Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood

Unveiling the toxicity of micro-nanoplastics: A systematic exploration of understanding environmental and health implications

The surge in plastic production has spurred a global crisis as plastic pollution intensifies, with microplastics and nanoplastics emerging as notable environmental threats. Due to their miniature size, these particles are ubiquitous across ecosystems and pose severe hazards as they are ingested and bioaccumulate within organisms. Although global plastic production has reached an alarming 400.3 MTs, recycling efforts remain limited, with only 18.5 MTs being recycled. Currently, out of the total plastic waste, 49.6 % is converted into energy, 27 % is recycled, and 23.5 % is recovered as material, indicating a need for better waste management practices to combat the escalating pollution levels. Research studies on micro-nanoplastics have primarily concentrated on their environmental presence and laboratory-based toxicity studies. This review critically examines the sources and detection methods for micro-nanoplastics, emphasising their toxicological effects and ecological impacts. Organisms like zebrafish and rats serve as key models for studying these particle's bioaccumulative potential, showcasing adverse effects that extend to DNA damage, oxidative stress, and cellular apoptosis. Studies reveal that micro-nanoplastics can permeate biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, neurological imbalance, cardiac, respiratory, and dermatological disorders. These health risks, particularly relevant for humans, underscore the urgency for broader, real-world studies beyond controlled laboratory conditions. Additionally, the review discusses innovative energy-harvesting technologies as sustainable alternatives for plastic waste utilisation, particularly valuable for energy-deficient regions. These strategies aim to simultaneously address energy demands and mitigate plastic waste. This approach aligns with global sustainability goals, providing a promising avenue for both pollution reduction and energy generation. The review calls for further research to enhance detection techniques, assess long-term environmental impacts, and explore sustainable solutions that integrate energy recovery with pollution mitigation, especially in regions most affected by both energy shortages and increased plastic waste.

Discovery and solution for microplastics: New risk carriers in food

Microplastics (MPs), as a kind of plastic particles with an equal volume size of less than 5 mm, similar to PM2.5 in the air, are causing severe contamination issues in food. Along with the food chain accumulation, they have been confirmed to appear in daily foods and cause serious health risks to the organisms. However, there were no unifying national and local policies on separating, extracting, and detecting MPs in food, which is an essential and imperative early-warning strategy. This review carefully and comprehensively summarized the validated contaminated food, physical and chemical characteristics, extraction methods, traditional and rapid detection techniques, as well as degradation methods of MPs. We thoroughly analyzed the differences among these traditional strategies, and innovatively generalized the existing rapid detection techniques for MPs. Finally, the shortcomings of existing research were discussed, and the possibility of novel rapid and intelligent detection techniques for MPs in food was proposed.

Effects of microplastics on the immune system: How much should we worry?

Plastics are everywhere. It is widely recognized that they represent a global problem, the extent of which is yet to be defined. Humans are broadly exposed to plastics, whose effects and consequences are poorly characterized so far. The main route of exposure is via alimentary and respiratory intake. Plastics pollutions may come from both: water and food contamination itself, and their packaging. The smaller sizes (i.e. microplastics <150 µm - MPs) are considered to be the most pervasive of living organisms and, therefore, potentially the most harmful. As humans occupy one of the apex positions of the food chain, we are exposed to bioaccumulation and biomagnification effects of MPs. In fact, MPs are commonly found in human stools and blood. However, there are no data available yet on their ability to accumulate and to produce detrimental consequences on biological systems. Even though the effects of plastics pollution are poorly studied in mammals, including humans, they appear to have inflammatory effects, which is rather concerning as many etiologies of disease are based on a pro-inflammatory status.

Metal-free AAO membranes function as both filters and Raman enhancers for the analysis of nanoplastics

Nanoplastics (NPs) are growing concerns for health and the environment, being widely distributed across marine, freshwater, air, and biological systems. Analyzing NPs in real environmental samples requires pretreatment, which has traditionally been complex and often leads to underestimation in actual samples, creating a gap between real-world conditions and research findings. In this study, we propose using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane as a direct Raman substrate for particles on a filter, achieving complete recovery during separation and concentration while simplifying the pretreatment stages. Moreover, our study introduces AAO itself, without any metal coating, as a normal Raman spectroscopy substrate with strong Raman signal enhancement for NPs and an ultra-flat surface for rapid analysis. By using AAO with nanometer-sized pores, we effectively detected standard polystyrene spherical particles on the AAO membrane down to 200 nm. Our investigation extended to irregular NPs containing PP, PE, PET, PS, PMMA, and PLA, confirming the reliability of this approach. Our results suggest that employing an AAO membrane with dual functionality as both a filter and a Raman substrate effectively serves as a cost-effective, rapid, simple, and accurate tool for NP analysis in complex environments.

Reproductive toxicity and transgenerational effects of co-exposure to polystyrene microplastics and arsenic in zebrafish

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have garnered significant attention due to their small particle size, resistance to degradation and large specific surface area, which makes it easy to adsorb various pollutants, particularly heavy metals. Arsenic (As), a common metal poisons, poses significant risks due to its widespread industrial use. When MPs and As co-exist in the environment, they can exert combined toxic effects on organisms, affecting various systems, including the nervous system. However, research on the reproductive damage caused by the co-exposure to MPs and As is limited, and the toxic effects and mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the co-exposure of polystyrene microplastics (PSMP) and As on female zebrafish to evaluate the reproductive toxicity and transgenerational effects. The results revealed that the combined exposure exhibited elevated reproductive toxicity, resulting in reduced gonadal indices, abnormal oocyte maturation, and disrupted sex hormone levels, as evidenced by an increased E2/T ratio. Metabolomics analyses revealed that the co-exposure to PSMP and As primarily affected pathways involved in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, galactose metabolism, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. These pathways are associated with oxidative stress, lipid synthesis, and sex hormone synthesis. Importantly, the combined exposure group exhibited more pronounced effects on offspring development compared to the alone treatment group, characterized by increased mortality rate, decreased hatching rate, and reduced heart rate. These findings provide evidence that co-exposure to MPs and As damages the reproductive system and adversely affects offspring growth and development.

FGF1 alleviates polystyrene nanoplastics-induced neuroinflammation through the suppression of lipophagy

Global contamination with nanoplastics (NPs) has raised public concern regarding their adverse effects on human health. However, little is known about the toxic effects of NPs on the nervous system. This study explored the neurotoxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) under the exposure model in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that environmentally relevant PS-NPs exposure activated lipophagy-related lipolysis. This activation promoted the production of lipid inflammatory mediators 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thereby driving neuroinflammation in vitro. RNA sequencing revealed that fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) was negatively associated with the activation of lipophagy. Exogenous treatment with FGF1 inhibited PS-NPs-induced neuroinflammation and lipid accumulation in vitro and in vivo via the suppression of lipophagy. In addition, exogenous treatment with FGF1 alleviated PS-NPs-induced learning and memory deficits and neuropathological injury in mice. Our results provided new insights into the neurotoxicity effects and mechanisms of PS-NPs. Meanwhile, we found that FGF1 is a potential neuroprotective factor against PS-NPs-induced neurological injury by remodeling lipid metabolism in the central nervous system.

Mechanisms of microplastics on gastrointestinal injury and liver metabolism disorder (Review)

With the high production and use of plastic products, a large amount of microplastics (MPs) is generated by degradation, which causes environmental pollution. MPs are particles with a diameter <5 mm; further degradation of MPs produces nano‑plastics (NPs), which could further increase the damage to cells when entering the human body. Therefore, the present review summarizes the effect of MP and NP deposition on the human gastrointestinal tract and the underlying injury mechanism of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, as well as the potential mechanism of glucose and liver lipid metabolism disorder. The present review provides a theoretical basis for research on the mechanisms of MPs in gastrointestinal injury and liver metabolism disorder. Further studies are needed for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases caused by MPs and NPs.

