1
|
Zhao Q, Ning X, Yue Z, Jian F, Li D, Lang J, Lu S, Ning C. Unveiling the presence and genotypic diversity of Giardia duodenalis on large-scale sheep farms: insights from the Henan and Ningxia Regions, China. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:312. [PMID: 39030643 PMCID: PMC11264889 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parasitic protozoan Giardia duodenalis is an important cause of diarrheal disease in humans and animals that can be spread by fecal-oral transmission through water and the environment, posing a challenge to public health and animal husbandry. Little is known about its impact on large-scale sheep farms in China. In this study we investigated G. duodenalis infection of sheep and contamination of the environment in large-scale sheep farms in two regions of China, Henan and Ningxia. METHODS A total of 528 fecal samples, 402 environmental samples and 30 water samples were collected from seven large-scale sheep farms, and 88 fecal samples and 13 environmental samples were collected from 12 backyard farms. The presence of G. duodenalis was detected by targeting the β-giardin (bg) gene, and the assemblage and multilocus genotype of G. duodenalis were investigated by analyzing three genes: bg, glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triphosphate isomerase (tpi). RESULTS The overall G. duodenalis detection rate was 7.8%, 1.4% and 23.3% in fecal, environmental and water samples, respectively. On the large-scale sheep farms tested, the infection rate of sheep in Henan (13.8%) was found to be significantly higher than that of sheep in Ningxia (4.2%) (P < 0.05). However, the difference between the rates of environmental pollution in Henan (1.9%) and Ningxia (1.0%) was not significant (P > 0.05). Investigations of sheep at different physiological stages revealed that late pregnancy ewes showed the lowest infection rate (1.7%) and that young lambs exhibited the highest (18.8%). Genetic analysis identified G. duodenalis belonging to two assemblages, A and E, with assemblage E being dominant. A total of 27 multilocus genotypes were identified for members of assemblage E. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that G. duodenalis is prevalent on large-scale sheep farms in Henan and Ningxia, China, and that there is a risk of environmental contamination. This study is the first comprehensive examination of the presence of G. duodenalis on large-scale sheep farms in China. Challenges posed by G. duodenalis to sheep farms need to be addressed proactively to ensure public health safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Ning
- Henan Vocational College of Applied Technology, Zhengzhou, 450042, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Yue
- Henan Anjin Biotechnology CO., LTD, Zhengzhou, 450011, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiashu Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunli Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng K, Yang S, Xu Y, Wen L, Chen J, Zhang W, Chen S, Shen Y, Xiao L, Guo Y, Feng Y, Li N. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in eleven wild rodent species in China: Common distribution, extensive genetic diversity and high zoonotic potential. One Health 2024; 18:100750. [PMID: 38798737 PMCID: PMC11127529 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common zoonotic pathogens in humans and animals. Although rodents are important parts of the ecosystem and common hosts for these pathogens, little is known of the distribution, genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild rodents. A total of 442 fecal samples were collected from eleven wild rodent species in three provinces of China, and analyzed for these pathogens by PCR and DNA sequencing. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and E. bieneusi were 19.9% (88/442), 19.8% (75/378) and 12.2% (54/442), respectively. Altogether, 23 known Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified and their distribution varied among different sampling locations or rodent species. Subtyping of the zoonotic Cryptosporidium species identified two novel subtype families XVe and XVf in C. viatorum, the subtype family XIIh and a novel subtype family XIIj in C. ubiquitum, and the subtype family IId in C. parvum. Three Giardia species were identified, including G. microti (n = 57), G. muris (n = 15) and G. duodenalis (n = 3), with G. duodenalis assemblages A and G identified in brown rats in urban areas of Guangdong. In addition, 13 E. bieneusi genotypes including eight known and five novel ones were identified, belonging to Groups 1, 2, 10, 14 and 15. Within nine genotypes in the zoonotic Group 1, common human-pathogenic genotypes D, Type IV, PigEbITS7 and Peru8 were detected only in brown rats and Lesser rice-field rats in urban areas of Guangdong. Apparent host adaptation and geographical differences were observed among Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and E. bieneusi genotypes in wild rodents in the present study. Furthermore, the zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and E. bieneusi genotypes commonly found here suggest a high zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild rodents, especially in brown rats in urban areas. Hygiene and One Health measures should be implemented in urban streets and food stores to reduce the possible direct and indirect transmission of these rodent-related pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Luxing Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shouyi Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Egan S, Barbosa AD, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. Rabbits as reservoirs: An updated perspective of the zoonotic risk from Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110151. [PMID: 38422710 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Rabbits are highly abundant in many countries and can serve as reservoirs of diseases for a diversity of pathogens including the enteric protozoan parasites, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Both parasites shed environmentally robust environmental stages (oo/cysts) and have been responsible for numerous waterborne outbreaks of diseases. Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum are responsible for most infections in humans, while Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B, cause most human cases of giardiasis. Cryptosporidium cuniculus, the dominant species infecting rabbits, is the only spceies other than C. hominis and C. parvum to have caused a waterborne outbreak of gastritis, which occurred in the United Kingdom in 2008. This review examines the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in rabbits to better understand the public health risks of contamination of water sources with Cryptosporidium and Giardia oo/cysts from rabbits. Despite the abundance of C. cuniculus in rabbits, reports in humans are relatively rare, with the exception of the United Kingdom and New Zealand, and reports of C. cuniculus in humans from the United Kingdom have declined substantially since the 2008 outbreak. Subtyping of C. cuniculus has supported the potential for zoonotic transmission. Relatively few studies have been conducted on Giardia, but assemblage B dominates. However, improved typing methods are required to better understand the transmission dynamics of Giardia assemblages in rabbits. Similarly, it is not well understood if pet rabbits or contaminated water are the main source of C. cuniculus infections in humans. Well-planned studies using high-resolution typing tools are required to understand the transmission dynamics better and quantify the public health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhon Egan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Amanda D Barbosa
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Egan S, Barbosa AD, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. Critters and contamination: Zoonotic protozoans in urban rodents and water quality. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121165. [PMID: 38290188 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Rodents represent the single largest group within mammals and host a diverse array of zoonotic pathogens. Urbanisation impacts wild mammals, including rodents, leading to habitat loss but also providing new resources. Urban-adapted (synanthropic) rodents, such as the brown rat (R. norvegicus), black rat (R. rattus), and house mouse (Mus musculus), have long successfully adapted to living close to humans and are known carriers of zoonotic pathogens. Two important enteric, zoonotic protozoan parasites, carried by rodents, include Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Their environmental stages (oocysts/cysts), released in faeces, can contaminate surface and wastewaters, are resistant to common drinking water disinfectants and can cause water-borne related gastritis outbreaks. At least 48 species of Cryptosporidium have been described, with C. hominis and C. parvum responsible for the majority of human infections, while Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B are the main human-infectious assemblages. Molecular characterisation is crucial to assess the public health risk linked to rodent-related water contamination due to morphological overlap between species. This review explores the global molecular diversity of these parasites in rodents, with a focus on evaluating the zoonotic risk from contamination of water and wasterwater with Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts/cysts from synanthropic rodents. Analysis indicates that while zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia are prevalent in farmed and pet rodents, host-specific Cryptosporidium and Giardia species dominate in urban adapted rodents, and therefore the risks posed by these rodents in the transmission of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia are relatively low. Many knowledge gaps remain however, and therefore understanding the intricate dynamics of these parasites in rodent populations is essential for managing their impact on human health and water quality. This knowledge can inform strategies to reduce disease transmission and ensure safe drinking water in urban and peri‑urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhon Egan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Amanda D Barbosa
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chang Y, Li J, Zhang L. Genetic diversity and molecular diagnosis of Giardia. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 113:105482. [PMID: 37451417 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Giardia is a genus of flagellated protozoan parasites that infect the small intestine of humans and animals, causing the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. Giardia exhibits significant genetic diversity among its isolates, which can have important implications for disease transmission and clinical presentation. This diversity is influenced by the coevolution of Giardia with its host, resulting in the development of unique genetic assemblages with distinct phenotypic characteristics. Although panmixia has not been observed, some assemblages appear to have a broader host range and exhibit higher transmission rates. Molecular diagnostic methods enable researchers to examine the genetic diversity of Giardia populations, enhancing our understanding of the genetic diversity, population structure, and transmission patterns of this pathogen and providing insights into clinical presentations of giardiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdugheni R, Li L, Yang ZN, Huang Y, Fang BZ, Shurigin V, Mohamad OAA, Liu YH, Li WJ. Microbial Risks Caused by Livestock Excrement: Current Research Status and Prospects. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1897. [PMID: 37630456 PMCID: PMC10456746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock excrement is a major pollutant yielded from husbandry and it has been constantly imported into various related environments. Livestock excrement comprises a variety of microorganisms including certain units with health risks and these microorganisms are transferred synchronically during the management and utilization processes of livestock excrement. The livestock excrement microbiome is extensively affecting the microbiome of humans and the relevant environments and it could be altered by related environmental factors as well. The zoonotic microorganisms, extremely zoonotic pathogens, and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are posing threats to human health and environmental safety. In this review, we highlight the main feature of the microbiome of livestock excrement and elucidate the composition and structure of the repertoire of microbes, how these microbes transfer from different spots, and they then affect the microbiomes of related habitants as a whole. Overall, the environmental problems caused by the microbiome of livestock excrement and the potential risks it may cause are summarized from the microbial perspective and the strategies for prediction, prevention, and management are discussed so as to provide a reference for further studies regarding potential microbial risks of livestock excrement microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashidin Abdugheni
