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Lunde IG, Rypdal KB, Van Linthout S, Diez J, González A. Myocardial fibrosis from the perspective of the extracellular matrix: mechanisms to clinical impact. Matrix Biol 2024:S0945-053X(24)00110-0. [PMID: 39214156 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis is defined by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and constitutes a central pathophysiological process that underlies tissue dysfunction, across organs, in multiple chronic diseases and during aging. Myocardial fibrosis is a key contributor to dysfunction and failure in numerous diseases of the heart and is a strong predictor of poor clinical outcome and mortality. The excess structural and matricellular ECM proteins deposited by cardiac fibroblasts, is found between cardiomyocytes (interstitial fibrosis), in focal areas where cardiomyocytes have died (replacement fibrosis), and around vessels (perivascular fibrosis). Although myocardial fibrosis has important clinical prognostic value, access to cardiac tissue biopsies for histological evaluation is limited. Despite challenges with sensitivity and specificity, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is the most applicable diagnostic tool in the clinic, and the scientific community is currently actively searching for blood biomarkers reflecting myocardial fibrosis, to complement the imaging techniques. The lack of mechanistic insights into specific pro- and anti-fibrotic molecular pathways has hampered the development of effective treatments to prevent or reverse myocardial fibrosis. Development and implementation of anti-fibrotic therapies is expected to improve patient outcomes and is an urgent medical need. Here, we discuss the importance of the ECM in the heart, the central role of fibrosis in heart disease, and mechanistic pathways likely to impact clinical practice with regards to diagnostics of myocardial fibrosis, risk stratification of patients, and anti-fibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida G Lunde
- Oslo Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Biomarkers, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Karoline B Rypdal
- Oslo Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Biomarkers, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Javier Diez
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Department of Cardiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantxa González
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Department of Cardiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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Dietrich-Zagonel F, Alim MA, Beckman LB, Eliasson P. Dexamethasone treatment influences tendon healing through altered resolution and a direct effect on tendon cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15304. [PMID: 38961188 PMCID: PMC11222440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, corticosteroids, and loading all affect tendon healing, with an interaction between them. However, underlying mechanisms behind the effect of corticosteroids and the interaction with loading remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of dexamethasone during tendon healing, including specific effects on tendon cells. Rats (n = 36) were randomized to heavy loading or mild loading, the Achilles tendon was transected, and animals were treated with dexamethasone or saline. Gene and protein analyses of the healing tendon were performed for extracellular matrix-, inflammation-, and tendon cell markers. We further tested specific effects of dexamethasone on tendon cells in vitro. Dexamethasone increased mRNA levels of S100A4 and decreased levels of ACTA2/α-SMA, irrespective of load level. Heavy loading + dexamethasone reduced mRNA levels of FN1 and TenC (p < 0.05), while resolution-related genes were unaltered (p > 0.05). In contrast, mild loading + dexamethasone increased mRNA levels of resolution-related genes ANXA1, MRC1, PDPN, and PTGES (p < 0.03). Altered protein levels were confirmed in tendons with mild loading. Dexamethasone treatment in vitro prevented tendon construct formation, increased mRNA levels of S100A4 and decreased levels of SCX and collagens. Dexamethasone during tendon healing appears to act through immunomodulation by promoting resolution, but also through an effect on tendon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Dietrich-Zagonel
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Md Abdul Alim
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leo Bon Beckman
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Eliasson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Länsmansgatan 28, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Hilgendorf I, Frantz S, Frangogiannis NG. Repair of the Infarcted Heart: Cellular Effectors, Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Circ Res 2024; 134:1718-1751. [PMID: 38843294 PMCID: PMC11164543 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart has limited endogenous regenerative capacity and heals through the activation of inflammatory and fibrogenic cascades that ultimately result in the formation of a scar. After infarction, massive cardiomyocyte death releases a broad range of damage-associated molecular patterns that initiate both myocardial and systemic inflammatory responses. TLRs (toll-like receptors) and NLRs (NOD-like receptors) recognize damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and transduce downstream proinflammatory signals, leading to upregulation of cytokines (such as interleukin-1, TNF-α [tumor necrosis factor-α], and interleukin-6) and chemokines (such as CCL2 [CC chemokine ligand 2]) and recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Expansion and diversification of cardiac macrophages in the infarcted heart play a major role in the clearance of the infarct from dead cells and the subsequent stimulation of reparative pathways. Efferocytosis triggers the induction and release of anti-inflammatory mediators that restrain the inflammatory reaction and set the stage for the activation of reparative fibroblasts and vascular cells. Growth factor-mediated pathways, neurohumoral cascades, and matricellular proteins deposited in the provisional matrix stimulate fibroblast activation and proliferation and myofibroblast conversion. Deposition of a well-organized collagen-based extracellular matrix network protects the heart from catastrophic rupture and attenuates ventricular dilation. Scar maturation requires stimulation of endogenous signals that inhibit fibroblast activity and prevent excessive fibrosis. Moreover, in the mature scar, infarct neovessels acquire a mural cell coat that contributes to the stabilization of the microvascular network. Excessive, prolonged, or dysregulated inflammatory or fibrogenic cascades accentuate adverse remodeling and dysfunction. Moreover, inflammatory leukocytes and fibroblasts can contribute to arrhythmogenesis. Inflammatory and fibrogenic pathways may be promising therapeutic targets to attenuate heart failure progression and inhibit arrhythmia generation in patients surviving myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Hilgendorf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine at the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
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Jihu Y, Leng R, Liu M, Ren H, Xie D, Yao C, Yan H. Angiotensin (1-7) Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-Β1-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Human Keratinocyte Hacat Cells in vitro. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1049-1058. [PMID: 38737946 PMCID: PMC11088851 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s441596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Angiotensin (1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) is an emerging component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with effective anti-fibrosis properties and has been shown to interfere with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by numerous studies. In recent years, EMT has been proposed as a new therapeutic target for skin fibrotic diseases such as keloids. However, the effect of Ang-(1-7) on EMT in skin is still unclear. Hence, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Ang-(1-7) on Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)-induced EMT of human immortalized keratinocytes HaCaT in vitro. Methods The study involved the use of the human immortalized keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The cells were cultured in high-glucose DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. Four groups were created for experimentation: control group (Group C), TGF-β1-treated group (Group T), Ang-(1-7)-treated group (Group A), and a group treated with both TGF-β1 and Ang-(1-7) (Group A + T). Various assays were conducted, including a cell proliferation assay using CCK-8 solution, a scratch wound healing assay to evaluate cell migration, and Western blotting to detect protein expressions related to cell characteristics. Additionally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to analyze epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related gene expression levels. The study aimed to investigate the effects of TGF-β1 and Ang-(1-7) on HaCaT cells. Results We found that Ang-(1-7) not only reduced the migration of HaCaT cells induced by TGF-β1 in vitro but also reduced the expression of α-SMA and vimentin, and restored the protein expression of E-cadherin and claudin-1. Mechanistically, Ang-(1-7) inhibits the phosphorylation levels of Smad2 and Smad3 in the TGF-β1 canonical pathway, and suppresses the expression of EMT-related transcription factors (EMT-TFs) such as SNAI2, TWIST1, and ZEB1. Discussion Taken together, our findings suggest that Ang-(1-7) inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT in HaCaT cells in vitro by disrupting the TGF-β1-Smad canonical signaling pathway. These results may be helpful in the treatment of EMT in skin fibrotic diseases such as keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueda Jihu
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruobing Leng
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengchang Liu
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjing Ren
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Defu Xie
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chong Yao
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Yan
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
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Beusch CM, Simonson OE, Wedin JO, Sabatier P, Felldin U, Kadekar S, Österholm C, Végvári Á, Zubarev RA, Fromell K, Nilson B, James S, Ståhle E, Grinnemo KH, Rodin S. Analysis of local extracellular matrix identifies different aetiologies behind bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve degeneration and suggests therapies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:268. [PMID: 37632572 PMCID: PMC10460373 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Aortic valve degeneration (AVD) is a life-threatening condition that has no medical treatment and lacks individual therapies. Although extensively studied with standard approaches, aetiologies behind AVD are unclear. We compared abundances of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins from excised valve tissues of 88 patients with isolated AVD of normal tricuspid (TAV) and congenital bicuspid aortic valves (BAV), quantified more than 1400 proteins per ECM sample by mass spectrometry, and demonstrated that local ECM preserves molecular cues of the pathophysiological processes. The BAV ECM showed enrichment with fibrosis markers, namely Tenascin C, Osteoprotegerin, and Thrombospondin-2. The abnormal physical stress on BAV may cause a mechanical injury leading to a continuous Tenascin C-driven presence of myofibroblasts and persistent fibrosis. The TAV ECM exhibited enrichment with Annexin A3 (p = 1.1 × 10-16 and the fold change 6.5) and a significant deficit in proteins involved in high-density lipid metabolism. These results were validated by orthogonal methods. The difference in the ECM landscape suggests distinct aetiologies between AVD of BAV and TAV; warrants different treatments of the patients with BAV and TAV; elucidates the molecular basis of AVD; and implies possible new therapeutic approaches. Our publicly available database (human_avd_ecm.surgsci.uu.se) is a rich source for medical doctors and researchers who are interested in AVD or heart ECM in general. Systematic proteomic analysis of local ECM using the methods described here may facilitate future studies of various tissues and organs in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Beusch
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar E Simonson
- Cardio-Thoracic Translational Medicine (CTTM) Lab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and Anesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan O Wedin
- Cardio-Thoracic Translational Medicine (CTTM) Lab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and Anesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pierre Sabatier
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Cardio-Thoracic Translational Medicine (CTTM) Lab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrika Felldin
- Cardio-Thoracic Translational Medicine (CTTM) Lab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and Anesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandeep Kadekar
- Cardio-Thoracic Translational Medicine (CTTM) Lab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Österholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Fromell
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilson
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan James
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Ståhle
