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Mishra J, Walecha V, Sophronea T, Singh A, Agrawal S, Luthra PM. BBPT attenuated 6-OHDA-induced toxicity by modulating oxidative stress, apoptotic, and inflammatory proteins in primary neurons and rat models of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2024; 105:67-81. [PMID: 39216605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Adenosine A2AR acting through the striato-pallidal pathway has emerged as a non-dopaminergic target in the therapy of PD. In the present work, the anti-parkinsonian potential of (4E)-4-(4-bromobenzylideneamino)-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-2-thioxo- thiazole-5-carbonitrile (BBPT) was explored. BBPT exhibited significant antioxidant activity in situ. In the MTT assay, the BBPT treatment showed insignificant toxicity to the primary midbrain neuronal (PMDN) cells. 6-OHDA induced PMDN cells, 3 h post-treated with BBPT showed 80-85 % survival of the cells and restoration of dopamine and TNF-α levels. The acute and sub-acute toxicity test for BBPT was performed with Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. In toxicity assay, any significant physical, hematological, or biochemical changes in the rats were not observed. To evaluate the effect of BBPT in vivo, a 6-OHDA-induced unilaterally lesioned SD rat model of PD was established. We observed that the BBPT treatment improved the behavioral symptoms in 6-OHDA-induced unilaterally lesioned rats. The proteins of 6-OHDA-induced BBPT-treated rats were isolated from the brain tissue to assess the antioxidant effect (GSH, catalase, SOD, lipid-peroxidation, nitrite), dopamine levels, and the restoration in the apoptosis and inflammation. Our results demonstrated that BBPT increased the anti-oxidant enzyme levels, restored the caspase-3/Bcl-2 levels to arrest apoptosis, and attenuated the TNF-α/IL-6 levels, thus restoring the neuronal damage in unilaterally lesioned 6-OHDA-induced SD rats. Precisely, the findings suggested that BBPT possessed significant anti-parkinsonian activity and has the potential to prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Mishra
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Vaishali Walecha
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Tuithung Sophronea
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ankit Singh
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Saurabh Agrawal
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pratibha Mehta Luthra
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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2
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Reddy A, Reddy RP, Roghani AK, Garcia RI, Khemka S, Pattoor V, Jacob M, Reddy PH, Sehar U. Artificial intelligence in Parkinson's disease: Early detection and diagnostic advancements. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102410. [PMID: 38972602 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, globally affecting men and women at an exponentially growing rate, with currently no cure. Disease progression starts when dopaminergic neurons begin to die. In PD, the loss of neurotransmitter, dopamine is responsible for the overall communication of neural cells throughout the body. Clinical symptoms of PD are slowness of movement, involuntary muscular contractions, speech & writing changes, lessened automatic movement, and chronic tremors in the body. PD occurs in both familial and sporadic forms and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and socioeconomic conditions cause PD. Early detectable diagnostics and treatments have been developed in the last several decades. However, we still do not have precise early detectable biomarkers and therapeutic agents/drugs that prevent and/or delay the disease process. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) science and machine learning tools have been promising in identifying early detectable markers with a greater rate of accuracy compared to past forms of treatment and diagnostic processes. Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence exhibited by machines or software, distinct from the intelligence observed in humans that is based on neural networks in a form and can be used to diagnose the longevity and disease severity of disease. The term Machine Learning or Neural Networks is a blanket term used to identify an emerging technology that is created to work in the way of a "human brain" using many intertwined neurons to achieve the same level of raw intelligence as that of a brain. These processes have been used for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, to assess the severity of the patient's condition. In the current article, we discuss the prevalence and incidence of PD, and currently available diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. We also highlighted currently available artificial intelligence science and machine learning tools and their applications to detect disease and develop therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aananya Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Lubbock High School, Lubbock, TX 79401, USA.
| | - Ruhananhad P Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Lubbock High School, Lubbock, TX 79401, USA.
| | - Aryan Kia Roghani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Frenship High School, Lubbock, TX 79382, USA.
| | - Ricardo Isaiah Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Sachi Khemka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Vasanthkumar Pattoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Michael Jacob
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department pf Speech, Language and Hearing Services, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Ujala Sehar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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3
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Anjani QK, Moreno-Castellanos N, Li Y, Sabri AHB, Donnelly RF. Dissolvable microarray patches of levodopa and carbidopa for Parkinson's disease management. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114304. [PMID: 38663522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Carbidopa and levodopa remain the established therapeutic standard for managing Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, their oral administration is hindered by rapid enzymatic degradation and gastrointestinal issues, limiting their efficacy, and necessitating alternative delivery methods. This work presents a novel strategy employing dissolving microarray patches (MAPs) loaded with carbidopa and levodopa, formulated with Tween® 80 to improve their transdermal delivery. The fabricated MAPs demonstrated an acceptable mechanical strength, resisting pressures equivalent to manual human thumb application (32 N) onto the skin. Additionally, these MAPs exhibited an insertion depth of up to 650 µm into excised neonatal porcine skin. Ex vivo dermatokinetic studies could achieve delivery efficiencies of approximately 53.35 % for levodopa and 40.14 % for carbidopa over 24 h, demonstrating their significant potential in drug delivery. Biocompatibility assessments conducted on human dermal fibroblast cells corroborated acceptable cytocompatibility, confirming the suitability of these MAPs for dermal application. In conclusion, dissolving MAPs incorporating carbidopa and levodopa represent a promising alternative for improving the therapeutic management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qonita Kurnia Anjani
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Megarezky, Jl. Antang Raya No. 43, Makassar 90234, Indonesia
| | - Natalia Moreno-Castellanos
- Basic Science Department, Faculty of Health, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680001, Colombia
| | - Yaocun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Akmal Hidayat Bin Sabri
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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4
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Li Y, Vora LK, Wang J, Sabri AHB, Graham A, McCarthy HO, Donnelly RF. Poly(acrylic acid)/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Microarray Patches for Continuous Transdermal Delivery of Levodopa and Carbidopa: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:676. [PMID: 38794339 PMCID: PMC11125810 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (LD) has been the most efficacious medication and the gold standard therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) for decades. However, its long-term administration is usually associated with motor complications, which are believed to be the result of the fluctuating pharmacokinetics of LD following oral administration. Duodopa® is the current option to offer a continuous delivery of LD and its decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa (CD); however, its administration involves invasive surgical procedures, which could potentially lead to lifelong complications, such as infection. Recently, dissolving microarray patches (MAPs) have come to the fore as an alternative that can bypass the oral administration route in a minimally invasive way. This work explored the potential of using dissolving MAPs to deliver LD and CD across the skin. An acidic polymer poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was used in the MAP fabrication to prevent the potential oxidation of LD at neutral pH. The drug contents of LD and CD in the formulated dissolving MAPs were 1.82 ± 0.24 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/patch, respectively. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study using female Sprague-Dawley® rats (Envigo RMS Holding Corp, Bicester, UK) demonstrated a simultaneous delivery of LD and CD and comparable AUC values between the dissolving MAPs and the oral LD/CD suspension. The relative bioavailability for the dissolving MAPs was calculated to be approximately 37.22%. Accordingly, this work highlights the use of dissolving MAPs as a minimally invasive approach which could potentially bypass the gastrointestinal pathway and deliver both drugs continuously without surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (Y.L.); (L.K.V.); (J.W.); (A.H.B.S.); (A.G.); (H.O.M.)
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5
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Stahl A, Tomchik SM. Modeling neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders in the Drosophila mushroom body. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053816. [PMID: 38876485 PMCID: PMC11199955 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053816.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provides a powerful platform to investigate the genetic, molecular, cellular, and neural circuit mechanisms of behavior. Research in this model system has shed light on multiple aspects of brain physiology and behavior, from fundamental neuronal function to complex behaviors. A major anatomical region that modulates complex behaviors is the mushroom body (MB). The MB integrates multimodal sensory information and is involved in behaviors ranging from sensory processing/responses to learning and memory. Many genes that underlie brain disorders are conserved, from flies to humans, and studies in Drosophila have contributed significantly to our understanding of the mechanisms of brain disorders. Genetic mutations that mimic human diseases-such as Fragile X syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease-affect MB structure and function, altering behavior. Studies dissecting the effects of disease-causing mutations in the MB have identified key pathological mechanisms, and the development of a complete connectome promises to add a comprehensive anatomical framework for disease modeling. Here, we review Drosophila models of human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders via the effects of their underlying mutations on MB structure, function, and the resulting behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Stahl
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Seth M Tomchik
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Hawk-IDDRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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6
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Siuly S, Khare SK, Kabir E, Sadiq MT, Wang H. An efficient Parkinson's disease detection framework: Leveraging time-frequency representation and AlexNet convolutional neural network. Comput Biol Med 2024; 174:108462. [PMID: 38599069 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the quality of life of over 10 million individuals worldwide. Early diagnosis is crucial for timely intervention and better patient outcomes. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are commonly used for early PD diagnosis due to their potential in monitoring disease progression. But traditional EEG-based methods lack exploration of brain regions that provide essential information about PD, and their performance falls short for real-time applications. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel approach using a Time-Frequency Representation (TFR) based AlexNet Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to explore EEG channel-based analysis and identify critical brain regions efficiently diagnosing PD from EEG data. The Wavelet Scattering Transform (WST) is employed to capture distinct temporal and spectral characteristics, while AlexNet CNN is utilized to detect complex spatial patterns at different scales, accurately identifying intricate EEG patterns associated with PD. The experiment results on two real-time EEG PD datasets: San Diego dataset and the Iowa dataset demonstrate that frontal and central brain regions, including AF4 and AFz electrodes, contribute significantly to providing more representative features compared to other regions for PD detection. The proposed architecture achieves an impressive accuracy of 99.84% for the San Diego dataset and 95.79% for the Iowa dataset, outperforming existing EEG-based PD detection methods. The findings of this research will assist to create an essential technology for efficient PD diagnosis, enhancing patient care and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siuly Siuly
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.
