1
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Eraslan K, Altınbay A, Nofar M. In-situ self-reinforcement of amorphous polylactide (PLA) through induced crystallites network and its highly ductile and toughened PLA/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132936. [PMID: 38848828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Crystallites of a semicrystalline polylactide (cPLA) were induced in an amorphous PLA (aPLA) and its blends with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) to achieve in-situ self-reinforced PLA based structures. The approach involved the melt blending of cPLA as a minor phase with aPLA and its blends with PBAT at processing temperatures below the crystal melting peak of cPLA. An injection molding (IM) process was first adopted to obtain self-reinforced PLA (SR-PLA) structures at aPLA/cPLA weight ratios of 100/0, 95/5, 90/10, 85/15, and 80/20. IM barrel and mold temperatures revealed crucial impacts on preserving the cPLA crystallites and thereby enhancing the final mechanical performance of SR-PLA (i.e., aPLA/cPLA) samples. SR-PLA samples at various aPLA/cPLA weight ratios of 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30 were then melt blended with PBAT to produce SR-PLA/PBAT at a given ratio of 85/15. These blends were first prepared in an internal melt mixer (MM) to evaluate the rheological properties. The rheological analysis confirmed the significance of cPLA reinforcing efficiency within SR-PLA and its corresponding blends with PBAT. Similar SR-PLA/PBAT blends were also prepared using the IM process to explore their thermal and mechanical characteristics. The effect of cPLA concentrations in blends was distinctive, leading to significant enhancements in stain at break and toughness values. This was due to the increased crystallite network within the matrix, further refining PBAT droplets. Morphological analysis of the melt-processed blends through MM and IM also revealed that the PBAT droplets were further refined when the IM process was applied. The induced shear during the molding could have further elongated the cPLA crystallites towards a fiberlike structure, which could additionally cause the matrix viscosity to increase and refine the PBAT droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerim Eraslan
- Sustainable & Green Plastics Laboratory, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Aylin Altınbay
- Sustainable & Green Plastics Laboratory, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey; Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Sustainable & Green Plastics Laboratory, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.
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2
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Suparanon T, Klinjan S, Phusunti N, Phetwarotai W. Highly impact toughened and excellent flame-retardant polylactide/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blend foams with phosphorus-containing and food waste-derived flame retardants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130147. [PMID: 38354942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Green polymeric foams are an important research topic for sustainable development. In this study, a natural multifunctional flame-retardant additive based on food waste was developed and evaluated for its ability to replace the commercial additives tricresyl phosphate (TCP) and trioctyl phosphate (TOP) in a polylactide/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) foam. A series of blend foams with additives were prepared by melt extrusion. According to the results, the blend foam with 20 phr of TCP showed the best combination of impact toughness and flame retardancy. TCP, however, poses health and environmental risks. Therefore, natural flame retardants (NFRs) were used to partially replace the commercial flame retardant (CFR). A combination of TCP and soybean residue (SB) produced an impact toughened and flame-retardant blend foam. When compared to the neat PLA/PBAT foam, the impact toughness of the best sample was increased by about 256 %. The optimal foam showed excellent flame resistance with a V-0 UL-94 rating and a high LOI value (31.8 %). SB has the potential to partially replace TCP as flame retardant and could be used in a broad range of PLA/PBAT foam applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunsuda Suparanon
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Klinjan
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Phusunti
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Worasak Phetwarotai
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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3