- Cardio-Thoracic Translational Medicine (CTTM) Lab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and Anesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Cardio-Thoracic Translational Medicine (CTTM) Lab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and Anesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Cardio-Thoracic Translational Medicine (CTTM) Lab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and Anesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Matsui K, Torii S, Hara S, Maruyama K, Arai T, Imanaka-Yoshida K. Tenascin-C in Tissue Repair after Myocardial Infarction in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10184. [PMID: 37373332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) is progressive ventricular dilatation associated with heart failure for weeks or months and is currently regarded as the most critical sequela of MI. It is explained by inadequate tissue repair due to dysregulated inflammation during the acute stage; however, its pathophysiology remains unclear. Tenascin-C (TNC), an original member of the matricellular protein family, is highly up-regulated in the acute stage after MI, and a high peak in its serum level predicts an increased risk of adverse ventricular remodeling in the chronic stage. Experimental TNC-deficient or -overexpressing mouse models have suggested the diverse functions of TNC, particularly its pro-inflammatory effects on macrophages. The present study investigated the roles of TNC during human myocardial repair. We initially categorized the healing process into four phases: inflammatory, granulation, fibrogenic, and scar phases. We then immunohistochemically examined human autopsy samples at the different stages after MI and performed detailed mapping of TNC in human myocardial repair with a focus on lymphangiogenesis, the role of which has recently been attracting increasing attention as a mechanism to resolve inflammation. The direct effects of TNC on human lymphatic endothelial cells were also assessed by RNA sequencing. The results obtained support the potential roles of TNC in the regulation of macrophages, sprouting angiogenesis, the recruitment of myofibroblasts, and the early formation of collagen fibrils during the inflammatory phase to the early granulation phase of human MI. Lymphangiogenesis was observed after the expression of TNC was down-regulated. In vitro results revealed that TNC modestly down-regulated genes related to nuclear division, cell division, and cell migration in lymphatic endothelial cells, suggesting its inhibitory effects on lymphatic endothelial cells. The present results indicate that TNC induces prolonged over-inflammation by suppressing lymphangiogenesis, which may be one of the mechanisms underlying adverse post-infarct remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Matsui
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Sota Torii
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hara
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 3-52 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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7
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Pearce DP, Nemcek MT, Witzenburg CM. Don't go breakin' my heart: cardioprotective alterations to the mechanical and structural properties of reperfused myocardium during post-infarction inflammation. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:329-353. [PMID: 37396449 PMCID: PMC10310682 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarctions (MIs) kickstart an intense inflammatory response resulting in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, wall thinning, and chamber dilation that leaves the heart susceptible to rupture. Reperfusion therapy is one of the most effective strategies for limiting adverse effects of MIs, but is a challenge to administer in a timely manner. Late reperfusion therapy (LRT; 3 + hours post-MI) does not limit infarct size, but does reduce incidences of post-MI rupture and improves long-term patient outcomes. Foundational studies employing LRT in the mid-twentieth century revealed beneficial reductions in infarct expansion, aneurysm formation, and left ventricle dysfunction. The mechanism by which LRT acts, however, is undefined. Structural analyses, relying largely on one-dimensional estimates of ECM composition, have found few differences in collagen content between LRT and permanently occluded animal models when using homogeneous samples from infarct cores. Uniaxial testing, on the other hand, revealed slight reductions in stiffness early in inflammation, followed soon after by an enhanced resistance to failure for cases of LRT. The use of one-dimensional estimates of ECM organization and gross mechanical function have resulted in a poor understanding of the infarct's spatially variable mechanical and structural anisotropy. To resolve these gaps in literature, future work employing full-field mechanical, structural, and cellular analyses is needed to better define the spatiotemporal post-MI alterations occurring during the inflammatory phase of healing and how they are impacted following reperfusion therapy. In turn, these studies may reveal how LRT affects the likelihood of rupture and inspire novel approaches to guide scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Pearce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Mark T. Nemcek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Colleen M. Witzenburg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Benn MC, Pot SA, Moeller J, Yamashita T, Fonta CM, Orend G, Kollmannsberger P, Vogel V. How the mechanobiology orchestrates the iterative and reciprocal ECM-cell cross-talk that drives microtissue growth. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9275. [PMID: 36989370 PMCID: PMC10058249 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Controlled tissue growth is essential for multicellular life and requires tight spatiotemporal control over cell proliferation and differentiation until reaching homeostasis. As cells synthesize and remodel extracellular matrix, tissue growth processes can only be understood if the reciprocal feedback between cells and their environment is revealed. Using de novo-grown microtissues, we identified crucial actors of the mechanoregulated events, which iteratively orchestrate a sharp transition from tissue growth to maturation, requiring a myofibroblast-to-fibroblast transition. Cellular decision-making occurs when fibronectin fiber tension switches from highly stretched to relaxed, and it requires the transiently up-regulated appearance of tenascin-C and tissue transglutaminase, matrix metalloprotease activity, as well as a switch from α5β1 to α2β1 integrin engagement and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. As myofibroblasts are associated with wound healing and inflammatory or fibrotic diseases, crucial knowledge needed to advance regenerative strategies or to counter fibrosis and cancer progression has been gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C. Benn
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Simon A. Pot
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jens Moeller
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Tadahiro Yamashita
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte M. Fonta
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Gertraud Orend
- The Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, INSERM U1109, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg 67091, France
- Université Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Philip Kollmannsberger
- Biomedical Physics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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9
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Wang F, Zhao H, Yin L, Zhang W, Tang Y, Wang X, Huang C. The paired-related homeobox protein 1 promotes cardiac fibrosis via the Twist1-Prrx1-tenascin-C loop. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:167-177. [PMID: 36273425 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathology in the advanced stage of cardiovascular diseases, which leads to cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction. It is important to prevent cardiac fibrosis during myocardial injury. The transcription factor Prrx1 is involved in cancer-associated fibrosis and other organ fibrosis. However, the role and mechanism of Prrx1 in cardiac fibrosis deserves further exploration. We identified that overexpressed Prrx1 promoted the proliferation and migration of cardiac fibroblasts, and transform cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in vitro. We demonstrated that the expression of Prrx1 is upregulated in TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts. And silencing Prrx1 could attenuate cardiac fibrosis induced by TGF-β1 in vitro. In addition, a Twist1-paired-related homeobox 1 (Prrx1)-tenascin-C (TNC) positive feedback loop (PFL) combined with Twist1, Prrx1, and TNC activated fibroblasts, which was the mechanism the Prrx1 in cardiac fibrosis. In conclusion, our findings showed that the deficiency of Prrx1 attenuated cardiac fibrosis in vitro and reveal a novel Twist1-Prrx1-TNC PFL in the regulation of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Kong Ho S, Leu HB, Wu CC, Yeh HI, Yin WH, Lin TH, Chang KC, Wang JH, Tseng WK, Chen JW, Wu YW. The prognostic significance of the presence of tenascin-C in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 535:68-74. [PMID: 35963306 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the prognostic value of tenascin-C in patients with stable coronary heart disease. METHODS A total of 666 patients were enrolled and followed for 72 months. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac events. The secondary outcomes were all-cause death, cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and heart failure hospitalization. RESULTS The area under the curve of tenascin-C to discriminate the occurrence of composite cardiac events was 70 % (95 % CI: 64.2 % to 75.8 %), and the corresponding optimal cutoff value was 19.91 ng/ml. A higher concentration of tenascin-C was associated with a greater risk of composite cardiac events (P trend < 0.001). Similar results were observed in all-cause death, AMI, and heart failure hospitalization. CONCLUSION Tenascin-C was found to be an independent predictor of total cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease at 72 months, and also for all-cause death, AMI, and heart failure hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Kong Ho
- Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Bang Leu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Healthcare and Services Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Chung Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Bioethics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-I Yeh
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsian Yin
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Center, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hung Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Buddhist Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kung Tseng
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Healthcare and Services Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Wen Wu
- Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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11
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Lee JH, Massagué J. TGF-β in Developmental and Fibrogenic EMTs. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:136-145. [PMID: 36183999 PMCID: PMC10155902 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β plays a prominent role as an inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) during development and wound healing and in disease conditions such as fibrosis and cancer. During these processes EMT occurs together with changes in cell proliferation, differentiation, communication, and extracellular matrix remodeling that are orchestrated by multiple signaling inputs besides TGF-β. Chief among these inputs is RAS-MAPK signaling, which is frequently required for EMT induction by TGF-β. Recent work elucidated the molecular basis for the cooperation between the TGF-β-SMAD and RAS-MAPK pathways in the induction of EMT in embryonic, adult and carcinoma epithelial cells. These studies also provided direct mechanistic links between EMT and progenitor cell differentiation during gastrulation or intra-tumoral fibrosis during cancer metastasis. These insights illuminate the nature of TGF-β driven EMTs as part of broader processes during development, fibrogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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12
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Tenascin-C in fibrosis in multiple organs: Translational implications. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 128:130-136. [PMID: 35400564 PMCID: PMC10119770 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) is a complex disease with a pathogenic triad of autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis involving the skin and multiple internal organs [1]. Because fibrosis accounts for as much as 45% of all deaths worldwide and appears to be increasing in prevalence [2], understanding its pathogenesis and progression is an urgent scientific challenge. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the key effector cells executing physiologic tissue repair on one hand, and pathological fibrogenesis leading to chronic fibrosing conditions on the other. Recent studies identify innate immune signaling via toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a key driver of persistent fibrotic response in SSc. Repeated injury triggers the in-situ generation of "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs) or danger signals. Sensing of these danger signals by TLR4 on resident cells elicits potent stimulatory effects on fibrotic gene expression and myofibroblast differentiation triggering the self-limited tissue repair response to self-sustained pathological fibrosis characteristic of SSc. Our unbiased survey for DAMPs associated with SSc identified extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C as one of the most highly up-regulated ECM proteins in SSc skin and lung biopsies [3,4]. Furthermore, tenascin C is responsible for driving sustained fibroblasts activation, thereby progression of fibrosis [3]. This review summarizes recent studies examining the regulation and complex functional role of tenascin C, presenting tenascin-TLR4 axis in pathological fibrosis, and novel anti-fibrotic approaches targeting their signaling.