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Yang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
| | - Vyacheslav Shurigin
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
| | - Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamad
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khattak I, Yen WL, Usman T, Nasreen N, Khan A, Ahmad S, Rehman G, Khan K, Said MB, Chen CC. Individual and Community-Level Risk Factors for Giardiasis in Children under Five Years of Age in Pakistan: A Prospective Multi-Regional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1087. [PMID: 37371318 DOI: 10.3390/children10061087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection and identify associated risk factors at both individual and community levels in a pediatric population in different agroecological zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to December 2022. Using stratified sampling, 1026 households were recruited from nine agroecological zones. Stool samples were collected from 1026 children up to the age of five years and processed for detection of Giardia using a commercial ELISA kit. Data on potential risk factors were collected using a pre-structured questionnaire. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors associated with giardiasis. RESULTS The study found that the prevalence of giardiasis in the study area was 3.31%. Children aged 13-24 months were found to be at higher risk for giardiasis. Illiterate mothers and fathers attending daycare institutions/kindergartens, mothers not practicing hand washing during critical times, households with companion animals, and homes where stray dogs/cats enter were identified as predictors of giardiasis at the individual level. Children living in sub-mountain valleys use un-piped water, inadequate domestic water storage vessels, drink un-boiled or unfiltered water, live near rubbish heaps or un-paved streets/pathways, and have unimproved latrine facilities were identified as risk factors of giardiasis at the community level. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the need for integrated intervention approaches at both individual and community levels to reduce the incidence of giardiasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Interventions aimed at promoting behavioral change and providing safe and adequate water sources, combined with individual-level interventions such as hand washing and awareness of giardiasis prevention methods, would be critical to addressing this health concern. Inter-sectoral collaboration between the health sector and other sectors would also be necessary to achieve meaningful progress in reducing the incidence of giardiasis in resource-limited areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Khattak
- College of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Wen-Lan Yen
- Department of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Tahir Usman
- College of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24540, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L1E4, Canada
| | - Saghir Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Khurshaid Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wielinga C, Williams A, Monis P, Thompson RCA. Proposed taxonomic revision of Giardia duodenalis. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2023; 111:105430. [PMID: 36972861 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, Giardia enterica, Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia are the synonyms for a species complex of 8-11 phylogenetically distinct species of Giardia infecting a broad range of animals including humans. Retrospective alignment of 8409 gene sequences from 3 loci confirmed host associations of Assemblages and sub-Assemblages within this species complex and molecular species delimitation testing confirmed that the Assemblages and sub-Assemblages AI and AII should be recognised as distinct species. It is recommended to synonymise the Assemblages with historic species descriptions based on host associations and consider descriptions for new species where no corresponding description exists. Synonyms, Giardia duodenalis, Giardia intestinalis and Giardia enterica, to be removed from synonymy: synonymise "Giardia duodenalis-Assemblage AI" syn. n. to Giardia duodenalis (Davaine, 1875), Kofoid and Christansen, 1915, synonymise "Giardia duodenalis-Assemblage AII" syn. n. to Giardia intestinalis (Lambl, 1859; Blanchard, 1885), Alexeieff, 1914 and synonymise "Giardia duodenalis-Assemblage B" syn. n. to Giardia enterica (Grassi, 1881a), Kofoid, 1920. Host specific Assemblages synonymised: synonymise canid-associated "Giardia duodenalis-Assemblage C" syn. n. to Giardia canisHegner, 1922; synonymise artiodactyl-associated "Giardia duodenalis-Assemblage E" syn. n. to Giardia bovisFantham, 1921; synonymise feline-associated "Giardia duodenalis-Assemblage F" syn. n. to Giardia catiDeschiens, 1925; and synonymise rodent-associated "Giardia duodenalis-Assemblage G" syn. n. to Giardia simoniLavier, 1924. New description for parasite type infecting specific host: canid-associated "Giardia duodenalis-Assemblage D" named Giardia lupus, sp. n. (LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1651A8CB-CBA8-40D9-AB59-D4AB11AC18A3). New proposed names and descriptions for consideration for parasite types infecting specific hosts: cervid-associated "Giardia duodenalis-sub-Assemblage AIII" for consideration "cervus" and Pinnipedia-associated "Giardia duodenalis-Assemblage H" for consideration "pinnipedis".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wielinga
- School of Veterinary and Health Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Andrew Williams
- School of Veterinary and Health Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Paul Monis
- South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Health Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. Circulating in Wild Small Mammals from Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030515. [PMID: 36766405 PMCID: PMC9913638 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are important diarrhea-causing protozoan parasites worldwide that exhibit broad host ranges. Wild small mammals can harbor host-adapted and potentially zoonotic species of both parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in wild rodents and shrews in Portugal, focusing on the protist's occurrence and genetic diversity. Molecular screening by PCR at the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene locus of 290 fecal samples from wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), southwestern water voles (Arvicola sapidus), Cabrera's voles (Microtus cabrerae), Lusitanian pine voles (Microtus lusitanicus), Algerian mice (Mus spretus) and greater white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula) in Northeast Portugal revealed the low occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. (1%) and high occurrence of Giardia spp. (32.8%). The analysis revealed that "species" was the only significant factor associated with the increasing probability of Giardia spp. infection, with the highest prevalence reported in southwestern water voles and Lusitanian pine voles. Cryptosporidium and Giardia species determination at the SSU rRNA gene locus revealed C. muris and G. microti as the only circulating species, respectively. Subtyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and beta-giardin (bg) genes provided evidence of the high genetic diversity within the G. microti clade. This study suggests that rodent-adapted G. microti occurs to a large extent in cricetid hosts and supports the limited role of wild rodents and shrews as natural sources of human infections in Northeast Portugal regarding the investigated parasites. Moreover, this is the first record of G. microti in southwestern water voles, Lusitanian pine voles, Algerian mice, wood mice and Cabrera's voles and C. muris in Cabrera's voles. Finally, this study improves the database of sequences relevant for the sequence typing of G. microti strains and provides new insights about the epidemiology of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents and shrews, two parasite genera of high importance for public and animal health.
Collapse
|
10
|
Park YJ, Cho HC, Jang DH, Park J, Choi KS. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279533. [PMID: 36638106 PMCID: PMC9838842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite that infects humans, companion animals, livestock, and wildlife. Infections in cattle caused by this parasite are often asymptomatic, but such infections can cause diarrhea, reduced weight gain, and ill-thrift in young calves. Although G. duodenalis causes diarrhea in calves, only a few studies have been conducted on calves in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the ROK, identify the association between the occurrence of G. duodenalis and the age of calf, and perform molecular characterization of G. duodenalis. We collected 455 fecal samples from pre-weaned native Korean calves (≤60 days old) with diarrhea in four different regions. G. duodenalis was detected using nested PCR targeting the beta-giardin (bg) gene, and positive samples were further genotyped for the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis in calves with diarrhea was 4.4% (20/455) based on the analysis of bg. The highest prevalence was observed in calves aged 11-30 days (7.5%; 95% confidence interval: 3.7%-11.3%), whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in neonatal calves. From the 20 samples that were positive for bg, 16, 5, and 6 sequences were obtained following genotyping of bg, gdh, and tpi, respectively. Sequencing analysis of the bg gene revealed the presence of assemblage E (n = 15) and sub-assemblage AⅠ (n = 1) in the samples. Moreover, we detected mixed infections with assemblages E and A in two calves for the first time. Among the sequences obtained herein, two new subtypes of assemblage E were detected in gdh and tpi sequences each. The results suggest that G. duodenalis is an infectious agent causing diarrhea in calves, and pre-weaned calves are at a higher risk of infection than neonatal calves. Multilocus genotyping should be performed to confirm the presence of potentially zoonotic genotypes. These results highlight the importance of cattle as a source of zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Klotz C, Sannella AR, Weisz F, Chaudhry U, Sroka J, Tůmová P, Nohýnková E, Ignatius R, Aebischer T, Betson M, Troell K, Cacciò SM. Extensive testing of a multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Giardia duodenalis assemblage A confirms its good discriminatory power. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:489. [PMID: 36572928 PMCID: PMC9791779 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flagellated parasite Giardia duodenalis is a major and global cause of diarrhoeal disease. Eight genetically very distinct groups, known as assemblages A to H, have been recognized in the G. duodenalis species complex, two of which (assemblages A and B) infect humans and other mammalian hosts. Informative typing schemes are essential to understand transmission pathways, characterize outbreaks and trace zoonotic transmission. In this study, we evaluated a published multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for G. duodenalis assemblage A, which is based on six polymorphic markers. METHODS We genotyped 60 human-derived and 11 animal-derived G. duodenalis isolates collected in Europe and on other continents based on the published protocol. After retrieving previously published genotyping data and excluding isolates whose sequences showed allelic sequence heterozygosity, we analysed a dataset comprising 146 isolates. RESULTS We identified novel variants at five of the six markers and identified 78 distinct MLST types in the overall dataset. Phylogenetic interpretation of typing data confirmed that sub-assemblage AII only comprises human-derived isolates, whereas sub-assemblage AI comprises all animal-derived isolates and a few human-derived isolates, suggesting limited zoonotic transmission. Within sub-assemblage AII, isolates from two outbreaks, which occurred in Sweden and Italy, respectively, had unique and distinct MLST types. Population genetic analysis showed a lack of clustering by geographical origin of the isolates. CONCLUSION The MLST scheme evaluated provides sufficient discriminatory power for epidemiological studies of G. duodenalis assemblage A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klotz
