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Dong PY, Yuan S, Chen Yan YM, Chen Y, Bai Y, Dong Y, Li YY, Shen W, Zhang XF. A multi-omics approach reveals that lotus root polysaccharide iron ameliorates iron deficiency-induced testicular damage by activating PPARγ to promote steroid hormone synthesis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00424-7. [PMID: 39343163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is a common nutritional issue that seriously affects male reproductive health. Lotus root polysaccharide iron (LRPF), a novel nutritional supplement, may ameliorate the damage caused by iron deficiency, however, the mechanism is unclear. In this study, we comprehensively determined the benefits of LRPF on reproduction in iron-deficient mice by integrating transcriptomics, microbiomics and serum metabolomics. Microbiomics showed that LRPF could restore changes to the intestinal microbiota caused by iron deficiency. Metabolomics results showed that LRPF stabilised steroid hormone and fatty acid metabolism in iron-deficient mice, reduced the content of ethyl chrysanthemumate (EC) and ameliorated the reproductive impairment. The transcriptomic analysis showed that LRPF regulated steroid hormone synthesis and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signalling pathway in iron-deficient mice. In vitro experiments showed that LRPF could promote steroid hormone synthesis in Leydig cells by activating PPARγ. In conclusion, this study highlights the advantage of LRPF to improve testicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yu-Mei Chen Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yue Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yin-Yin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xi-Feng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Zeng Z, Ni J, Huang Z, Tan Q. Expression and functional analysis of Fushi Tarazu transcription factor 1 (FTZ-F1) in the regulation of steroid hormones during the gonad development of Fujian Oyster, Crassostrea angulata. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 295:111668. [PMID: 38797241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Crassostrea angulata, a major shellfish cultivated in Southern China, has experienced a notable surge in commercial value in recent years. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing their reproductive processes holds significant implications for advancing aquaculture practices. In this study, we cloned the orphan nuclear receptor gene, Fushi Tarazu transcription factor 1 (FTZ-F1), of C. angulata and investigated its functional role in the gonadal development. The full-length cDNA of FTZ-F1 spans 2357 bp and encodes a protein sequence of 530 amino acids. Notably, the amino acid sequence of FTZ-F1 in C. angulata shares remarkable similarity with its homologues in other species, particularly in the DNA-binding region (>90%) and ligand-binding region (>44%). In C. angulata, the highest expression level of FTZ-F1 was observed in the ovary, exhibiting more than a 200-fold increase during the maturation stage compared to the initiation stage (P < 0.001). Specifically, FTZ-F1 was mainly expressed in the follicular cells surrounding the oocytes of C. angulata. Upon inhibiting FTZ-F1 gene expression in C. angulata through RNA interference (RNAi), a substantial reduction in the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of sex steroids in the gonads, including 3β-HSD, Cyp17, and follistatin, was observed. In addition, estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels also showed a decrease upon FTZ-F1 silencing, resulting in a delayed gonadal development. These results indicate that FTZ-F1 acts as a steroidogenic factor, participating in the synthesis and regulation of steroid hormones and thus playing an important role in the reproductive and endocrine systems within oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zeng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jianbin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zixia Huang
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Qianglai Tan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Yang L, Xue S, Zhang Y, Li Z, Zhang M, Kai G, Li J. Effect of Curcuma longa extract on reproduction function in mice and testosterone production in Leydig cells. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18303. [PMID: 38613362 PMCID: PMC11015391 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Curcuma longa, best known for its culinary application as the main constituent of curry powder, has shown potential impact on the reproductive system. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Curcuma longa extract (CLE) on Kidney-Yang deficiency mice induced by hydrocortisone and the possible roles in testosterone secretion in Leydig cells. We evaluated male sexual behaviour, reproductive organ weight, testosterone levels, and histological tissue changes in hydrocortisone-induced mice. CLE effectively reversed hydrocortisone-induced Kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome by improving sexual behaviour, testis and epididymis weight, testosterone levels and reducing pathological damage. Our in vitro study further indicated that CLE stimulated testosterone production via upregulating the mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes in Leydig cells. It significantly improved H89-inhibited protein expression of StAR and cAMP-response element-binding (CREB), as well as melatonin-suppressed StAR protein expression. The data obtained from this study suggest that CLE could alleviate Kidney-Yang deficiency symptoms and stimulate testosterone production by upregulating the steroidogenic pathway. This research identifies CLE as a potential nutraceutical option for addressing testosterone deficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Zhang