| | - Smith K Khare
- Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Enamul Kabir
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Muhammad Tariq Sadiq
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Kulkarni PG, Mohire VM, Waghmare PP, Banerjee T. Interplay of mitochondria-associated membrane proteins and autophagy: Implications in neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101874. [PMID: 38514017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Since the discovery of membrane contact sites between ER and mitochondria called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), several pieces of evidence identified their role in the regulation of different cellular processes such as Ca2+ signalling, mitochondrial transport, and dynamics, ER stress, inflammation, glucose homeostasis, and autophagy. The integrity of these membranes was found to be essential for the maintenance of these cellular functions. Accumulating pieces of evidence suggest that MAMs serve as a platform for autophagosome formation. However, the alteration within MAMs structure is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulated autophagy is a hallmark of neurodegeneration. Here, in this review, we highlight the present knowledge on MAMs, their structural composition, and their roles in different cellular functions. We also discuss the association of MAMs proteins with impaired autophagy and their involvement in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007 India
| | - Vaibhavi M Mohire
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Pranjal P Waghmare
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India; Infosys Ltd., SEZ unit VI, Plot No. 1, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi Phase I, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India.
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8
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Parmasad JLA, Ricke KM, Nguyen B, Stykel MG, Buchner-Duby B, Bruce A, Geertsma HM, Lian E, Lengacher NA, Callaghan SM, Joselin A, Tomlinson JJ, Schlossmacher MG, Stanford WL, Ma J, Brundin P, Ryan SD, Rousseaux MWC. Genetic and pharmacological reduction of CDK14 mitigates synucleinopathy. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:246. [PMID: 38575601 PMCID: PMC10994937 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DaNs) and the abnormal accumulation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) protein. Currently, no treatment can slow nor halt the progression of PD. Multiplications and mutations of the α-Syn gene (SNCA) cause PD-associated syndromes and animal models that overexpress α-Syn replicate several features of PD. Decreasing total α-Syn levels, therefore, is an attractive approach to slow down neurodegeneration in patients with synucleinopathy. We previously performed a genetic screen for modifiers of α-Syn levels and identified CDK14, a kinase of largely unknown function as a regulator of α-Syn. To test the potential therapeutic effects of CDK14 reduction in PD, we ablated Cdk14 in the α-Syn preformed fibrils (PFF)-induced PD mouse model. We found that loss of Cdk14 mitigates the grip strength deficit of PFF-treated mice and ameliorates PFF-induced cortical α-Syn pathology, indicated by reduced numbers of pS129 α-Syn-containing cells. In primary neurons, we found that Cdk14 depletion protects against the propagation of toxic α-Syn species. We further validated these findings on pS129 α-Syn levels in PD patient neurons. Finally, we leveraged the recent discovery of a covalent inhibitor of CDK14 to determine whether this target is pharmacologically tractable in vitro and in vivo. We found that CDK14 inhibition decreases total and pathologically aggregated α-Syn in human neurons, in PFF-challenged rat neurons and in the brains of α-Syn-humanized mice. In summary, we suggest that CDK14 represents a novel therapeutic target for PD-associated synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis A Parmasad
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Konrad M Ricke
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Nguyen
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Morgan G Stykel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brodie Buchner-Duby
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Bruce
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Haley M Geertsma
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Eric Lian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie A Lengacher
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steve M Callaghan
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Alvin Joselin
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Julianna J Tomlinson
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William L Stanford
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Scott D Ryan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Maxime W C Rousseaux
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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9
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Kaur N, Singh R, Das AP, Agarwal SM, Dhingra N, Kaur T. Identification of Bile Acid-Derived Chemical Chaperone(s) Targeting E46K-Mutated Alpha-Synuclein Protein to Treat Parkinson's Disease: Molecular Modelling, Docking, ADME, and Simulation Studies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2086-2109. [PMID: 37466885 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) present inside small cytoplasmic inclusions in the substantia nigra region marks the major pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and makes it an attractive target for the drug development process. Certain small-molecule chaperones (such as DCA, UDCA, TUDCA) presented the ability to prevent misfolding and aggregation of α-syn as well as to disentangle mature α-syn amyloid fibrils. However, due to toxicity constraints, these small molecules could not be translated into clinical settings. Computational biology methods and bioinformatics approaches allow virtual screening of a large number of molecules, with reduced side effects and better efficacy. In the present study, a library of 10,928 derivatives was generated using DCA, UDCA, and TUDCA bile acid scaffolds and analysed for their binding affinity, pharmacokinetic properties, and drug likeliness profile, to come up with promising compounds with reduced toxicity and better chaperone ability. Molecular docking revealed that with respect to their free binding energy, C1-C25 have the lowest binding energy and bind significantly to recombinantly assembled E46K α-syn fibrils (PDB ID-6UFR). In silico ADME predictions revealed that all these compounds had minimal toxic effects and had good absorption as well as solubility characteristics. Simulation studies further showed that the imidazole ring-based TUDCA derivatives interacted better with the protein in comparison to the others. The proposed study has identified potent chemical chaperones (C2 and C3) as effective therapeutic agents for Parkinson's disease, and further in vitro and in vivo testing will be undertaken to substantiate their potential as novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rimaljot Singh
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Agneesh P Das
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, I-7, Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Subhash M Agarwal
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, I-7, Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Neelima Dhingra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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10
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Eser P, Kocabicak E, Bekar A, Temel Y. The interplay between neuroinflammatory pathways and Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114644. [PMID: 38061555 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder predominantly affecting elderly, is marked by the gradual degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, culminating in neuronal loss within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and dopamine depletion. At the molecular level, neuronal loss in the SNpc has been attributed to factors including neuroinflammation, impaired protein homeostasis, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction and the resulting oxidative stress. This review focuses on the interplay between neuroinflammatory pathways and Parkinson's disease, drawing insights from current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Eser
- Bursa Uludag University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Ersoy Kocabicak
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Health Practise and Research Hospital, Neuromodulation Center, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bekar
- Bursa Uludag University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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11
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Zhao S, Dai G, Li J, Zhu X, Huang X, Li Y, Tan M, Wang L, Fang P, Chen X, Yan N, Liu H. An interpretable model based on graph learning for diagnosis of Parkinson's disease with voice-related EEG. NPJ Digit Med 2024; 7:3. [PMID: 38182737 PMCID: PMC10770376 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibits significant clinical heterogeneity, presenting challenges in the identification of reliable electroencephalogram (EEG) biomarkers. Machine learning techniques have been integrated with resting-state EEG for PD diagnosis, but their practicality is constrained by the interpretable features and the stochastic nature of resting-state EEG. The present study proposes a novel and interpretable deep learning model, graph signal processing-graph convolutional networks (GSP-GCNs), using event-related EEG data obtained from a specific task involving vocal pitch regulation for PD diagnosis. By incorporating both local and global information from single-hop and multi-hop networks, our proposed GSP-GCNs models achieved an averaged classification accuracy of 90.2%, exhibiting a significant improvement of 9.5% over other deep learning models. Moreover, the interpretability analysis revealed discriminative distributions of large-scale EEG networks and topographic map of microstate MS5 learned by our models, primarily located in the left ventral premotor cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and Broca's area that are implicated in PD-related speech disorders, reflecting our GSP-GCN models' ability to provide interpretable insights identifying distinctive EEG biomarkers from large-scale networks. These findings demonstrate the potential of interpretable deep learning models coupled with voice-related EEG signals for distinguishing PD patients from healthy controls with accuracy and elucidating the underlying neurobiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhi Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangyan Dai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingting Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiyan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxue Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingdan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Nan Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hanjun Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Chahardehi AM, Hosseini Y, Mahdavi SM, Naseh I. The Zebrafish Model as a New Discovery Path for Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:306-314. [PMID: 36999188 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent degenerative central nervous system disorders affecting older adults. Dopaminergic neuron failure in the substantia nigra is a pathological sign connected with the motor shortfall of PD. Due to their low teratogenic and adverse effect potential, medicinal herbs have emerged as a promising therapy option for preventing and curing PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanism through which natural compounds provide neuroprotection against PD remains unknown. While testing compounds in vertebrates such as mice is prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, zebrafish (Danio rerio) may offer an appealing alternative because they are vertebrates and share many of the same characteristics as humans. Zebrafish are commonly used as animal models for studying many human diseases, and their molecular history and bioimaging properties are appropriate for the study of PD. However, a literature review indicated that only six plants, including Alpinia oxyhylla, Bacopa monnieri, Canavalia gladiate, Centella asiatica, Paeonia suffruticosa, and Stachytarpheta indica had been investigated as potential PD treatments using the zebrafish model. Only C. asiatica and B. monnieri were found to have potential anti-PD activity. In addition to reviewing the current state of research in this field, these plants' putative mechanisms of action against PD are explored, and accessible assays for investigation are made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasaman Hosseini