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Barra G, Guadagno L, Raimondo M, Santonicola MG, Toto E, Vecchio Ciprioti S. A Comprehensive Review on the Thermal Stability Assessment of Polymers and Composites for Aeronautics and Space Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3786. [PMID: 37765641 PMCID: PMC10535285 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article provides an exhaustive survey on experimental investigations regarding the thermal stability assessment of polymers and polymer-based composites intended for applications in the aeronautical and space fields. This review aims to: (1) come up with a systematic and critical overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge and research on the thermal stability of various polymers and composites, such as polyimides, epoxy composites, and carbon-filled composites; (2) identify the key factors, mechanisms, methods, and challenges that affect the thermal stability of polymers and composites, such as the temperature, radiation, oxygen, and degradation; (3) highlight the current and potential applications, benefits, limitations, and opportunities of polymers and composites with high thermal stability, such as thermal control, structural reinforcement, protection, and energy conversion; (4) give a glimpse of future research directions by providing indications for improving the thermal stability of polymers and composites, such as novel materials, hybrid composites, smart materials, and advanced processing methods. In this context, thermal analysis plays a crucial role in the development of polyimide-based materials for the radiation shielding of space solar cells or spacecraft components. The main strategies that have been explored to improve the processability, optical transparency, and radiation resistance of polyimide-based materials without compromising their thermal stability are highlighted. The combination of different types of polyimides, such as linear and hyperbranched, as well as the incorporation of bulky pendant groups, are reported as routes for improving the mechanical behavior and optical transparency while retaining the thermal stability and radiation shielding properties. Furthermore, the thermal stability of polymer/carbon nanocomposites is discussed with particular reference to the role of the filler in radiation monitoring systems and electromagnetic interference shielding in the space environment. Finally, the thermal stability of epoxy-based composites and how it is influenced by the type and content of epoxy resin, curing agent, degree of cross-linking, and the addition of fillers or modifiers are critically reviewed. Some studies have reported that incorporating mesoporous silica micro-filler or microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCM) into epoxy resin can enhance its thermal stability and mechanical properties. The mesoporous silica composite exhibited the highest glass transition temperature and activation energy for thermal degradation among all the epoxy-silica nano/micro-composites. Indeed, an average activation energy value of 148.86 kJ/mol was recorded for the thermal degradation of unfilled epoxy resin. The maximum activation energy range was instead recorded for composites loaded with mesoporous microsilica. The EMC-5p50 sample showed the highest mean value of 217.6 kJ/mol. This remarkable enhancement was ascribed to the polymer invading the silica pores and forging formidable interfacial bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Barra
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Maria Gabriella Santonicola
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisa Toto
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefano Vecchio Ciprioti
- Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
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4
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Long H, Xu H, Shaoyu J, Jiang T, Zhuang W, Li M, Jin J, Ji L, Ying H, Zhu C. High-Strength Bio-Degradable Polymer Foams with Stable High Volume-Expansion Ratio Using Chain Extension and Green Supercritical Mixed-Gas Foaming. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040895. [PMID: 36850179 PMCID: PMC9963428 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation of biodegradable polymer foams with a stable high volume-expansion ratio (VER) is challenging. For example, poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) foams have a low melt strength and high shrinkage. In this study, polylactic acid (PLA), which has a high VER and crystallinity, was added to PBAT to reduce shrinkage during the supercritical molded-bead foaming process. The epoxy chain extender ADR4368 was used both as a chain extender and a compatibilizer to mitigate the linear chain structure and incompatibility and improve the foamability of PBAT. The branched-chain structure increased the energy-storage modulus (G') and complex viscosity (η*), which are the key factors for the growth of cells, by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Subsequently, we innovatively used the CO2 and N2 composite gas method. The foam-shrinkage performance was further inhibited; the final foam had a VER of 23.39 and a stable cell was obtained. Finally, after steam forming, the results showed that the mechanical strength of the PBAT/PLA blended composite foam was considerably improved by the addition of PLA. The compressive strength (50%), bending strength, and fracture load by bending reached 270.23 kPa, 0.36 MPa, and 23.32 N, respectively. This study provides a potential strategy for the development of PBAT-based foam packaging materials with stable cell structure, high VER, and excellent mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Long
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hongsen Xu
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jingwen Shaoyu
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tianchen Jiang
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Ming Li
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junyang Jin
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lei Ji
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (C.Z.)