- Department of PharmacyWuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of PharmacyWuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineWuhanHubeiChina
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Shan Xue
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yichang Zhang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zihan Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Min Zhang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Guoyin Kai
- College of pharmacyZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Juan Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanHubeiChina
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Qi Q, Yang J, Li S, Liu J, Xu D, Wang G, Feng L, Pan X. Melatonin alleviates oxidative stress damage in mouse testes induced by bisphenol A. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1338828. [PMID: 38440074 PMCID: PMC10910031 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1338828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of melatonin on bisphenol A (BPA)-induced oxidative stress damage in testicular tissue and Leydig cells. Mice were gavaged with 50 mg/kg BPA for 30 days, and concurrently, were injected with melatonin (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg). Leydig cells were treated with 10 μmol/L of BPA and melatonin. The morphology and organ index of the testis and epididymis were observed and calculated. The sperm viability and density were determined. The expressions of melatonin receptor 1A and luteinizing hormone receptor, and the levels of malonaldehyde, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, steroid hormone synthases, aromatase, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and estradiol were measured. TUNEL assay was utilized to detect testicular cell apoptosis. The administration of melatonin at 20 mg/kg significantly improved the testicular index and epididymis index in mice treated with BPA. Additionally, melatonin promoted the development of seminiferous tubules in the testes. Furthermore, the treatment with 20 mg/kg melatonin significantly increased sperm viability and sperm density in mice, while also promoting the expressions of melatonin receptor 1A and luteinizing hormone receptor in Leydig cells of BPA-treated mice. Significantly, melatonin reduced the level of malonaldehyde in testicular tissue and increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase 1, superoxide dismutase 2, and catalase) as well as the content of glutathione. Moreover, melatonin also reduced the number of apoptotic Leydig cells and spermatogonia, aromatase expression, and estradiol level, while increasing the expression of steroid hormone synthases (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 family 17a1, cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/20-lyase, and, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and the level of testosterone. Melatonin exhibited significant potential in alleviating testicular oxidative stress damage caused by BPA. These beneficial effects may be attributed to melatonin's ability to enhance the antioxidant capacity of testicular tissue, promote testosterone synthesis, and reduce testicular cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
- School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
- School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
- School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Da Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
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Xie W, Gao Q, Chen P, Zhang H, Liu Y, Weng Q. Seasonal expressions of the translocator protein (18 kDa), voltage-dependent anion channel, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in the scent glands of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 234:106400. [PMID: 37722462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis machinery involves the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which regulates cholesterol transfer within the mitochondria, and the transport of cholesterol via a channel composed of 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) plus some accessory proteins. In this study, we investigated the immunolocalizations and expressions of StAR, TSPO, VDAC and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc, CYP11A1) in the scent glands of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) during the breeding and non-breeding periods. StAR, TSPO, VDAC and CYP11A1 were immunolocalized in the scent glandular, interstitial and epithelial cells in both breeding and non-breeding seasons with stronger immunostaining in the breeding season. The mRNA expression levels of StAR, TSPO, VDAC and CYP11A1 were higher in the scent glands of the breeding season than those of the non-breeding season. The circulating follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) as well as scent glandular T and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations were also significantly higher in the breeding season. Additionally, the