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mahdavi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology (MUT), Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Naseh
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Khor SLQ, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Blood-brain Barrier and Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: From Clinical Insights to Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:315-330. [PMID: 36999187 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330093829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in the central nervous system by tightly regulating the influx and efflux of biological substances between the brain parenchyma and peripheral circulation. Its restrictive nature acts as an obstacle to protect the brain from potentially noxious substances such as blood-borne toxins, immune cells, and pathogens. Thus, the maintenance of its structural and functional integrity is vital in the preservation of neuronal function and cellular homeostasis in the brain microenvironment. However, the barrier's foundation can become compromised during neurological or pathological conditions, which can result in dysregulated ionic homeostasis, impaired transport of nutrients, and accumulation of neurotoxins that eventually lead to irreversible neuronal loss. Initially, the BBB is thought to remain intact during neurodegenerative diseases, but accumulating evidence as of late has suggested the possible association of BBB dysfunction with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. The neurodegeneration occurring in PD is believed to stem from a myriad of pathogenic mechanisms, including tight junction alterations, abnormal angiogenesis, and dysfunctional BBB transporter mechanism, which ultimately causes altered BBB permeability. In this review, the major elements of the neurovascular unit (NVU) comprising the BBB are discussed, along with their role in the maintenance of barrier integrity and PD pathogenesis. We also elaborated on how the neuroendocrine system can influence the regulation of BBB function and PD pathogenesis. Several novel therapeutic approaches targeting the NVU components are explored to provide a fresh outlook on treatment options for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lei Qi Khor
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Pradhan SP, Tejaswani P, Behera A, Sahu PK. Phytomolecules from conventional to nano form: Next-generation approach for Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102136. [PMID: 38000511 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing exponentially worldwide. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by factors like oxidative stress, gene mutation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotoxins, activation of microglial inflammatory mediators, deposition of Lewy's bodies, and α- synuclein proteins in the neurons leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. Hence the development of efficacious neuro-therapy is in demand which can prevent neurodegeneration and protect the nigrostriatal pathway. One of the approaches for managing PD is reducing oxidative stress due to aging and other co-morbid diseased conditions. The phytomolecules are reported as safe and efficacious antioxidants as they contain different secondary metabolites. However, the limitations of low solubility restricted permeability through the blood-brain barrier, and low bioavailability limits their clinical evaluation and application. This review discusses the therapeutic efficacy of phytomolecules in PD and different nanotechnological approaches to improve their brain permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Priyadarshini Pradhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - P Tejaswani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Anindita Behera
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Pratap Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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15
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Paul KC, Zhang K, Walker DI, Sinsheimer J, Yu Y, Kusters C, Del Rosario I, Folle AD, Keener AM, Bronstein J, Jones DP, Ritz B. Untargeted serum metabolomics reveals novel metabolite associations and disruptions in amino acid and lipid metabolism in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:100. [PMID: 38115046 PMCID: PMC10731845 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Untargeted high-resolution metabolomic profiling provides simultaneous measurement of thousands of metabolites. Metabolic networks based on these data can help uncover disease-related perturbations across interconnected pathways. OBJECTIVE Identify metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in two population-based studies using untargeted metabolomics. METHODS We performed a metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) of PD using serum-based untargeted metabolomics data derived from liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) using two distinct population-based case-control populations. We also combined our results with a previous publication of 34 metabolites linked to PD in a large-scale, untargeted MWAS to assess external validation. RESULTS LC-HRMS detected 4,762 metabolites for analysis (HILIC: 2716 metabolites; C18: 2046 metabolites). We identified 296 features associated with PD at FDR<0.05, 134 having a log2 fold change (FC) beyond ±0.5 (228 beyond ±0.25). Of these, 104 were independently associated with PD in both discovery and replication studies at p<0.05 (170 at p<0.10), while 27 were associated with levodopa-equivalent dose among the PD patients. Intriguingly, among the externally validated features were the microbial-related metabolites, p-cresol glucuronide (FC=2.52, 95% CI=1.67, 3.81, FDR=7.8e-04) and p-cresol sulfate. P-cresol glucuronide was also associated with motor symptoms among patients. Additional externally validated metabolites associated with PD include phenylacetyl-L-glutamine, trigonelline, kynurenine, biliverdin, and pantothenic acid. Novel associations include the anti-inflammatory metabolite itaconate (FC=0.79, 95% CI=0.73, 0.86; FDR=2.17E-06) and cysteine-S-sulfate (FC=1.56, 95% CI=1.39, 1.75; FDR=3.43E-11). Seventeen pathways were enriched, including several related to amino acid and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed PD-associated metabolites, confirming several previous observations, including for p-cresol glucuronide, and newly implicating interesting metabolites, such as itaconate. Our data also suggests metabolic disturbances in amino acid and lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Keren Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Janet Sinsheimer
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Center for Health Policy Research, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Kusters
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irish Del Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aline Duarte Folle
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adrienne M Keener
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Alizadeh P, Terroba-Chambi C, Achen B, Bruno V. Pain in monogenic Parkinson's disease: a comprehensive review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1248828. [PMID: 38020640 PMCID: PMC10643218 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1248828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain, a challenging symptom experienced by individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD), still lacks a comprehensive understanding of its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. A systematic investigation of its prevalence and impact on the quality of life in patients affected by monogenic forms of PD has yet to be undertaken. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the association between pain and monogenic forms of PD, specifically focusing on pathogenic variants in SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, PARK7, LRRK2, GBA1, VPS35, ATP13A2, DNAJC6, FBXO7, and SYNJ1. Sixty-three articles discussing pain associated with monogenic PD were identified and analyzed. The included studies exhibited significant heterogeneity in design, sample size, and pain outcome measures. Nonetheless, the findings of this review suggest that patients with monogenic PD may experience specific types of pain depending on the pathogenic variant present, distinguishing them from non-carriers. For instance, individuals with SNCA pathogenic variants have reported painful dystonia, lower extremity pain, dorsal pain, and upper back pain. However, these observations are primarily based on case reports with unclear prevalence. Painful lower limb dystonia and lower back pain are prominent symptoms in PRKN carriers. A continual correlation has been noted between LRRK2 mutations and the emergence of pain, though the conflicting research outcomes pose challenges in reaching definitive conclusions. Individuals with PINK1 mutation carriers also frequently report experiencing pain. Pain has been frequently reported as an initial symptom and the most troublesome one in GBA1-PD patients compared to those with idiopathic PD. The evidence regarding pain in ATP13A2, PARK7, VPS35, DNAJC6, FBXO7, and SYNJ1pathogenic variants is limited and insufficient. The potential linkage between genetic profiles and pain outcomes holds promising clinical implications, allowing for the potential stratification of patients in clinical trials and the development of personalized treatments for pain in monogenic PD. In conclusion, this review underscores the need for further research to unravel the intricate relationship between pain and monogenic forms of PD. Standardized methodologies, larger sample sizes, and longitudinal studies are essential to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted therapeutic interventions for pain management in individuals with monogenic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Beatrice Achen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Veronica Bruno
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
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17
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Cai L, Tang S, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Yang Q. The application of weighted gene co-expression network analysis and support vector machine learning in the screening of Parkinson's disease biomarkers and construction of diagnostic models. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1274268. [PMID: 37908486 PMCID: PMC10614158 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1274268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to utilize Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm for screening biomarkers and constructing a diagnostic model for Parkinson's disease. Methods Firstly, we conducted WGCNA analysis on gene expression data from Parkinson's disease patients and control group using three GEO datasets (GSE8397, GSE20163, and GSE20164) to identify gene modules associated with Parkinson's disease. Then, key genes with significantly differential expression from these gene modules were selected as candidate biomarkers and validated using the GSE7621 dataset. Further functional analysis revealed the important roles of these genes in processes such as immune regulation, inflammatory response, and cell apoptosis. Based on these findings, we constructed a diagnostic model by using the expression data of FLT1, ATP6V0E1, ATP6V0E2, and H2BC12 as inputs and training and validating the model using SVM algorithm. Results The prediction model demonstrated an AUC greater than 0.8 in the training, test, and validation sets, thereby validating its performance through SMOTE analysis. These findings provide strong support for early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and offer new opportunities for personalized treatment and disease management. Conclusion In conclusion, the combination of WGCNA and SVM holds potential in biomarker screening and diagnostic model construction for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Cai