Curdlan inclusion modifies the rheological properties and the helix-coil transition behavior of gelatin and increases the flexibility of gelatin films

Gelatin, a natural and edible polymer, has attracted wide attention for use in food and edible packaging applications. However, its inadequate properties, especially poor flexibility, limit its broader utilization. Hybridizing different polymers is a promising strategy to achieve enhanced properties. Herein, the microstructure and characteristics of gelatin/curdlan film-forming solutions and the resulting films were systematically characterized. Effective interaction between curdlan and gelatin can be shown by a homogeneous phase morphology and increased helix-coil transition temperature. The strong interactions between gelatin and curdlan results in a well-integrated polymer network, significantly influence gelatin's properties. In particular, the samples containing higher proportion of curdlan exhibited increased elongation at break, suggesting enhanced flexibility. Overall, this research presents a promising way for improving gelatin's ductility, enhancing its potential for food-related and broader applications.

Rapid detection of microplastics in chicken feed based on near infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithm

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and machine learning in detecting microplastics (MPs) in chicken feed. The application of machine learning techniques in building optimal classification models for MPs-contaminated chicken feeds was explored. 80 chicken feed samples with non-contaminated and 240 MPs-contaminated chicken feed samples including polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were prepared, and the NIR diffuse reflectance spectra of all the samples were collected. NIR spectral properties of chicken feeds, three MPs of PP, PVC and PET, MPs-contaminated chicken feeds were firstly investigated, and principal component analysis was carried out to reveal the effect of MPs on spectra of chicken feed. Moreover, the raw spectral data were pre-processed by multiplicative scattering correction (MSC) and standard normal variate (SNV), and the characteristic variables were selected using the competitive adaptive re-weighted sampling (CARS) algorithm and the successive projections algorithm (SPA), respectively. On this basis, four machine learning methods, namely partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), back propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), were used to establish discriminant models for MPs-contaminated chicken feed, respectively. The overall results indicated that SPA was a powerful tool to select the characteristic wavelength. SPA-SVM model was proved to be optimal in all constructed models, with a classification accuracy of 96.26% for unknow samples in test set. The results show that it is not only feasible to combine NIR spectroscopy with machine learning for rapid detection of microplastics in chicken feed, but also achieves excellent analysis results.

Exploring Nile Red staining as an analytical tool for surface-oxidized microplastics

Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, have garnered considerable attention owing to their potential biological impact on human health. These particles exhibit a range of physicochemical properties, including size, shape, and surface oxidation. Nile Red is a prominent tool for detecting microplastics, enabling staining for dynamic analyses within biological systems. However, the efficacy of Nile Red staining for surface-oxidized MPs remains unclear. Therefore, we applied Nile Red dye to stain surface-oxidized polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride and observed that both materials were effectively stained, although the fluorescence intensity varied according to different hydrophobic dynamics. Imaging analysis revealed a correlation between the fluorescence intensity score and the degree of surface oxidation, as determined using the carbonyl index calculated from attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data. Collectively, these findings offer novel analytical approaches for investigating environmental MPs, enhancing our understanding of their behavior and impact.

Microplastics in our diet: A growing concern for human health

Microplastics (MPs), particles smaller than 5 mm, are widely distributed in the environment, raising concerns about their long-term human health impact. MPs can enter the human food chain through various sources, including drinking water, salt, plant-based derived products, animal-based derived products (especially seafood), alcoholic beverages, and packaged food. Once in the human body, MPs have been detected in various biological tissues and secretions, such as feces, blood, semen, breastmilk, thrombi, colon, atheroma, and liver, highlighting their capacity for bioaccumulation. The most commonly identified polymers include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), along with others such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). This review presents a perspective on underexplored food contamination by MPs, discussing the presence of these plastic fragments in human biological systems and discussing in vivo studies that investigate their potential health risks. Emerging evidence links MPs to inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and cellular dysfunction, potentially contributing to gastrointestinal disorders, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and cardiovascular risks. Key knowledge gaps persist for understanding health impacts under environmental relevant conditions, particularly regarding long-term exposure, particle size effects, chemical composition, and interactions with environmental pollutants. Addressing these challenges requires the development of advanced experimental models and human-relevant tissue studies, to improve understanding of MPs bioaccumulation, toxicity, and mechanisms of action. This work underscores the urgency of mitigating MP exposure and advancing studies to better understand their real implications for human health.

Organ-Specific Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Deltamethrin-Induced Toxicity in Mice: Mitigated Hepatorenal Oxidative Damage But Increased Enteric Toxicity

This study investigates the combined effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) and deltamethrin (DEL) on mice, focusing on their different impacts among organs. Mice were exposed to PS-NPs and/or DEL for 30 days. Results showed that PS-NPs alleviated DEL-induced oxidative damage in the liver and kidney by reducing its accumulation due to decreased bioaccessibility. Conversely, PS-NPs increased DEL accumulation in the intestine, leading to enhanced susceptibility to enteric infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites, as indicated by transcriptomic analysis. PS-NPs delayed DEL excretion by reducing gastrointestinal motility, as evidenced by altered neurotransmitter levels, thereby contributing to greater intestinal accumulation of DEL. Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that PS-NPs tended to decrease beneficial bacteria and increase pathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota, further heightening susceptibility to enteric infections upon coexposure. The findings of this study shed new light on the complex health risks associated with coexposure to nanoplastics and pesticides.

Size-dependent selectivity and quantification on detecting PS nanoplastics particles in a mixed solution with different diameters by using periodic Ag nanocavities SERS substrates with high sensitivity

Nanoplastic particles (NPPs) have attracted lots of attention due to their toxicity. In this study, a Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based category on selectivity and quantification detecting the polystyrene (PS) NPPs has been presented. Firstly, the size-dependent SERS relationship between the diameter of Ag nanocavities (AgNCAs) and the diameter of the PS NPPs is studied. By continuously dripping the PS NPPs on proposed AgNCAs substrates, AgNCAs exhibit excellent enrichment capability with a promoted limit of detection (LOD) of 0.001 mg/mL. Secondly, thermally evaporated Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an enhancement layer are used to form the AgNPs/PS NPPs/AgNCAs sandwich structure with a SERS enhancement of 300 %. Thirdly, a SERS microfluidic chip constructed by integrating two kinds of pore size (87 nm and 356 nm) AgNCAs is fabricated to selectivity quantifying absolute concentration of the mixed PS NPPs with different diameters in a mixed solution. It shows excellent performance. This novel category proves a good method for identifying plastic nanoparticles and analyzing their size distribution existing in the surroundings indicating good practical applications.

A digestive system microphysiological platform for assessment of internal-exposure risks and metabolic disease mechanisms induced by multi-size nano-plastics

Nano-plastics (NPs) are emerging hazardous environmental contaminants that pose health risks with size-dependent toxic effects and are potential risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and lipid metabolism disorders including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, their underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To shed more light on the causes of these risks, we developed a digestive system microphysiological platform (DS-MPP) for simulating dynamic internal-exposure of multi-size NPs in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Multi-omics analysis based on DS-MPP revealed hepatic cells are more sensitive to 72 μg/day NPs than gastrointestinal mucosa cells. Specifically, 50 nm NPs disrupt phospholipid metabolism, promote diacylglycerol (DG) accumulation, convert more DG to phosphatidic acid (PA) than triacylglycerol (TG), thus facilitating endocytic vesicles production. Meanwhile, it can active tumorigenesis related pathway mTOR, inducing HCC marked by CAB39. Moreover, 500 nm NPs promote NAFLD by inducing insulin resistance pathways and decreasing PLD1 expression. Our results demonstrate the mechanism of disease and metabolic disorders induced by NPs vary depending on particle size. DS-MPP is a reliable platform for evaluating risk of dynamic NPs exposure and elucidating mechanisms of related metabolic diseases. This platform provides a promising method for health risk assessment caused by environmental pollutants.