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Rosa Sannella
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Filip Weisz
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XInstitute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- grid.5475.30000 0004 0407 4824Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jacek Sroka
- grid.419811.4Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Pavla Tůmová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XInstitute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Nohýnková
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XInstitute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor 28 GmbH (MVZ Labor 28 GmbH), Mecklenburgische Str. 28, 14197 Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Aebischer
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martha Betson
- grid.5475.30000 0004 0407 4824Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Karin Troell
- grid.419788.b0000 0001 2166 9211National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simone M. Cacciò
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rego L, Castro‐Scholten S, Cano C, Jiménez‐Martín D, Köster PC, Caballero‐Gómez J, Bailo B, Dashti A, Hernández‐Castro C, Cano‐Terriza D, Vioque F, Maloney JG, Santín M, García‐Bocanegra I, Carmena D, González‐Barrio D. Iberian wild leporidae as hosts of zoonotic enteroparasites in Mediterranean ecosystems of Southern Spain. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 70:223-237. [PMID: 36533513 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wild lagomorphs including rabbits and hares can act as natural carriers or reservoirs of bacterial and parasitic zoonotic diseases. However, little is known on the epidemiology and potential public health significance of intestinal eukaryotes in wild leporids. We examined faecal samples from European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus, n = 438) and Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis, n = 111) collected in the Autonomous Region of Andalusia in southern Spain during 2012-2021. We searched for the presence of DNA from the main intestinal protist and microsporidial pathogens of veterinary and public health concerns using molecular methods (PCR followed by Sanger and next-generation sequencing). Giardia duodenalis was the most prevalent species found (27.8%, 153/550; 95% CI: 24.1-31.8), followed by Cryptosporidium spp. (1.3%, 7/550; 95% CI: 0.5-2.6), Blastocystis sp. (1.1%, 6/550; 95% CI: 0.4-2.4) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (0.2%, 1/550; 95% CI: 0.0-10.1). All samples tested negative for Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of sub-assemblage BIV (n = 1) within G. duodenalis, and Cryptosporidium cuniculus (n = 6) and Cryptosporidium andersoni (n = 1) within Cryptosporidium. The presence of ruminant-adapted C. andersoni is indicative of a potential cross-species transmission event, although a spurious infection (mechanical carriage) cannot be ruled out. Samples assigned to C. cuniculus belonged to the gp60 subtype families Va (n = 3) and Vb (n = 2). The six Blastocystis-positive samples were identified as ST2 (n = 3) and ST1 + ST2 (n = 3). Our molecular results suggest that wild rabbits and hares were primarily infected by leporid-adapted species of eukaryotic pathogens. However, the occasional findings of zoonotic G. duodenalis sub-assemblage BIV, Blastocystis sp. ST1 and ST2, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis could be of public health relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rego
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory National Centre for Microbiology Madrid Spain
| | - Sabrina Castro‐Scholten
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM) University of Córdoba Córdoba Spain
| | - Carmen Cano
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory National Centre for Microbiology Madrid Spain
| | - Débora Jiménez‐Martín
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM) University of Córdoba Córdoba Spain
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory National Centre for Microbiology Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Caballero‐Gómez
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM) University of Córdoba Córdoba Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC) University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba Córdoba Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII – CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory National Centre for Microbiology Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory National Centre for Microbiology Madrid Spain
| | - Carolina Hernández‐Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory National Centre for Microbiology Madrid Spain
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical Pathologies University of Antioquia Medellín Colombia
| | - David Cano‐Terriza
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM) University of Córdoba Córdoba Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII – CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Fátima Vioque
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory National Centre for Microbiology Madrid Spain
| | - Jenny G. Maloney
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Mónica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Ignacio García‐Bocanegra
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM) University of Córdoba Córdoba Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII – CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory National Centre for Microbiology Madrid Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII – CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - David González‐Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory National Centre for Microbiology Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jeske ST, Macedo MRP, Bianchi T, Leon ÍF, Pinheiro NB, Borsuk S, Villela M. Molecular characterization of Giardia lamblia and risk factors for giardiasis among immunocompromised patients in southern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e265055. [PMID: 36515297 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.265055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Giardia infections often cause diarrhea and stomach upset. Chronic infections can lead to malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, malabsorption and weight loss. This study assessed the prevalence of G. lambia infection and assessed associated risk factors among immunocompomised patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment in southern Brazil. A total of 110 immunocompromised patients in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, consented to participate in this study and were recruited. Socioeconomic and epidemiological profile of patients was collected by questionnaire. The prevalence for Giardia were determined through microscopy by the centrifugation-flotation technique using stool samples of every patient. In addition, the genetic characterization of the parasite was carried out by amplifying and sequencing the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. By microscopy, the prevalence of giardiasis was 17.3% (19/110). Furthermore, the DNA sequences revealed that 7 (36.8%) out of 19 isolates belonged to assemblage B, while 6 of them (31.6%) belonged to assemblage C, 5 (26.3%) to assemblage A and 1 (5.3%) to assemblage D. Risk factors (p ≤ 0.05) for giardiasis were schooling level (OR=8.0 (1.02 - 62.91) sharing a house with more than three people (OR=14.1 (3.77 - 52.51), water sources (OR=38.9 (10.4 - 145.7), sewage treatment (OR=14.2 (3.1 - 65.5), waste destination (OR=7.44 (2.0 - 27.3), owning pets (OR=4.6 (1.0 - 21.2) and cultivating a vegetable garden (OR=4.2 (1.3 - 13.6). The prevalence of G. lamblia in immunocompromised patients was considered elevate with the identification of four assemblage of the parasite (A, B, C and D).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S T Jeske
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - M R P Macedo
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - T Bianchi
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Í F Leon
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - N B Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - S Borsuk
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-parasitária, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - M Villela
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krumrie S, Capewell P, McDonald M, Dunbar D, Panarese R, Katzer F, El Sakka N, Mellor D, Alexander CL, Weir W. Molecular characterisation of Giardia duodenalis from human and companion animal sources in the United Kingdom using an improved triosephosphate isomerase molecular marker. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100105. [PMID: 36504596 PMCID: PMC9731890 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite known for its ability to cause gastrointestinal disease in human and non-human mammals. In the UK, the full impact of this parasite has yet to be fully explored, due to the limited testing which has been undertaken in humans and the low-resolution assemblage-typing methods currently available. Rather than being primarily a travel-associated condition, a recent study has highlighted that an endemic Giardia cycle is present in the UK, although the source of human disease is unclear in the majority of cases. This study focussed on the improvement of one of the commonly used assemblage-typing assays, a nested topoisomerase phosphate (tpi) PCR, to increase the amplification success rate across both human and companion animal samples. After comparing published primers to full Giardia reference genomes, this marker protocol was optimised and then deployed to test a substantial number of human (n = 79) and companion animal (n = 174) samples to gain an insight into the molecular epidemiology of Giardia in the UK. One assemblage A1 and eleven assemblage A2 genotypes were detected in humans, along with and 25 assemblage B genotypes. Assemblage A1 genotypes, known to be human-infective, were found in three feline and one canine sample, while one feline sample contained assemblage A2. Additionally, four feline samples contained assemblage B, which is recognised as potentially human-infective. This study demonstrates the presence of potentially human-infective Giardia genotypes circulating in the companion animal population, notably with 17.4% (8/46) of feline-derived Giardia strains being potentially zoonotic. Using a modified tpi-based genotyping assay, this work highlights the potential for domestic pets to be involved in the endemic transmission of giardiasis in the UK and underlines the need for appropriate hygiene measures to be observed when interacting with both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals. It also serves to underline the requirement for further studies to assess the zoonotic risk of Giardia associated with companion animals in high-income countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Krumrie
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK,Corresponding author.