transcriptomic study in the scent glands identified that differentially expressed genes might be related to the lipid metabolic process, integral component of membrane, and steroid hormone receptor activity and hormone activity using GO analysis. Further in vitro study verified that StAR, TSPO, VDAC and CYP11A1 expression levels increased significantly after human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG/FSH treatment compared with the control group. The KEGG pathway enriched by differentially expressed genes detected to be involved in endocrine system or amino acid metabolism. These findings suggested that the scent glands of the muskrats have ability to synthesize steroids de novo, and that the steroid hormones may have an important regulatory role in the scent glandular function via an autocrine/paracrine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Xie
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjing Gao
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuning Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qiang Weng
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Aghaei S, Farrokhi E, Saffari-Chaleshtori J, Hoseinzadeh M, Molavi N, Hashemipour M, Rostampour N, Asgharzadeh S, Tabatabaiefar MA. New molecular insights into the A218V variant impact on the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) associated with 46, XY disorders of sexual development. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:693-708. [PMID: 37004560 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) are an abnormal congenital conditions associated with atypical development of the urogenital tract and external genital structures. The steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) gene, associated with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (CLAH), is included in the targeted gene panel for the DSD diagnosis. Therefore, the genetic alterations of the STAR gene and their molecular effect were examined in the CLAH patients affected with DSD. Ten different Iranian families including twelve male pseudo-hermaphroditism patients with CLAH phenotype were studied using genetic linkage screening and STAR gene sequencing in the linked families to the STAR locus. Furthermore, the structural, dynamical, and functional impacts of the variants on the STAR in silico were analyzed. Sanger sequencing showed the pathogenic variant p.A218V in STAR gene, as the first report in Iranian population. Moreover, modeling and simulation analysis were performed using tools such as radius of gyration, root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and molecular docking showed that p.A218V variant affects the residues interaction in cholesterol-binding site and the proper folding of STAR through increasing H-bound and the amount of α-Helix, deceasing total flexibility and changing fluctuations in some residues, resulting in reduced steroidogenic activity of the STAR protein. The study characterized the structural and functional changes of STAR caused by pathogenic variant p.A218V. It leads to limited cholesterol-binding activity of STAR, ultimately leading to the CLAH disease. Molecular dynamics simulation of STAR variants could help explain different clinical manifestations of CLAH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Aghaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Effat Farrokhi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Javad Saffari-Chaleshtori
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Hoseinzadeh
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Newsha Molavi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahin Hashemipour
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Noushin Rostampour
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samira Asgharzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Lokman M, Ashraf E, Kassab RB, Abdel Moneim AE, El-Yamany NA. Aluminum Chloride-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Rats: the Protective Role of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4035-4044. [PMID: 34741695 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive toxicity is a major challenge associated with aluminum (Al) exposure. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONP) treatment on Al-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Thirty-two adult male albino rats were allocated into four equal groups as follows: control, AlCl3 orally administered group (100 mg/kg bwt), ZnONPs injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) group (4 mg/kg bwt), and ZnONPs + AlCl3-treated group. The treatment was daily extended for 42 consecutive days. Oral administration of AlCl3 showed an oxidative damage confirmed by an increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and superoxide dismutase activity and accompanied by a decrease in glutathione content and catalase activity. Also, AlCl3 administration increased the pro-inflammatory mediator tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, significant declines in the levels of serum male reproductive hormones testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in AlCl3-intoxicated rats were noticed. In parallel, severe histopathological alterations were observed in testis tissues. Additionally, the immunohistochemical analysis showed that AlCl3 administration potentiates cell death in the testicular tissue by elevating the immunostaining intensity signal for the pro-apoptotic