Concise, Rapid, and Comprehensive Approach for Microplastic Detection Based on Ambient Microwave Plasma Torch Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Microplastics (MPs) have been universally recognized as a pervasive and enduring environmental hazard, promoting research on relevant analytical techniques. Despite the unique advantages of mass spectrometry (MS) for polymer identification, lengthy procedures and complex data processing are always ineluctable. In this study, an ambient microwave plasma torch (MPT) ion source coupled with an LTQ Orbitrap MS was developed, presenting a rapid and concise analytical approach for MPs with simplified pretreatment and intuitive mass spectra. One testing process took approximately 30 s, enabling a higher efficiency of analysis. Furthermore, the method was not constrained by the MP size limitation; even macroscale polymer blocks could be detected. Under the optimized conditions, the method was proven to be efficient for the desorption and ionization of a wide range of MPs (polyamide, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polymethacrylate, polylactic acid, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polypropylene, and polythene), while the distinctly decipherable spectra intuitively reflected the mass intervals conforming to the corresponding monomer of MPs. Linear relationships were established between sample mass and the intensity of characteristic ion, with R2 exceeding 0.98. Additionally, a simplified pretreatment process in conjunction with MPT-MS was explored, verifying the method's resilience to matrix interferences and its applicability to environmental sample analysis. Furthermore, the compatibility of the established method with scanning electron microscopy was taken into consideration, thereby complementing traditional MS analysis by providing additional insights into the size and morphology of MPs. This study employed MPT as the ion source for MS detection of MPs, establishing a concise, rapid, and comprehensive method specifically targeting the analysis of MPs, which provided inspiration for the extraction and characterization of MPs in environmental samples.

Polystyrene microplastics impaired the function of leydig cells via GRP78/PERK/CHOP mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in vivo and in vitro

The toxic effect of Polystyrene Microplastics (PS-MPs) on leydig cells were found in male mice, but the toxic mechanism was not clear. The PS-MPs exposure mice model and cell model were established in this study to explore the leydig cells toxic mechanism. In vivo study, the leydig cells toxicity in male mice was evaluated exposed to PS-MPs for 28 days. And found that the sperm density, mobility and testosterone (T) level decreased, and the sperm malformation rate and malondialdehyde level increased. PS-MPs exposure impaired the function of male reproduction. The results also showed that the levels of testosterone-producing proteins (StAR, P450scc,3β-HSD and CYP17A1) decreased, apoptosis signaling pathways (Bax/Bcl-2, Caspase-8 and Caspase-12) were activated and endoplasmic reticulum stress (GRP78/p-PERK/CHOP) occurred in male mice exposed to PS-MPs. In vitro study, TM3 cells (leydig cells) were treated with 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL of PS-MPs for 24 h. And we found that PS-MPs exposure reduced the cell viability and the level of T, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in TM3 cells. PS-MPs exposure impaired the function of the leydig cells. Further testing revealed that PS-MPs could activate GRP78/p-PERK/CHOP pathway, aggrandized endoplasmic reticulum stress in the leydig cells, then increased apoptosis level, and induced testosterone synthase protein reduction. These could be reversed when exposed to ROS inhibitor or endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor. In conclusion, PS-MPs exposure induced the high level of ROS, activated the GRP78/p-PERK/CHOP signaling pathway, enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress in leydig cells, then apoptosis level increased, which impaired the leydig cell function.

Assessing the impact of marine litter hotspot on atmospheric microplastics: A study of a coastal village

Marine litter and microplastics (MPs) represent pressing environmental challenges. However, the impact of marine litter on airborne MPs near marine litter hotspot remains unexplored. In this study, we simultaneously collected airborne MPs, weather factors, and air pollutants in a village near a marine litter hotspot across different seasons in Taiwan. Multiple methods were employed to evaluate whether the marine litter hotspot was a source of airborne MPs. The average MP concentration was 1.35 ± 1.33 particles/m³, with the highest concentration recorded in spring (3.06 ± 1.63 particles/m³) and the lowest in winter (0.61 ± 0.49 particles/m³). The dominant shapes and size ranges of MPs were fragment and 3-50 μm, respectively. The major polymer composition of the MPs was identified as polyamide. Wind rose, bivariate polar plot, and backward trajectories illustrated that the air mass passing through the marine litter hotspot exhibited higher MP concentrations in the study area in spring, fall, and winter. Factor analysis suggested that thermal and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure induced the emission of MPs from plastic items. In contrast, local activities may be a source of MPs in the study area during summer. Overall, this study revealed that higher MP concentrations were observed in the village near marine litter hotspot when the predominant directions from marine litter hotspot, with thermal and UV light exposure being the degradation mechanisms. This study also highlighted the need to reduce marine litter to mitigate MP pollution near hotspots in the atmosphere.

Why do microplastics aggravate cholestatic liver disease? The NLRP3-mediated intestinal barrier integrity damage matter

Microplastics (MPs) are becoming a significant environmental and public health concern because they are present in freshwater and marine environments and are ingested by living organisms. Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) is closely related to intestinal homeostasis, but there are no data investigating the effects of MPs on CLD. In this study, we used Mdr2-/- mice (a model of CLD) to investigate the effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs, 0.5 μm) on CLD and the underlying mechanisms. Our data revealed that, compared with Mdr2-/- mice, PS-MPs (200 μg/day)-challenged Mdr2-/- mice presented more severe collagen deposition, infiltration of inflammatory cells in liver sections and higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP)/γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GGT) concentrations in the serum. Furthermore, the number of mucous cells in the colonic tissues of mice with CLD was strongly inhibited by PS-MPs, accompanied by the downregulation of intestinal barrier integrity proteins (ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1). Through correlation analysis to further verify the connection between ALP/γ-GGT levels and intestinal barrier integrity genes, as well as a significant positive correlation with IL-1β after PS-MPs exposure. Our results also revealed that PS-MPs exposure accelerated the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-associated inflammatory response in the colon but did not affect NLRP3 expression in the livers of Mdr2-/- mice. Further study confirmed that the inhibition of NLRP3 by the MCC950 inhibitor abrogated the exacerbating effects of PS-MPs on hepatobiliary injury and intestinal barrier integrity damage. These findings provide the first evidence that NLRP3-mediated inflammation is an important participant in intestinal barrier integrity damage crosstalk that drives CLD under MPs exposure and identify NLRP3 as a potential therapeutic target.

Microplastics in Chinese coastal waters: A mini-review of occurrence characteristics, sources and driving mechanisms

The oceans are facing global and irreversible pollution from microplastics, and China is not immune. In this mini-review, information on microplastics in four coastal waters of China and the natural and social environment of key basins were compiled. The results showed that microplastics were ubiquitous in the coastal waters, and the abundance and spatial distribution of microplastics varied significantly under different sampling methods. For trawl samples, microplastic abundance ranged from 0.045 to 1170.8 items m-3, among which the coastal waters of the East China Sea were the most polluted. For filtered samples, microplastic abundance ranged from 46 to 63,600 items m-3, and the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea were the most polluted. Meanwhile, human activities in basin were the key factors affecting microplastic pollution in coastal waters. The main terrestrial source in the coastal waters of the South China Sea was express packaging loss, whereas the main source in the other coastal waters was tyres and road markings wear from vehicle trip. The decoupling results of analytic hierarchy process showed that there was spatial heterogeneity in the impact of socio-economic and natural environmental factors in the basin on the distribution of microplastics in coastal waters. Among the five major basins, the impact weights of the latter were 20.00%, 83.34%, 66.66%, 50.00% and 25.00%, respectively. This study provides the first perspective of land-sea linkage to summarize the characteristics, sources and influencing factors of microplastics in Chinese coastal waters, providing ideas for reducing marine microplastic pollution from the source.