| | - Paul Capewell
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK,BioClavis Ltd., Queen Elizabeth Teaching and Learning Centre, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Mike McDonald
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dawn Dunbar
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Rossella Panarese
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Noha El Sakka
- National Health Services Grampian, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZN, UK
| | - Dominic Mellor
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK,Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow, G2 6QE, UK
| | - Claire L. Alexander
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories (Glasgow), New Lister Building, 10-16 Alexandria Parade, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - William Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Silva ACDS, Martins FDC, Ladeia WA, Kakimori MTA, Lucas JI, Sasse JP, Martins TA, Macedo VDFRD, Murad VA, de Barros LD, Garcia JL. First report of Giardia duodenalis assemblage F in humans and dogs in southern Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 89:101878. [PMID: 36108583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to molecularly characterize Giardia duodenalis from stool samples of humans, dogs, and cats. Molecular analyses were performed on 59 samples that tested positive for G. duodenalis on coproparasitological examinations. After extraction, the samples were first tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (n-PCR) analysis of the SSU-rRNA gene, and for the samples that were positive, the β-giardin, TPI, and GDH genes were analyzed. The amplicons obtained in the n-PCR of the β-giardin gene were subjected to PCR-restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and subsequent digestion with the enzyme HaeIII to differentiate the assemblages. Seven (11.8 %), 34 (57.7 %), and 18 (30.5 %) out of 59 samples were from humans, dogs, and cats, respectively. Nested-PCR results showed that 49.2 % (29/59) of samples were positive for the SSU-rRNA gene, with 42.9 % (3/7) of humans, 55.9 % (19/34) of dogs, and 38.9 % (7/18) of catsve. Of the other genes analyzed, β-giardin was amplified most frequently, in 34.5 % (10/29) of samples, followed by GDH in 27.6 % (8/29) of samples, and TPI in 10.3 % (3/29) of samples. Only one sample from a dog showed the amplification of all genes. PCR-RFLP analysis showed assemblage F in a human, dog, and cat samples; and assemblage C and D in dog samples. This is the first description of assemblage F in humans from Brazil and the first description of assemblage F in dogs. Further studies are needed to verify the frequency with which these infections occur, and provide information that will contribute to the molecular epidemiological understanding of giardiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clécia Dos Santos Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Felippe Danyel Cardoso Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Winni Alves Ladeia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Monica Tiemi Aline Kakimori
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana Izidoro Lucas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Sasse
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Thais Agostinho Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Vilma de Fátima Rodrigues de Macedo
- Clinical Parasitology Laboratory of the University Hospital, Ambulatory Hospital of Clínicas, State University of Londrina -UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Valter Abou Murad
- Clinical Parasitology Laboratory of the University Hospital, Ambulatory Hospital of Clínicas, State University of Londrina -UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil; Department of Clinical Veterinary, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, R. Dr. Valter Maurício Corrêa, s/n, 18618-681 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang P, Zheng L, Liu L, Yu F, Jian Y, Wang R, Zhang S, Zhang L, Ning C, Jian F. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from sheep and goats in China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:361. [PMID: 36175887 PMCID: PMC9524073 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have molecularly characterized the potential zoonotic protozoa, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep and goats in China, therefore total 472 fecal samples were collected from eight provinces and infection rates of three protozoa were determined by PCR analysis of corresponding loci. All PCR positive samples were sequenced to identify the genotype. Results The overall infection rates for Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi were 1.9% (9/472), 20.6% (97/472), and 44.5% (210/472), respectively. C. xiaoi (n = 5), C. ubiquitum (n = 3), and C. anderson (n = 1) were identified in goats. 97 G. duodenalis strains were successfully detected, and assembly E (n = 96) and assembly A (n = 1) were identified. Two novel G. duodenalis multilocus genotype (MLGs) were identified, with one belonging to subgroup AI and the other to subgroup E5. Nine known genotype (BEB6, CD6, CHC8, CHG3, CHG5, Peru6, CHG1, CHG2, and COS-I) and four new genotype (CHG26, CHG27, CHG28, and CHS18) were identified in E. bieneusi, with CHG3 dominant in this group. Conclusions The present results highlight the role of sheep and goats as reservoir hosts for this three gastrointestinal pathogens. In summary, we provided a platform for more detailed research on genotyping or subtyping intestinal pathogens to better understand their risks and modes of transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penglin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Linke Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yichen Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Asghari A, Mahdavi F, Shamsi L, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q, Shahabi S, Mohammadi-Ghalehbin B, Sadrebazzaz A. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in small ruminants of Shiraz, southwestern Iran: A zoonotic concern. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 86:101819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Veldhuis FL, Nijsse R, Wagenaar JA, Arkesteijn G, Kooyman FNJ. Variation in haplotypes in single cysts of assemblages C and D, but not of assemblage E of Giardia duodenalis. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:166. [PMID: 35754024 PMCID: PMC9235224 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis, a single-celled intestinal parasite, is divided into eight assemblages (A-H), with differences in host specificity. Giardia duodenalis reproduces asexually and cycles between the binucleated trophozoite (4 N) and the infectious cyst with four nuclei (16 N). Interaction between the nuclei is limited. Therefore, genetic drift causes differences in genetic make-up between the non-daughter nuclei; the allelic sequence heterozygosity (ASH). The ASH is low (0.01%—0.0023%) for the related assemblages A and E, higher (0.43–0.53) for assemblage B and much higher (0.74% -0.89%) for the assemblage C and D at the root of the phylogenetic tree. The heterozygosity in assemblage F, in the same clade as assemblage A and E, was unknown. The heterozygosity in the sequences of the gdh and dis3 genes was used as proxy for the ASH and whole genome amplification of single cysts followed by cloning and Sanger sequencing of dis3 fragment could reveal the genetic variation within the cyst. The aim of the study was to determine the level of heterozygosity within pooled and single cysts of different assemblages. Results The heterozygosity in gdh and dis3 was determined in pooled cysts of the assemblages A to F. Heterozygosity in the isolates of the assemblages C (n = 2) and D (n = 1) ranged from 0.41% to 0.82% for gdh and dis3 and no heterozygosity was found in the isolates of the assemblages A (n = 4), E (n = 3) and F (n = 3). The heterozygosity in assemblage B (n = 7) was intermediate (0% to 0.62%). Next, the number of haplotypes of dis3 was determined for single cysts of assemblages C, D and E. In the assemblages C and D, two to four haplotypes were found per cyst, while in assemblage E only one haplotype was identified. Conclusions Having high heterozygosity is characteristic for the assemblages C and D, while having a low heterozygosity is characteristic for the clade with the assemblages A, E and F. Presence of more than 1 haplotype per cyst in assemblage C and D suggests differences between the non-daughter nuclei, in contrast to the one haplotype in assemblage E.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02581-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floor L Veldhuis
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Nijsse
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ger Arkesteijn
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans N J Kooyman
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zou Y, Li XD, Meng YM, Wang XL, Wang HN, Zhu XQ. Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in zoo animals in three cities in China. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2359-2366. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Genotypic and Epidemiologic Profiles of Giardia duodenalis in Four Brazilian Biogeographic Regions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050940. [PMID: 35630389 PMCID: PMC9142931 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infections with gut protozoan parasites are neglected and not targeted by specific control initiatives, leading to a knowledge gap concerning their regional diversity and epidemiology. The present study aims to explore Giardia duodenalis genetic diversity and assess the epidemiologic scenario of subclinical infections in different Brazilian biogeographic regions. Cross-sectional surveys (n = 1334 subjects) were conducted in four municipalities in order to obtain fecal samples and socioenvironmental data. Microscopy of non-diarrheal feces and nucleotide sequencing of a β-giardin gene fragment were performed. From a total of 51 samples that could be sequenced, 27 (52.9%) β-giardin sequences were characterized as assemblage A and 24 (47.1%) as assemblage B. In the Amazon, assemblage B was the most frequently detected, predominantly BIII, and with two novel sub-assemblages. Assemblage A predominated in the extra-Amazon region, with five novel sub-assemblages. Prevalence reached 17.8% (64/360) in the Amazon, 8.8% (48/544) in the Atlantic Forest, 7.4% (22/299) in Cerrado and 2.3% (3/131) in the Semiarid. People living in poverty and extreme poverty presented significantly higher positivity rates. In conclusion, subclinical giardiasis is endemic in Brazilian communities in different biogeographic regions, presenting high genetic diversity and a heterogeneous genotypic distribution.
Collapse
|
21
|
Cui Z, Wang Q, Huang X, Bai J, Zhu B, Wang B, Guo X, Qi M, Li J. Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:856429. [PMID: 35521222 PMCID: PMC9065604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.856429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is the underlying cause of a significant number of outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals worldwide. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in captive alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in China. A total of 202 fecal samples were collected from three farms in Gansu Province, China. Identification of G. duodenalis was conducted by nested PCR targeting the genes coding for SSU rRNA, β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi). The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis in captive alpine musk deer in surveyed area was 19.3% (39/202). Two G. duodenalis genetic assemblages were identified, namely assemblage A and E. Mixed genotype infections (A+E) were found in 15.4% (6/39) of positive samples. Multilocus genotyping (MLG) analysis of G. duodenalis isolates revealed six novel assemblage A MLGs formed by two newly-described MLG-subtypes which belonged to sub-assemblage AI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on MLG of G. duodenalis isolates in captive alpine musk deer in China. The presence of zoonotic assemblages and sub-assemblages of G. duodenalis in deer species suggests that these animals may potentially act as a reservoir of this protozoan for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Xiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Jiayi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Bingyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Bingchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Xiaohang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Qi, ; Junqiang Li,
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Qi, ; Junqiang Li,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Giardia duodenalis in Wildlife: Exploring Genotype Diversity in Italy and across Europe. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010105. [PMID: 35056053 PMCID: PMC8777849 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragmented data are so far available on genotype diversity of G. duodenalis in wildlife in different countries in Europe, in particular, in Italy. In the present study, G. duodenalis sequences obtained from different Italian wild animals [12 porcupines (Hystrix cristata), 4 wild boars (Sus scrofa), 1 wolf (Canis lupus italicus), 6 Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra)] were compared with those available from wild host species in Europe to add new data on the geographic distribution of Giardia assemblages/sub-assemblages and their transmission patterns among natural hosts. Thirty-eight sequences were obtained by MLG analysis (SSU-rRNA, bg, gdh, and tpi genes) and subsequently compared by phylogenetic and network analyses with those from wild species monitored in the last decades in Europe. The results revealed the presence of potentially zoonotic (A-AI, A-AII from wild boar; B from porcupine) and host-adapted (D from wolf; E, A-AIII from chamois) assemblages and sub-assemblages and represent the first report for Italian wild boar. The analysis did not find any evidence of spatial or host segregation for specific genetic variants, mostly shared between different hosts from different European countries. However, conflicting evidence was found in genotypic assignment, advocating for data improvement and new genomic approaches.