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5
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Morphological, rheological, and mechanical properties of PLA/TPU/nanoclay blends compatibilized with epoxy‐based Joncryl chain extender. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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6
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Simon SA, Hain J, Sracic MW, Tewani HR, Prabhakar P, Osswald TA. Mechanical Response of Fiber-Filled Automotive Body Panels Manufactured with the Ku-Fizz TM Microcellular Injection Molding Process. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224916. [PMID: 36433043 PMCID: PMC9695732 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To maximize the driving range and minimize the associated energy needs and, thus, the number of batteries of electric vehicles, OEMs have adopted lightweight materials, such as long fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, and new processes, such as microcellular injection molding. These components must withstand specific loading conditions that occur during normal operation. Their mechanical response depends on the fiber and foam microstructures, which in turn are defined by the fabrication process. In this work, long fiber thermoplastic door panels were manufactured using the Ku-FizzTM microcellular injection molding process and were tested for their impact resistance, dynamic properties, and vibration response. Material constants were compared to the properties of unfoamed door panels. The changes in mechanical behavior were explained through the underlying differences in their respective microstructures. The specific storage modulus and specific elastic modulus of foamed components were within 10% of their unfoamed counterparts, while specific absorbed energy was 33% higher for the foamed panel by maintaining the panel's mass/weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andrea Simon
- Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-358-1158
| | - Jörg Hain
- Volkswagen AG, Open Hybrid LabFactory, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany
| | - Michael W. Sracic
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Hridyesh R. Tewani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pavana Prabhakar
- Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tim A. Osswald
- Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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7
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Brütting C, Dreier J, Bonten C, Altstädt V, Ruckdäschel H. Glass transition of PLA-CO 2 mixtures after solid-state saturation. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymer foams offer high sustainable performance in terms of their lightweight potential, insulation and high specific mechanical properties. The foaming of polymers depends on the properties of gas-laden solids or liquids. For foaming in the solid state, the foaming temperature must be higher than the glass transition temperature of the saturated polymer system. Moreover, the knowledge of sorption conditions and thermal properties is crucial for foam formation. In this study, the correlation between the glass transition temperature and the sorption conditions was investigated. This comparison was made by determining the sorption behavior for different pressure levels and the corresponding glass transition temperature using a high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry. The time, pressure and CO2 content were varied. For the first time, the Chow model could be verified for PLA with a coordination number of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Dreier
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Germany
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8
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Dippold M, Ruckdäschel H. Influence of pressure-induced temperature drop on the foaming behavior of amorphous polylactide (PLA) during autoclave foaming with supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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9
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Lee JH, Chu RK, Li R, Kwan K, Park CB. Utilization of CO2 as a physical blowing agent for foaming of high temperature sulfone polymers. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Chen Y, Yang W, Hu Z, Gao X, Ye J, Song X, Chen B, Li Z. Preparation and properties of oriented microcellular Poly(l-lactic acid) foaming material. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:460-469. [PMID: 35569677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) displays simultaneous repair and regeneration properties. Therefore, it is vital for developing bone repair materials while improving their mechanical strength, and biocompatibility is essential for guaranteeing its application. In this manuscript, using solid hot drawing (SHD) technology to fabricate an oriented shish-kebab like structure, furthermore, the interface-oriented grain boundary controlled the nucleation site and cell morphology during low temperature supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) foaming process, resulted in an oriented microcellular structure which was similar to load-bearing bone. The tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation at break of the oriented microcellular PLLA were 98.4 MPa, 3.3 GPa, and 16.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the biomimetic structure improved osteoblast cells (MC3T3) attachment, proliferation, and propagation. These findings may pave the way for designing novel biomaterials for bone fixation or tissue engineering devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueling Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Wenchao Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Zikang Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Sichuan Institute for Drug Control, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Jingbiao Ye
- Hengdian Group TOSPO Engineering Plastics, Co., Ltd, Dongyang 322100, China
| | - Xiangqian Song
- Hengdian Group TOSPO Engineering Plastics, Co., Ltd, Dongyang 322100, China
| | - Baoshu Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China.
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11
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Kahraman Y, Alkan Goksu Y, Özdemir B, Eker Gümüş B, Nofar M. Composition design of
PLA
/
TPU
emulsion blends compatibilized with multifunctional epoxy‐based chain extender to tackle high impact resistant ductile structures. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Kahraman
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yonca Alkan Goksu
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Burcu Özdemir
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Beril Eker Gümüş
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center Yıldız Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
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12
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Wang L, Cui W, Mi HY, Hu D, Antwi-Afari MF, Liu C, Shen C. Fabrication of skinless cellular poly (vinylidene fluoride) films by surface-constrained supercritical CO2 foaming using elastic gas barrier layers. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Lee JH, Mahmood SH, Pin JM, Li R, Lee PC, Park CB. Determination of CO 2 solubility in semi-crystalline polylactic acid with consideration of rigid amorphous fraction. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:274-283. [PMID: 35120942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to phase heterogeneity in semi-crystalline polymers, accurate determination of gas solubility has been a challenge. In this regard, PLA/CO2 was used as a case study to investigate the parameters governing formation of the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) and its effect on the gas sorption behavior of the polymer. Six samples with different degrees of RAF were prepared through varying PLA tacticity and thermal history. Then, a gravimetric method involving a magnetic suspension balance and an in-house PVT visualization system was employed to experimentally determine the CO2 solubility at 70 °C under a pressure of 4.5 MPa. Furthermore, a theoretical CO2 solubility was calculated based on the Simha-Somcynski equation of state and was used in conjunction with the two-phase and three-phase models to describe the phase dependency of the gas solubility. The conventional two-phase model that considered the bulk amorphous phase consistently over-approximated the CO2 solubility compared to the measured data. On the other hand, the three-phase model that distinguished the rigid and the mobile amorphous phases well represented the experimental result. The analysis yielded CO2 solubility coefficients of 0.0375 ggas/gpoly for the RAF and 0.0817 ggas/gpoly for the mobile counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - S Hassan Mahmood
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jean-Mathieu Pin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ruosong Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Patrick C Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada.