protein, cysteinyl aspartate specific protease-3 (caspase-3) and a marked depletion in the cell proliferation expression marker, Ki-67, in germinal cells of AlCl3-treated group. On the other hand, the daily i.p. injection to rats with ZnONPs before AlCl3 was found to ameliorate the reproductive toxicity induced by Al administration through reducing the testicular oxidative stress and improving the inflammatory, apoptotic, and reproductive markers as well as histopathological alterations in the testis. These results suggest that ZnONPs could be used as an alternative agent to minimize the reproductive toxicity associated with Al exposure through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and reproductive modulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Ashraf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rami B Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al-Baha University, Almakhwah, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nabil A El-Yamany
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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The aphrodisiac potential of β-cyclodextrin-curcumin via stimulating cAMP-PKA pathway in testicular Leydig cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14263. [PMID: 35995927 PMCID: PMC9395524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-soluble β-cyclodextrin–curcumin (CDC) is used in pharmaceutical applications and as a natural food colorant. The previous study revealed that curcumin potentially impacted the reproductive system. The present study investigated the possible roles of the CDC in testosterone secretion in Leydig cells and mice. Primary Leydig cells were treated with the CDC to determine their effect on cell proliferation, testosterone levels, the protein and mRNA expression of the transcription factor, and steroidogenic enzymes. Our data showed that CDC stimulated testosterone production via upregulating transcription factor steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), and steroidogenic enzymes steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1), 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1), 3β-/17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (3β/17β-HSD, HSD3b1/HSD17b1). CDC could significantly stimulate H89-suppressed StAR and CREB expression but not reverse melatonin-suppressed StAR expression. We further detected the hormonal activity with transgenic yeast, and CDC showed potential androgenic antagonistic activity. Meanwhile, we investigated its aphrodisiac effect on hydrocortisone-induced mice. Exposure to hydrocortisone decreased the mating ability, reproductive organs, and testosterone level and disrupted testicular histology. However, all of these effects were significantly improved by CDC treatment. In conclusion, these results indicated that mechanisms of CDC in stimulating testosterone production involve upregulating the cAMP-PKA pathway.
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Bassi G, Sidhu SK, Mishra S. The intracellular cholesterol pool in steroidogenic cells plays a role in basal steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 220:106099. [PMID: 35339650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The framework of steroidogenesis across steroidogenic cells is constructed around cholesterol - the precursor substrate molecule for all steroid hormones - including its cellular uptake, storage in intracellular lipid droplets, mobilization upon steroidogenic stimulation, and finally, its transport to the mitochondria, where steroidogenesis begins. Thus, cholesterol and the mitochondria are highly interconnected in steroidogenic cells. Moreover, accruing evidence suggests that autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics are important cellular events in the regulation of trophic hormone-induced cholesterol homeostasis and steroidogenesis. However, a potential role of cholesterol in itself in the regulation of steroidogenic factors and events remain largely unexplored. We tested the hypothesis that cholesterol plays a role in the regulation of cell-intrinsic factors and events involving steroidogenesis. Here, we show that depleting the intracellular cholesterol pool in steroidogenic cells induces autophagy, affects mitochondrial dynamics, and upregulates steroidogenic factors and basal steroidogenesis in three different steroidogenic cell types producing different steroid hormones. Notably, the cholesterol insufficiency-induced changes in different steroidogenic cell types occur independent of pertinent hormone stimulation and work in a dynamic and temporal manner with or without hormonal stimulation. Such effects of cholesterol deprivation on autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics were not observed in the non-steroidogenic cells, indicating that cholesterol insufficiency-induced changes in steroidogenic cells are specific to steroidogenesis. Thus, our data suggests a role of cholesterol in steroidogenesis beyond being a mere substrate for steroid hormones. The implications of our findings are broad and offer new insights into trophic hormone-dependent and hormone-independent steroidogenesis during development, as well as in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Bassi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Simarjit Kaur Sidhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Suresh Mishra
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada.