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Properties and Functions of Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts in Myocardial Infarction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091386. [PMID: 35563692 PMCID: PMC9102016 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart contains abundant interstitial and perivascular fibroblasts that expand following injury and play a reparative role but also contribute to maladaptive fibrotic remodeling. Following myocardial infarction, cardiac fibroblasts undergo dynamic phenotypic transitions, contributing to the regulation of inflammatory, reparative, and angiogenic responses. This review manuscript discusses the mechanisms of regulation, roles and fate of fibroblasts in the infarcted heart. During the inflammatory phase of infarct healing, the release of alarmins by necrotic cells promotes a pro-inflammatory and matrix-degrading fibroblast phenotype that may contribute to leukocyte recruitment. The clearance of dead cells and matrix debris from the infarct stimulates anti-inflammatory pathways and activates transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cascades, resulting in the conversion of fibroblasts to α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-expressing myofibroblasts. Activated myofibroblasts secrete large amounts of matrix proteins and form a collagen-based scar that protects the infarcted ventricle from catastrophic complications, such as cardiac rupture. Moreover, infarct fibroblasts may also contribute to cardiac repair by stimulating angiogenesis. During scar maturation, fibroblasts disassemble α-SMA+ stress fibers and convert to specialized cells that may serve in scar maintenance. The prolonged activation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the infarct border zone and in the remote remodeling myocardium may contribute to adverse remodeling and to the pathogenesis of heart failure. In addition to their phenotypic plasticity, fibroblasts exhibit remarkable heterogeneity. Subsets with distinct phenotypic profiles may be responsible for the wide range of functions of fibroblast populations in infarcted and remodeling hearts.
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14
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Gremlich S, Cremona TP, Yao E, Chabenet F, Fytianos K, Roth-Kleiner M, Schittny JC. Tenascin-C: Friend or Foe in Lung Aging? Front Physiol 2021; 12:749776. [PMID: 34777012 PMCID: PMC8578707 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.749776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung aging is characterized by lung function impairment, ECM remodeling and airspace enlargement. Tenascin-C (TNC) is a large extracellular matrix (ECM) protein with paracrine and autocrine regulatory functions on cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. This matricellular protein is highly expressed during organogenesis and morphogenetic events like injury repair, inflammation or cancer. We previously showed that TNC deficiency affected lung development and pulmonary function, but little is known about its role during pulmonary aging. In order to answer this question, we characterized lung structure and physiology in 18 months old TNC-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice. Mice were mechanically ventilated with a basal and high tidal volume (HTV) ventilation protocol for functional analyses. Additional animals were used for histological, stereological and molecular biological analyses. We observed that old TNC-deficient mice exhibited larger lung volume, parenchymal volume, total airspace volume and septal surface area than WT, but similar mean linear intercept. This was accompanied by an increase in proliferation, but not apoptosis or autophagy markers expression throughout the lung parenchyma. Senescent cells were observed in epithelial cells of the conducting airways and in alveolar macrophages, but equally in both genotypes. Total collagen content was doubled in TNC KO lungs. However, basal and HTV ventilation revealed similar respiratory physiological parameters in both genotypes. Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) analysis showed a faint increase in α-SMA positive cells in TNC-deficient lungs, but a marked increase in non-proliferative α-SMA + desmin + cells. Major TNC-related molecular pathways were not up- or down-regulated in TNC-deficient lungs as compared to WT; only minor changes in TLR4 and TGFβR3 mRNA expression were observed. In conclusion, TNC-deficient lungs at 18 months of age showed exaggerated features of the normal structural lung aging described to occur in mice between 12 and 18 months of age. Correlated to the increased pulmonary function parameters previously observed in young adult TNC-deficient lungs and described to occur in normal lung aging between 3 and 6 months of age, TNC might be an advantage in lung aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Gremlich
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Eveline Yao
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Farah Chabenet
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kleanthis Fytianos
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Roth-Kleiner
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Deficiency of tenascin-C attenuated cardiac injury by inactivating TLR4/NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway after myocardial infarction. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110084. [PMID: 34271086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and pyroptosis play a deleterious role in cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI). NLRP3/caspase-1 is a well-established axis in pyroptosis and inflammation. In this study, we examined the effects of TN-C on pyroptosis through NLRP3 is unclear. We constructed 18 TN-C-knockout and 38 WT male mice model and divided into WT sham (n = 16), WT MI (n = 22), TNKO sham (n = 6), TNKO MI (n = 12). Elisa, immunostaining, TTC, qPCR, CCK8, flow cytometry, and western blot, echocardiographic, TUNEL staining technologies were applied. Here, we found a positive correlation between TN-C and NLRP3 in heart tissue via the GEPIA database (r = 0.52, p < 0.05). The findings indicate that TN-C was elevated and peaked on the fifth day after MI. TN-C deficiency alleviated cardiac dysfunction (LVEF, FS, LVIDd, and LVIDs) and cardiomyocyte death. Though the intracellular levels of pyroptosis-related cytokine caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-18, IL-1β were upregulated both in MI and H2O2 stimulation, knockout of TN-C resisted such injury and alleviated cardiac pyroptosis, which further decreased IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 expression. TN-C knockdown inhibited TLR4 expression, reduces the release of downstream factors by inactivating the TLR4/NF-kB pathway, while protects the cardiomyocytes. And TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 significantly reduced NLRP3 expression levels after MI. We demonstrated for the first time a direct link between MI-induced TN-C upregulation and caspase-1-dependent cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, a process mediated, at least in part, by TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 and IL-18, IL-1β signaling pathways. These findings provide new insights into the role of TN-C in post-MI cardiomyocytes' pyroptosis and inflammation.
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16
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Sumioka T, Iwanishi H, Okada Y, Miyajima M, Ichikawa K, Reinach PS, Matsumoto KI, Saika S. Impairment of corneal epithelial wound healing is association with increased neutrophil infiltration and reactive oxygen species activation in tenascin X-deficient mice. J Transl Med 2021; 101:690-700. [PMID: 33782532 PMCID: PMC8137452 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to uncover the role of tenascin X in modulation of healing in mouse corneas subjected to epithelium debridement. Healing in corneas with an epithelial defect was evaluated at the levels of gene and protein expression. Wound healing-related mediators and inflammatory cell infiltration were detected by histology, immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. Tenascin X protein was upregulated in the wounded wild-type (WT) corneal epithelium. The lack of tenascin X impaired closure of an epithelial defect and accelerated infiltration of neutrophils into the wound periphery as compared to the response in WT tissue. Expression of wound healing-related proinflammatory and reparative components, i.e., interleukin-6, transforming growth factor β, matrix metalloproteinases, were unaffected by the loss of tenascin X expression. Marked accumulation of malondialdehyde (a lipid peroxidation-derived product) was observed in KO healing epithelia as compared with its WT counterpart. Neutropenia induced by systemic administration of a specific antibody rescued the impairment of epithelial healing in KO corneas, with reduction of malondialdehyde levels in the epithelial cells. Finally, we showed that a chemical scavenging reactive oxygen species reversed the impairment of attenuation of epithelial repair with a reduction of tissue levels of malondialdehyde. In conclusion, loss of tenascin X prolonged corneal epithelial wound healing and increased neutrophilic inflammatory response to debridement in mice. Tenascin X contributes to the control of neutrophil infiltration needed to support the regenerative response to injury and prevent the oxidative stress mediators from rising to cytotoxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Sumioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Iwanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayasu Miyajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kana Ichikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Peter S Reinach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Enya-cho, Japan
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
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Imanaka-Yoshida K. Tenascin-C in Heart Diseases-The Role of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115828. [PMID: 34072423 PMCID: PMC8198581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is a large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein and an original member of the matricellular protein family. TNC is transiently expressed in the heart during embryonic development, but is rarely detected in normal adults; however, its expression is strongly up-regulated with inflammation. Although neither TNC-knockout nor -overexpressing mice show a distinct phenotype, disease models using genetically engineered mice combined with in vitro experiments have revealed multiple significant roles for TNC in responses to injury and myocardial repair, particularly in the regulation of inflammation. In most cases, TNC appears to deteriorate adverse ventricular remodeling by aggravating inflammation/fibrosis. Furthermore, accumulating clinical evidence has shown that high TNC levels predict adverse ventricular remodeling and a poor prognosis in patients with various heart diseases. Since the importance of inflammation has attracted attention in the pathophysiology of heart diseases, this review will focus on the roles of TNC in various types of inflammatory reactions, such as myocardial infarction, hypertensive fibrosis, myocarditis caused by viral infection or autoimmunity, and dilated cardiomyopathy. The utility of TNC as a biomarker for the stratification of myocardial disease conditions and the selection of appropriate therapies will also be discussed from a clinical viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
- Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Frangogiannis NG, Kovacic JC. Extracellular Matrix in Ischemic Heart Disease, Part 4/4: JACC Focus Seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:2219-2235. [PMID: 32354387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia and infarction, both in the acute and chronic phases, are associated with cardiomyocyte loss and dramatic changes in the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). It has long been appreciated that these changes in the cardiac ECM result in altered mechanical properties of ischemic or infarcted myocardial segments. However, a growing body of evidence now clearly demonstrates that these alterations of the ECM not only affect the structural properties of the ischemic and post-infarct heart, but they also play a crucial and sometimes direct role in mediating a range of biological pathways, including the orchestration of inflammatory and reparative processes, as well as the pathogenesis of adverse remodeling. This final part of a 4-part JACC Focus Seminar reviews the evidence on the role of the ECM in relation to the ischemic and infarcted heart, as well as its contribution to cardiac dysfunction and adverse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
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Iyoda T, Fujita M, Fukai F. Biologically Active TNIIIA2 Region in Tenascin-C Molecule: A Major Contributor to Elicit Aggressive Malignant Phenotypes From Tumors/Tumor Stroma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610096. [PMID: 33362799 PMCID: PMC7755593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin (TN)-C is highly expressed specifically in the lesions of inflammation-related diseases, including tumors. The expression level of TN-C in tumors and the tumor stroma is positively correlated with poor prognosis. However, no drugs targeting TN-C are currently clinically available, partly because the role of TN-C in tumor progression remains controversial. TN-C harbors an alternative splicing site in its fibronectin type III repeat domain, and its splicing variants including the type III-A2 domain are frequently detected in malignant tumors. We previously identified a biologically active region termed TNIIIA2 in the fibronectin type III-A2 domain of TN-C molecule and showed that this region is involved in promoting firm and persistent cell adhesion to fibronectin. In the past decade, through the exposure of various cell lines to peptides containing the TNIIIA2 region, we have published reports demonstrating the ability of the TNIIIA2 region to modulate distinct cellular activities, including survival/growth, migration, and invasion. Recently, we reported that the signals derived from TNIIIA2-mediated β1 integrin activation might play a crucial role for inducing malignant behavior of glioblastoma (GBM). GBM cells exposed to the TNIIIA2 region showed not only exacerbation of PDGF-dependent proliferation, but also acceleration of disseminative migration. On the other hand, we also found that the pro-inflammatory phenotypic changes were promoted when macrophages are stimulated with TNIIIA2 region in relatively low concentration and resulting MMP-9 upregulation is needed to release of the TNIIIA2 region from TN-C molecule. With the contribution of TNIIIA2-stimulated macrophages, the positive feedback spiral loop, which consists of the expression of TN-C, PDGF, and β1 integrin, and TNIIIA2 release, seemed to be activated in GBM with aggressive malignancy. Actually, the growth of transplanted GBM grafts in mice was significantly suppressed via the attenuation of β1 integrin activation. In this review, we thus introduce that the TNIIIA2 region has a significant impact on malignant progression of tumors by regulating cell adhesion. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that the TNIIIA2 region exerts unique biological functions through the extremely strong activation of β1-integrins and their long-lasting duration. These findings prompt us to develop new therapeutic agents targeting the TNIIIA2 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Iyoda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Japan