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuang Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yingwan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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18
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Majrashi TA, Wahab S, Almoyad MAA, Alkhathami AG, Alshahrani MY. Exploring natural compound, Panicutine as leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitor against Parkinson's disease: a structure-guided approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37837424 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2268183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a promising drug target for the therapeutic management of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. LRRK2 inhibitors have the potential to modulate neuroinflammation, reduce alpha-synuclein aggregation and improve motor symptoms in PD patients. Although LRRK2 inhibitors are still in the early stages of clinical development, the identification of potent and selective inhibitors through structure-guided approaches provides a promising avenue for the development of effective therapies for PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, natural compounds from the IMPPAT database were screened using a state-of-the-art computational virtual screening approach to identify potential inhibitors of LRRK2. We carried out a docking screening on a library of natural compounds and identified a few compounds with strong binding affinity, docking score and specificity towards LRRK2 as the top hits. These hits were then subjected to further analysis based on multiple parameters for the Pan-assay interference compounds and their physicochemical and pharmacokinetics evaluation followed by a detailed interaction analysis. After careful evaluation, one natural compound, Panicutine, was identified as a promising candidate for LRRK2 due to its significant affinity and specificity towards the LRRK2 binding pocket. Additionally, it exhibited drug-like properties with blood-brain barrier permeability as determined by ADMET properties. To gain a deeper understanding of the stability and conformational changes of the LRRK2-ligand complex, MD simulations were conducted for 100 nanoseconds under explicit solvent conditions followed by principal component analysis and free energy dynamics. The simulation results demonstrated that the LRRK2-Panicutine complex remained stable throughout the simulation trajectories. Based on these findings, it is concluded that Panicutine has the potential to act as a LRRK2 inhibitor against PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghreed A Majrashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdullah Almoyad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Khamis Mushyt, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Gaithan Alkhathami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Xiang G, Wen X, Wang W, Peng T, Wang J, Li Q, Teng J, Cui Y. Protective Role of AMPK against PINK1B9 Flies' Neurodegeneration with Improved Mitochondrial Function. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 2023:4422484. [PMID: 37868355 PMCID: PMC10586901 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4422484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)'s effect in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) mutant Parkinson's disease (PD) transgenic flies and the related mechanism is seldom studied. The classic MHC-Gal4/UAS PD transgenic flies was utilized to generate the disease characteristics specifically expressed in flies' muscles, and Western blot (WB) was used to measure the expression of the activated form of AMPK to investigate whether activated AMPK alters in PINK1B9 PD flies. MHC-Gal4 was used to drive AMPK overexpression in PINK1B9 flies to demonstrate the crucial role of AMPK in PD pathogenesis. The abnormal wing posture and climbing ability of PINK1B9 PD transgenic flies were recorded. Mitochondrial morphology via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ATP and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S3 (NDUFS3) protein levels were tested to evaluate the alteration of the mitochondrial function in PINK1B9 PD flies. Phosphorylated AMPKα dropped significantly in PINK1B9 flies compared to controls, and AMPK overexpression rescued PINKB9 flies' abnormal wing posture rate. The elevated dopaminergic neuron number in PPL1 via immunofluorescent staining was observed. Mitochondrial dysfunction in PINK1B9 flies has been ameliorated with increased ATP level, restored mitochondrial morphology in muscle, and increased NDUFS3 protein expression. Conclusively, AMPK overexpression could partially rescue the PD flies via improving PINK1B9 flies' mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Xiang
- Department of Neurology Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xueyi Wen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Tianchan Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Jiazhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Neurology Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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20
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Kaur S, Sehrawat A, Mastana SS, Kandimalla R, Sharma PK, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS. Targeting calcium homeostasis and impaired inter-organelle crosstalk as a potential therapeutic approach in Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2023; 330:121995. [PMID: 37541578 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Current therapeutic strategies for PD are limited and mainly involve symptomatic relief, with no available treatment for the underlying causes of the disease. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic approaches that target the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of PD. Calcium homeostasis is an essential process for maintaining proper cellular function and survival, including neuronal cells. Calcium dysregulation is also observed in various organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and lysosomes, resulting in organelle dysfunction and impaired inter-organelle communication. The ER, as the primary calcium reservoir, is responsible for folding proteins and maintaining calcium homeostasis, and its dysregulation can lead to protein misfolding and neurodegeneration. The crosstalk between ER and mitochondrial calcium signaling is disrupted in PD, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. In addition, a lethal network of calcium cytotoxicity utilizes mitochondria, ER and lysosome to destroy neurons. This review article focused on the complex role of calcium dysregulation and its role in aggravating functioning of organelles in PD so as to provide new insight into therapeutic strategies for treating this disease. Targeting dysfunctional organelles, such as the ER and mitochondria and lysosomes and whole network of calcium dyshomeostasis can restore proper calcium homeostasis and improve neuronal function. Additionally targeting calcium dyshomeostasis that arises from miscommunication between several organelles can be targeted so that therapeutic effects of calcium are realised in whole cellular territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Abhishek Sehrawat
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sarabjit Singh Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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21
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Razali K, Mohd Nasir MH, Kumar J, Mohamed WMY. Mitophagy: A Bridge Linking HMGB1 and Parkinson's Disease Using Adult Zebrafish as a Model Organism. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1076. [PMID: 37509008 PMCID: PMC10377498 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been implicated as a key player in two critical factors of Parkinson's disease (PD): mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. However, the specific role of HMGB1 in PD remains elusive. We investigated the effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration on mitochondrial dysfunction and HMGB1-associated inflammatory genes as well as locomotor activity in zebrafish, aiming to elucidate the role of HMGB1 in PD. Adult zebrafish received MPTP injections, and locomotor activity was measured at 24- and 48-h post-administration. Gene expression levels related to mitophagy (fis1, pink1, and park2) and HMGB1-mediated inflammation (hmgb1, tlr4, and nfkb) were quantified through RT-qPCR analysis. Following MPTP injection, the significant increase in transcript levels of fis1, pink1, and park2 indicated notable changes in PINK1/Parkin mitophagy, while the upregulation of hmgb1, tlr4, and nfkb genes pointed to the activation of the HMGB1/TLR4/NFκB inflammatory pathway. Furthermore, MPTP-injected zebrafish exhibited decreased locomotor activity, evident through reduced distance travelled, mean speed, and increased freezing durations. HMGB1 plays a major role in cellular processes as it is involved in both the mitophagy process and functions as a pro-inflammatory protein. MPTP administration in adult zebrafish activated mitophagy and inflammatory signaling, highlighting the significant role of HMGB1 as a mediator in both processes and further emphasizing its significant contribution to PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairiah Razali
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hamzah Mohd Nasir
- Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wael M Y Mohamed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt
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22
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Szelągowski A, Kozakiewicz M. A Glance at Biogenesis and Functionality of MicroRNAs and Their Role in the Neuropathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:7759053. [PMID: 37333462 PMCID: PMC10270766 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7759053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNA transcripts. Mammalian miRNA coding sequences are located in introns and exons of genes encoding various proteins. As the central nervous system is the largest source of miRNA transcripts in living organisms, miRNA molecules are an integral part of the regulation of epigenetic activity in physiological and pathological processes. Their activity depends on many proteins that act as processors, transporters, and chaperones. Many variants of Parkinson's disease have been directly linked to specific gene mutations which in pathological conditions are cumulated resulting in the progression of neurogenerative changes. These mutations can often coexist with specific miRNA dysregulation. Dysregulation of different extracellular miRNAs has been confirmed in many studies on the PD patients. It seems reasonable to conduct further research on the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and their potential use in future therapies and diagnosis of the disease. This review presents the current state of knowledge about the biogenesis and functionality of miRNAs in the human genome and their role in the neuropathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD)-one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The article also describes the process of miRNA formation which can occur in two ways-the canonical and noncanonical one. However, the main focus was on miRNA's use in in vitro and in vivo studies in the context of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of PD. Some issues, especially those regarding the usefulness of miRNAs in PD's diagnostics and especially its treatment, require further research. More standardization efforts and clinical trials on miRNAs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szelągowski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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23