Endocytosis, endoplasmic reticulum, actin cytoskeleton affected in tilapia liver under polystyrene microplastics and BDE153 acute co-exposure

Studies showed that contaminants adhered to the surface of nano-polystyrene microplastics (NPs) have a toxicological effect. Juveniles tilapia were dispersed into four groups: the control group A, 75 nm NPs exposed group B, 5 ng·L-1 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether group C (BDE153), and 5 ng·L-1 BDE153 + 75 nm MPs group D, and acutely exposed for 2, 4 and 8 days. The hepatic histopathological change, enzymatic activities, transcriptomics, and proteomics, have been performed in tilapia. The results showed that the enzymatic activities of anti-oxidative (ROS, SOD, EROD), energy (ATP), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, FAS, LPL, ACC), pro-inflammatory (TNFα, IL-1β) and apoptosis (caspase 3) significantly increased at 2 d in BDE153 and the combined group and together in BDE153 group at 8 d. Histological slice showed displaced nucleus by BDE153 exposure and vacuoles appeared in the combined groups. KEGG results revealed that pathways associated with endocytosis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and regulation of actin cytoskeleton were significantly enriched. The selected genes associated with neurocentral development (ganab, diaph3/baiap2a/ddost decreased and increased), lipid metabolism (ldlrap1a decreased, stt3b increased), energy (agap2 decreased, uggt1 increased) were affected under co-exposure, and fibronectin significantly increased via proteome. Our study indicated that endocytosis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, regulation of actin cytoskeleton were affected in tilapia liver under NPs and BDE153 co-exposure.

Antibiotic sorption onto MPs in terrestrial environment: a critical review of the transport, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicological effects and prospects

Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics are prevalent contaminants in terrestrial environment. MPs possess the ability to absorb antibiotics, resulting in the formation of complex pollutants. While the accumulation and fate of MPs and antibiotics in marine ecosystems have been extensively studied, their combined pollution behavior in terrestrial environments remains relatively underexplored. This paper describes the sources, migration, and compound pollution of MPs and antibiotics in soil. It reviews the mechanisms of compound toxicity associated with antibiotics and MPs, combining different biological classifications. Moreover, we highlight the factors that influence the effects of MPs as vectors and the critical elements driving the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). These information suggests the potential mitigation measures for MPs contamination from different perspectives to reduce the impact of ARGs-carrying MPs on human health, specifically through transmission via plants, microbes, or terrestrial vertebrates. Finally, we identify gaps in scientific knowledge regarding the interaction between MPs and antibiotics in soil environments, including the need for standardized research methods, multi-dimensional studies on complex ecological effects, and more comprehensive risk assessments of other pollutants on human health. In summary, this paper provides foundational information for assessing their combined toxicity, offers insights into the distribution of these emerging pollutants in soil, and contributes to a better understanding of the environmental impact of these contaminants.

Mass spectrometry imaging enables detection of MPs and their effects in Daphnia magna following acute exposure

Microplastics (MPs) are continuously found in soil and water environments. Within aquatic ecosystems, filter-feeding organisms are unable to discriminate MPs from food particles while fish may intentionally ingest MPs by mistaking them for prey. In both cases, MPs can accumulate in tissues with subsequent implications for human and environmental health. The modes of action of MPs are still not fully understood and hence the toxicological effects of these pollutants cannot be fully evaluated. This study aims to improve our understanding of the modes of action and toxicological effects of MPs using a multimodal approach. In the present study, Daphnia magna was deployed as a model to investigate the acute effects of MPs by exposing D. magna specimens for 24 h to fluorophore-coated polyethylene MPs. A multimodal approach, combining fluorescence imaging and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), was employed to assess the implications of MPs exposures. Fluorescent microscopy revealed a significant accumulation of MPs in the gut of D. magna after acute exposure. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging were used to study the distribution and potential metabolic effects in exposed D. magna. ToF-SIMS revealed specific fragmentation patterns for polyethylene MPs, with the m/z 43 ion being the most suitable for identifying polyethylene MPs in biological tissue samples. MALDI-MSI showed specific ion types for the eye, gut, optical ganglion, first antennae, and egg tissues of D. magna. MSI data revealed minor alterations in specific regions of D. magna, such as eggs and gut, of D. magna after MPs exposure. The local changes were mainly found in the nucleotide and lipid metabolism within the eggs. In the gut, changes between control and MPs-exposed groups were potentially linked to plastic additives. Overall, the results of this work underline the potential of multimodal approaches based on MSI to study challenging pollutants, such as MPs, and their interactions with tissues.

Co-exposure to F-53B and nanoplastics induced hepatic glucolipid metabolism disorders by the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway

Recent investigations suggest that the chemical compound F-53B (6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate) may pose risks of liver toxicity. Within environmental settings, F-53B attaches to microplastics and nanoplastics, which are capable of being consumed by diverse species. To investigate the synergistic effects on hepatotoxicity, adult male mice were subjected to F-53B at daily doses of 1, 10, and 100 μg/kg, NPs at 100 mg/kg per day, or a combination of both treatments for a duration of 2 months. The results indicated that NPs moderately increased the buildup of F-53B within both the liver and plasma. Co-exposure to F-53B (100 μg/kg/day) and NPs induced hepatocellular edema and elevated plasma ALT levels, which were rarely observed in groups exposed to F-53B or NPs alone. Additionally, we found that co-exposure decreased the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in both plasma and liver tissues, while increasing fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway is potentially involved in mediating hepatic metabolic disorders. Further experiments demonstrated that the combined treatment significantly suppressed the expression of FGF21, an upstream regulator of the PI3K-AKT pathway. This alteration resulted in the suppression of PI3K-regulated gene expression associated with glucose and lipid metabolism. The findings suggest that F-53B impairs hepatic glucolipid metabolism in mice by suppressing of the PI3K-AKT signaling cascade, with NPs amplifying its toxicity.

The influence of microplastics on hypertension-associated cardiovascular injury via the modulation of gut microbiota

Microplastics (MPs) have been found to interfere with the gut microbiota and compromise the integrity of the gut barrier. Excessive exposure to MPs markedly elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease, yet their influence on hypertension remains elusive, calling for investigation into their potential impacts on blood pressure (BP) regulation. In the present study, an increase in the concentration of MPs was observed in the fecal samples of individuals suffering from hypertension, as compared to the controls. Oral administration of MPs led to obvious increases in systolic, diastolic and mean BP levels in mice. MPs were associated with promoting myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and cardiac remodeling through alterations in gut microbial composition, such as Prevotella and Coprobacillus, or fecal metabolites Betaine and Glycyrrhetinic acid. The hypertensive damage mediated by MPs was significantly mitigated by the high-fiber diet or antibiotics that targeted the gut microbiota. Notablely, fecal microbiota transplantation from mice treated with MPs led to an increase in systolic BP levels and the development of cardiac dysfunction. Our findings offer valuable insights into the complex interplay between MPs and the gut microbiome in the context of hypertension, and suggest potential strategies for reducing the vascular and cardiac injury caused by MPs.

Hydrological and hydraulic drivers of microplastics in a rural river sourced from the UK's largest opencast coal mine

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in river and freshwater ecosystems. However, the hydraulic and hydrological mechanisms that regulate the activation and emissions of MPs from both the land surface and subsurface into rivers are not well understood. This study aims to quantify the instream MP concentration and MP load in a remote headwater catchment river (Taff Bargoed, Wales, UK), which drains the UK's largest opencast coal mine (Ffos-y-fran), over a two-year period. Small fibers (< 1 mm) composed of acrylic and polyester dominated the MPs found in the Taff Bargoed, while less commonly observed MP fragments were mostly composed of polysulfone. River MP concentrations ranged from 0.27 to 28.87 MP/m³ (average: 14.60 ± 10.31 MP/m³), and MP load ranged one order of magnitude from 0.08 to 3.04 MP/s (average: 1.42 ± 0.81 MP/s). Statistically significant relationships were found between MP concentration, the number of dry weather hours and river discharge, which indicated rainfall-runoff induced, source limited, dilution effects on instream MP concentration. A negligible relationship between MP load and river discharge was observed, which suggests that MP load variability was independent of flow conditions, dry weather hours, and the MP concentration in the Taff Bargoed. Significant positive relationships between MP concentration and instream total suspended solids were also observed, indicating that this may provide a useful proxy for estimating MP variation in the Taff Bargoed. No longitudinal variation in MP concentration over a 2 km reach was observed, where differences in flow and drainage area were negligible, however, MP concentration increased by a factor of 2-4 downstream of an inflowing tributary, also sourced from the Ffos-y-fran coal mine. Overall, the results of this study provide evidence that mining activities can contribute MPs in rural and remote rivers, with their contribution being regulated by the hydraulic and hydrological processes in the catchment.