| | - Motomichi Fujita
- Department of Molecular Patho-Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Fumio Fukai
- Department of Molecular Patho-Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
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Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is a common pathophysiologic companion of many different myocardial conditions. Fibrosis may reflect activation of reparative or maladaptive processes. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the central cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis, serving as the main source of matrix proteins. Immune cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also acquire a fibrogenic phenotype under conditions of stress, activating fibroblast populations. Fibrogenic growth factors (such as transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factors), cytokines [including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4], and neurohumoral pathways trigger fibrogenic signalling cascades through binding to surface receptors, and activation of downstream signalling cascades. In addition, matricellular macromolecules are deposited in the remodelling myocardium and regulate matrix assembly, while modulating signal transduction cascades and protease or growth factor activity. Cardiac fibroblasts can also sense mechanical stress through mechanosensitive receptors, ion channels and integrins, activating intracellular fibrogenic cascades that contribute to fibrosis in response to pressure overload. Although subpopulations of fibroblast-like cells may exert important protective actions in both reparative and interstitial/perivascular fibrosis, ultimately fibrotic changes perturb systolic and diastolic function, and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias. This review article discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in various myocardial diseases, including myocardial infarction, heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, genetic cardiomyopathies, and diabetic heart disease. Development of fibrosis-targeting therapies for patients with myocardial diseases will require not only understanding of the functional pluralism of cardiac fibroblasts and dissection of the molecular basis for fibrotic remodelling, but also appreciation of the pathophysiologic heterogeneity of fibrosis-associated myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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21
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Owenier C, Hesse J, Alter C, Ding Z, Marzoq A, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Schrader J. Novel technique for the simultaneous isolation of cardiac fibroblasts and epicardial stromal cells from the infarcted murine heart. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1047-1058. [PMID: 31504244 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to activation of cardiac fibroblasts (aCFs) and at the same time induces the formation of epicardium-derived cells at the heart surface. To discriminate between the two cell populations, we elaborated a fast and efficient protocol for the simultaneous isolation and characterization of aCFs and epicardial stromal cells (EpiSCs) from the infarcted mouse heart. METHODS AND RESULTS For the isolation of aCFs and EpiSCs, infarcted hearts (50 min ischaemia/reperfusion) were digested by perfusion with a collagenase-containing medium for only 8 min, while EpiSCs were enzymatically removed from the outside by applying mild shear forces via a motor driven device. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) isolated from unstressed hearts served as control. Viability of isolated cells was >90%. Purity of EpiSCs was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and qPCR of various mesenchymal markers including Wilms-tumor-protein-1. Microarray analysis of CFs, aCFs, and EpiSCs on day 5 post-MI revealed a unique gene expression pattern in the EpiSC fraction, which was enriched for epithelial markers and epithelial to mesenchymal transition-related genes. Compared to aCFs, 336 significantly altered gene entities were identified in the EpiSC fraction. qPCR analysis showed high expression of Serpinb2, Cxcl13, Adora2b, and Il10 in EpiSCs relative to CFs and aCFs. Furthermore, microarray data identified Ddah1 and Cemip to be highly up-regulated in aCFs compared to CFs. Immunostaining of the infarcted heart revealed a unique distribution of Dermokine, Aquaporin-1, Cytokeratin, Lipocalin2, and Periostin within the epicardial cell layer. CONCLUSIONS We describe the simultaneous isolation of viable, purified fractions of aCFs and EpiSCs from the infarcted mouse heart. In this study, several differentially expressed markers for aCFs and EpiSCs were identified, underlining the importance of cell separation to study heterogeneity of stromal cells in the healing process after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Owenier
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Hesse
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Alter
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhaoping Ding
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aseel Marzoq
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biologisch-Medizinisches-Forschungszentrum (BMFZ), Genomics & Transcriptomics Labor, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biologisch-Medizinisches-Forschungszentrum (BMFZ), Genomics & Transcriptomics Labor, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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22
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Imanaka-Yoshida K, Tawara I, Yoshida T. Tenascin-C in cardiac disease: a sophisticated controller of inflammation, repair, and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C781-C796. [PMID: 32845719 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00353.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein classified as a matricellular protein that is generally upregulated at high levels during physiological and pathological tissue remodeling and is involved in important biological signaling pathways. In the heart, TNC is transiently expressed at several important steps during embryonic development and is sparsely detected in normal adult heart but is re-expressed in a spatiotemporally restricted manner under pathological conditions associated with inflammation, such as myocardial infarction, hypertensive cardiac fibrosis, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and Kawasaki disease. Despite its characteristic and spatiotemporally restricted expression, TNC knockout mice develop a grossly normal phenotype. However, various disease models using TNC null mice combined with in vitro experiments have revealed many important functions for TNC and multiple molecular cascades that control cellular responses in inflammation, tissue repair, and even myocardial regeneration. TNC has context-dependent diverse functions and, thus, may exert both harmful and beneficial effects in damaged hearts. However, TNC appears to deteriorate adverse ventricular remodeling by proinflammatory and profibrotic effects in most cases. Its specific expression also makes TNC a feasible diagnostic biomarker and target for molecular imaging to assess inflammation in the heart. Several preclinical studies have shown the utility of TNC as a biomarker for assessing the prognosis of patients and selecting appropriate therapy, particularly for inflammatory heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
| | - Isao Tawara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
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23
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Katoh D, Kozuka Y, Noro A, Ogawa T, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yoshida T. Tenascin-C Induces Phenotypic Changes in Fibroblasts to Myofibroblasts with High Contractility through the Integrin αvβ1/Transforming Growth Factor β/SMAD Signaling Axis in Human Breast Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:2123-2135. [PMID: 32650003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is strongly expressed by fibroblasts and cancer cells in breast cancer. To assess the effects of TNC on stromal formation, we examined phenotypic changes in human mammary fibroblasts treated with TNC. The addition of TNC significantly up-regulated α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and calponin. TNC increased the number of α-SMA- and/or calponin-positive cells with well-developed stress fibers in immunofluorescence, which enhanced contractile ability in collagen gel contraction. The treatment with TNC also significantly up-regulated its own synthesis. Double immunofluorescence of human breast cancer tissues showed α-SMA- and/or calponin-positive myofibroblasts in the TNC-deposited stroma. Among several receptors for TNC, the protein levels of the αv and β1 integrin subunits were significantly increased after the treatment. Immunofluorescence showed the augmented colocalization of αv and β1 at focal adhesions. Immunoprecipitation using an anti-αv antibody revealed a significant increase in coprecipitated β1 with TNC in lysates. The knockdown of αv and β1 suppressed the up-regulation of α-SMA and calponin. The addition of TNC induced the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, whereas SB-505124 and SIS3 blocked myofibroblast differentiation. Therefore, TNC enhances its own synthesis by forming a positive feedback loop and increases integrin αvβ1 heterodimer levels to activate transforming growth factor-β signaling, which is followed by a change to highly contractile myofibroblasts. TNC may essentially contribute to the stiffer stromal formation characteristic of breast cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Katoh
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuji Kozuka
- Department of Pathologic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Aya Noro
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ogawa
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan; Research Center for Matrix Biology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan; Research Center for Matrix Biology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
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24
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Zhang Y, Liu L, Ren L. RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis of cantharidin-induced myocardial injury. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1491-1497. [PMID: 32618016 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cardiotoxicity of cantharidin has been well characterized, but the understanding of the underlying mechanism(s) is incomplete. To more fully understand the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in cantharidin-induced myocardial injury, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to cantharidin (1.34 mg/kg or 2.67 mg/kg) for 24 h and then the heart was sampled for pathologic changes analysis and RNA-sequencing-based transcriptomic profiling. In addition, serum troponin T (TN-T) levels were also tested using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The results showed that cantharidin could cause myocardial damage and elevated serum TN-T levels. The genes with a fold change ≥2 were considered as DEGs and we found 38 DEGs that were mainly enriched in eight pathways revealed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. The cellular component of gene ontology analysis showed that the DEGs were mostly enriched in the extracellular matrix. In conclusion, our present study demonstrated that cantharidin induces myocardial injury by multiple modulatory mechanisms, which provide new insights for further study of the pathophysiologic mechanism of cantharidin-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Ren
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Ohki S, Oka K, Ogata K, Okuhara S, Rikitake M, Toda-Nakamura M, Tamura S, Ozaki M, Iseki S, Sakai T. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Palatal Epithelium Regulate Tenascin-C Expression in Palatal Mesenchyme During Soft Palate Development. Front Physiol 2020; 11:532. [PMID: 32581832 PMCID: PMC7287209 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During palatogenesis, the palatal shelves first grow vertically on either side of the tongue before changing their direction of growth to horizontal. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in these dynamic changes in palatal shelf morphology. Tenascin-C (TNC) is an ECM glycoprotein that shows unique expression in the posterior part of the palatal shelf, but little is known about the regulation of TNC expression. Since transforming growth factor-beta-3 (TGF-β3) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling are known to play important roles in palatogenesis, we investigated whether TGF-β3 and SHH are involved in the regulation of TNC expression in the developing palate. TGF-β3 increased the expression of TNC mRNA and protein in primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells (MEPM) obtained from palatal mesenchyme dissected at embryonic day 13.5-14.0. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry experiments revealed that TNC expression was diminished in K14-cre;Tgfbr2 fl/fl mice that lack the TGF-β type II receptor in palatal epithelial cells and exhibit cleft soft palate, whereas TNC expression was maintained in Wnt1-cre;Tgfbr2 fl/fl mice that lack the TGF-β type II receptor in palatal mesenchymal cells and exhibit a complete cleft palate. SHH also increased the expression of TNC mRNA and protein in MEPM cells. However, although TGF-β3 up-regulated TNC mRNA and protein expression in O9-1 cells (a cranial neural crest cell line), SHH did not. Furthermore, TGF-β inhibited the expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers (osterix and alkaline phosphatase) and induced the expression of fibroblastic markers (fibronectin and periostin) in O9-1 cells, whereas SHH did not affect the expression of osteoblastic and fibroblastic markers in O9-1 cells. However, immunohistochemistry experiments showed that TNC expression was diminished in the posterior palatal shelves of Shh-/+ ;MFCS4 +/- mice, which have deficient SHH signaling in the posterior palatal epithelium. Taken together, our findings support the proposal that TGF-β and SHH signaling in palatal epithelium co-ordinate the expression of TNC in the posterior palatal mesenchyme through a paracrine mechanism. This signal cascade may work in the later stage of palatogenesis when cranial neural crest cells have differentiated into fibroblast-like cells. The spatiotemporal regulation of ECM-related proteins by TGF-β and SHH signaling may contribute not only to tissue construction but also to cell differentiation or determination along the anterior-posterior axis of the palatal shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirabe Ohki