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Adam H, Gopinath SCB, Md Arshad MK, Adam T, Parmin NA, Husein I, Hashim U. An update on pathogenesis and clinical scenario for Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and treatment. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:142. [PMID: 37124989 PMCID: PMC10134733 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In severe cases, Parkinson's disease causes uncontrolled movements known as motor symptoms such as dystonia, rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremors. Parkinson's disease also causes non-motor symptoms such as insomnia, constipation, depression and hysteria. Disruption of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neural networks in the substantia nigra pars compacta is a major cause of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, due to the difficulty of clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, it is often misdiagnosed, highlighting the need for better methods of detection. Treatment of Parkinson's disease is also complicated due to the difficulties of medications passing across the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, the conventional methods fail to solve the aforementioned issues. As a result, new methods are needed to detect and treat Parkinson's disease. Improved diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease can help avoid some of its devastating symptoms. This review explores how nanotechnology platforms, such as nanobiosensors and nanomedicine, have improved Parkinson's disease detection and treatment. Nanobiosensors integrate science and engineering principles to detect Parkinson's disease. The main advantages are their low cost, portability, and quick and precise analysis. Moreover, nanotechnology can transport medications in the form of nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier. However, because nanobiosensors are a novel technology, their use in biological systems is limited. Nanobiosensors have the potential to disrupt cell metabolism and homeostasis, changing cellular molecular profiles and making it difficult to distinguish sensor-induced artifacts from fundamental biological phenomena. In the treatment of Parkinson's disease, nanoparticles, on the other hand, produce neurotoxicity, which is a challenge in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Techniques must be developed to distinguish sensor-induced artifacts from fundamental biological phenomena and to reduce the neurotoxicity caused by nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussaini Adam
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
- Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - M. K. Md Arshad
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Tijjani Adam
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
- Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - N. A. Parmin
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Irzaman Husein
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor-Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Uda Hashim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
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Moradi Vastegani S, Nasrolahi A, Ghaderi S, Belali R, Rashno M, Farzaneh M, Khoshnam SE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03904-0. [PMID: 36943668 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder whose pathogenesis is not completely understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress have been considered as major causes and central events responsible for the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in PD. Therefore, investigating mitochondrial disorders plays a role in understanding the pathogenesis of PD and can be an important therapeutic target for this disease. This study discusses the effect of environmental, genetic and biological factors on mitochondrial dysfunction and also focuses on the mitochondrial molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, and its possible therapeutic targets in PD, including reactive oxygen species generation, calcium overload, inflammasome activation, apoptosis, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial dynamics. Other potential therapeutic strategies such as mitochondrial transfer/transplantation, targeting microRNAs, using stem cells, photobiomodulation, diet, and exercise were also discussed in this review, which may provide valuable insights into clinical aspects. A better understanding of the roles of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of PD may provide a rationale for designing novel therapeutic interventions in our fight against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Moradi Vastegani
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ava Nasrolahi
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahab Ghaderi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rafie Belali
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masome Rashno
- Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Castillo-Rangel C, Marin G, Hernández-Contreras KA, Vichi-Ramírez MM, Zarate-Calderon C, Torres-Pineda O, Diaz-Chiguer DL, De la Mora González D, Gómez Apo E, Teco-Cortes JA, Santos-Paez FDM, Coello-Torres MDLÁ, Baldoncini M, Reyes Soto G, Aranda-Abreu GE, García LI. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: From Gene to Clinic: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065792. [PMID: 36982866 PMCID: PMC10051221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease whose progression and clinical characteristics have a close bidirectional and multilevel relationship with the process of neuroinflammation. In this context, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in this neuroinflammation–PD link. This systematic search was, hereby, conducted with a focus on the four levels where alterations associated with neuroinflammation in PD have been described (genetic, cellular, histopathological and clinical-behavioral) by consulting the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scielo and Redalyc search engines, including clinical studies, review articles, book chapters and case studies. Initially, 585,772 articles were included, and, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 84 articles were obtained that contained information about the multilevel association of neuroinflammation with alterations in gene, molecular, cellular, tissue and neuroanatomical expression as well as clinical-behavioral manifestations in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Castillo-Rangel
- Neurosurgery Department, “Hospital Regional 1° de Octubre”, Institute of Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE), México City 07300, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Marin
- Neural Dynamics and Modulation Lab, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-296-102-5707
| | | | | | | | | | - Dylan L. Diaz-Chiguer
- Neurosurgery Department, “Hospital Regional 1° de Octubre”, Institute of Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE), México City 07300, Mexico
| | | | - Erick Gómez Apo
- Pathology Department, “Hospital General de México”, Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, México City 06720, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Matías Baldoncini
- Laboratory of Microsurgical Neuroanatomy, Second Chair of Gross Anatomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1052AAA, Argentina
| | | | | | - Luis I. García
- Brain Research Institute, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91192, Mexico
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26
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Do MD, Tran TN, Luong AB, Le LHG, Van Le T, Le KT, Van Vo NT, Le TNN, Vu HA, Mai TP. Clinical and genetic analysis of Vietnamese patients diagnosed with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2950. [PMID: 36879366 PMCID: PMC10097096 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, no comprehensive study has described genetic alterations in Vietnamese patients diagnosed with PD. This study aimed to identify genetic causes and their association with clinical phenotypes in a Vietnamese PD cohort. METHODS A total of 83 patients with early-onset PD (disease onset before the age of 50) were recruited for genetic analysis using a combination of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and next-generation sequencing for a panel of 20 PD-associated genes. RESULTS It was found that 37 out of 83 patients carried genetic alterations, with 24 pathogenic/likely pathogenic/risk variants and 25 variants of uncertain significance. The pathogenic/likely pathogenic/risk variants were mostly detected in LRRK2, PRKN, and GBA, while the variants of uncertain significance were identified in 12 different genes that were studied. The most common genetic alteration was LRRK2 c.4883G>C (p.Arg1628Pro), and patients with PD carrying this variant were found to have a distinct phenotype. Participants carrying pathogenic/likely pathogenic/risk variants had a significantly higher rate of a family history of PD. CONCLUSION These results provide a further understanding of genetic alterations associated with PD in a South-East Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Duc Do
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tai Ngoc Tran
- Movement Disorder Unit, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - An Bac Luong
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Linh Hoang Gia Le
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Van Le
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khuong Thai Le
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Niem Thanh Van Vo
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuc-Nhi Nguyen Le
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Anh Vu
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thao Phuong Mai
- Department of Physiology-Pathophysiology-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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27
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Chang HW, Chen CL, Jhu SJ, Lin GW, Cheng CW, Tsai YC. Femtosecond laser structuring in the fabrication of periodic nanostructure on titanium for enhanced photoelectrochemical dopamine sensing performance. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Study of the Effects of Nicotine and Caffeine for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:639-654. [PMID: 36121634 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered to be a highly severe neurological disorder. PD occurs due to a decrease in dopamine production by the degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons. Genetic mutations, environmental toxins and lifestyle are some of the risk factors of the progressive neurodegenerative disorder PD. Parkin protein, which is encoded by the PARK gene, is one of the important proteins, which is one of the causative agents. The Parkin protein has several mutations which lead to the development of the disease. Apart from PD, the mutations in Parkin also showed to be responsible for the onset of diseases like cancers. It is reported that the E28K mutation in the Ubl domain of parkin is highly deleterious and responsible for the onset of melanoma. This necessitates the development of new therapeutics against PD. Molecules like levodopa, carbidopa, monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors (MBO inhibitors), dopamine agonists, anticholinergics and amantadine are some commonly used drugs used to treat PD. Recently, there have been increasing evidence which shows that cigarette smoking and consumptions of coffee and tea could have important roles in modulating the risk of PD. Therefore, we planned to analyse the molecular mechanism of the binding interactions of nicotine, caffeine and the polyphenol ( -)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea with Parkin protein to predict their therapeutic potentials in PD targeting the E28K mutation. We focused on E28K mutant of Parkin as this mutant form of parkin has been shown to be the most pathogenic one. We could identify the potential therapeutic aspects of these natural products to prevent the onset of PD. This work may therefore be considered to be the first of its kind which would take into consideration the environmental toxicological approach in designing natural product inhibitors against the onset of PD.