Collapse
|
23
|
Köster PC, Martínez-Nevado E, González A, Abelló-Poveda MT, Fernández-Bellon H, de la Riva-Fraga M, Marquet B, Guéry JP, Knauf-Witzens T, Weigold A, Dashti A, Bailo B, Imaña E, Muadica AS, González-Barrio D, Ponce-Gordo F, Calero-Bernal R, Carmena D. Intestinal Protists in Captive Non-human Primates and Their Handlers in Six European Zoological Gardens. Molecular Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:819887. [PMID: 35059456 PMCID: PMC8763706 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.819887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the occurrence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of four protozoan (Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Giardia duodenalis), one stramenopile (Blastocystis sp.), one microsporidia (Enterocytozoon bieneusi), and two ciliate (Balantioides coli, Troglodytella abrassarti) intestinal parasite or commensal protist species in captive non-human primates (NHP) and their zookeepers from six European zoological gardens in France (n = 1), Germany (n = 1), and Spain (n = 4). Faecal samples from NHP (n = 454) belonging to 63 species within 35 genera and humans (n = 70) were collected at two sampling periods in each participating institution between October 2018-August 2021. Detection and species identification was accomplished by PCR and Sanger sequencing of the ssu rRNA and/or ITS genes. Sub-genotyping analyses using specific markers were conducted on isolates positive for G. duodenalis (gdh, bg, tpi) and Cryptosporidium spp. (gp60). Overall, 41.0% (186/454) and 30.0% (21/70) of the faecal samples of NHP and human origin tested positive for at least one intestinal protist species, respectively. In NHP, Blastocystis sp. was the most prevalent protist species found (20.3%), followed by G. duodenalis (18.1%), E. dispar (7.9%), B. coli and T. abrassarti (1.5% each), and Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi (0.9% each). Occurrence rates varied largely among NHP host species, sampling periods, and zoological institutions. The predominant protist species found in humans was Blastocystis sp. (25.7%), followed by Cryptosporidium spp. (2.9%), E. dispar (1.4%), and G. duodenalis (1.4%). Sequencing of PCR-positive amplicons in human and/or NHP confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium in six isolates (C. hominis: 66.7%, C. parvum: 33.3%), G. duodenalis in 18 isolates (assemblage A: 16.7%, assemblage B: 83.3%), Blastocystis in 110 isolates (ST1:38.2%, ST2:11.8%, ST3: 18.2%, ST4: 9.1%, ST5: 17.3%, ST8: 2.7%, ST13: 0.9%), and E. bieneusi in four isolates (CM18: 75.0%, Type IV: 25.0%). Zoonotic transmission events involving Blastocystis ST1-ST4 were identified in four zoological institutions. Zoonotic transmission of C. hominis was highly suspected, but not fully demonstrated, in one of them. Monitoring of intestinal protist species might be useful for assessing health status of captive NHP and their zookeepers, and to identify transmission pathways of faecal-orally transmitted pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annika Weigold
- Wilhelma Zoological-Botanical Garden, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Imaña
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aly S. Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Licungo, Zambézia, Mozambique
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- Salud Veterinaria y Zoonosis (SALUVET), Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Scorza AV, Buch J, Franco P, McDonald C, Chandrashekar R, Lappin MR. Evaluation for associations amongst Giardia duodenalis assemblages and diarrhea in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109581. [PMID: 34735843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a species complex comprising at least eight assemblages. Most dogs harbor the host-adapted assemblages C and D and approximately 30 % harbor the zoonotic assemblages. Humans and dogs with giardiosis can exhibit a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from the absence of clinical signs to acute or chronic diarrhea. Human studies report conflicting results concerning associations between clinical signs and assemblage type. The objective of this study was to use results of molecular and phylogenetic analyses to evaluate associations between G. duodenalis assemblages and diarrhea in client-owned dogs from the United States. Fecal samples that were positive for Giardia cysts were classified as normal or diarrheal. Samples were analyzed by PCR assays of the beta-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Sequences of the three genes were analyzed by BLAST analysis and phylogenetic analysis was performed by Neighbor-Joining analysis. Two hundred and eighty-eight Giardia-positive fecal samples were evaluated by the three PCRs. One or more genes were amplified from 95 normal samples and 93 diarrheal samples, 27 samples were positive for one or more genes but could not be sequenced due to low quality DNA, and 73 samples tested negative. Ninety seven percent of the samples (182/188) in both the diarrheal and normal groups typed as dog-specific assemblages (D or C) by at least one gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the three genes placed the isolates from assemblages A, B, C and D separated from each other with strong bootstrap support. Diarrhea was not associated with the Giardia assemblage or other parasitic co-infection in this sample set. Other factors, such as the role of gut microbiota in giardiosis should be considered in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V Scorza
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Jesse Buch
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - Patricia Franco
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Cassandra McDonald
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | | | - Michael R Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ryan UM, Feng Y, Fayer R, Xiao L. Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia - a 50 year perspective (1971-2021). Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1099-1119. [PMID: 34715087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia are significant causes of diarrhoea worldwide and are responsible for numerous waterborne and foodborne outbreaks of diseases. Over the last 50 years, the development of improved detection and typing tools has facilitated the expanding range of named species. Currently at least 44 Cryptosporidium spp. and >120 genotypes, and nine Giardia spp., are recognised. Many of these Cryptosporidium genotypes will likely be described as species in the future. The phylogenetic placement of Cryptosporidium at the genus level is still unclear and further research is required to better understand its evolutionary origins. Zoonotic transmission has long been known to play an important role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, and the development and application of next generation sequencing tools is providing evidence for this. Comparative whole genome sequencing is also providing key information on the genetic mechanisms for host specificity and human infectivity, and will enable One Health management of these zoonotic parasites in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Una M Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ronald Fayer
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cai W, Ryan U, Xiao L, Feng Y. Zoonotic giardiasis: an update. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4199-4218. [PMID: 34623485 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite in various hosts, with the disease giardiasis being a zoonosis. The use of molecular typing tools has improved our understanding of the distribution and zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis genotypes in different animals. The present review summarizes recent data on the distribution of G. duodenalis genotypes in humans and animals in different areas. The dominance of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in humans and common occurrence of host-adapted assemblages in most domesticated animals suggests that zoonotic giardiasis is probably less common than believed and could be attributed mainly to contact with or contamination from just a few species of animals such as nonhuman primates, equines, rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and beavers. Future studies should be directed to advanced genetic characterization of isolates from well-designed epidemiological investigations, especially comparative analyses of isolates from humans and animals living in the same household or community. This will likely lead to better understanding of zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis in different environmental and socioeconomic settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Cai
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guadano Procesi I, Carnio A, Berrilli F, Montalbano Di Filippo M, Scarito A, Amoruso C, Barni M, Ruffini M, Barlozzari G, Scarpulla M, De Liberato C. Giardia duodenalis in colony stray cats from Italy. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 69:46-54. [PMID: 34492169 PMCID: PMC9290339 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is the most common intestinal protozoan in humans and animals worldwide, including eight morphologically identical assemblages, infecting pets, livestock, wildlife and human beings. Assemblages A and B are those with the higher zoonotic potential, and they have been detected in several mammals other than humans; the others (C to H) show a higher host specificity. Cats can harbour both the specific Assemblage F and the zoonotic ones A and B. Several studies have been carried out on G. duodenalis genotypes in cats; however, the role of this species in the epidemiology of giardiasis is still poorly understood. In this scenario, the present study carried out the detection and genetic characterization at sub‐assemblage level of G. duodenalis from colony stray cats in central Italy. In the period 2018–2019, 133 cat faecal samples were analysed for the presence of G. duodenalis cysts by a direct immunofluorescence assay. Positive samples were subsequently subjected to molecular analyses for assemblage/sub‐assemblage identification. Forty‐seven samples (35.3%) were positive for G. duodenalis cysts by immunofluorescence. G. duodenalis DNA was amplified at SSU‐rDNA locus from 39 isolates: 37 were positive for zoonotic Assemblage A and 2 showed a mixed infection (A + B). Positive results for the β‐giardin gene were achieved for 25 isolates. Sequence analysis revealed 16 isolates belonging to Sub‐assemblage AII and 8 to Sub‐assemblage AIII. One isolate resulted as ambiguous AI/AIII. Large sequence variability at the sub‐assemblage level was detected, with several double peaks and mutations, making complex a proper isolate allocation. When compared with previous studies, the 35.3% prevalence of G. duodenalis in cats reported in the present article was surprisingly high. Moreover, all positive cats resulted to be infected with zoonotic assemblages/sub‐assemblages, thus indicating stray cats as a possible source of human giardiasis and highlighting the sanitary relevance of cat colonies in the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Guadano Procesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Azzurra Carnio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Scarito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Amoruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Barni
- Prevention Department, ASL RM-5, Palestrina (Rome), Italy
| | - Marco Ruffini
- Prevention Department, ASL RM-5, Palestrina (Rome), Italy
| | - Giulia Barlozzari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Scarpulla
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sutthikornchai C, Popruk S, Mahittikorn A, Arthan D, Soonthornworasiri N, Paratthakonkun C, Feng Y, Xiao L. Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in school children at the Thai-Myanmar border. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2887-2895. [PMID: 34331137 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Few data are available on the genetic identity of enteric protists Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humans in Thailand. In this study, 254 stool samples were collected from primary school children from Ratchaburi Province at the Thai-Myanmar border and examined for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis using PCR techniques. The genotype identity of the pathogens was determined by DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products. Cryptosporidium felis was found in 1 stool sample, G. duodenalis in 19 stool samples, and E. bieneusi in 4 stool samples. For G. duodenalis, sub-assemblage AII was the dominant genotype, but one infection with assemblage F was found. The E. bieneusi genotypes found included known genotypes D and J, and one novel genotype (HPTM1). Cyclospora cayetanensis was not detected in any samples. Results of the preliminary study indicate that children at the Thai-Myanmar border from Ratchaburi Province, Thailand are infected with diverse zoonotic genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantira Sutthikornchai
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dumrongkiet Arthan
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Surface Waters and Urban Brown Rats as Potential Sources of Human-Infective Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Vienna, Austria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081596. [PMID: 34442675 PMCID: PMC8400309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are waterborne protozoa that cause intestinal infections in a wide range of warm-blooded animals. Human infections vary from asymptomatic to life-threatening in immunocompromised people, and can cause growth retardation in children. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in urban surface water and in brown rats trapped in the center of Vienna, Austria, using molecular methods, and to subsequently identify their source and potential transmission pathways. Out of 15 water samples taken from a side arm of the River Danube, Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts were detected in 60% and 73% of them, with concentrations ranging between 0.3-4 oocysts/L and 0.6-96 cysts/L, respectively. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were identified in 13 and 16 out of 50 rats, respectively. Eimeria, a parasite of high veterinary importance, was also identified in seven rats. Parasite co-ocurrence was detected in nine rats. Rat-associated genotypes did not match those found in water, but matched Giardia previously isolated from patients with diarrhea in Austria, bringing up a potential role of rats as sources or reservoirs of zoonotic pathogenic Giardia. Following a One Health approach, molecular typing across potential animal and environmental reservoirs and human cases gives an insight into environmental transmission pathways and therefore helps design efficient surveillance strategies and relevant outbreak responses.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kuthyar S, Kowalewski MM, Seabolt M, Roellig DM, Gillespie TR. Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and evidence for cross-species transmission in Northern Argentina. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2209-2218. [PMID: 34224652 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities, such as human population expansion and land-use change, create ecological overlap between humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife and can exacerbate the zoonotic transmission of parasites. To improve our understanding of this dynamic, we employed multi-locus genotyping to conduct a cross-sectional study of the potential for zoonotic transmission of the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis among humans, household associated livestock and dogs, and black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in the Corrientes Province of Argentina. We found Giardia prevalence to be highest in howler monkeys (90.3% (47/52)), followed by humans (61.1% (22/36)), dogs (44.4% (16/36)), and cattle (41.9% (18/43)). We further established that howler monkeys exclusively harbored strains of assemblage B (100%) while humans were infected with either assemblage A (13.3%) or B (80%) or A and B (6.7%), and cattle and dogs were infected with either assemblage A (cattle, 94.1%; dogs, 80%)), A and C (10%), or their host-adapted assemblage (cattle, 5.9%; dogs, 10%). Our finding of G. duodenalis in both humans and domesticated animals (assemblage A) and humans and wild primates (assemblage B) suggests that cross-species transmission of multiple assemblages of G. duodenalis may occur in rural complexes such as northern Argentina where people, domesticated animals, and wildlife overlap. We further highlight the need to investigate the implications of these results for human health, the economics of livestock production, and wildlife conservation in this and similar systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Kuthyar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Martin M Kowalewski
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Estación Biológica Corrientes, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Matthew Seabolt
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Dawn M Roellig
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in Household Dogs and Cats from Poland. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:428-435. [PMID: 33040220 PMCID: PMC8166709 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is a widespread protozoan parasite affecting humans and many species of animals, including dogs and cats. Due to its zoonotic potential, it is important to know the frequency of this parasite in companion animals. The aim of this study was to determine current epidemiological status of G. duodenalis in household dogs and cats. METHODS In this study, 293 fecal samples from pet dogs and cats were collected from January 2017 to July 2019 and tested for G. duodenalis by PCR (using β-giardin gene). The animals were divided into groups depending on their age, breed and fecal consistency. RESULTS The examination allowed for detection of G. duodenalis in 6.0% of canine and 3.9% of feline fecal samples. The highest frequency was revealed in young (under one-year old) dogs. Sequencing confirmed the presence of assemblages C and D in dogs and A and F in cats. CONCLUSION The study showed current frequency of G. duodenalis in dogs and cats and also revealed the occurrence of host-specific assemblages as well as zoonotic assemblage A.