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Oka
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.,Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ogata
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.,Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okuhara
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Dental and Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Rikitake
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masako Toda-Nakamura
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shougo Tamura
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Ozaki
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Dental and Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sakai
- Department of Oral-Facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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26
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Tarbit E, Singh I, Peart JN, Rose'Meyer RB. Biomarkers for the identification of cardiac fibroblast and myofibroblast cells. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 24:1-15. [PMID: 29987445 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental research has recognized the importance of cardiac fibroblast and myofibroblast cells in heart repair and function. In a normal healthy heart, the cardiac fibroblast plays a central role in the structural, electrical, and chemical aspects within the heart. Interestingly, the transformation of cardiac fibroblast cells to cardiac myofibroblast cells is suspected to play a vital part in the development of heart failure. The ability to differentiate between the two cells types has been a challenge. Myofibroblast cells are only expressed in the stressed or failing heart, so a better understanding of cell function may identify therapies that aid repair of the damaged heart. This paper will provide an outline of what is currently known about cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, the physiological and pathological roles within the heart, and causes for the transition of fibroblasts into myoblasts. We also reviewed the potential markers available for characterizing these cells and found that there is no single-cell specific marker that delineates fibroblast or myofibroblast cells. To characterize the cells of fibroblast origin, vimentin is commonly used. Cardiac fibroblasts can be identified using discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) while α-smooth muscle actin is used to distinguish myofibroblasts. A known cytokine TGF-β1 is well established to cause the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. This review will also discuss clinical treatments that inhibit or reduce the actions of TGF-β1 and its contribution to cardiac fibrosis and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiri Tarbit
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Griffith, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Indu Singh
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Griffith, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Jason N Peart
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Griffith, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Roselyn B Rose'Meyer
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Griffith, QLD, 4222, Australia.
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27
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Kimura T, Tajiri K, Sato A, Sakai S, Wang Z, Yoshida T, Uede T, Hiroe M, Aonuma K, Ieda M, Imanaka-Yoshida K. Tenascin-C accelerates adverse ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction by modulating macrophage polarization. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:614-624. [PMID: 30295707 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an extracellular matrix protein undetected in the normal adult heart, but expressed in several heart diseases associated with inflammation. We previously reported that serum TN-C levels of myocardial infarction (MI) patients were elevated during the acute stage, and that patients with high peak TN-C levels were at high risk of left ventricular (LV) remodelling and poor outcome, suggesting that TN-C could play a significant role in the progression of ventricular remodelling. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms associated with this process remain unknown. We aimed to elucidate the role and underlying mechanisms associated with TN-C in adverse remodelling after MI. METHODS AND RESULTS MI was induced by permanent ligation of the coronary artery of TN-C knockout (TN-C-KO) and wild type (WT) mice. In WT mice, TN-C was expressed at the borders between intact and necrotic areas, with a peak at 3 days post-MI and observed in the immediate vicinity of infiltrating macrophages. TN-C-KO mice were protected from ventricular adverse remodelling as evidenced by a higher LV ejection fraction as compared with WT mice (19.0 ± 6.3% vs. 10.6 ± 4.4%; P < 0.001) at 3 months post-MI. During the acute phase, flow-cytometric analyses showed a decrease in F4/80+CD206lowCD45+ M1 macrophages and an increase in F4/80+CD206highCD45+ M2 macrophages in the TN-C-KO heart. To clarify the role of TN-C on macrophage polarization, we examined the direct effect of TN-C on bone marrow-derived macrophages in culture, observing that TN-C promoted macrophage shifting into an M1 phenotype via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Under M2-skewing conditions, TN-C suppressed the expression of interferon regulatory factor 4, a key transcription factor that controls M2-macrophage polarization, via TLR4, thereby inhibiting M2 polarization. CONCLUSION These results suggested that TN-C accelerates LV remodelling after MI, at least in part, by modulating M1/M2-macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Kimura
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuko Tajiri
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Uede
- Department of Matrix Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Hiroe
- Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan.,National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Aonuma
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
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28
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Gremlich S, Roth-Kleiner M, Equey L, Fytianos K, Schittny JC, Cremona TP. Tenascin-C inactivation impacts lung structure and function beyond lung development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5118. [PMID: 32198404 PMCID: PMC7083919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix protein expressed at high levels during lung organogenesis. Later, TNC is only transiently de novo expressed to orchestrate tissue repair in pathological situations. We previously showed that TNC inactivation affects lung development and thus evaluated here the implications on lung function in newborn/adult mice. Respiratory function parameters were measured in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated wild-type (WT) and TNC-deficient mice at 5 (P5) and 90 (P90) days of age under basal conditions, as well as following high tidal volume (HTV) ventilation. At P5, TNC-deficient mice showed an increased static compliance (Cst) and inspiratory capacity (IC) relative to WT at baseline and throughout HTV. At P90, however, Cst and IC were only elevated at baseline. Control non-ventilated newborn and adult TNC-deficient mice showed similar lung morphology, but less alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) around small airways. SMA + cells were decreased by 50% in adult TNC-deficient lungs and collagen layer thickened around small airways. Increased surfactant protein C (SP-C) and altered TGFβ and TLR4 signaling pathways were also detected. Thus, TNC inactivation-related defects during organogenesis led to persisting functional impairment in adulthood. This might be of interest in the context of pulmonary diseases with thickened airway smooth muscle layer or ventilation heterogeneity, like asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Gremlich
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department woman-mother-child, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Roth-Kleiner
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department woman-mother-child, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucile Equey
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department woman-mother-child, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kleanthis Fytianos
- Department of Bio-medical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Sun Y, Yao X, Zhang QJ, Zhu M, Liu ZP, Ci B, Xie Y, Carlson D, Rothermel BA, Sun Y, Levine B, Hill JA, Wolf SE, Minei JP, Zang QS. Beclin-1-Dependent Autophagy Protects the Heart During Sepsis. Circulation 2019; 138:2247-2262. [PMID: 29853517 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac dysfunction is a major component of sepsis-induced multiorgan failure in critical care units. Changes in cardiac autophagy and its role during sepsis pathogenesis have not been clearly defined. Targeted autophagy-based therapeutic approaches for sepsis are not yet developed. METHODS Beclin-1-dependent autophagy in the heart during sepsis and the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting this pathway were investigated in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. RESULTS LPS induced a dose-dependent increase in autophagy at low doses, followed by a decline that was in conjunction with mammalian target of rapamycin activation at high doses. Cardiac-specific overexpression of Beclin-1 promoted autophagy, suppressed mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, improved cardiac function, and alleviated inflammation and fibrosis after LPS challenge. Haplosufficiency for beclin 1 resulted in opposite effects. Beclin-1 also protected mitochondria, reduced the release of mitochondrial danger-associated molecular patterns, and promoted mitophagy via PTEN-induced putative kinase 1-Parkin but not adaptor proteins in response to LPS. Injection of a cell-permeable Tat-Beclin-1 peptide to activate autophagy improved cardiac function, attenuated inflammation, and rescued the phenotypes caused by beclin 1 deficiency in LPS-challenged mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Beclin-1 protects the heart during sepsis and that the targeted induction of Beclin-1 signaling may have important therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Sun
- Departments of Surgery (Y.S., X.Y., D.C., S.E.W., J.P.M., Q.S.Z.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Xiao Yao
- Departments of Surgery (Y.S., X.Y., D.C., S.E.W., J.P.M., Q.S.Z.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Qing-Jun Zhang
- Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division (Q.-J.Z., M.Z., Z.-P.L., B.A.R., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Min Zhu
- Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division (Q.-J.Z., M.Z., Z.-P.L., B.A.R., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Zhi-Ping Liu
- Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division (Q.-J.Z., M.Z., Z.-P.L., B.A.R., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Bo Ci
- Clinical Science, Quantitative Biomedical Research Center (B.C., Y.X.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Yang Xie
- Clinical Science, Quantitative Biomedical Research Center (B.C., Y.X.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Deborah Carlson
- Departments of Surgery (Y.S., X.Y., D.C., S.E.W., J.P.M., Q.S.Z.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division (Q.-J.Z., M.Z., Z.-P.L., B.A.R., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station (Y.S.)
| | - Beth Levine
- Internal Medicine, Center for Autophagy Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (B.L.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division (Q.-J.Z., M.Z., Z.-P.L., B.A.R., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Steven E Wolf
- Departments of Surgery (Y.S., X.Y., D.C., S.E.W., J.P.M., Q.S.Z.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Joseph P Minei
- Departments of Surgery (Y.S., X.Y., D.C., S.E.W., J.P.M., Q.S.Z.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Qun S Zang
- Departments of Surgery (Y.S., X.Y., D.C., S.E.W., J.P.M., Q.S.Z.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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30
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The Non-Fibrillar Side of Fibrosis: Contribution of the Basement Membrane, Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins to Myocardial Fibrosis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:jcdd6040035. [PMID: 31547598 PMCID: PMC6956278 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support and a microenvironmentfor soluble extracellular molecules. ECM is comprised of numerous proteins which can be broadly classified as fibrillar (collagen types I and III) and non-fibrillar (basement membrane, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins). The basement membrane provides an interface between the cardiomyocytes and the fibrillar ECM, while proteoglycans sequester soluble growth factors and cytokines. Myocardial fibrosis was originally only linked to accumulation of fibrillar collagens, but is now recognized as the expansion of the ECM including the non-fibrillar ECM proteins. Myocardial fibrosis can be reparative to replace the lost myocardium (e.g., ischemic injury or myocardial infarction), or can be reactive resulting from pathological activity of fibroblasts (e.g., dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). Contribution of fibrillar collagens to fibrosis is well studied, but the role of the non-fibrillar ECM proteins has remained less explored. In this article, we provide an overview of the contribution of the non-fibrillar components of the extracellular space of the heart to highlight the potential significance of these molecules in fibrosis, with direct evidence for some, although not all of these molecules in their direct contribution to fibrosis.