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Yoo G, An HJ, Yeou S, Lee NK. α-Synuclein Disrupts Vesicle Fusion by Two Mutant-Specific Mechanisms. Mol Cells 2022; 45:806-819. [PMID: 36380732 PMCID: PMC9676983 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) oligomers and their interactions with VAMP2 have been reported to be the basis of synaptic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). α-Syn mutants associated with familial PD have also been known to be capable of interacting with VAMP2, but the exact mechanisms resulting from those interactions to eventual synaptic dysfunction are still unclear. Here, we investigate the effect of α-Syn mutant oligomers comprising A30P, E46K, and A53T on VAMP2-embedded vesicles. Specifically, A30P and A53T oligomers cluster vesicles in the presence of VAMP2, which is a shared mechanism with wild type α-Syn oligomers induced by dopamine. On the other hand, E46K oligomers reduce the membrane mobility of the planar bilayers, as revealed by single-particle tracking, and permeabilize the membranes in the presence of VAMP2. In the absence of VAMP2 interactions, E46K oligomers enlarge vesicles by fusing with one another. Our results clearly demonstrate that α-Syn mutant oligomers have aberrant effects on VAMP2-embedded vesicles and the disruption types are distinct depending on the mutant types. This work may provide one of the possible clues to explain the α-Syn mutant-type dependent pathological heterogeneity of familial PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongji Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeong Jeon An
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sanghun Yeou
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Nam Ki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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30
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Ben Bashat D, Thaler A, Lerman Shacham H, Even-Sapir E, Hutchison M, Evans KC, Orr-Urterger A, Cedarbaum JM, Droby A, Giladi N, Mirelman A, Artzi M. Neuromelanin and T 2*-MRI for the assessment of genetically at-risk, prodromal, and symptomatic Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:139. [PMID: 36271084 PMCID: PMC9586960 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI was suggested as a promising method for the diagnosis and assessment of Parkinson's Disease (PD). We aimed to assess the sensitivity of neuromelanin-MRI and T2* with radiomics analysis for detecting PD, identifying individuals at risk, and evaluating genotype-related differences. Patients with PD and non-manifesting (NM) participants [NM-carriers (NMC) and NM-non-carriers (NMNC)], underwent MRI and DAT-SPECT. Imaging-based metrics included 48 neuromelanin and T2* radiomics features and DAT-SPECT specific-binding-ratios (SBR), were extracted from several brain regions. Imaging values were assessed for their correlations with age, differences between groups, and correlations with the MDS-likelihood-ratio (LR) score. Several machine learning classifiers were evaluated for group classification. A total of 127 participants were included: 46 patients with PD (62.3 ± 10.0 years) [15:LRRK2-PD, 16:GBA-PD, and 15:idiopathic-PD (iPD)], 47 NMC (51.5 ± 8.3 years) [24:LRRK2-NMC and 23:GBA-NMC], and 34 NMNC (53.5 ± 10.6 years). No significant correlations were detected between imaging parameters and age. Thirteen MRI-based parameters and radiomics features demonstrated significant differences between PD and NMNC groups. Support-Vector-Machine (SVM) classifier achieved the highest performance (AUC = 0.77). Significant correlations were detected between LR scores and two radiomic features. The classifier successfully identified two out of three NMC who converted to PD. Genotype-related differences were detected based on radiomic features. SBR values showed high sensitivity in all analyses. In conclusion, neuromelanin and T2* MRI demonstrated differences between groups and can be used for the assessment of individuals at-risk in cases when DAT-SPECT can't be performed. Combining neuromelanin and T2*-MRI provides insights into the pathophysiology underlying PD, and suggests that iron accumulation precedes neuromelanin depletion during the prodromal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna Ben Bashat
- grid.413449.f0000 0001 0518 6922Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avner Thaler
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.413449.f0000 0001 0518 6922Laboratory of Early Markers Of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hedva Lerman Shacham
- grid.413449.f0000 0001 0518 6922Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Einat Even-Sapir
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.413449.f0000 0001 0518 6922Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Avi Orr-Urterger
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.413449.f0000 0001 0518 6922Genomic Research Laboratory for Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jesse M. Cedarbaum
- Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC, Woodbridge, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Amgad Droby
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.413449.f0000 0001 0518 6922Laboratory of Early Markers Of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.413449.f0000 0001 0518 6922Laboratory of Early Markers Of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Mirelman
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.413449.f0000 0001 0518 6922Laboratory of Early Markers Of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moran Artzi
- grid.413449.f0000 0001 0518 6922Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Pandey SK, Singh RK. Recent developments in nucleic acid-based therapies for Parkinson's disease: Current status, clinical potential, and future strategies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:986668. [PMID: 36339626 PMCID: PMC9632735 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.986668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease diagnosed mainly based on clinical symptoms caused by loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Although currently available pharmacological therapies provide symptomatic relief, however, the disease continues to progress eventually leading to severe motor and cognitive decline and reduced quality of life. The hallmark pathology of Parkinson's disease includes intraneuronal inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, including fibrillar α-synuclein aggregates. These aggregates can progressively spread across synaptically connected brain regions leading to emergence of disease symptoms with time. The α-synuclein level is considered important in its fibrillization and aggregation. Nucleic acid therapeutics have recently been shown to be effective in treating various neurological diseases, raising the possibility of developing innovative molecular therapies for Parkinson's disease. In this review, we have described the advancements in genetic dysregulations in Parkinson's disease along with the disease-modifying strategies involved in genetic regulation with particular focus on downregulation of α-synuclein gene using various novel technologies, notably antisense oligonucleotides, microRNA, short interfering RNA, short hairpin RNAs, DNA aptamers, and gene therapy of vector-assisted delivery system-based therapeutics. In addition, the current status of preclinical and clinical development for nucleic acid-based therapies for Parkinson's disease have also been discussed along with their limitations and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Deus CM, Teixeira J, Raimundo N, Tucci P, Borges F, Saso L, Oliveira PJ. Modulation of cellular redox environment as a novel therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13820. [PMID: 35638352 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative movement disorder. PD affects 2% of the population above 65 years old; however, with the growing number of senior citizens, PD prevalence is predicted to increase in the following years. Pathologically, PD is characterized by dopaminergic cell neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra, resulting in decreased dopamine levels in the nigrostriatal pathway, triggering motor symptoms. Although the pathological mechanisms leading to PD are still unclear, large evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays an important role, not only because it increases with age which is the most significant risk factor for PD development, but also as a result of alterations in several processes, particularly mitochondria dysfunction. The modulation of oxidative stress, especially using dietary mitochondriotropic antioxidants, represents a promising approach to prevent or treat PD. Although most mitochondria-targeted antioxidants with beneficial effects in PD-associated models have failed to show any therapeutic benefit in clinical trials, several questions remain to be clarified. Hereby, we review the role played by oxidative stress in PD pathogenesis, emphasizing mitochondria as reactive oxygen species (ROS) producers and as targets for oxidative stress-related dysfunctional mechanisms. In addition, we also describe the importance of using dietary-based mitochondria-targeted antioxidants as a valuable strategy to counteract the deleterious effects of ROS in pre-clinical and/or clinical trials of PD, pointing out their significance to slow, and possibly halt, the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Deus
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Multidisciplinary Institute of Ageing (MIA), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Raj K, Singh S, Chib S, Mallan S. Microbiota- Brain-Gut-Axis Relevance to Parkinson's Disease: Potential Therapeutic Effects of Probiotics. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3049-3067. [PMID: 36200207 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666221003112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common type of neurogenerative disease among middleaged and older people, characterized by aggregation of alpha-synuclein and dopaminergic neuron loss. The microbiota- gut-brain axis is a dynamic bidirectional communication network and is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. The aggregation of misfolded protein alpha-synuclein is a neuropathological characteristic of PD, originates in the gut and migrates to the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus nerve and olfactory bulb. The change in the architecture of gut microbiota increases the level short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other metabolites, acting on the neuroendocrine system and modulating the concentrations of gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and other neurotransmitters. It also alters the vagus and intestinal signalling, influencing the brain and behaviour by activating microglia and systemic cytokines. Both experimental and clinical reports indicate the role of intestinal dysbiosis and microbiota host interaction in neurodegeneration. Probiotics are live microorganisms that modify the gut microbiota in the small intestine to avoid neurological diseases. Probiotics have been shown in clinical and preclinical studies to be effective in the treatment of PD by balancing the gut microbiota. In this article, we described the role of gut-microbiota in the pathogenesis of PD. The article aims to explore the mechanistic strategy of the gut-brain axis and its relation with motor impairment and the use of probiotics to maintain gut microbial flora and prevent PD-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadga Raj
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Shivani Chib
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Sudhanshu Mallan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
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Gao F, Zhang H, Yang J, Cai M, Yang Q, Wang H, Xu Y, Chen H, Hu Y, He W, Zhang J. ATPase Thorase Deficiency Causes α-Synucleinopathy and Parkinson’s Disease-like Behavior. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192990. [PMID: 36230952 PMCID: PMC9563720 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases and is pathologically characterized by α-synucleinopathy, which is harmful to dopaminergic neurons. However, the underlying mechanisms and pathogenesis of PD remain unclear. The AAA + ATPase Thorase was identified as being essential for neuroprotection and synaptic plasticity by regulating the AMPA receptor trafficking. Here, we found that conditional knockout of Thorase resulted in motor behaviors indicative of neurodegeneration. Genetic deletion of Thorase exacerbated phenotypes of α-synucleinopathy in a familial PD-like A53T mouse model, whereas overexpression of Thorase prevented α-syn accumulation in vivo. Biochemical and cell cultures studies presented here suggest that Thorase interacts with α-syn and regulates the degradation of ubiquitinated α-syn. Thorase deficiency promotes α-syn aggregation in primary cultured neurons. The discoveries in this study provide us with a further understanding of the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Menghua Cai
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of T Cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (J.Z.)