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10
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The Expanding Role of Mitochondria, Autophagy and Lipophagy in Steroidogenesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081851. [PMID: 34440620 PMCID: PMC8391558 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental framework of steroidogenesis is similar across steroidogenic cells, especially in initial mitochondrial steps. For instance, the START domain containing protein-mediated cholesterol transport to the mitochondria, and its conversion to pregnenolone by the enzyme P450scc, is conserved across steroidogenic cells. The enzyme P450scc localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, which makes the mitochondria essential for steroidogenesis. Despite this commonality, mitochondrial structure, number, and dynamics vary substantially between different steroidogenic cell types, indicating implications beyond pregnenolone biosynthesis. This review aims to focus on the growing roles of mitochondria, autophagy and lipophagy in cholesterol uptake, trafficking and homeostasis in steroidogenic cells and consequently in steroidogenesis. We will focus on these aspects in the context of the physiological need for different steroid hormones and cell-intrinsic inherent features in different steroidogenic cell types beyond mitochondria as a mere site for the beginning of steroidogenesis. The overall goal is to provide an authentic and comprehensive review on the expanding role of steroidogenic cell-intrinsic processes in cholesterol homeostasis and steroidogenesis, and to bring attention to the scientific community working in this field on these promising advancements. Moreover, we will discuss a novel mitochondrial player, prohibitin, and its potential role in steroidogenic mitochondria and cells, and consequently, in steroidogenesis.
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11
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Jin QG, Shi WT, Wang YC, Li SY, Xue C, Xu HR, Wu MT, Wei Y. Oyster peptide prevents the occurrence of exercise-hypogonadal male condition by improving the function of pituitary gonadal axis in male rats. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14005. [PMID: 33565168 DOI: 10.1111/and.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the protective role of oyster peptide (OP) on the occurrence of Exercise-Hypogonadal Male Condition. Male rats were given heavy-load swimming training and / or OP was supplemented for 6 consecutive weeks. After heavy-load training, sperm count, sperm viability and sperm motility in epididymis, testosterone in serum and testis, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and androgen receptor (AR) in testis and mating times were remarkably decreased, malondialdehyde (MDA), capture latency and mating latency were significantly increased, mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) were obviously down-regulated, but serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) were not statistically changed. Conversely, when OP was supplemented at heavy-load training, sperm count, sperm viability and sperm motility in epididymis, serum FSH, LH, testosterone, GSH-px, superoxide dismutase (SOD), testosterone, AR in testis and mating times were dramatically increased, while testicular MDA, capture latency and mating latency were significantly decreased, and mRNA expression of StAR, StARD7, P450scc and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were significantly up-regulated. In conclusion, heavy-load training causes testicular spermatogenic and steroidogenic disorders by enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be protected by the co-administration of OP by enhancing the function of pituitary gonad axis and lowering ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Guan Jin
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ting Shi
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yan Li
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Xue
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Ran Xu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Tong Wu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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12
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Jin Q, Ma Y, Shi W, Wang J, Zhao R, Zhang H, Wu M, Liu W. Oyster oligopeptide improving cyclophosphamide-induced partial androgen deficiency of the aging male by promotion of testosterone synthesis. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21:268-275. [PMID: 33410288 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oyster oligopeptide (OOP) at different doses on testosterone secretion and its regulating mechanism in partial androgen deficiency syndrome of aging male. METHODS The cyclophosphamide-induced partial androgen deficiency syndrome of the aging male rats were treated with a low, medium and high dose of OOP for 6 weeks. RESULTS Cyclophosphamide could decrease levels of total testosterone and luteinizing hormone in serum, and testosterone and glutathione peroxidase in testis, and increase malondialdehyde, and downregulate the mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domain 7 and P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme in testis (P < 0.05). All these changes were reversed by OOP co-administration with different doses, although, OOP at a low dose did not increase serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone and testicular glutathione peroxidase levels. CONCLUSIONS OOP treatment with different doses can effectively reduce oxidative stress in testicular tissue, promote the synthesis of testosterone and then prevent the formation of partial androgen deficiency syndrome of the aging male, with optimal effect at medium dose. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 268-275.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguan Jin
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongqing Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Shi
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haixin Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Meitong Wu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenying Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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13
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Oleynikov IP, Azarkina NV, Vygodina TV, Konstantinov AA. Interaction of Cytochrome C Oxidase with Steroid Hormones. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102211. [PMID: 33003582 PMCID: PMC7601700 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol, testosterone and other steroid hormones inhibit cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) purified from bovine heart. The inhibition is strongly dependent on concentration of dodecyl-maltoside (DM) in the assay. The plots of Ki vs [DM] are linear for both estradiol and testosterone which may indicate an 1:1 stoichiometry competition between the hormones and the detergent. Binding of estradiol, but not of testosterone, brings about spectral shift of the oxidized CcO consistent with an effect on heme a33+. We presume that the hormones bind to CcO at the bile acid binding site described by Ferguson-Miller and collaborators. Estradiol is shown to inhibit intraprotein electron transfer between hemes a and a3. Notably, neither estradiol nor testosterone suppresses the peroxidase activity of CcO. Such a specific mode of action indicates that inhibition of CcO activity by the hormones is associated with impairing proton transfer via the K-proton channel.