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31
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Humeres C, Frangogiannis NG. Fibroblasts in the Infarcted, Remodeling, and Failing Heart. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:449-467. [PMID: 31312768 PMCID: PMC6610002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Expansion and activation of fibroblasts following cardiac injury is important for repair but may also contribute to fibrosis, remodeling, and dysfunction. The authors discuss the dynamic alterations of fibroblasts in failing and remodeling myocardium. Emerging concepts suggest that fibroblasts are not unidimensional cells that act exclusively by secreting extracellular matrix proteins, thus promoting fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. In addition to their involvement in extracellular matrix expansion, activated fibroblasts may also exert protective actions, preserving the cardiac extracellular matrix, transducing survival signals to cardiomyocytes, and regulating inflammation and angiogenesis. The functional diversity of cardiac fibroblasts may reflect their phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Key Words
- AT1, angiotensin type 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- IL, interleukin
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MRTF, myocardin-related transcription factor
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROCK, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- cytokines
- extracellular matrix
- fibroblast
- infarction
- lncRNA, long noncoding ribonucleic acid
- miRNA, micro–ribonucleic acid
- remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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32
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Abstract
The ECM (extracellular matrix) network plays a crucial role in cardiac homeostasis, not only by providing structural support, but also by facilitating force transmission, and by transducing key signals to cardiomyocytes, vascular cells, and interstitial cells. Changes in the profile and biochemistry of the ECM may be critically implicated in the pathogenesis of both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The patterns of molecular and biochemical ECM alterations in failing hearts are dependent on the type of underlying injury. Pressure overload triggers early activation of a matrix-synthetic program in cardiac fibroblasts, inducing myofibroblast conversion, and stimulating synthesis of both structural and matricellular ECM proteins. Expansion of the cardiac ECM may increase myocardial stiffness promoting diastolic dysfunction. Cardiomyocytes, vascular cells and immune cells, activated through mechanosensitive pathways or neurohumoral mediators may play a critical role in fibroblast activation through secretion of cytokines and growth factors. Sustained pressure overload leads to dilative remodeling and systolic dysfunction that may be mediated by changes in the interstitial protease/antiprotease balance. On the other hand, ischemic injury causes dynamic changes in the cardiac ECM that contribute to regulation of inflammation and repair and may mediate adverse cardiac remodeling. In other pathophysiologic conditions, such as volume overload, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, the cell biological effectors mediating ECM remodeling are poorly understood and the molecular links between the primary insult and the changes in the matrix environment are unknown. This review article discusses the role of ECM macromolecules in heart failure, focusing on both structural ECM proteins (such as fibrillar and nonfibrillar collagens), and specialized injury-associated matrix macromolecules (such as fibronectin and matricellular proteins). Understanding the role of the ECM in heart failure may identify therapeutic targets to reduce geometric remodeling, to attenuate cardiomyocyte dysfunction, and even to promote myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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Tenascin-C promotes chronic pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis. J Hypertens 2019; 36:847-856. [PMID: 29283973 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis ultimately leading to increased myocardial stiffness and reduced contractility. There is substantial evidence that the altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and Tenascin-C (TN-C) are associated with the progression of adverse LV remodeling. However, the role of TN-C in the development of LV hypertrophy because of chronic pressure overload as well as the regulatory role of TN-C on MMPs remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In a knockout mouse model of TN-C, we investigated the effect of 10 weeks of pressure overload using transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Cardiac function was determined by magnetic resonance imaging. The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, CD147 as well as myocardial fibrosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The expression of TN-C was assessed by RT-qPCR and ELISA. TN-C knockout mice showed marked reduction in fibrosis (P < 0.001) and individual cardiomyocytes size (P < 0.01), in expression of MMP-2 (P < 0.05) and MMP-9 (P < 0.001) as well as preserved cardiac function (P < 0.01) in comparison with wild-type mice after 10 weeks of TAC. In addition, CD147 expression was markedly increased under pressure overload (P < 0.01), irrespectively of genotype. TN-C significantly increased the expression of the markers of hypertrophy such as ANP and BNP as well as MMP-2 in H9c2 cells (P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results are pointed toward a novel signaling mechanism that contributes to LV remodeling via MMPs upregulation, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy as well as myocardial fibrosis by TN-C under chronic pressure overload.
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Nagel F, Santer D, Stojkovic S, Kaun C, Schaefer AK, Krššák M, Abraham D, Bencsik P, Ferdinandy P, Kenyeres E, Szabados T, Wojta J, Trescher K, Kiss A, Podesser BK. The impact of age on cardiac function and extracellular matrix component expression in adverse post-infarction remodeling in mice. Exp Gerontol 2019; 119:193-202. [PMID: 30763602 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the potential associations of the expression of matricellular components in adverse post-infarction remodeling of the geriatric heart. In male geriatric (OM, age: 18 months) and young (YM, age: 11 weeks) OF1 mice myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Cardiac function was evaluated by MRI. Plasma and myocardial tissue samples were collected 3d, 7d, and 32d post-MI. Age and MI were associated with impaired cardiac function accompanied by left-ventricular (LV) dilatation. mRNA expression of MMP-2 (7d: p < 0.05), TIMP-1 (7d: p < 0.05), TIMP-2 (7d: p < 0.05), Collagen-1 (3d and 7d: p < 0.05) and Collagen-3 (7d: p < 0.05) in LV non-infarcted myocardium was significantly higher in YM than in OM after MI. MMP-9 activity in plasma was increased in OM after MI (3d: p < 0.01). Tenascin-C protein levels assessed by ELISA were decreased in OM as compared to YM after MI in plasma (3d: p < 0.001, 7d: p < 0.05) and LV non-infarcted myocardium (7d: p < 0.01). Dysregulation in ECM components in non-infarcted LV might be associated and contribute to adverse LV remodeling and impaired cardiac function. Thus, targeting ECM might be a potential therapeutic approach to enhance cardiac function in geriatric patients following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Nagel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Leitstelle 1Q, 1090 Wien, Austria; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital St. Poelten, Dunant-Platz 1, 3100 St. Poelten, Austria
| | - David Santer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Leitstelle 1Q, 1090 Wien, Austria; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Wolkersbergenstr. 1, 1130 Wien, Austria
| | - Stefan Stojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Anne-Kristin Schaefer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Leitstelle 1Q, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Wien, Austria; High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettg. 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Dietmar Abraham
- Laboratory for Molecular Cellular Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Péter Bencsik
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary; Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dom ter 12, 6721 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, Budapest 1089, Hungary
| | - Eva Kenyeres
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dom ter 12, 6721 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamara Szabados
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dom ter 12, 6721 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Johann Wojta
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Leitstelle 1Q, 1090 Wien, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Karola Trescher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Leitstelle 1Q, 1090 Wien, Austria; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital St. Poelten, Dunant-Platz 1, 3100 St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Attila Kiss
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Leitstelle 1Q, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Bruno K Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Leitstelle 1Q, 1090 Wien, Austria; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital St. Poelten, Dunant-Platz 1, 3100 St. Poelten, Austria.
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Establishment of porcine enterocyte/myofibroblast co-cultures for the growth of porcine rota- and coronaviruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15195. [PMID: 30315177 PMCID: PMC6185943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A stable culture of primary porcine enterocytes is necessary to study porcine enteric virus replication characteristics. Because the direct cultivation of primary porcine enterocytes is difficult, alternatives have to be considered. As subepithelial myofibroblasts secrete extracellular matrix and growth factors contributing to the attachment, proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, co-cultures of primary porcine enterocytes (ileocytes and colonocytes) with myofibroblasts were developed and evaluated for their susceptibility to enteric viruses. First, it was demonstrated that the co-cultured ileocytes and colonocytes were susceptible to an archival rotavirus strain RVA/pig-tc/BEL/RV277/1977/G1P[7] and different other rotavirus genotypes (fecal samples containing G5P[7], G5P[13], G9P[23], G4P[6]). Next, the TGEV Purdue strain infected both ileocytes and colonocytes whereas the Miller strain only infected ileocytes. Last, the PEDV CV777 Vero adapted and non-adapted (fecal suspension) strains could infect co-cultured ileocytes but not colonocytes. The infectivity of the CV777 Vero adapted strain was higher when the cells were cultured without fetal bovine serum and the CV777 fecal suspension only infected the ileocytes cultured without fetal bovine serum. In conclusion, a novel co-culture of porcine enterocytes with myofibroblasts was established, which can be used for the investigation of the replication of enteric viruses.