Effects of micro- and nanoplastics on blood cells in vitro and cardiovascular parameters in vivo, considering their presence in the human bloodstream and potential impact on blood pressure

The adverse effects of plastics on the environment, wildlife, and human health have been extensively studied, yet their production remains unavoidable due to the lack of viable alternatives. Environmental fragmentation of larger plastic particles generates microplastics (MPs, 0.1-5000 μm) and nanoplastics (NPs, 1-100 nm), which can enter the bloodstream through inhalation or ingestion. This review examines whether MPs and NPs influence blood pressure. To address this question, relevant studies were analyzed based on predefined criteria. Due to anatomical barriers and microcirculatory dynamics, only NPs and small MPs are expected to enter the bloodstream under physiological conditions, although pathological states may alter this. In vitro research indicates that MPs and NPs negatively affect erythrocytes and endothelial cells, while rodent models suggest potential cardiovascular effects. Plastic particles and fibers have been detected in human blood, thrombi, atherosclerotic plaques, and various tissues. However, validated data on plastic particle-related blood pressure changes remain lacking. Despite limitations in their applicability to human physiology, preclinical models suggest that MPs and NPs circulate in the bloodstream, interact with blood cells, and contribute to vascular damage. Mechanisms such as endothelial injury, platelet activation, inflammation, and MPs/NPs accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques may contribute to blood pressure elevation but are unlikely to be the exclusive cause of hypertension. Further research is needed to clarify the role of plastic particles in blood pressure regulation. Standardized detection methods, real-world scenario-related models, and targeted human studies are essential to assessing cardiovascular risks associated with MP and NP exposure.

Polyethylene microplastics promote nucleus pulposus cell senescence by inducing oxidative stress via TLR4/NOX2 axis

This study aimed to detect and characterize microplastics in intervertebral disc and investigate their effects and molecular mechanism on intervertebral disc degeneration. We collected intervertebral disc tissues from cervical, lumbar, and thoracolumbar segments and used Raman spectroscopy to identify and characterize microplastics. Among 80 samples, 47 contained microplastics, with polyethylene being the most prevalent type. To explore the effects of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs), we established a mouse model and a nucleus pulposus cell model. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed via immunofluorescence staining, cell viability was measured using the CCK-8 assay, and protein expression related to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) axis, oxidative stress, and nucleus pulposus degeneration were evaluated through western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Results showed that PE-MPs exposure led to intervertebral disc degeneration by inducing oxidative stress and activating the TLR4 / NOX2 axis, which increased the senescence of nucleus pulposus cells. These effects were mitigated by TLR4 and NOX2 inhibitors. This research highlights the existence of microplastics in human intervertebral disc tissue and unveils a novel mechanism of nucleus pulposus cell senescence induced by PE-MPs, offering new avenues for clinical treatment of microplastic-related disc degeneration.

Microplastics/nanoplastics contribute to aging and age-related diseases: Mitochondrial dysfunction as a crucial role

The pervasive utilization of plastic products has led to a significant escalation in plastic waste accumulation. Concurrently, the implications of emerging pollutants such as microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) on human health are increasingly being acknowledged. Recent research has demonstrated that MPs/NPs may contribute to the onset of human aging and age-related diseases. Additionally, MPs/NPs have the potential to induce mitochondrial damage, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction is widely recognized as a hallmark of aging; thus, it is necessary to elucidate the relationship between them. In this article, we first elucidate the distribution of MPs/NPs in various environmental media, their pathways into the human body, and their subsequent distribution within human tissues and organs. Subsequently, we examine the interplay between MPs/NPs, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the aging process. We aspire that this article will enhance awareness regarding the toxicity of MPs/NPs while also offering a theoretical framework to support the development of improved regulatory policies in the future.

Exposure of the human placental primary cells to nanoplastics induces cytotoxic effects, an inflammatory response and endocrine disruption

Humans are inevitably exposed to micro- and nanoplastics (MP/NP). These particles are able to cross the biological barriers and enter the bloodstream with levels close to 1.6 µg mL-1; MP/NP have been detected in placentas and meconium of newborns. However, the consequences of this exposure on the integrity, development and functions of the human placenta are not documented. In this study, trophoblasts purified from human placentas at term were exposed for 48 h, to two different sizes of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NP) of 20 nm (PS-NP20) and 100 nm (PS-NP100), at environmental and supra-environmental concentrations (0.01-100 µg mL-1). Cell viability, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dynamics, lysosomal degradation processes, autophagy, inflammation/oxidative responses and consequences for placental endocrine and angiogenic functions were assessed. PS-NP size determines their internalization rate and their behavior in trophoblasts. Indeed, PS-NP20 are more rapidly translocated, and accumulated in lysosomes as shown by confocal and TEM imaging. They induce higher cytotoxicity than PS-NP100, as early as 1 µg mL-1 (p < 0.05). In addition, they induce a pro-inflammatory cytokines response: IL-1ß is induced from 0.01 µg mL-1 for the both nanoparticle sizes; IL-6, and TNF-α are overexpressed at 100 µg mL-1 only for PS-NP20 (p < 0.05). For the first time, we report that PS-NP disrupt endocrine function, as observed by a decreased hCG release at concentrations found in human blood. This work, provides an in-depth in vitro assessment of the effects of PS-NP on the human placenta.

Eco-microbiology: discovering biochemical enhancers of PET biodegradation by Piscinibacter sakaiensis

The scale of plastic pollution boggles the mind. Nearly 400 megatons of virgin plastics are produced annually, with an environmental release rate of 80%, and plastic waste, including microplastics and nanoplastics, is associated with a plethora of problems. The naturally evolved abilities of plastic-degrading microbes offer a starting point for generating sustainable and eco-centric solutions to plastic pollution-a field of endeavor we term eco-microbiology. Here, we developed an iterative discovery procedure coupling faster polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-dependent bioactivity screens with longer-term PET biodegradation assays to find biochemical boosters of PET consumption by the bacterium Piscinibacter sakaiensis. We discovered multiple hits supporting the enhancement of PET biodegradation, with a 0.39% dilution of growth medium #802, a rich medium similar to Luria-Bertani broth, on average more than doubling the rate of PET biodegradation both alone and in combination with 0.125% ethylene glycol. In addition, we identified other chemical species (sodium phosphate, L-serine, GABA) worth further exploring, especially in combination with growth medium #802, for enhanced PET biodegradation by P. sakaiensis. This work represents an important step toward the creation of a low-cost PET fermentation process needed to help solve PET plastic pollution.

IMPORTANCE

Plastic pollution is an urgent issue. Adding to the well-known problems of bulk plastic litter, shed microplastics and nanoplastics are globally distributed, found in diverse organisms including human foodstuffs and tissues, and increasingly associated with chronic disease. Solutions are needed and the microbial world offers abundant help via naturally evolved consumers of plastic waste. We are working to accelerate polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic biodegradation by Piscinibacter sakaiensis, a recently described bacterium that evolved to slowly but completely consume PET, one of the most common types of plastic pollution. We used a combination of PET-dependent bioactivity screens and biodegradation tests to find stimulators of PET biodegradation. Out of hundreds, we found a small number of biochemical conditions that more than double the PET biodegradation rate. Our work provides a foundation for further studies to realize a fermentation process needed to help solve PET plastic pollution.