Collapse
|
32
|
Cui Z, Wang D, Wang W, Zhang Y, Jing B, Xu C, Chen Y, Qi M, Zhang L. Occurrence and Multi-Locus Analysis of Giardia duodenalis in Coypus ( Myocastor coypus) in China. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020179. [PMID: 33562408 PMCID: PMC7914982 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a major gastrointestinal parasite found globally in both humans and animals. This work examined the occurrence of G. duodenalis in coypus (Myocastor coypus) in China. Multi-locus analysis was conducted to evaluate the level of genetic variation and the potential zoonotic role of the isolates. In total, 308 fecal samples were collected from seven farms in China and subjected to PCR screening to reveal G. duodenalis. Notably, G. duodenalis was detected in 38 (12.3%) specimens from assemblages A (n = 2) and B (n = 36). Positive samples were further characterized by PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. Multi-locus genotyping yielded 10 novel multi-locus genotypes (MLGs) (one MLG and nine MLGs for assemblages A and B, respectively). Based on the generated phylogenetic tree, AI-novel 1 clustered more closely with MLG AI-2. Furthermore, within the assemblage B phylogenetic analysis, the novel assemblage B MLGs were identified as BIV and clustered in the MLG BIV branch. This is the first report of G. duodenalis in coypus in China. The presence of zoonotic genotypes and subtypes of G. duodenalis in coypus suggests that these animals can transmit human giardiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China; (Z.C.); (D.W.)
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
| | - Deguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China; (Z.C.); (D.W.)
| | - Wen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
| | - Chunyan Xu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
| | - Yuanchai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (L.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hernández PC, Morales de la Pava L, Chaparro-Olaya J, López-Osorio S, López-Arias Á, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia intestinalis in pet dogs of Medellín Colombia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2020; 23:100520. [PMID: 33678375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
According to a few parasitological and epidemiological studies, Giardia is the most prevalent parasitic infection among pet dogs in the city of Medellín, the second-largest city in Colombia. This study determined the assemblages of Giardia in the fecal samples of dogs obtained from 18 veterinary centers of Medellín. One hundred fecal samples of dogs diagnosed with Giardia using microscopy were analyzed via nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using three genes (gdh, bg, and tpi). The PCR products were purified and sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the maximum likelihood algorithm of the three loci. From the 100 samples analyzed, 47 were Giardia-positive via PCR. Genotypes C and D were detected in six samples, neither of which were associated with human infection. However, the zoonotic potential of Giardia cannot be ruled out because of the small number of samples that could be sequenced for assemblage assignation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Hernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Liliana Morales de la Pava
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jacqueline Chaparro-Olaya
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Sara López-Osorio
- Grupo de investigación CIBAV, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fantinatti M, Lopes-Oliveira LAP, Cascais-Figueredo T, Austriaco-Teixeira P, Verissimo E, Bello AR, Da-Cruz AM. Recirculation of Giardia lamblia Assemblage A After Metronidazole Treatment in an Area With Assemblages A, B, and E Sympatric Circulation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:571104. [PMID: 33193167 PMCID: PMC7642054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is an intestinal protozoan subdivided into eight assemblages, labeled alphabetically from A to H. Assemblages A, B, and E infect humans and can have a sympatric circulation. We investigated the assemblage recirculation in children living within a high prevalence area of Giardia infection. One hundred and ninety-four children were evaluated and 85 tested positive for Giardia by PCR. These infected individuals were recruited, treated with metronidazole and then reexamined for infections at 20 and 40 days after treatment that included PCR and the genotyping was performed by sequencing beta-giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase gene targets. Giardia assemblages A (n = 43), B (n = 21), E (n = 17), and A/E (n = 4) were identified in infected children. Assemblage A was found in all reoccurrences of infection, including four that had been infected by assemblages B and E. Since both persistence and reinfection could account for the results, the level of nucleotide homology was determined before and after treatment. Most suggested that reinfections were by the same strain, but four presented a distinct genotypic profile. The results suggest that the differences in the genotypic profiles were due to reinfections, which appear to occur with frequency in high Giardia burden areas and soon after the end of therapy. It is not yet possible to define whether the recurrent cases were related to parasite resistance. However, the evidence of rapid reinfections and ready availability of treatment raises the potential for creating resistant strains. This highlights the need to address how Giardia burden is maintained within high prevalence areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fantinatti
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Tiara Cascais-Figueredo
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Phelipe Austriaco-Teixeira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erika Verissimo
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ribeiro Bello
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Disciplina de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hancke D, Suárez OV. Co-occurrence of and risk factors for Cryptosporidium and Giardia in brown rats from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:903-912. [PMID: 33113252 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A rodent survey was conducted in different landscape units of the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina) to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Rattus norvegicus and to, ultimately, assess the biotic, environmental and meteorological factors that explain the variations of the likelihood of infection for both parasites in an urban environment. The results of this study revealed a ubiquitous presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in R. norvegicus within an urban environment with the likelihood of infection depending on environmental and meteorological conditions for both parasites. The overall prevalence was greater for Cryptosporidium (p = 50.4%) than for Giardia (20.3%). The prevalence for both parasites separately was higher in parks compared to shantytowns and scrap metal yards. Generalized Linear Mixed Models revealed that the occurrence of these parasites separately, at an individual level, was positively related with rainfall variables and that the effect of temperature depended on the landscape unit. The similarities in the transmission modes, which are affected by common extrinsic factors, may facilitate the co-occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in urban rats. Rattus norvegicus is recognized as a good model for epidemiological studies and the results of this work suggest that, from an epidemiological point of view, the probability of contact with infectious oocysts and cysts of these parasites can be modulated through environmental management and healthy behaviour towards risk factors. The information presented here will be useful to improve the understanding of the dynamics of zoonotic diseases within urban environments and to contribute to the decision-making of new and effective prophylactic measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hancke
- Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olga Virginia Suárez
- Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Torrecillas C, Fajardo MA, Córdoba MA, Sánchez M, Mellado I, Garrido B, Aleixandre-Górriz I, Sánchez-Thevenet P, Carmena D. First Report of Zoonotic Genotype of Giardia duodenalis in Mussels ( Mytilus edulis) from Patagonia Argentina. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:92-97. [PMID: 33074789 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) are among the most consumed fishery products globally. Foodborne outbreaks of mussel-associated infections by viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens have been reported in the last years. In this study, we investigated the occurrence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of the diarrhea-causing enteric protozoan Giardia duodenalis in blue mussels from Caleta Córdova in Chubut Province, southeast Patagonia, Argentina. A total of 344 free-living blue mussels were collected and distributed in 53 aliquots of pooled mussel tissue (each containing 5‒7 specimens) during the period 2015‒2018. Conventional optical microscopy was used as screening method for the detection of G. duodenalis cysts in pooled, homogenized tissues. Samples with a positive result were assessed by a multilocus sequence genotyping scheme based on the amplification of partial fragments of the glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes of the parasite. G. duodenalis cysts were found in 30.2% (16/53) of the aliquots of pooled mussel tissue tested. PCR and sequencing analyses revealed the presence of G. duodenalis subassemblage BIV in selected aliquots. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of zoonotic subassemblage BIV from blue mussels in Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Torrecillas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - María Angélica Fajardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | | | - Marco Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Ivana Mellado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Betiana Garrido
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Isabel Aleixandre-Górriz
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Paula Sánchez-Thevenet
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Capewell P, Krumrie S, Katzer F, Alexander CL, Weir W. Molecular Epidemiology of Giardia Infections in the Genomic Era. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:142-153. [PMID: 33067130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a major gastrointestinal parasite of humans and animals across the globe. It is also of interest from an evolutionary perspective as it possesses many features that are unique among the eukaryotes, including its distinctive binucleate cell structure. While genomic analysis of a small number of isolates has provided valuable insights, efforts to understand the epidemiology of the disease and the population biology of the parasite have been limited by the molecular tools currently available. We review these tools and assess the impact of affordable and rapid genome sequencing systems increasingly being deployed in diagnostic settings. While these technologies have direct implications for public and veterinary health, they will also improve our understanding of the unique biology of this fascinating parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Capewell
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sarah Krumrie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Claire L Alexander
- Scottish Parasitology Diagnostic and Reference Laboratories, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - William Weir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
De Liberato C, Montalbano Di Filippo M, Sagrafoli D, Ferraro D, Guadano Procesi I, Berrilli F. Giardia microti in pet Microtus guentheri: Evidence of a parasite never detected in Italy. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102207. [PMID: 33059116 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Giardia includes several species distinguished by morphological, biological and molecular features. Currently, eight species within the genus are retained as valid. In Italy no identification of Giardia species other than Giardia duodenalis has been so far reported. Fecal samples were collected from two Günther's Voles (Microtus guentheri) positive to Giardia cysts by microscopic investigation and immunofluorescence. The voles were born in Milan (Northern Italy) from two gravid females imported from the Netherlands and kept for sale in a pet shop in Varese (Northern Italy). Positive feces were subjected to a nested PCR to amplify a 18S rRNA fragment for molecular characterization. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted to compare the obtained sequence with those of all other Giardia species available in GenBank for the 18S locus, using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method by R software. Sequence analyses unambiguously identified the isolates as belonging to G. microti, showing 99% of identity with those of its isolates available in GenBank. A well-defined cluster, supported by significant bootstrap values and corresponding to the G. microti cluster, including sequences obtained from M. guentheri, was evidenced in the ML tree, confirming species assignment. The present finding represents the first report of G. microti from pet animals in Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Margherita Montalbano Di Filippo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Sagrafoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ferraro