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14
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Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) from Waste Textiles with Improved Thermal and Rheological Properties by Chain Extension. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030510. [PMID: 35160503 PMCID: PMC8838686 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual production of textile fibers is continuing to rise and the substantial discharge of undegradable waste polyester fibers can cause serious environmental and even health problems. Thus, the recycling and reuse of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) from waste textiles (rPET-F) is highly desirable but still challenging. Here, five chain extenders with a different number of epoxy groups per molecules were used to blend with discarded PET fibers and improve its viscosity and quality loss in the recycling process. The molecule weight, thermal properties, rheological properties and macromolecular architecture of modified r-PET were investigated. It was found that all modified rPET-F samples show higher viscosities and better thermal properties. rPET-F modified by difunctional EXOP molecules show linear structure and improved rheological properties. rPET-F modified by polyfunctional commercial ADR and synthesized copolymers exhibit a long chain branched structure and better crystallization. This study reveals a deeper understanding of the chain extension and opens an avenue for the recycling of PET textiles.
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15
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Heterogeneous Bubble Nucleation by Homogeneous Crystal Nuclei in Poly(
l
‐Lactic Acid) Foaming. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Kim HK, Kim J, Kim D, Ryu Y, Cha SW. Vibration and Sound Response of Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide 6 Using Microcellular-Foaming-Process-Applied Injection Molding Process. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14010173. [PMID: 35012195 PMCID: PMC8747395 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the vibration and sound response characteristics of composites produced via injection molding applied with a microcellular foaming process (MCPs) were improved. The study was conducted using PA6 and glass fiber composites, which are representative thermoplastic engineering plastics. Two types of specimens were used: a plate specimen to confirm the basic sound and vibration characteristics, and a large roof-rack specimen from an actual vehicle with a complex shape. The frequency response function curve was calculated by conducting an impact test, and natural frequency and damping ratio were measured based on the curve. The results confirmed that, in the case of a specimen manufactured through the injection molding process to which MCPs were applied, the natural frequency was lowered, and the damping ratio decreased. The degree of change in the natural frequency and damping ratio was confirmed. To determine the cause of the change in the natural frequency and damping ratio, the mode shape at the natural frequency of each specimen was measured and the relationship was confirmed by measuring the density and the elastic modulus of the composite. In addition, the usability of the specimens to which MCPs were applied was verified by conducting impact strength and tensile strength tests.
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17
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Mohammadi RS, Zolali AM, Kim JH, Jalali A, Park CB. 3D fibrillated network of compatibilized linear low density polyethylene/polyamide with high melt strength and superior foamability. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Standau T, Nofar M, Dörr D, Ruckdäschel H, Altstädt V. A Review on Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Joncryl® ADR Chain Extended Thermoplastics. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1918710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dominik Dörr
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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19
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Evolution of cell morphology from sub-macroscale to nanoscale in modified thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer via supercritical CO2 foaming. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Ren Q, Wu M, Li W, Zhu X, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zheng W. A green fabrication method of poly (lactic acid) perforated membrane via tuned crystallization and gas diffusion process. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1037-1046. [PMID: 33894256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) perforated membrane is typically obtained through the solvent-volatilization-induced or non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method. However, the residual organic solvents would unavoidably limit the application of PLA perforated membrane in biomedical and high-end water purification fields. Herein, an innovative solution-free method was proposed for preparing the PLA perforated membrane via a simple and environmentally friendly way. We have successfully fabricated the PLA perforated membrane using a physical foaming technique with CO2 as the blowing agent. By tuning the primary film thickness, saturation pressure, and foaming temperature, PLA perforated membrane's cell morphology could be accordingly adjusted. The PLA perforated membrane with a highly-ordered straight pore channel and high open cell content (OCC) approximately 72% was obtained under a mild condition. The formation mechanism of the PLA perforated membrane was discussed via the interaction of crystallization behavior and gas diffusion process. This green and solvent-free PLA perforated membrane possesses great potential for use in areas like the tissue engineering and high-end water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wanwan Li
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Xiuyu Zhu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Yongqing Zhao