Toxicity and absorption of polystyrene micro-nanoplastics in healthy and Crohn's disease human duodenum-chip models

Micro and nanoplastics (MNPs) are widespread environmental and food web contaminants that are absorbed by the intestine and distributed systemically, but the mechanisms of uptake are not well understood. In a triculture small intestinal epithelial model, we previously found that uptake of 26 nm polystyrene MNPs (PS26) occurred by both passive diffusion and active actin- and dynamin-dependent mechanisms. However, studies in a more physiologically relevant model are required to validate those results. Here, a microfluidic intestine-on-a-chip model was developed using primary human intestinal epithelial organoids from healthy and Crohn's disease donors, and used to evaluate the toxicity and mechanisms effectuating uptake of 25 nm polystyrene shell-gold core tracer MNPs (AuPS25). AuPS25 caused minimal toxicity after 24 h exposure in either healthy or Crohn's IOC models. RNAseq analysis of epithelial cells identified 9 genes dysregulated by AuPS25, including downregulation of IFI6 (interferon alpha-induced protein 6). Because IFI6 has important antiviral and immunosuppressive functions in the intestine, its downregulation suggests impairment of innate immune function, which could have important negative health consequences. Inhibitor studies revealed that AuPS25 uptake in the IOC occurred by both passive diffusion and active actin- and dynamin-dependent mechanisms, consistent with our previous findings in the triculture model.

Distinctive lipidomic responses induced by polystyrene micro- and nano-plastics in zebrafish liver cells

Despite growing awareness of the size-dependent toxicity caused by micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) in fish, the modulation of the liver lipidome as a function of particle size has not been thoroughly investigated. This study explores the subcellular and molecular responses induced by polystyrene microplastics (MPs, 1 µm) and nano-plastics (NPs, 52 nm) in zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells, with a focus on the modulation of the cell's lipidome and gene expression profiles. Both particle sizes are readily internalized by ZFL cells; however, NPs had a more pronounced impact compared to MPs. Lipidomic analysis revealed that MPs decreased polyunsaturated phospholipids, while NPs increased ether-linked phosphatidylcholines (PC-Ps/PCOs). Gene expression analysis showed that high concentrations of MPs down-regulated the expression of fatty acid synthesis related genes, and significantly downregulated the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (mtp) gene, indicating a perturbation in lipid storage metabolism, which was not observed for NP exposure. In contrast, NPs induced a dose-dependent accumulation of lipids, suggesting increased lipid droplet formation and an activation of ceramide-mediated apoptosis pathway. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of MNP toxicity and emphasize the importance of considering particle size when assessing environmental and health risks. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of lipidomics for elucidating the mechanisms underlying MNP toxicity, prompting further research into of the long-term consequences of exposure.

Micronanoplastic exposure due to cardiopulmonary bypass in children: A prospective observational study

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is widely used in cardiac operations. However, it remains unclear whether a CPB circuit, which is mainly made of plastics, can release micronanoplastics (MNPs) into the bloodstream. We conducted a prospective observational study involving children undergoing congenital heart disease repair with CPB support. Blood samples were collected before and after CPB and analyzed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and laser direct infrared spectroscopy (LDIR) in combination with scanning electron microscopy. A total of 22 patients were involved in this study. The Py-GC/MS analysis revealed a significant increase in total MNPs after CPB support (p < 0.0001). Notably, CPB support significantly increased the levels of polystyrene (p = 0.046), polyethylene (p = 0.038), polypropylene (p < 0.0001), polyvinyl chloride (p < 0.0001), and polyamide 6 (p = 0.027). CPB time was positively correlated to MNP exposure (r = 0.43, p = 0.047). Increases in MNP exposure were positively correlated to an increase in white blood cells (r = 0.52, p = 0.013) and neutrophils (r = 0.46, p = 0.029). The LDIR analysis found that the post-CPB count of MNPs was significantly higher than the pre-CPB count (p = 0.015). In conclusion, CPB support significantly increases exposure to MNP in children undergoing cardiac operations. Further investigations are warranted to clarify the long-term health risks of MNP exposure caused by CPB support.

Primary astrocytes as a cellular depot of polystyrene nanoparticles

The continuous increase in plastic production has resulted in increased generation of microplastic particles (MPs), and nanoplastic particles (NPs). Recent evidence suggests that nanoplastics may be a potent neurotoxin because they are able to freely cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain. Therefore, the cytotoxic effects of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) on cellular systems of cerebral origin should be thoroughly investigated. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of 25 nm PS-NPs on in vitro cultured cells such as primary astrocytes, neurons and their co-cultures established from the cerebral cortex of Wistar pups. The results show that PS-NPs are internalized in both neurons and astrocytes, inducing time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects. However, quantification of fluorescence intensity indicates cell type-dependent differences in the efficiency of PS-NPs uptake. Astrocytes are several times more efficient at accumulating PS-NPs than neurons, and this is a phagocytosis-dependent process. Moreover, the high rate of PS-NPs internalization during prolonged exposure (72 h) promotes astroglial activation, as assessed by analysis of GFAP expression and immunocytochemical imaging. The results show that astroglia act as a cellular depot of PS-NPs to protect neurons. However, once the critical threshold is exceeded, astroglia become overactivated and can lose their protective functions. These results highlight the importance of further research on the mechanisms underlying nanoplastic-induced cellular toxicity, which may have implications for understanding the broader impact of plastic pollution on neurological functions.

Size-dependent internalization of polystyrene microplastics as a key factor in macrophages and systemic toxicity

Microplastics are emerging pollutants with a wide range of ecological and biological effects, including the ability to accumulate in organisms and induce toxicity. Although numerous studies have investigated the distribution and toxicity of microplastics in murine models and cell lines, the conclusions are inconsistent owing to variations in experimental designs, particle sizes, exposure methods, and dose quantifications. To address these gaps, we systematically evaluated the size-dependent internalization and toxicity of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) using in vitro and in vivo models. Fluorescently labeled PS-MPs were used to confirm the negligible toxicity of fluorophores on macrophages, demonstrating their suitability for tracking particle accumulation. In vitro experiments using RAW 264.7 cell lines and primary peritoneal macrophages revealed size-dependent phagocytosis and cytotoxicity, with smaller particles (0.5 µm) demonstrating higher internalization and causing greater mitochondrial depolarization, reactive oxygen species generation, and apoptosis compared to that with larger particles (5 µm). Acute in vivo experiments comparing oral administration and tail-vein injection revealed that the absorbed dose and toxicity were significantly influenced by particle size, with smaller PS-MPs showing higher organ retention and alterations in hematological and metabolic parameters. Additionally, a 28-day subacute oral exposure study highlighted systemic toxicity, including weight loss, disrupted food intake, elevated oxidative stress markers, and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity. By integrating multiple exposure routes, macrophage models, and fluorescence toxicity evaluations, this study provided a comprehensive and realistic assessment of microplastic toxicity, offering valuable insights for advancing toxicological evaluations and regulatory frameworks. However, this study did not address the influence of other plastic types, shapes, or environmental factors on toxicity. Future studies are thus needed to explore these variables and the long-term implications of real-world microplastic exposure.

Toxicological complexity of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems

Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic debris, smaller than <5 mm, are viewed as persistent contaminants that significantly modify terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity by altering soil microbiota, structure, and functions. This paper summarizes MPs' interactions with various pollutants, including heavy metals and pesticides, also addressing socio-economic impacts, such as reduced agricultural yields and threats to regional fisheries. The study emphasizes the need for an on the basis of waste management model to mitigate these effects, advocating for collaborative efforts among stakeholders. Also, interdisciplinary studies incorporating material sciences, ecology, and environmental policy are essential to confront the challenges of MPs to ecological services. Additionally, the review highlights how MPs can serve as vectors for toxins to damage soil health and species survival. The overview underscores a complex interplay between environmental and socio-economic systems, addressing the urgency of harnessing MPs pollution and protecting ecosystem integrity and sustainability.