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36
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Song J, Hu Q, Huang J, Chen T, Ma Z, Shi H. MR targeted imaging for the expression of tenascin-C in cervical cancer. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20170681. [PMID: 29987979 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To detect cervical cancer and compare tumor invasiveness using a molecular targeted probe. METHODS: Tenascin-C expression was evaluated in 15 specimens. Five of them were cervical cancer with node metastasis (group A), five were cervical cancer without node metastasis (group B), and another five were normal cervix tissues (group C). Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and tenascin-C antibody were conjugated as an MR probe. After the fresh tissues incubated with the probe for 24 h, MR was performed to analysis the tissue signal changes. RESULTS: Cervical cancer tissues with node metastasis showed highest tenascin-C expression, while normal cervix showed little expression. For the non-metastatic cervical cancer patients, tenascin-C showed moderate expression. Tenascin-C was found diffusely in the stromal surrounding malignant tumor cells. After MR, the image signal changes (contrast-to-noise ratio) kept consistent with tenascin-C expression and showed statistical difference between the three groups (A: 3.87 ± 1.45 vs B: 2.33 ± 1.04 vs C: 0.66 ± 0.31; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Tenascin-C expression can help to detect cervical cancer. MRI with SPIO-antitenascin-C may be used to evaluate the preoperative cervical cancer patients with node metastasis. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Tenascin-C expression can help to detect cervical cancer and compare cancer invasiveness. Protein expression difference can be captured and compared on MR with SPIO-antitenascin-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Song
- 1 Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qiming Hu
- 2 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Junwen Huang
- 1 Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Ting Chen
- 1 Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhanlong Ma
- 1 Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Haibin Shi
- 1 Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
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Marzeda AM, Midwood KS. Internal Affairs: Tenascin-C as a Clinically Relevant, Endogenous Driver of Innate Immunity. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:289-304. [PMID: 29385356 PMCID: PMC5958381 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418757443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To protect against danger, the innate immune system must promptly and accurately sense alarm signals, and mount an appropriate response to restore homeostasis. One endogenous trigger of immunity is tenascin-C, a large hexameric protein of the extracellular matrix. Upregulated upon tissue injury and cellular stress, tenascin-C is expressed during inflammation and tissue remodeling, where it influences cellular behavior by interacting with a multitude of molecular targets, including other matrix components, cell surface proteins, and growth factors. Here, we discuss how these interactions confer upon tenascin-C distinct immunomodulatory capabilities that make this matrix molecule necessary for efficient tissue repair. We also highlight in vivo studies that provide insight into the consequences of misregulated tenascin-C expression on inflammation and fibrosis during a wide range of inflammatory diseases. Finally, we examine how its unique expression pattern and inflammatory actions make tenascin-C a viable target for clinical exploitation in both diagnostic and therapeutic arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Marzeda
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kim S Midwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Wang LG, Huangfu XQ, Tao B, Zhong GJ, Le ZD. Serum tenascin-C predicts severity and outcome of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 481:69-74. [PMID: 29499198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenascin-C is a matricellular protein related to brain injury. We studied serum tenascin-C in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and examined the associations with severity and outcome following the acute event. METHODS Tenascin-C samples were obtained from 162 patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke and 162 healthy controls. Poor 90-day functional outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score > 2. Early neurological deterioration (END) and hematoma growth (HG) were recorded at 24 h. RESULTS Patients had higher tenascin-C levels than controls. Tenascin-C levels were positively correlated with hematoma volume or National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at baseline. Elevated tenascin-C levels were independently associated with END, HG, 90-day mortality and poor functional outcome. Moreover, tenascin-C levels significantly predicted END, HG and 90-day outcomes under receiver operating characteristic curves. CONCLUSIONS An increase in serum tenascin-C level is associated with an adverse outcome in ICH patients, supporting the potential role of serum tenascin-C as a prognostic biomarker for hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Guo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Tonglu County, 338 Xuesheng Road, Tonglu 311500, China.
| | - Xue-Qin Huangfu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Tonglu County, 338 Xuesheng Road, Tonglu 311500, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Tonglu County, 338 Xuesheng Road, Tonglu 311500, China
| | - Guan-Jin Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Tonglu County, 338 Xuesheng Road, Tonglu 311500, China
| | - Zhou-Di Le
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Tonglu County, 338 Xuesheng Road, Tonglu 311500, China
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Li L, Zhao Q, Kong W. Extracellular matrix remodeling and cardiac fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:490-506. [PMID: 29371055 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the myocardium, distorts the architecture of the myocardium, facilitates the progression of arrhythmia and cardiac dysfunction, and influences the clinical course and outcome in patients with heart failure. This review describes the composition and homeostasis in normal cardiac interstitial matrix and introduces cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in cardiac fibrosis. We also characterize the ECM alteration in the fibrotic response under diverse cardiac pathological conditions and depict the role of matricellular proteins in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, the diagnosis of cardiac fibrosis based on imaging and biomarker detection and the therapeutic strategies are addressed. Understanding the comprehensive molecules and pathways involved in ECM homeostasis and remodeling may provide important novel potential targets for preventing and treating cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
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Sumioka T, Iwanishi H, Okada Y, Nidegawa Y, Miyajima M, Matsumoto KI, Saika S. Loss of tenascin X gene function impairs injury-induced stromal angiogenesis in mouse corneas. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:948-956. [PMID: 29160014 PMCID: PMC5783828 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the contribution by tenascin X (Tnx) gene expression to corneal stromal angiogenesis, the effects were determined of its loss on this response in TNX knockout (KO) mice. In parallel, the effects of such a loss were evaluated on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) gene and protein expression in fibroblasts and macrophages in cell culture. Histological, immunohistochemical and quantitative RT‐PCR changes determined if Tnx gene ablation on angiogenic gene expression, inflammatory cell infiltration and neovascularization induced by central corneal stromal cauterization. The role was determined of Tnx function in controlling VEGF‐A or TGFβ1 gene expression by comparing their expression levels in ocular fibroblasts and macrophages obtained from wild‐type (WT) and body‐wide Tnx KO mice. Tnx was up‐regulated in cauterized cornea. In Tnx KO, macrophage invasion was attenuated, VEGF‐A and its cognate receptor mRNA expression along with neovascularization were lessened in Tnx KOs relative to the changes occurring in their WT counterpart. Loss of Tnx instead up‐regulated in vivo mRNA expression of anti‐angiogenic VEGF‐B but not VEGF‐A. On the other hand, TGFβ1 mRNA expression declined in Tnx KO cultured ocular fibroblasts. Loss of Tnx gene expression caused VEGF‐A expression to decline in macrophages. Tnx gene expression contributes to promoting TGFβ1 mRNA expression in ocular fibroblasts and VEGF‐A in macrophages, macrophage invasion, up‐regulation of VEGF‐A expression and neovascularization in an injured corneal stroma. On the other hand, it suppresses anti‐angiogenic VEGF‐B mRNA expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Sumioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Nidegawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayasu Miyajima
- Animal Center, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
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Graham ÉA, Mallet JF, Jambi M, Nishioka H, Homma K, Matar C. MicroRNA signature in the chemoprevention of functionally-enriched stem and progenitor pools (FESPP) by Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC). Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:765-774. [PMID: 28886271 PMCID: PMC5678688 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1373211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Many breast cancer patients use natural compounds in their battle against breast cancer. Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC®) is a cultured mushroom mycelium extract shown to favorably modulate the immune system and alleviate cancer burden. Cancer Stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of highly tumorigenic cancer cells that are thought to be responsible for recurrence. CSCs can be epigenetically regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). We hypothesized that AHCC may influence CSCs by modulating tumor-suppressor or oncogenic miRNAs. METHODS Functionally-enriched stem and progenitor pools (FESPP) were isolated in the form of mammospheres from MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and 4T1 cells, exposed to AHCC in both regular and primary culture from Balb/c mice, and analyzed by visual counting and flow cytometry. Cell motility was also observed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Profiling and RT-qPCR were performed to determine AHCC influence on miRNAs in MDA-MB-231 mammospheres. Additionally, Balb/c mice were orally gavaged with AHCC, and tumor growth parameters and miR-335 expression were analyzed. MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with miR-335 and analyzed by western blot. RESULTS We demonstrated that AHCC reduced mammosphere growth in three cell lines and in primary culture, prevented cell migration, and upregulated miR-335 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells and mouse tumor samples. Among the differentially regulated miRNAs in CSCs, we focused on tumor suppressor miR-335, known to target extracellular matrix protein Tenascin C (TNC). TNC is involved in CSC immune evasion pathways. In MDA-MB-231, inhibition of miR-335 increased TNC protein expression. CONCLUSIONS These results support that AHCC limits FESPP growth, partly by targeting miRNA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie A. Graham
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jean-François Mallet
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Majed Jambi
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kohei Homma
- R&D Division Amino Up Chemical Co, Ltd, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chantal Matar
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Bone Marrow-Derived Tenascin-C Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Controlling Inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:1601-1615. [PMID: 28935038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenascin-C (TNC) is a highly conserved matricellular protein with a distinct expression pattern during development and disease. Remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) in response to pressure overload leads to the re-expression of the fetal gene program. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the function of TNC in cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. METHODS Pressure overload was induced in TNC knockout and wild-type mice by constricting their abdominal aorta or by infusion of angiotensin II. Echocardiography, immunostaining, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and reciprocal bone marrow transplantation were used to evaluate the effect of TNC deficiency. RESULTS Echocardiographic analysis of pressure overloaded hearts revealed that all LV parameters (LV end-diastolic and -systolic dimensions, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening) deteriorated in TNC-deficient mice compared with their wild-type counterparts. Cardiomyocyte size and collagen accumulation were significantly greater in the absence of TNC. Mechanistically, TNC deficiency promoted rapid accumulation of the CCR2+/Ly6Chi monocyte/macrophage subset into the myocardium in response to pressure overload. Further, echocardiographic and immunohistochemical analyses of recipient hearts showed that expression of TNC in the bone marrow, but not the myocardium, protected the myocardium against excessive remodeling of the pressure-overloaded heart. CONCLUSIONS TNC deficiency further impaired cardiac function in response to pressure overload and exacerbated fibrosis by enhancing inflammation. In addition, expression of TNC in the bone marrow, but not the myocardium, protected the myocardium against excessive remodeling in response to mild pressure overload.