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Khezri MR, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Icariin: A Potential Neuroprotective Agent in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2954-2962. [PMID: 35802286 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. They are characterized by the loss of neurons and synapses in special parts of the central nervous system (CNS). There is no definitive treatment for AD and PD, but extensive studies are underway to identify the effective drugs which can slow the progression of these diseases by affecting the factors involved in their pathophysiology (i.e., aggregated proteins, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress). Icariin, a natural compound isolated from Epimedii herba, is known because of its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. In this regard, there are numerous studies indicating its potential as a natural compound against the progression of CNS disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this review aims to re-examine findings on the pharmacologic effects of icariin on factors involved in the pathophysiology of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Research Center for Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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36
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Atypical Ubiquitination and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073705. [PMID: 35409068 PMCID: PMC8998352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination (the covalent attachment of ubiquitin molecules to target proteins) is one of the main post-translational modifications of proteins. Historically, the type of polyubiquitination, which involves K48 lysine residues of the monomeric ubiquitin, was the first studied type of ubiquitination. It usually targets proteins for their subsequent proteasomal degradation. All the other types of ubiquitination, including monoubiquitination; multi-monoubiquitination; and polyubiquitination involving lysine residues K6, K11, K27, K29, K33, and K63 and N-terminal methionine, were defined as atypical ubiquitination (AU). Good evidence now exists that AUs, participating in the regulation of various cellular processes, are crucial for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). These AUs target various proteins involved in PD pathogenesis. The K6-, K27-, K29-, and K33-linked polyubiquitination of alpha-synuclein, the main component of Lewy bodies, and DJ-1 (another PD-associated protein) is involved in the formation of insoluble aggregates. Multifunctional protein kinase LRRK2 essential for PD is subjected to K63- and K27-linked ubiquitination. Mitophagy mediated by the ubiquitin ligase parkin is accompanied by K63-linked autoubiquitination of parkin itself and monoubiquitination and polyubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins with the formation of both classical K48-linked ubiquitin chains and atypical K6-, K11-, K27-, and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. The ubiquitin-specific proteases USP30, USP33, USP8, and USP15, removing predominantly K6-, K11-, and K63-linked ubiquitin conjugates, antagonize parkin-mediated mitophagy.
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Sepúlveda D, Cisternas-Olmedo M, Arcos J, Nassif M, Vidal RL. Contribution of Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway in the Exosomal Secretion of Alpha-Synuclein and Its Impact in the Progression of Parkinson’s Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:805087. [PMID: 35250476 PMCID: PMC8891570 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.805087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons due to an accumulation of intraneuronal abnormal alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein aggregates. It has been reported that the levels of exosomal α-syn of neuronal origin in plasma correlate significantly with motor dysfunction, highlighting the exosomes containing α-syn as a potential biomarker of PD. In addition, it has been found that the selective autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) contributes to the secretion of misfolded proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we describe the evidence that supports the relationship between the ALP and α-syn exosomal secretion on the PD progression and its implications in the diagnosis and progression of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Sepúlveda
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marisol Cisternas-Olmedo
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Arcos
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Nassif
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - René L. Vidal
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: René L. Vidal,
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Mechanistic Insights Expatiating the Redox-Active-Metal-Mediated Neuronal Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020678. [PMID: 35054862 PMCID: PMC8776156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complicated and incapacitating neurodegenerative malady that emanates following the dopaminergic (DArgic) nerve cell deprivation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). The etiopathogenesis of PD is still abstruse. Howbeit, PD is hypothesized to be precipitated by an amalgamation of genetic mutations and exposure to environmental toxins. The aggregation of α-synucelin within the Lewy bodies (LBs), escalated oxidative stress (OS), autophagy-lysosome system impairment, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) impairment, mitochondrial abnormality, programmed cell death, and neuroinflammation are regarded as imperative events that actively participate in PD pathogenesis. The central nervous system (CNS) relies heavily on redox-active metals, particularly iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), in order to modulate pivotal operations, for instance, myelin generation, synthesis of neurotransmitters, synaptic signaling, and conveyance of oxygen (O2). The duo, namely, Fe and Cu, following their inordinate exposure, are viable of permeating across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and moving inside the brain, thereby culminating in the escalated OS (through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-reliant pathway), α-synuclein aggregation within the LBs, and lipid peroxidation, which consequently results in the destruction of DArgic nerve cells and facilitates PD emanation. This review delineates the metabolism of Fe and Cu in the CNS, their role and disrupted balance in PD. An in-depth investigation was carried out by utilizing the existing publications obtained from prestigious medical databases employing particular keywords mentioned in the current paper. Moreover, we also focus on decoding the role of metal complexes and chelators in PD treatment. Conclusively, metal chelators hold the aptitude to elicit the scavenging of mobile/fluctuating metal ions, which in turn culminates in the suppression of ROS generation, and thereby prelude the evolution of PD.
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Siddique Y. Neurodegenerative Disorders and the Current State, Pathophysiology, and Management of Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:574-595. [PMID: 34477534 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210903101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, major knowledge has been gained about pathophysiological aspects and molecular pathways behind Parkinson's Disease (PD). Based on neurotoxicological studies and postmortem investigations, there is a general concept of how environmental toxicants (neurotoxins, pesticides, insecticides) and genetic factors (genetic mutations in PD-associated proteins) cause depletion of dopamine from substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain and modulate cellular processes leading to the pathogenesis of PD. α-Synuclein, a neuronal protein accumulation in oligomeric form, called protofibrils, is associated with cellular dysfunction and neuronal death, thus possibly contributing to PD propagation. With advances made in identifying loci that contribute to PD, molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis are now clear, and introducing therapeutic strategy at the right time may delay the progression. Biomarkers for PD have helped monitor PD progression; therefore, personalized therapeutic strategies can be facilitated. In order to further improve PD diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, independent validation of biomarkers is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hyun DH, Lee J. A New Insight into an Alternative Therapeutic Approach to Restore Redox Homeostasis and Functional Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010007. [PMID: 35052511 PMCID: PMC8772965 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to a progressive loss of neuronal cells, formation of protein aggregates, and a decrease in cognitive or motor functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs at the early stage of neurodegenerative diseases. Protein aggregates containing oxidatively damaged biomolecules and other misfolded proteins and neuroinflammation have been identified in animal models and patients with neurodegenerative diseases. A variety of neurodegenerative diseases commonly exhibits decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, lower amounts of antioxidants, and altered cellular signalling. Although several molecules have been approved clinically, there is no known cure for neurodegenerative diseases, though some drugs are focused on improving mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is caused by oxidative damage and impaired cellular signalling, including that of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α. Mitochondrial function can also be modulated by mitochondrial biogenesis and the mitochondrial fusion/fission cycle. Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated mainly by sirtuin 1, NAD+, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Altered mitochondrial dynamics, such as increased fission proteins and decreased fusion products, are shown in neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the restrictions of a target-based approach, a phenotype-based approach has been performed to find novel proteins or pathways. Alternatively, plasma membrane redox enzymes improve mitochondrial function without the further production of reactive oxygen species. In addition, inducers of antioxidant response elements can be useful to induce a series of detoxifying enzymes. Thus, redox homeostasis and metabolic regulation can be important therapeutic targets for delaying the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Sun J, Deng L, Zhu H, Liu M, Lyu R, Lai Q, Zhang Y. Meta-analysis on the association between rs11868035, rs823144, rs3851179 and Parkinson's disease. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Soti M, Ranjbar H, Kohlmeier KA, Shabani M. Parkinson's disease related alterations in cannabinoid transmission. Brain Res Bull 2021; 178:82-96. [PMID: 34808322 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) by neurodegeneration. Recent findings in animal models of PD propose tonic inhibition of the remaining DA neurons through GABA release from reactive glial cells. Movement dysfunctions could be ameliorated by promotion of activity in dormant DA cells. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is extensively present in basal ganglia (BG) and is known as an indirect modulator of DAergic neurotransmission, thus drugs designed to target this system have shown promising therapeutic potential in PD patients. Interestingly, down/up-regulation of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) varies across the different stages of PD, suggesting that some of the motor/ non-motor deficits may be related to changes in CBRs. Determination of the profile of changes of these receptors across the different stages of PD as well as their neural distribution within the BG could improve understanding of PD and identify pathways important in disease pathobiology. In this review, we focus on temporal and spatial alterations of CBRs during PD in the BG. At present, as inconclusive, but suggestive results have been obtained, future investigations should be conducted to extend preclinical studies examining CBRs changes within each stage in controlled clinical trials in order to determine the potential of targeting CBRs in management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monavareh Soti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hoda Ranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Goyal S, Seth B, Chaturvedi RK. Polyphenols and Stem Cells for Neuroregeneration in Parkinson's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:806-828. [PMID: 34781865 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666211115154450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are neurological disorders, pathologically characterized by chronic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and motor neurons respectively. There is still no cure or effective treatment against the disease progression and most of the treatments are symptomatic. The present review offers an overview of the different factors involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Subsequently, we focused on the recent advanced studies of dietary polyphenols and stem cell therapies, which have made it possible to slow down the progression of neurodegeneration. To date, stem cells and different polyphenols have been used for the directional induction of neural stem cells into dopaminergic neurons and motor neurons. We have also discussed their involvement in the modulation of different signal transduction pathways and growth factor levels in various in vivo and in vitro studies. Likewise stem cells, polyphenols also exhibit the potential of neuroprotection by their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant properties regulating the growth factors levels and molecular signaling events. Overall this review provides a detailed insight into recent strategies that promise the use of polyphenol with stem cell therapy for the possible treatment of PD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Goyal
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001. India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001. India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001. India
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Wang J, Cao H. Zebrafish and Medaka: Important Animal Models for Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10766. [PMID: 34639106 PMCID: PMC8509648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of human neurodegenerative disease have been investigated for several decades. In recent years, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) have become popular in pathogenic and therapeutic studies about human neurodegenerative diseases due to their small size, the optical clarity of embryos, their fast development, and their suitability to large-scale therapeutic screening. Following the emergence of a new generation of molecular biological technologies such as reverse and forward genetics, morpholino, transgenesis, and gene knockout, many human neurodegenerative disease models, such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's, were constructed in zebrafish and medaka. These studies proved that zebrafish and medaka genes are functionally conserved in relation to their human homologues, so they exhibit similar neurodegenerative phenotypes to human beings. Therefore, fish are a suitable model for the investigation of pathologic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and for the large-scale screening of drugs for potential therapy. In this review, we summarize the studies in modelling human neurodegenerative diseases in zebrafish and medaka in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China;
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China;
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Plewa S, Poplawska-Domaszewicz K, Florczak-Wyspianska J, Klupczynska-Gabryszak A, Sokol B, Miltyk W, Jankowski R, Kozubski W, Kokot ZJ, Matysiak J. The Metabolomic Approach Reveals the Alteration in Human Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Composition in Parkinson's Disease Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090935. [PMID: 34577635 PMCID: PMC8465898 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a major public health problem. Since currently there are no reliable diagnostic tools to reveal the early steps of PD, new methods should be developed, including those searching the variations in human metabolome. Alterations in human metabolites could help to establish an earlier and more accurate diagnosis. The presented research shows a targeted metabolomics study of both of the serum and CSF from PD patients, atypical parkinsonian disorders (APDs) patients, and the control. The use of the LC-MS/MS system enabled to quantitate 144 analytes in the serum and 51 in the CSF. This information about the concentration enabled for selection of the metabolites useful for differentiation between the studied group of patients, which should be further evaluated as candidates for markers of screening and differential diagnosis of PD and APDs. Among them, the four compounds observed to be altered in both the serum and CSF seem to be the most important: tyrosine, putrescine, trans-4-hydroxyproline, and total dimethylarginine. Furthermore, we indicated the metabolic pathways potentially related to neurodegeneration processes. Our studies present evidence that the proline metabolism might be related to neurodegeneration processes underlying PD and APDs. Further studies on the proposed metabolites and founded metabolic pathways may significantly contribute to understanding the molecular background of PD and improving the diagnostics and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Plewa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.-G.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Jolanta Florczak-Wyspianska
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (K.P.-D.); (J.F.-W.); (W.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Klupczynska-Gabryszak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.-G.); (J.M.)