- Private practitioner, Clinica Veterinaria "Città di Luino", Via Voldomino 11, 21016, Luino, Varese, Italy
| | - Isabel Guadano Procesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Riches A, Hart CJS, Trenholme KR, Skinner-Adams TS. Anti- Giardia Drug Discovery: Current Status and Gut Feelings. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13330-13354. [PMID: 32869995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Giardia parasites are ubiquitous protozoans of global importance that impact a wide range of animals including humans. They are the most common enteric pathogen of cats and dogs in developed countries and infect ∼1 billion people worldwide. While Giardia infections can be asymptomatic, they often result in severe and chronic diseases. There is also mounting evidence that they are linked to postinfection disorders. Despite growing evidence of the widespread morbidity associated with Giardia infections, current treatment options are limited to compound classes with broad antimicrobial activity. Frontline anti-Giardia drugs are also associated with increasing drug resistance and treatment failures. To improve the health and well-being of millions, new selective anti-Giardia drugs are needed alongside improved health education initiatives. Here we discuss current treatment options together with recent advances and gaps in drug discovery. We also propose criteria to guide the discovery of new anti-Giardia compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Riches
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Biomedical Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher J S Hart
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Katharine R Trenholme
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Tina S Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Salant H, Kuzi S, Navarro D, Baneth G. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in dogs in Israel. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101548. [PMID: 32947251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and two stool samples were collected from municipal shelters and owned dogs in different geographical locations in Israel from December 2016 to September 2017 and examined for Giardia and assemblage type by PCR targeting the 18S rRNA and β-giardin genes. Overall Giardia prevalence was 24.5 % (74/30). Giardia prevalence was 1.9-fold higher in dogs ≤ 6 months old compared to > 6 ≤ 12 months old and older dogs [25/61 (41 %), 18/73 (24.6 %) and 31/166 (18.7 %), respectively, (p = 0.001)], 2.3-fold higher in winter [32/90 (35.5 %)] compared to its prevalence during autumn [15/60 (25 %)], spring [10/62 (16.1 %)] and summer [17/89 (19.1 %), p = 0.003)], and 2.7-fold more frequent among diarrheic dogs [23/43 (53.4 %)] compared to those with formed stools [51/253 (20.1 %)], (p = 0.001)]. The Giardia sp. assemblages detected were C and D. Higher infection rates in young, diarrheic dogs, sampled during winter, and housed in municipal shelters, indicates the need for targeted preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold Salant
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Sharon Kuzi
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Danielle Navarro
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ligda P, Claerebout E, Kostopoulou D, Zdragas A, Casaert S, Robertson LJ, Sotiraki S. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water and drinking water: Animal sources and towards the use of a machine-learning approach as a tool for predicting contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114766. [PMID: 32417583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important parasites due to their zoonotic potential and impact on human health, often causing waterborne outbreaks of disease. Detection of (oo)cysts in water matrices is challenging and few countries have legislated water monitoring for their presence. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and origin of these parasites in different water sources in Northern Greece and identify interactions between biotic/abiotic factors in order to develop risk-assessment models. During a 2-year period, using a longitudinal, repeated sampling approach, 12 locations in 4 rivers, irrigation canals, and a water production company, were monitored for Cryptosporidium and Giardia, using standard methods. Furthermore, 254 faecal samples from animals were collected from 15 cattle and 12 sheep farms located near the water sampling points and screened for both parasites, in order to estimate their potential contribution to water contamination. River water samples were frequently contaminated with Cryptosporidium (47.1%) and Giardia (66.2%), with higher contamination rates during winter and spring. During a 5-month period, (oo)cysts were detected in drinking-water (<1/litre). Animals on all farms were infected by both parasites, with 16.7% of calves and 17.2% of lambs excreting Cryptosporidium oocysts and 41.3% of calves and 43.1% of lambs excreting Giardia cysts. The most prevalent species identified in both water and animal samples were C. parvum and G. duodenalis assemblage AII. The presence of G. duodenalis assemblage AII in drinking water and C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 in surface water highlights the potential risk of waterborne infection. No correlation was found between (oo)cyst counts and faecal-indicator bacteria. Machine-learning models that can predict contamination intensity with Cryptosporidium (75% accuracy) and Giardia (69% accuracy), combining biological, physicochemical and meteorological factors, were developed. Although these prediction accuracies may be insufficient for public health purposes, they could be useful for augmenting and informing risk-based sampling plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Ligda
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Despoina Kostopoulou
- Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Antonios Zdragas
- Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Stijn Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, 0102, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jiang W, Roellig DM, Li N, Wang L, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Contribution of hospitals to the occurrence of enteric protists in urban wastewater. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3033-3040. [PMID: 32748039 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06834-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the potential contribution of hospitals to contaminations of wastewater by enteric protists, including Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raw wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from storage tanks in two hospitals and one associated wastewater treatment plant in Shanghai, China, from March to November 2009. Enteric pathogens were detected and identified using PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. Among a total of 164 samples analyzed, 31 (18.9%), 45 (27.4%), and 122 (74.4%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi, respectively. Altogether, three Cryptosporidium species, four G. duodenalis assemblages, and 12 E. bieneusi genotypes were detected. Cryptosporidium hominis, G. duodenalis sub-assemblage AII, and E. bieneusi genotype D were the dominant ones in wastewater from both hospitals and the wastewater treatment plant. A similar distribution in genotypes of enteric pathogens was seen between samples from hospitals and the wastewater treatment plant, suggesting that humans are one of the major sources for these pathogens and hospitals are important contributors of enteric parasites in urban wastewater. Data from this study might be useful in the formulation of preventive measures against environmental contamination of waterborne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dawn M Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Costache C, Kalmár Z, Colosi HA, Baciu AM, Opriş RV, Györke A, Colosi IA. First multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Giardia duodenalis isolates from humans in Romania. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:387. [PMID: 32736595 PMCID: PMC7393877 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis is one of the most prevalent and highly diverse human parasites, encompassing a complex of eight genetically distinct assemblages, each further divided into sub-assemblages. While in recent years, G. duodenalis genotype distribution patterns in humans have been intensely studied, there is still very little information available on the diversity of Giardia genotypes and sub-assemblages infecting people in Romania. In the present study, we investigated the genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis in asymptomatic patients from Romania. Methods Over an 11-month period, human feces from 7805 healthy adults were screened by microscopic analysis for G. duodenalis cysts during their obligatory periodic check-ups. DNA extraction was performed from microscopic-positive fecal samples, followed by multilocus sequence typing of four genetic loci of the ITS region, gdh, tpi and bg genes, followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using EpiInfo 2000 software. Results The prevalence of giardiasis in the present study was 0.42% (33/7805). Twenty-three samples (76.67%) were successfully genotyped at each locus. The bg and tpi genes had the highest typing success rate (100%). The identified assemblages were assemblage A in 27 cases (subtypes A2 and A3), and B in 3 cases. Conclusions To our knowledge, the present study is the first report of multilocus sequence typing of G. duodenalis isolated from humans in Romania. The present results may shed light on G. duodenalis infection in humans at a regional and national level, thus increasing awareness against this parasitic infection. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Costache
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Discipline of Microbiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zsuzsa Kalmár
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Horațiu Alexandru Colosi
- Department of Medical Education, Discipline of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Mihaela Baciu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Discipline of Microbiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Răzvan Vlad Opriş
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Discipline of Microbiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Györke
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Alina Colosi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Discipline of Microbiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Development of a Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Giardia intestinalis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070764. [PMID: 32650382 PMCID: PMC7397270 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is an intestinal protozoan most commonly found in humans. It has been grouped into 8 assemblages (A-H). Markers such as the glutamate dehydrogenase gene, triose phosphate isomerase and beta-giardin (β-giardin) have been widely used for genotyping. In addition, different genetic targets have been proposed as a valuable alternative to assess diversity and genetics of this microorganism. Thus, our objective was to evaluate new markers for the study of the diversity and intra-taxa genetic structure of G. intestinalis in silico and in DNA obtained from stool samples. We analysed nine constitutive genes in 80 complete genome sequences and in a group of 24 stool samples from Colombia. Allelic diversity was evaluated by locus and for the concatenated sequence of nine loci that could discriminate up to 53 alleles. Phylogenetic reconstructions allowed us to identify AI, AII and B assemblages. We found evidence of intra- and inter-assemblage recombination events. Population structure analysis showed genetic differentiation among the assemblages analysed.