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Wang Z, Wei Q, Han L, Cao K, Lan T, Xu Z, Wang Y, Gao Y, Xue J, Shan F, Feng J, Xie X. Tenascin-c renders a proangiogenic phenotype in macrophage via annexin II. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:429-438. [PMID: 28857429 PMCID: PMC5742692 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-c is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, the expression of which relates to the progression of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and heart failure. Annexin II acts as a cell surface receptor of tenascin-c. This study aimed to delineate the role of tenascin-c and annexin II in macrophages presented in atherosclerotic plaque. Animal models with atherosclerotic lesions were established using ApoE-KO mice fed with high-cholesterol diet. The expression of tenascin-c and annexin II in atherosclerotic lesions was determined by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. Raw 264.7 macrophages and human primary macrophages were exposed to 5, 10 and 15 μg/ml tenascin-c for 12 hrs. Cell migration as well as the proangiogenic ability of macrophages was examined. Additionally, annexin II expression was delineated in raw 264.7 macrophages under normal condition (20% O2 ) for 12 hrs or hypoxic condition (1% O2 ) for 6-12 hrs. The expression of tenascin-c and annexin II was markedly augmented in lesion aorta. Tenascin-c positively regulated macrophage migration, which was dependent on the expression of annexin II in macrophages. VEGF release from macrophages and endothelial tube induction by macrophage were boosted by tenascin-c and attenuated by annexin II blocking. Furthermore, tenascin-c activated Akt/NF-κB and ERK signalling through annexin II. Lastly, hypoxia conditioning remarkably facilitates annexin II expression in macrophages through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α but not HIF-2α. In conclusion, tenascin-c promoted macrophage migration and VEGF expression through annexin II, the expression of which was modulated by HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Han
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Keqing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianfeng Lan
- Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenjie Xu
- Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Shan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
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Xu Y, Xiao H, Luo H, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Tao L, Jiang Y, Chen Y, Shen X. Inhibitory effects of oxymatrine on TGF‑β1‑induced proliferation and abnormal differentiation in rat cardiac fibroblasts via the p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5354-5362. [PMID: 28849213 PMCID: PMC5647068 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis serves a causal role in the development of heart failure following acute and chronic myocardial infarction, and anti-fibrotic therapy represents a promising strategy to mitigate this pathological process. Oxymatrine (OMT) exerts a number of pharmacological effects on the cardiovascular system, but its anti-cardiovascular disease mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of OMT administration on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced cardiac fibroblast (CFB) proliferation and abnormal differentiation, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Primary CFBs were isolated from neonatal rats and used for experimental treatments. TGF-β1 stimulation in CFBs resulted in increased proliferation, increased α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and type I and type III collagen expression, and increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation. Treatment with OMT and SB431542 (a TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor) attenuated the proliferation and abnormal differentiation of CFBs induced by TGF-β1, and decreased p38MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, treatment with SB203580 (a p38MAPK inhibitor) or PD98059 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor), but not by SP600125 (a c-jun N-terminal kinase1/2/3 inhibitor), inhibited the TGF-β1 stimulated CFB proliferation, as well as the elevation of α-SMA and the deposition of type I and type III collagen, suggesting that ERK1/2 and p38MAPK signaling may be important in the in the process of myocardial fibrosis. In conclusion, the present study revealed that OMT treatment inhibited CFB proliferation and the CFB-myofibroblast transition induced by TGF-β1, at least in part through inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yini Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Hai Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Hong Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Ling Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yuqi Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing 102211, P.R. China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
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Imoto K, Okada M, Yamawaki H. Expression profile of matricellular proteins in hypertrophied right ventricle of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1096-1102. [PMID: 28496027 PMCID: PMC5487790 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Matricellular proteins, a non-structural extracellular matrix (ECM) component, bind to
and modulate various molecules including growth factor, cytokine, protease, other ECM
components and cell membrane receptors. While most matricellular proteins are hardly
expressed in normal adult tissue, they are re-expressed in heart tissue during cardiac
diseases. The present study aimed to clarify the mRNA expression profile of matricellular
proteins [secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine: SPARC, hevin, thrombospondin
(TSP)-1, -2 and -4, CCN1 and 5, tenascin (Tn) C and N, periostin and osteopontin (OPN)] in
hypertrophied right ventricle (RV) of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertensive
rats. Male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with MCT or saline. Two or three
weeks after MCT treatment, echocardiography was performed, and mRNA expression of
matricellular proteins was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. MCT (2 weeks)
induced pulmonary hypertension, RV dysfunction and hypertrophy, which were all worsened 3
weeks after MCT treatment. Expression of mRNA for SPARC, hevin, TnC, TSP-1, -2 and -4,
CCN1 and 5, periostin and OPN but not TnN was significantly upregulated in RV of MCT (2
weeks)-treated rats. Expression of mRNA for TSP-4, CCN1 and 5 and periostin was
continuously increased in RV of MCT (3 weeks)-treated rats. The present study for the
first time revealed the mRNA expression profile for matricellular proteins in RV of
MCT-treated rats for 2 or 3 weeks, which will be helpful to clarify the relationship for
matricellular proteins and pathogenesis of MCT-induced RV hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Imoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23 bancho 35-1, Towada-shi, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Muneyoshi Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23 bancho 35-1, Towada-shi, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23 bancho 35-1, Towada-shi, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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46
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Frangogiannis NG. The extracellular matrix in myocardial injury, repair, and remodeling. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1600-1612. [PMID: 28459429 DOI: 10.1172/jci87491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides mechanical support, but also transduces essential molecular signals in health and disease. Following myocardial infarction, dynamic ECM changes drive inflammation and repair. Early generation of bioactive matrix fragments activates proinflammatory signaling. The formation of a highly plastic provisional matrix facilitates leukocyte infiltration and activates infarct myofibroblasts. Deposition of matricellular proteins modulates growth factor signaling and contributes to the spatial and temporal regulation of the reparative response. Mechanical stress due to pressure and volume overload and metabolic dysfunction also induce profound changes in ECM composition that contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure. This manuscript reviews the role of the ECM in cardiac repair and remodeling and discusses matrix-based therapies that may attenuate remodeling while promoting repair and regeneration.
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Hesse J, Leberling S, Boden E, Friebe D, Schmidt T, Ding Z, Dieterich P, Deussen A, Roderigo C, Rose CR, Floss DM, Scheller J, Schrader J. CD73-derived adenosine and tenascin-C control cytokine production by epicardium-derived cells formed after myocardial infarction. FASEB J 2017; 31:3040-3053. [PMID: 28363952 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601307r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) play a fundamental role in embryonic cardiac development and are reactivated in the adult heart in response to myocardial infarction (MI). In this study, EPDCs from post-MI rat hearts highly expressed the ectoenzyme CD73 and secreted the profibrotic matricellular protein tenascin-C (TNC). CD73 on EPDCs extensively generated adenosine from both extracellular ATP and NAD. This in turn stimulated the release of additional nucleotides from a Brefeldin A-sensitive intracellular pool via adenosine-A2BR signaling, forming a positive-feedback loop. A2BR activation, in addition, strongly promoted the release of major regulatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-11, and VEGF. TNC was found to stimulate EPDC migration and, together with ATP-P2X7R signaling, to activate inflammasomes in EPDCs via TLR4. Our results demonstrate that EPDCs are an important source of various proinflammatory factors in the post-MI heart controlled by purinergic and TNC signaling.-Hesse, J., Leberling, S., Boden, E., Friebe, D., Schmidt, T., Ding, Z., Dieterich, P., Deussen, A., Roderigo, C., Rose, C. R., Floss, D. M., Scheller, J., Schrader, J. CD73-derived adenosine and tenascin-C control cytokine production by epicardium-derived cells formed after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hesse
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stella Leberling
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Boden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniela Friebe
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Timo Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhaoping Ding
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Dieterich
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Deussen
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Roderigo
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany;
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Barallobre-Barreiro J, Lynch M, Yin X, Mayr M. Systems biology-opportunities and challenges: the application of proteomics to study the cardiovascular extracellular matrix. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 112:626-636. [PMID: 27635058 PMCID: PMC5157133 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems biology approaches including proteomics are becoming more widely used in cardiovascular research. In this review article, we focus on the application of proteomics to the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM remodelling is a hallmark of many cardiovascular diseases. Proteomic techniques using mass spectrometry (MS) provide a platform for the comprehensive analysis of ECM proteins without a priori assumptions. Proteomics overcomes various constraints inherent to conventional antibody detection. On the other hand, studies that use whole tissue lysates for proteomic analysis mask the identification of the less abundant ECM constituents. In this review, we first discuss decellularization-based methods that enrich for ECM proteins in cardiac tissue, and how targeted MS allows for accurate protein quantification. The second part of the review will focus on post-translational modifications including hydroxylation and glycosylation and on the release of matrix fragments with biological activity (matrikines), all of which can be interrogated by proteomic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Lynch
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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Gaber R, Ibrahim WS, Nofal HES, Mahran DS. Value of serum tenascin-C in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Gaber
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, EgyptDepartment of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Wesam Salah Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, EgyptDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Hanaa El-sayed Nofal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, EgyptDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Dina Shafik Mahran
- Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, EgyptFaculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
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50
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Detection of Soluble ED-A(+) Fibronectin and Evaluation as Novel Serum Biomarker for Cardiac Tissue Remodeling. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:3695454. [PMID: 27635109 PMCID: PMC5007333 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3695454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims. Fibronectin containing the extra domain A (ED-A+ Fn) was proven to serve as a valuable biomarker for cardiac remodeling. The study was aimed at establishing an ELISA to determine ED-A+ Fn in serum of heart failure patients. Methods. ED-A+ Fn was quantified in serum samples from 114 heart failure patients due to ischemic (ICM, n = 44) and dilated (DCM, n = 39) cardiomyopathy as well as hypertensive heart disease (HHD, n = 31) compared to healthy controls (n = 12). Results. In comparison to healthy volunteers, heart failure patients showed significantly increased levels of ED-A+ Fn (p < 0.001). In particular in ICM patients there were significant associations between ED-A+ Fn serum levels and clinical parameters, for example, increased levels with rising NYHA class (p = 0.013), a negative correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.026, r: −0.353), a positive correlation with left atrial diameter (p = 0.008, r: 0.431), and a strong positive correlation with systolic pulmonary artery pressure (p = 0.002, r: 0.485). In multivariate analysis, ED-A+ Fn was identified as an independent predictor of an ischemic heart failure etiology. Conclusions. The current study could clearly show that ED-A+ Fn is a promising biomarker in cardiovascular diseases, especially in heart failure patients due to an ICM. We presented a valid ELISA method, which could be applied for further studies investigating the value of ED-A+ Fn.
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