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Wang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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21
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Li Z, Song S, Lv X, Sun S. Enhanced the melt strength, toughness and stiffness balance of the reactive PB-g-SAG core–shell particles modified polylactide blends with the aid of a multifunctional epoxy-based chain extender. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Kahraman Y, Özdemir B, Kılıç V, Goksu YA, Nofar M. Super toughened and highly ductile
PLA
/
TPU
blend systems by in situ reactive interfacial compatibilization using multifunctional epoxy‐based chain extender. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Kahraman
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Burcu Özdemir
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Volkan Kılıç
- Polymer Science and Technology Program Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yonca Alkan Goksu
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
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23
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Romero-Diez S, Kweon MS, Kim ES, Gupta A, Yan X, Pehlert G, Park CB, Lee PC. In situ visualization of crystal nucleation and growth behaviors of linear and long chain branched polypropylene under shear and CO2 pressure. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Zhang X, Ding W, Chang E, Chen X, Chen J, Park CB, Shen C. Foaming Behaviors and Mechanical Properties of Injection-Molded Polylactide/Cotton-Fiber Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Weidan Ding
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Eunse Chang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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25
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Dual role of PDMS on improving supercritical CO2 foaming of polypropylene: CO2-philic additive and crystallization nucleating agent. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Batı B, Küçük EB, Durmuş A, Nofar M. Microcellular foaming behavior of ether- and ester-based TPUs blown with supercritical CO2. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The bead foaming behavior of ether- and an ester-based Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) resins were investigated in a lab-scale reactor using supercritical CO2 as the blowing agent. The samples were saturated at various saturation temperatures and the effects of hard segment crystallization during the saturation on the foaming behavior of the TPU samples were explored. The results revealed that the different HS crystallization tendencies and possible CO2 solubility differences in two TPU grades led to their different foaming behaviors. The ester-based TPU could be foamed within a wider saturation temperature range and revealed an easier cell growth and foam expansion while the ether-based TPU showed a more limited cell growth behavior and hence processing window. The effect of pre-annealing and hence the isothermally induced HS crystallization on the foaming behavior of the ether-based TPU and the influence of depressurization rate on the foaming behavior of ester-based TPU was also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bige Batı
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
| | - Emine Büşra Küçük
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
| | - Ali Durmuş
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Avcılar , Istanbul , 34320 , Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering , Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
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27
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Highly expanded fine-cell foam of polylactide/polyhydroxyalkanoate/nano-fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene composites blown with mold-opening injection molding. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:286-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Vatansever E, Arslan D, Sarul DS, Kahraman Y, Nofar M. Effects of molecular weight and crystallizability of polylactide on the cellulose nanocrystal dispersion quality in their nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:276-290. [PMID: 32184137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) dispersion quality and its percolation network formation could be influenced when using polylactide (PLA) with various molecular weights and crystallizability. In this context, systematic rheological experiments were conducted on PLA/CNC nanocomposites prepared through solution casting method using dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent. It was found that lower CNC percolation concentrations could be obtained when a PLA matrix possesses lower molecular weight as the shorter chains and CNCs interpenetration could be facilitated during their dissolution in the solvent. On the other hand, the CNC percolation concentration was further lowered when the PLA with higher crystallizability was used. During the solvent evaporation step that occurred at 85 °C, the isothermal heterogeneous crystallization of PLA around the dispersed CNCs could prevent the driving force of the CNCs towards their re-agglomeration. Therefore, the finest CNC dispersion was appeared in the highly crystallizable low molecular weight PLA through which the rheological properties were dramatically improved and the thermal stability was significantly extended to higher temperatures. The crystallization behavior of the prepared nanocomposites was also analyzed using differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray diffractometer. The thermal degradation behavior of the PLA/CNC nanocomposites were examined through thermogravimetric and rheological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Vatansever
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Dogan Arslan
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Deniz Sema Sarul
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kahraman
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey; Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.
