participants respectively) to establish three key findings. Firstly, the results show that the accuracy of online and in-lab estimates of body size are comparable, secondly that the same patterns of visual biases in judgements are shown both in-lab and online, and thirdly online data shows the same view-orientation advantage in accuracy in body size judgements as the laboratory studies. Thus, this study suggests that that online sampling potentially represents a rapid and accurate way of collecting reliable complex behavioural and perceptual data from a more diverse range of participants than is normally sampled in laboratory-based studies. It also offers the potential for designing stratified sampling strategies to construct a truly representative sample of a target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Gumančík
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Piers L. Cornelissen
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Gulli Brokjøb
- Department of Psychology, The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bethany J. Ridley
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kristofor McCarty
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Tovée
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Katri K. Cornelissen
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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