Combined toxicity of polystyrene microplastics and perfluorobutane sulfonate on mouse liver: Impact on lipid metabolism and gut-liver axis disruption

Microplastics (MPs) in the environment can adsorb perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), leading to combined toxicity in various organisms. Most researches have focused on single-exposure effects on mouse liver, with limited studies on the mechanisms behind the combined effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). This study analyzed the single and combined toxic effects of PS-MPs (10 mg/kg) and PFBS (30 mg/kg PFBSL or 300 mg/kg PFBSH) on mouse liver. Results indicated that PFBS was adsorbed by PS-MPs, affecting PFBS accumulation. Co-exposure significantly increased liver injury biomarkers in serum, associated with heightened oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid accumulation. Metabolomics analyses revealed that the co-exposure had the most pronounced impact on lipid metabolism disorders, followed by PFBS and PS-MPs. Additionally, exposure to PS-MPs and PFBS induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and gut barrier disruption, disturbing lipid metabolism - particularly bile acids and short-chain fatty acids - along the gut-liver axis, thereby causing liver injury. Notably, co-exposure, particularly with high-concentration PFBS, significantly aggravated these effects. This study highlights the combined effects of PS-MPs and PFBS on liver function though lipid metabolism disorders and gut-liver axis imbalance, providing valuable insights into the health risks associated with these pollutants.

Enhanced ecological risk of microplastic ingestion by fish due to fragmentation and deposition in heavily sediment-laden river

The widespread occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in rivers has aroused increasing concerns. However, there remains a significant gap about its effect on fish with different species, especially in highly-sediment-laden rivers. Here, through a large-scale investigation of microplastics in the Yellow River, our research highlighted effects of heavily sediments on MPs contamination in fish gut. MPs were 100 % tested in water, sediment and fish gut samples, with MPs in the lower reach 2∼3 times larger than that of the upper reach. Most of the microplastics were small (<1 mm), fibrous and blue fragments, composed of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Feeding habitat and environment significantly controlled MPs ingestion by fish (p < 0.05), of which filter feeders and species with broader dietary preferences exhibited higher ingestion abundance, omnivorous fish abundance up to 24.9 items/individual. Heavily sediment load accelerated the fragmentation and deposition of MPs (p < 0.05), leading to the generation of more and smaller MPs particles, increasing ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Downstream, smaller sediment size and higher organic matter content also facilitated microplastic accumulation. The prevalence of highly toxic polyvinyl chloride polymers was emerged as the major contributor to environmental risks. Our results suggested that the contribution and ecological risks of small microplastics are worth attention in the mid and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanoparticles and the physiological effect in intestinal tissue contraction. Ex-vivo approaches

Microplastic ubiquity has been demonstrated in several studies. They are polluting the environment, as well as food and water for human consumption, where the most significant concern has arisen over the ingestion of microplastics. However, there are very few studies on the potential health risks associated with nanoparticles, including those related to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In this work, PET nanoparticles (253 ± 16 d.nm) with irregular shape obtained under controlled conditions, were used for ex vivo analysis of rat intestinal tissue (n=3 each condition) and their effects on the muscle tone related to peristalsis were determined. Twenty-minute treatment with increasing concentrations of PET-NPs from 0.1 to 100 μg/mL (low concentrations) and from 250 to 750 μg/mL (high concentrations) were assayed. The results showed the rapid capability of PET nanoparticles to cross the intestinal barrier, assessed by fluorescence microscopy and corroborated by RAMAN micro-spectroscopy. Furthermore physiological analysis in isolated rat intestinal segments have demonstrated the effects of PET, especially at 10 μg/mL, on tissue contraction. These results evidenced the potential health risk related to nano-plastic ingestion, due to PET nanoparticles tissue accumulation and the effects on contraction and relaxation tissue functions.

Microplastics and nanoplastics increase major adverse cardiac events in patients with myocardial infarction

Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) have implicated in cardiovascular disease in preclinical studies. Our objective is to investigate the relationship between MNPs in the coronary arteries and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with myocardial infarction (MI).We conducted a prospective observational study involving patients undergoing coronary angiography for MI. Coronary blood samples were analyzed for the presence of MNPs using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 142 patients were enrolled, with 110 completing a 31.5-month follow-up. Among them, 48 (43.6 %) had detectable polystyrene, 79 (71.8 %) had polyethylene, 105 (95.4 %) had polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and 68 (61.8 %) had polyamide 66 in their coronary blood. PVC concentration was higher in patients who experienced MACE. Furthermore, PVC levels were positively associated with proinflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α), and associated with higher odds of MACE (OR: 1.090, 95 %CI: 1.032-1.1523, P = 0.002). Notably, for each 10-unit increase in PVC, there was a 1.374-fold increase in the risk of MACE (OR=2.374, 95 %CI: 1.366-4.128, P = 0.002). Additionally, we collected blood and thrombus samples from an additional 21 MI patients, finding that PVC levels in coronary thrombi were positively correlated with inflammatory markers and monocyte/macrophage infiltration.

The biological effects of bisphenol AF in reproduction and development: What do we know so far?

Due to the established endocrine-disrupting effects of Bisphenol A (BPA), alternative bisphenols entered the market. Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is now commonly used in the industrial manufacturing of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. However, BPAF's effects on reproduction and development have not been thoroughly reviewed. We investigated the relationship between BPAF exposure and reproduction and early development. We performed a literature review of studies on BPAF and reproductive physiology. Using keywords, we searched PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library Database, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov for English language literature available until December 2024; we additionally identified and included studies from bibliographies. We included 125 articles, spanning in vitro and in vivo model organism and human studies. BPAF is a selective estrogen receptor modulator and an androgen receptor antagonist and is more potent than BPA. It is detected in urine, blood products, saliva, amniotic fluid, and breast milk. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate a spectrum of BPAF-induced endocrine and reproductive changes in both sexes. There is strong evidence of alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and of altered steroidogenesis pathways. Multiple studies using zebrafish, Xenopus, chickens, and rodents, show BPAF's effects on embryogenesis, morphology, and sexual differentiation. Decreased serum testosterone and impaired spermatogenesis and oocyte viability have been demonstrated. The current literature shows clear disruptive effects of BPAF on reproductive health and embryonic development. Though further investigation is warranted, there is ample converging evidence to support limiting the use of BPAF and other similar bisphenols.

HIF-1α/HO-1-Mediated Ferroptosis Participates in Polystyrene Nanoplastics-Induced Intergenerational Cardiotoxicity

To explore the intergenerational cardiotoxicity of nanoplastics, maternal mice were exposed to 60 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NP) during pregnancy and lactation. The results showed that PS-NP can enter the hearts of offspring and induce myocardial fiber arrangement disorder, acidophilic degeneration of cardiomyocytes, and elevated creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels after maternal exposure to PS-NP at 100 mg/kg during pregnancy and lactation. Mechanistically, KEGG analysis of RNA sequencing showed the participation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and ferroptosis in PS-NP-induced cardiotoxicity. Key features of ferroptosis, including Fe2+ accumulation, mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, GPX4 downregulation, and FTH1, ACSL4, and SLC7A11 upregulation, were detected. Furthermore, PS-NP treatment upregulated the expressions of HIF-1α and HO-1, and PS-NP-induced ferroptosis can be alleviated by inhibition of HIF-1α using si-HIF-1α. This study provided an insightful reference for the intergenerational cardiotoxicity assessment of PS-NP.