Collapse
|
45
|
Lecová L, Hammerbauerová I, Tůmová P, Nohýnková E. Companion animals as a potential source of Giardia intestinalis infection in humans in the Czech Republic - A pilot study. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 21:100431. [PMID: 32862887 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a common enteric single-celled parasite infecting both humans and animals. Its eight morphologically identical but genetically distinct groups called assemblages differ from each other in host range. While assemblages A and B infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, the other assemblages (C to H) limit their host preferences to particular animal groups only. In companion animals as Giardia hosts, genotyping data have previously shown various results depending on pet species, location, environmental or breeding conditions, and the study design. To strengthen available epidemiological data from developed countries and to evaluate the role of pets in Giardia zoonotic transmission, we investigated Giardia-positive stool samples of three pet species (54 dogs, 18 cats, and 18 chinchillas) by a sequence-based analysis of three Giardia genes (β-giardin, glutamate dehydrogenase and triose phosphate isomerase). In dog samples, we confirmed assemblage C (21/54), assemblage D (32/54), and one case of a mixed infection C + D (1/54). In cats, we found assemblage F (16/18) and assemblage A, specifically sub-assemblage AI (2/18). All Giardia samples from chinchillas were characterised as assemblage B, specifically sub-assemblage BIV (18/18). These results indicate that in the Czech Republic, pet dogs may not represent a source of Giardia infection for humans because of the presence of only canid-specific genotypes C and D. In contrast, other pets, namely, chinchillas and, to a lesser extent, cats, may pose a potential risk of Giardia transmission to owners or breeders because they can host zoonotic Giardia genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Lecová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studničkova 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Hammerbauerová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studničkova 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Tůmová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studničkova 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Nohýnková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studničkova 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Tan sheep (Ovis aries) in northwestern China. Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102126. [PMID: 32334094 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal protozoa, which can cause the occurrence of diarrhea, weight loss, and even death in animals or human, this threatens the husbandry industry and public health. It can infect virtually humans and all domestic animals including sheep. Tan sheep is one of the most important sheep breeds, which is short-tailed indigenous sheep breed used for production of high quality meat and pelts in China. However, there are no report regarding the occurrence and multilocus genotyping of G. duodenalis in Tan sheep in northwestern China. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and multilocus genotypes of G. duodenalis in Tan sheep. 1014 fecal samples were collected from Tan sheep from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and three loci (β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes) were amplified by nested PCR. The prevalence of G. duodenalis in Tan sheep was 14.5% (147/1014), two assemblages (assemblage A, n = 43; and E, n = 90) were detected, including one novel assemblage A at bg locus, one novel assemblage A at tpi locus, and 10 and 11 novel subtypes of assemblage E were detected at the bg and gdh loci, respectively. One MLGs was formed based on sequence variation among the three loci. Moreover, 9 Tan sheep were infected with two assemblages (A and E) based on the three loci. These findings expand the host range of G. duodenalis and revealed genetic diversity of G. duodenalis assemblages in Tan sheep.
Collapse
|
47
|
Ligda P, Claerebout E, Casaert S, Robertson LJ, Sotiraki S. Investigations from Northern Greece on mussels cultivated in areas proximal to wastewaters discharges, as a potential source for human infection with Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Exp Parasitol 2020; 210:107848. [PMID: 32004534 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalves are usually cultivated in shallow, estuarine waters where there is a high concentration of nutrients. Many micro-pollutants, including the protozoan parasites Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., which also occur in such environments, may be concentrated in shellfish tissues during their feeding process. Shellfish can thus be considered as vehicles for foodborne infections, as they are usually consumed lightly cooked or raw. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the presence of both parasites in Mediterranean mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis that are cultivated in Thermaikos Gulf, North Greece, which is fed by four rivers that are contaminated with both protozoa. Moreover, the occurrence of these protozoa was monitored in treated wastewaters from 3 treatment plants that discharge into the gulf. In order to identify potential sources of contamination and to estimate the risk for human infection, an attempt was made to genotype Giardia and Cryptosporidium in positive samples. Immunofluorescence was used for detection and molecular techniques were used for both detection and genotyping of the parasites. In total, 120 mussel samples, coming from 10 farms, were examined for the presence of both protozoa over the 6-month farming period. None of them were found positive by immunofluorescence microscopy for the presence of parasites. Only in 3 mussel samples, PCR targeting the GP60 gene detected Cryptosporidium spp. DNA, but sequencing was not successful. Thirteen out of 18 monthly samples collected from the 3 wastewater treatment plants, revealed the presence of Giardia duodenalis cysts belonging to sub-assemblage AII, at relatively low counts (up to 11.2 cysts/L). Cryptosporidium oocysts (up to 0.9 oocysts/L) were also detected in 4 out of 8 samples, although sequencing was not successful at any of the target genes. At the studied location and under the sampling conditions described, mussels tested were not found to be harboring Giardia cysts and the presence of Cryptosporidium was found only in few cases (by PCR detection only). Our results suggest that the likelihood that mussels from these locations act as vehicles of human infection for Giardia and Cryptosporidium seems low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Ligda
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369, Sentrum, 0102, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Prevalence and multilocus analysis of Giardia duodenalis in racehorses in China. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:483-490. [PMID: 31919578 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a zoonotic intestinal parasite infecting humans and mammals worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of G. duodenalis in racehorses in China and genetically characterized it. In total, 621 fecal samples were collected from racehorses at 17 equestrian clubs in 15 cities in China. Forty-eight (7.7%) animals from 11 equestrian clubs were positive for G. duodenalis of assemblages A (n = 10), B (n = 36), and E (n = 2), based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of this parasite were detected among the different equestrian clubs (χ2 = 49.55, df = 16, p < 0.01), whereas no significant differences were detected according to age (χ2 = 0.64, df = 1, p > 0.05) or sex (χ2 = 1.41, df = 2, p > 0.05). The G. duodenalis-positive samples were further subtyped based on three other genes, which identified 5, 4, and 4 genotypes at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and β-giardin (bg) loci, respectively. Subassemblage BIV was the predominant genotype. A phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences of subassemblage BIV showed that the multilocus genotypes from the horses were genetically different from those of humans and nonhuman primates, indicating the evolution of host separation in G. duodenalis subassemblage BIV. Our study extends our understanding of the transmission of G. duodenalis between animals and humans.
Collapse
|
49
|
The Prevalence and Assemblages of Giardia Duodenalis in Dogs: A Systematic Review in Europe. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2019-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Giardiasis is one of the most frequent causes of diarrhoeic diseases in the world. Giardia cysts are most commonly transferred via ingestion of contaminated water or food. On the basis of genetic characteristics Giardia duodenalis is classified in eight assemblages A—H. Zoonotic assemblages A and B are increasingly found in isolates from dogs which may constitute the reservoir of human giardiasis. This article presents a brief review of G. duodenalis assemblages detected in dogs that were documented in European countries.
Collapse
|
50
|
Riebold D, Russow K, Schlegel M, Wollny T, Thiel J, Freise J, Hüppop O, Eccard JA, Plenge-Bönig A, Loebermann M, Ulrich RG, Klammt S, Mettenleiter TC, Reisinger EC. Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Mammals from Germany. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 20:125-133. [PMID: 31513468 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in zoonotic infections in humans in recent years has led to a high level of public interest. However, the extent of infestation of free-living small mammals with pathogens and especially parasites is not well understood. This pilot study was carried out within the framework of the "Rodent-borne pathogens" network to identify zoonotic parasites in small mammals in Germany. From 2008 to 2009, 111 small mammals of 8 rodent and 5 insectivore species were collected. Feces and intestine samples from every mammal were examined microscopically for the presence of intestinal parasites by using Telemann concentration for worm eggs, Kinyoun staining for coccidia, and Heidenhain staining for other protozoa. Adult helminths were additionally stained with carmine acid for species determination. Eleven different helminth species, five coccidians, and three other protozoa species were detected. Simultaneous infection of one host by different helminths was common. Hymenolepis spp. (20.7%) were the most common zoonotic helminths in the investigated hosts. Coccidia, including Eimeria spp. (30.6%), Cryptosporidium spp. (17.1%), and Sarcocystis spp. (17.1%), were present in 40.5% of the feces samples of small mammals. Protozoa, such as Giardia spp. and amoebae, were rarely detected, most likely because of the repeated freeze-thawing of the samples during preparation. The zoonotic pathogens detected in this pilot study may be potentially transmitted to humans by drinking water, smear infection, and airborne transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Riebold
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Host Septomics Research Group, ZIK Septomics, University Jena Medical School, Jena, Germany
| | - Kati Russow
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Schlegel
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Theres Wollny
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lausitz University of Applied Sciences, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Thiel
- Forstliches Forschungs- und Kompetenzzentrum Gotha, Gotha, Germany
| | - Jona Freise
- Department of Pest Control, Veterinary Task-Force, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Wardenburg, Germany
| | - Ommo Hüppop
- Institute of Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland," Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jana Anja Eccard
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anita Plenge-Bönig
- Division of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hygiene and Environment, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Günter Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klammt
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|