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29
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Zong Q, Xu A, Chai K, Zhang Y, Song Y. Increased expansion ratio, cell density, and compression strength of microcellular poly(lactic acid) foams via lignin graft poly(lactic acid) as a biobased nucleating agent. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiling Zong
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Ailing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Kun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yongming Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin P. R. China
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30
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Nofar M, Batı B, Küçük EB, Jalali A. Effect of soft segment molecular weight on the microcellular foaming behavior of TPU using supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Dörr D, Standau T, Murillo Castellón S, Bonten C, Altstädt V. Rheology in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) to Study the Melt Behavior of Chemically Modified Polylactide (PLA). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051108. [PMID: 32414010 PMCID: PMC7285241 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the preparation of polylactide (PLA)-based foams, it is commonly necessary to increase the melt strength of the polymer. Additives such as chain extenders (CE) or peroxides are often used to build up the molecular weight by branching or even crosslinking during reactive extrusion. Furthermore, a blowing agent with a low molecular weight, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), is introduced in the foaming process, which might affect the reactivity during extrusion. Offline rheological tests can help to measure and better understand the kinetics of the reaction, especially the reaction between the polymer and the chemical modifier. However, rheological measurements are mostly done in an inert nitrogen atmosphere without an equivalent gas loading of the polymer melt, like during the corresponding reactive extrusion process. Therefore, the influence of the blowing agent itself is not considered within these standard rheological measurements. Thus, in this study, a rheometer equipped with a pressure cell is used to conduct rheological measurements of neat and chemical-modified polymers in the presence of CO2 at pressures up to 40 bar. The specific effects of CO2 at elevated pressure on the reactivity between the polymer and the chemical modifiers (an organic peroxide and as second choice, an epoxy-based CE) were investigated and compared. It could be shown in the rheological experiments that the reactivity of the chain extender is reduced in the presence of CO2, while the peroxide is less affected. Finally, it was possible to detect the recrystallization temperature Trc of the unmodified and unbranched sample by the torque maximum in the rheometer, representing the tear off of the stamp from the sample. Trc was about 13 K lower in the CO2-loaded sample. Furthermore, it was possible to detect the influences of branching and gas loading simultaneously. Here the influence of the branching on Trc was much higher in comparison to a gas loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dörr
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Svenja Murillo Castellón
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.D.); (T.S.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-921-55-7471
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32
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Farhanmoghaddam F, Javadi A. Fabrication of poly (lactic acid) foams using supercritical nitrogen. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489320912357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was foamed via batch foaming using supercritical nitrogen as a physical blowing agent by two methods, conventional foaming process (CFP) and low-temperature foaming process (LTFP). The fabrication processes, cell morphologies, thermal properties, crystallization behavior, and electrical resistance of resulted foams were studied to investigate the effect of foaming on these properties of PLA. It was found that the foams resulted from CFP method have micrometric cell sizes, while LTFP method led to nanometric cell structure and high cell density. Also scanning electron microscopy showed that the PLA foams have a heterogeneous cellular structure. The results showed that the foaming process increased the melting point and degree of crystallinity of PLA, which led to decrease in the electrical resistance of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farhanmoghaddam
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Azizeh Javadi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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33
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Yao S, Guo T, Liu T, Xi Z, Xu Z, Zhao L. Good extrusion foaming performance of long‐chain branched
PET
induced by its enhanced crystallization property. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tianhao Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhenhao Xi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhimei Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinjiang University Urumqi China
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34
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Evaluation of the Zero Shear Viscosity, the D-Content and Processing Conditions as Foam Relevant Parameters for Autoclave Foaming of Standard Polylactide (PLA). MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061371. [PMID: 32197473 PMCID: PMC7143153 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this comprehensive study, the influence of (i) material specific properties (e.g., molecular weight, zero shear viscosity, D-content) and (ii) process parameters (e.g., saturation temperature, -time, -pressure, and pressure drop rate) on the expansion behavior during the autoclave foaming process were investigated on linear Polylactide (PLA) grades, to identify and evaluate the foam relevant parameters. Its poor rheological behavior is often stated as a drawback of PLA, that limits its foamability. Therefore, nine PLA grades with different melt strength and zero shear viscosity were systematically chosen to identify whether these are the main factors governing the foam expansion and whether there is a critical value for these rheological parameters to be exceeded, to achieve low density foams with fine cells. With pressure drop induced batch foaming experiments, it could be shown that all of the investigated PLA grades could be foamed without the often used chemical modifications, although with different degrees of expansion. Interestingly, PLAs foaming behavior is rather complex and can be influenced by many other factors due to its special nature. A low molecular weight combined with a high ability to crystallize only lead to intermediate density reduction. In contrast, a higher molecular weight (i.e., increased zero shear viscosity) leads to significant increased expandability independent from the D-content. However, the D-content plays a crucial role in terms of foaming temperature and crystallization. Furthermore, the applied process parameters govern foam expansion, cell size and crystallization.