| | - Bartosz Sokol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (B.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Roman Jankowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (B.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (K.P.-D.); (J.F.-W.); (W.K.)
| | - Zenon J. Kokot
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.-G.); (J.M.)
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Studying the effect of alpha-synuclein and Parkinson's disease linked mutants on inter pathway connectivities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16365. [PMID: 34381149 PMCID: PMC8358055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease. The differential expression of alpha-synuclein within Lewy Bodies leads to this disease. Some missense mutations of alpha-synuclein may resultant in functional aberrations. In this study, our objective is to verify the functional adaptation due to early and late-onset mutation which can trigger or control the rate of alpha-synuclein aggregation. In this regard, we have proposed a computational model to study the difference and similarities among the Wild type alpha-synuclein and mutants i.e., A30P, A53T, G51D, E46K, and H50Q. Evolutionary sequence space analysis is also performed in this experiment. Subsequently, a comparative study has been performed between structural information and sequence space outcomes. The study shows the structural variability among the selected subtypes. This information assists inter pathway modeling due to mutational aberrations. Based on the structural variability, we have identified the protein-protein interaction partners for each protein that helps to increase the robustness of the inter-pathway connectivity. Finally, few pathways have been identified from 12 semantic networks based on their association with mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic pathways.
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47
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P P, Justin A, Ananda Kumar TD, Chinaswamy M, Kumar BRP. Glitazones Activate PGC-1α Signaling via PPAR-γ: A Promising Strategy for Antiparkinsonism Therapeutics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2261-2272. [PMID: 34125534 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding various aspects of Parkinson's disease (PD) by researchers could lead to a better understanding of the disease and provide treatment alternatives that could significantly improve the quality of life of patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders. Significant progress has been made in recent years toward this goal, but there is yet no available treatment with confirmed neuroprotective effects. Recent studies have shown the potential of PPARγ agonists, which are the ligand activated transcriptional factor of the nuclear hormone superfamily, as therapeutic targets for various neurodegenerative disorders. The activation of central PGC-1α mediates the potential role against neurogenerative diseases like PD, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Further understanding the mechanism of neurodegeneration and the role of glitazones in the activation of PGC-1α signaling could lead to a novel therapeutic interventions against PD. Keeping this aspect in focus, the present review highlights the pathogenic mechanism of PD and the role of glitazones in the activation of PGC-1α via PPARγ for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabitha P
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Antony Justin
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu 643 001, India
| | - T. Durai Ananda Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Mithuna Chinaswamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - B. R. Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
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Zaman V, Shields DC, Shams R, Drasites KP, Matzelle D, Haque A, Banik NL. Cellular and molecular pathophysiology in the progression of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:815-827. [PMID: 33599945 PMCID: PMC8170715 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder etiologically linked to the loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons in the mid-brain. The etiopathology of sporadic PD is still unclear; however, the interaction of extrinsic and intrinsic factors may play a critical role in the onset and progression of the disease. Studies in animal models and human post-mortem tissue have identified distinct cellular and molecular changes in the diseased brain, suggesting complex interactions between different glial cell types and various molecular pathways. Small changes in the expression of specific genes in a single pathway or cell type possibly influence others at the cellular and system levels. These molecular and cellular signatures like neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy have been observed in PD patients' brain tissue. While the etiopathology of PD is still poorly understood, the interplay between glial cells and molecular events may play a crucial role in disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Zaman
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Donald C Shields
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Ramsha Shams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie St, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kelsey P Drasites
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie St, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Narendra L Banik
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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Razali K, Othman N, Mohd Nasir MH, Doolaanea AA, Kumar J, Ibrahim WN, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Mohamed WMY. The Promise of the Zebrafish Model for Parkinson's Disease: Today's Science and Tomorrow's Treatment. Front Genet 2021; 12:655550. [PMID: 33936174 PMCID: PMC8082503 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.655550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly is Parkinson's disease (PD). Its etiology is unclear and there are no available disease-modifying medicines. Therefore, more evidence is required concerning its pathogenesis. The use of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is the basis of most animal models of PD. MPTP is metabolized by monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) to MPP + and induces the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in mammals. Zebrafish have been commonly used in developmental biology as a model organism, but owing to its perfect mix of properties, it is now emerging as a model for human diseases. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are cheap and easy to sustain, evolve rapidly, breed transparent embryos in large amounts, and are readily manipulated by different methods, particularly genetic ones. Furthermore, zebrafish are vertebrate species and mammalian findings obtained from zebrafish may be more applicable than those derived from genetic models of invertebrates such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. The resemblance cannot be taken for granted, however. The goal of the present review article is to highlight the promise of zebrafish as a PD animal model. As its aminergic structures, MPTP mode of action, and PINK1 roles mimic those of mammalians, zebrafish seems to be a viable model for studying PD. The roles of zebrafish MAO, however, vary from those of the two types of MAO present in mammals. The benefits unique to zebrafish, such as the ability to perform large-scale genetic or drug screens, should be exploited in future experiments utilizing zebrafish PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairiah Razali
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Noratikah Othman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hamzah Mohd Nasir
- Central Research and Animal Facility (CREAM), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Abd Almonem Doolaanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wisam Nabeel Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Wael M. Y. Mohamed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
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50
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Khatri DK, Kadbhane A, Patel M, Nene S, Atmakuri S, Srivastava S, Singh SB. Gauging the role and impact of drug interactions and repurposing in neurodegenerative disorders. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100022. [PMID: 34909657 PMCID: PMC8663985 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are of vast origin which are characterized by gradual progressive loss of neurons in the brain region. ND can be classified according to the clinical symptoms present (e.g. Cognitive decline, hyperkinetic, and hypokinetic movements disorder) or by the pathological protein deposited (e.g., Amyloid, tau, Alpha-synuclein, TDP-43). Alzheimer's disease preceded by Parkinson's is the most prevalent form of ND world-wide. Multiple factors like aging, genetic mutations, environmental factors, gut microbiota, blood-brain barrier microvascular complication, etc. may increase the predisposition towards ND. Genetic mutation is a major contributor in increasing the susceptibility towards ND, the concept of one disease-one gene is obsolete and now multiple genes are considered to be involved in causing one particular disease. Also, the involvement of multiple pathological mechanisms like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc. contributes to the complexity and makes them difficult to be treated by traditional mono-targeted ligands. In this aspect, the Poly-pharmacological drug approach which targets multiple pathological pathways at the same time provides the best way to treat such complex networked CNS diseases. In this review, we have provided an overview of ND and their pathological origin, along with a brief description of various genes associated with multiple diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's and a comprehensive detail about the Poly-pharmacology approach (MTDLs and Fixed-dose combinations) along with their merits over the traditional single-targeted drug is provided. This review also provides insights into current repurposing strategies along with its regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Corresponding authors. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Corresponding authors. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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