The coexistence characteristics of microplastics and heavy metals in rhizomes of traditional Chinese medicine in mulch planting area

Rhizomatous traditional Chinese medicines (RTCMs) are widely crushed into powder and swallowed directly as medicine and food or health products to treat various diseases; however, they may contain toxic microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals. Currently, there are no reports on the detection of MPs and MP-heavy metal synergies in RTCMs. In this study, we selected eight representative RTCMs to investigate the abundance, types, sizes, and polymers of MP and heavy metals and to assess the level of contamination of MPs and synergies between MPs and heavy metals in RTCMs. The abundance of MPs in different RTCM ranged from 20.83 to 43.65 items/g. The dominant type was fragment (95.43%), and the dominant particle size was < 0.5 mm (73.72%) in MPs. Polyurethane (PU) (29.21%) and acrylics (ACR 13.53%) were the dominant polymers of MP. MP polymers showed obvious correlations with type and particle size: PU was enriched in 0-50-mm and 100-300-mm fragments, whereas ethylene vinyl acetate and ACR were enriched in 0-30-mm fibers. The heavy metals arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) were found to be more susceptible to synergistic contamination with MPs in RTCMs compared to other heavy metals. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the MPs and heavy metals for RG (Rehmannia glutinosa) and RAY (Rhizoma atractylodis) were higher than others. The results showed that MP pollution is common in RTCMs and carries the potential risk of heavy metal or MP poisoning in humans who consume RTCMs.

In-Depth Analysis of Soil Microbial Community Succession Model Construction under Microplastics Stress

Although microplastics (MPs) toxicity to soil microorganisms has been preliminarily explored, the underlying reasons affecting the direction of microbial community succession are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of MPs infer community assembly mechanisms through phylogenetic bin-based null model analysis, network models, and protein function prediction in five typical Northeast China five typical soils. The results show that microbial communities in soils with high organic matter exhibit a stronger response to MPs, with enhanced protein functionality, network regulation, and assembly processes. The presence of MPs increased the drift process in the soil microbial community assembly by 2%, a deterministic process influenced by MPs, and enhanced the complexity and stability of the community assembly. Overall, MPs altered microbial protein function and regulatory networks by affecting diversity and community assembly processes, leading to shifts in microbial community succession. This study provided a theoretical basis for further study of the ecotoxicological effects of MPs in soil.

Exposure of Polystyrene Nano- and Microplastics in Increasingly Complex In Vitro Intestinal Cell Models

With the rise in global plastic production and the presence of plastic waste in the environment, microplastics are considered an emerging environmental contaminant. Human exposure and the impact of microplastics on human health are not well studied. Recent studies have observed the presence of microplastics in human tissues and several studies have noted toxicity in in vitro and in vivo mammalian models. We examined the impact of polystyrene nano- and microplastics in increasingly complex intestinal cell models. Using an undifferentiated Caco-2 mono-culture model, we assessed particle association, cytotoxicity, and particle clearance/retention, whereas in differentiated mono- and tri-culture transwell models, we assessed membrane integrity and particle translocation. Only 50 nm and 500 nm particles were internalized in the undifferentiated cells; however, no signs of cellular toxicity were observed at any concentrations tested. Additionally, polystyrene particles had no impact on barrier integrity, but the 50 nm particles were able to cross to the basolateral side, albeit attenuated in the tri-culture model that had a mucus layer. This study reduced some of the variability common to MNPL testing across various in vitro models, but further testing is needed to fully understand the potential effects of human MNPL exposure.

Polystyrene Nanoplastics Hitch-Hike the Gut-Brain Axis to Exacerbate Parkinson's Pathology

The neurological implications of micro- and nanoplastic exposure have recently come under scrutiny due to the environmental prevalence of these synthetic materials. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major neurological disorder clinically characterized by intracellular Lewy-body inclusions and dopaminergic neuronal death. These pathological hallmarks of PD, according to Braak's hypothesis, are mediated by the afferent propagation of α synuclein (αS) via the enteric nervous system, or the so-called gut-brain axis. Here we first examined the effect of enteric exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics on the peripheral and central pathogenesis of A53T, a representative αS mutant. Specifically, the polystyrene nanoplastics accelerated the amyloid aggregation of A53T αS, which subsequently elevated the in vitro production of glial activation biomarkers, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species and compromised mitochondrial and lysosomal membrane integrity, further shifting cellular metabolite profiles in association with PD pathophysiology. In vivo, coadministration of the polystyrene nanoplastics and A53T αS facilitated their synergistic gut-to-brain transmission in mice, leading to progressive impairment of physical and motor skills in resemblance to characteristic PD symptoms. This study provides insights into the response and vulnerability of Parkinson's gut-brain axis to polystyrene nanoplastics.

Activation of gut metabolite ACSL4/LPCAT3 by microplastics in drinking water mediates ferroptosis via gut-kidney axis

The environmental pollutant Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is commonly found in the environment, with microplastics (MPs) acting as the primary carriers of BaP into living organisms, increasing its availability in the body. However, the specific pathways and mechanisms through which MPs carrying pollutants cause kidney damage are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the routes and mechanisms of kidney injury in mice to low concentrations of both MPs and BaP. The combination of polystyrene (PS) and BaP disrupted lipid metabolism in the kidneys, leading to a form of cell death known as ferroptosis. However, this effect was not observed in HK-2 cells in vitro, indicating a cell-specific response. Interestingly, in HIEC-6 cells, both PS and BaP directly induced ferroptosis. These findings confirm that exposure to both PS and BaP can disrupt metabolic homeostasis in the kidneys, contributing to kidney dysfunction and cell death.

Development and characterization of corn starch-based films enhanced with Chlorella vulgaris nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsion of Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil for cherry tomato preservation

To reduce plastic usage in food packaging, this study developed an active composite film, named CNZC, by incorporating Chlorella vulgaris derived-cellulose nanocrystals-stabilized ZBEO Pickering emulsions into a corn starch (CS) matrix for cherry tomatoes preservation. Microalgae are a sustainable source of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) due to their rapid growth and low resource demands, offering potential for sustainable packaging. Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil (ZBEO) was chosen as an active component. The overall properties of 1.0-CNZC and 2.0-CNZC films were enhanced compared to CS films. CNC-stabilized Pickering emulsions facilitated the uniform dispersion of ZBEO, enhancing continuity of films. Besides, CNZC films were found to exhibit enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, attributed to the presence of monoterpenes, alcohols, and ketones in ZBEO, which terminate free radical chain reactions and increase cell permeability. To evaluate preservation performance, the 2.0-CNZC film was selected for cherry tomato preservation experiments, showing its ability to reduce weight loss, retaining acidity, and stabilizing total soluble solids levels. These results presented CNZC films as promising candidates for active composite packaging materials.

Integration of machine learning and meta-analysis reveals the behaviors and mechanisms of antibiotic adsorption on microplastics

Microplastics (MPs) can adsorb antibiotics (ATs) to cause combined pollution in the environment. Research on this topic has been limited to specific types of MPs and ATs, resulting in inconsistent findings, particularly for the influencing factors and adsorption mechanisms. Therefore, this study combined meta-analysis and machine learning to analyze a dataset comprising 6805 records from 123 references. The results indicated that polyamide has the highest adsorption capacity for ATs, which is primarily attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds by its N-H groups, and MPs exhibited the strongest affinity for chlortetracycline because the CO and -Cl groups in chlortetracycline form hydrogen and halogen bonds with MPs. Moreover, the particle size, MP and AT concentrations, and pH were key factors affecting the adsorption process with notable interaction effects. Hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction were commonly involved in the adsorption of ATs onto MPs. Finally, an interactive graphical user interface was deployed to predict the adsorption amount, affinity constant, and maximum adsorption capacity of MPs for ATs, with results aligning well with the latest published data. This study provides crucial insights into the behavior of MPs carrying ATs, thereby facilitating accurate assessment of the combined environmental risks of them.