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35
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Jiang R, Liu T, Xu Z, Park CB, Zhao L. Improving the Continuous Microcellular Extrusion Foaming Ability with Supercritical CO 2 of Thermoplastic Polyether Ester Elastomer through In-Situ Fibrillation of Polytetrafluoroethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1983. [PMID: 31810168 PMCID: PMC6960977 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In-situ fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) enhanced nanocomposites were successfully prepared by mixing thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer (TPEE) and PTFE using a twin-screw extruder. Well-dispersed, long aspect ratio PTFE nanofibrils with a diameter of less than 200 nm were generated and interwoven into networks. Differential scanning calorimetry and in-situ polarized optical microscopy showed that the PTFE nanofibrils can greatly accelerate and promote crystallization of the TPEE matrix and the crystallization temperature can be increased by 6 °C. Both shearing and elongational rheometry results confirmed that the introduction of PTFE nanofibrils can significantly improve the rheological properties. The remarkable changes in the strain-hardening effect and the melt viscoelastic response, as well as the promoted crystallization, led to substantially improved foaming behavior in the continuous extrusion process using supercritical CO2 as the blowing agent. The existing PTFE nanofibrils dramatically decreased the cell diameter and increased cell density, together with a higher expansion ratio and more uniform cell structure. The sample with 5% PTFE fibrils showed the best foaming ability, with an average diameter of 10.4-14.7 μm, an expansion ratio of 9.5-12.3 and a cell density of 6.6 × 107-8.6 × 107 cells/cm3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (R.J.); (T.L.); (Z.X.)
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada;
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (R.J.); (T.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhimei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (R.J.); (T.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada;
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (R.J.); (T.L.); (Z.X.)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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36
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Yan Z, Liao X, He G, Li S, Guo F, Li G. Green Method to Widen the Foaming Processing Window of PLA by Introducing Stereocomplex Crystallites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangjian He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shaojie Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Fumin Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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37
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Nofar M, Büşra Küçük E, Batı B. Effect of hard segment content on the microcellular foaming behavior of TPU using supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Strong and ductile poly (lactic acid) achieved by carbon dioxide treatment at room temperature. J CO2 UTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Kazemi Y, Kakroodi AR, Mark LH, Filleter T, Park CB. Effects of polymer-filler interactions on controlling the conductive network formation in polyamide 6/multi-Walled carbon nanotube composites. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Polylactide cellulose-based nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:912-938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Xu LQ, Huang HX. Tuning cell structure and expansion ratio of thick-walled biodegradable poly(lactic acid) foams prepared using supercritical CO2. J CELL PLAST 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x19864389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thick-walled poly(lactic acid) samples are foamed using supercritical carbon dioxide as physical foaming agent over a wide saturation time range using a constant-temperature mode and a wide foaming pressure range using the constant-temperature mode and a varying-temperature mode. Using the constant-temperature mode, three regions with no-celled core and two regions with cells of different diameters appear on the fractured surfaces of the foamed samples prepared at 5 and 10 min saturation times, respectively, whereas a relatively uniform cellular structure is obtained at 20–180 min saturation times. Raising the foaming pressure can improve the cellular structure uniformity. Moreover, prolonging saturation time or raising foaming pressure results in rupture of more cell walls and so formation of open-celled structure to a certain extent. Using the varying-temperature mode, a bimodal cellular structure with stamen-like cells and a trimodal cellular structure with an extraordinarily high expansion ratio (76.2) are successively achieved during raising the foaming pressure (18–22 MPa). The formation mechanisms for the bimodal and trimodal cellular structures are analyzed based on the result of the foaming pressure effect on the cellular structure in the foamed poly(lactic acid) samples prepared using the constant-temperature mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Qiong Xu
- Lab for Micro Molding and Polymer Rheology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han-Xiong Huang
- Lab for Micro Molding and Polymer Rheology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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42
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Xu M, Chen Y, Liu T, Zhao L, Park CB. Determination of modified polyamide 6's foaming windows by bubble growth simulations based on rheological measurements. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Yichong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Toronto 5 King's College Road Toronto M5S 3G8 Ontario Canada
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reza Salehiyan
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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44
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Yang Y, Li X, Zhang Q, Xia C, Chen C, Chen X, Yu P. Foaming of poly(lactic acid) with supercritical CO2: The combined effect of crystallinity and crystalline morphology on cellular structure. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Standau T, Zhao C, Murillo Castellón S, Bonten C, Altstädt V. Chemical Modification and Foam Processing of Polylactide (PLA). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E306. [PMID: 30960290 PMCID: PMC6419231 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is known as one of the most promising biopolymers as it is derived from renewable feedstock and can be biodegraded. During the last two decades, it moved more and more into the focus of scientific research and industrial use. It is even considered as a suitable replacement for standard petroleum-based polymers, such as polystyrene (PS), which can be found in a wide range of applications-amongst others in foams for packaging and insulation applications-but cause strong environmental issues. PLA has comparable mechanical properties to PS. However, the lack of melt strength is often referred to as a drawback for most foaming processes. One way to overcome this issue is the incorporation of chemical modifiers which can induce chain extension, branching, or cross-linking. As such, a wide variety of substances were studied in the literature. This work should give an overview of the most commonly used chemical modifiers and their effects on rheological, thermal, and foaming behavior. Therefore, this review article summarizes the research conducted on neat and chemically modified PLA foamed with the conventional foaming methods (i.e., batch foaming, foam extrusion, foam injection molding, and bead foaming).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Chunjing Zhao
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Svenja Murillo Castellón
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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46
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Kuska R, Milovanovic S, Frerich S, Ivanovic J. Thermal analysis of polylactic acid under high CO2 pressure applied in supercritical impregnation and foaming process design. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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47
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Song Y, Wang Y, Li H, Zong Q, Xu A. Role of Wood Fibers in Tuning Dynamic Rheology, Non-Isothermal Crystallization, and Microcellular Structure of Polypropylene Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 12:E106. [PMID: 30598010 PMCID: PMC6337148 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcellular polypropylene (PP)/wood fiber composite foams were fabricated via batch foaming assisted by supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂). Effects of wood fibers on rheology, crystallization, and foaming behaviors of PP were comprehensively investigated. The obtained results showed that the incorporation of wood fibers increased the complex viscosity and the storage modulus of the PP matrix. Jeziorny's model for non-isothermal crystallization kinetics indicated that wood fibers did not change the crystal growth. However, the crystallization rate of the PP matrix was decreased to a certain extent with increasing wood fiber loadings. The wood fiber exerts a noticeable role in improving the cell density and reducing the cell size, despite decreasing the expansion ratio. Interestingly, a "small-sized cells to large-sized cells" gradient cell structure was found around the wood fibers, implying cell nucleation was induced at the interface between wood fiber and PP matrix. When wood fiber loadings were specifically increased, a desirable microcellular structure was obtained. However, further increasing the wood fiber loadings deteriorated the cell structure. Moreover, the crystallinity of the composite foams initially decreased and then slightly increased with increasing wood fiber loadings, while the crystal size decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Youyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Qiling Zong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Ailing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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48
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Poly (lactic acid) blends: Processing, properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:307-360. [PMID: 30528997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a commercial biobased, biodegradable, biocompatible, compostable and non-toxic polymer that has competitive material and processing costs and desirable mechanical properties. Thereby, it can be considered favorably for biomedical applications and as the most promising substitute for petroleum-based polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications. However, PLA has some significant shortcomings such as low melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, high brittleness, low toughness, and low service temperature, which limit its applications. To overcome these limitations, blending PLA with other polymers is an inexpensive approach that could also tailor the final properties of PLA-based products. During the last two decades, researchers investigated the synthesis, processing, properties, and development of various PLA-based blend systems including miscible blends of poly l-lactide (PLLA) and poly d-lactide (PDLA), which generate stereocomplex crystals, binary immiscible/miscible blends of PLA with other thermoplastics, multifunctional ternary blends using a third polymer or fillers such as nanoparticles, as well as PLA-based blend foam systems. This article reviews all these investigations and compares the syntheses/processing-morphology-properties interrelationships in PLA-based blends developed so far for various applications.
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49
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Li B, Zhao G, Wang G, Zhang L, Gong J. Fabrication of high-expansion microcellular PLA foams based on pre-isothermal cold crystallization and supercritical CO2 foaming. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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50
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Vyazovkin S. "Nothing Can Hide Itself from Thy Heat": Understanding Polymers via Unconventional Applications of Thermal Analysis. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800334. [PMID: 30033550 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article surveys some exciting possibilities and results offered by less common, yet essential applications of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The applications are concerned with the most commonly studied processes of the glass transition, crystallization, melting, polymerization, and degradation. Issues related to the glass transition include the non-Arrhenius temperature dependence and fragility, kinetic complexity of physical aging, evaluation of cooperatively rearranging regions, and rigid amorphous fraction. Discussion of crystallization covers separation of heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation, crystallization controlled by physical aging, and the use of isoconversional methods for determining the Hoffman-Lauritzen parameters. For melting, the role of reorganization and nucleation control is emphasized. For the thermal degradation and polymerization, advanced kinetic treatments as a way of obtaining mechanistic insights are discussed, and the possibility of studying both processes during continuous cooling is stressed. The possibility of using TGA for monitoring polycondensation is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Vyazovkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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