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14
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Wang W, Hao X, Han L, Yan Z, Shen WJ, Dong D, Hasbargen K, Bittner S, Cortez Y, Greenberg AS, Azhar S, Kraemer FB. Tissue-Specific Ablation of ACSL4 Results in Disturbed Steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2517-2528. [PMID: 31504388 PMCID: PMC6773434 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ACSL4 is a member of the ACSL family that catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to acyl-coenzyme As, which are essential for fatty-acid incorporation and utilization in diverse metabolic pathways, including cholesteryl ester synthesis. Steroidogenic tissues such as the adrenal gland are particularly enriched in cholesteryl esters of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which constitute an important pool supplying cholesterol for steroid synthesis. The current studies addressed whether ACSL4 is required for normal steroidogenesis. CYP11A1 promoter‒mediated Cre was used to generate steroid tissue‒specific ACSL4 knockout (KO) mice. Results demonstrated that ACSL4 plays an important role in adrenal cholesteryl ester formation, as well as in determining the fatty acyl composition of adrenal cholesteryl esters, with ACSL4 deficiency leading to reductions in cholesteryl ester storage and alterations in cholesteryl ester composition. Statistically significant reductions in corticosterone and testosterone production, but not progesterone production, were observed in vivo, and these deficits were accentuated in ex vivo and in vitro studies of isolated steroid tissues and cells from ACSL4-deficient mice. However, these effects on steroid production appear to be due to reductions in cholesteryl ester stores rather than disturbances in signaling pathways. We conclude that ACSL4 is dispensable for normal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Xiao Hao
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lina Han
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Zhe Yan
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Correspondence: Fredric B. Kraemer, MD, or Wen-Jun Shen, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, S025, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5103. E-mail: or
| | - Dachuan Dong
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Kathrin Hasbargen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Stefanie Bittner
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Yuan Cortez
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Andrew S Greenberg
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Salman Azhar
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Correspondence: Fredric B. Kraemer, MD, or Wen-Jun Shen, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, S025, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5103. E-mail: or
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15
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Qi X, Shang M, Chen C, Chen Y, Hua J, Sheng X, Wang X, Xing K, Ni H, Guo Y. Dietary supplementation with linseed oil improves semen quality, reproductive hormone, gene and protein expression related to testosterone synthesis in aging layer breeder roosters. Theriogenology 2019; 131:9-15. [PMID: 30925360 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3/n-3 PUFAs) play an important role in male reproductive function. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of linseed oil (LO) as a source of α-linolenic acid (ALA, n-3 PUFA) on semen quality, plasma reproductive hormone and expression of key enzyme and protein related to steroidogenesis in aging layer breeder roosters. Ninety-six 57-wk-old Nongda No.3 layer breeder roosters were randomly assigned into one of four dietary treatments. All birds were fed a basal diet for 1wk and then assigned to a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 0, 1, 2, 4% LO for 4 wk. After feeding trial, the roosters were slaughtered and investigated. The results showed that semen volume was dramatically increased relative to the other treatments in 2% LO group (P < 0.05). With an increase in dietary LO, semen concentration, sperm viability, sperm motility and total sperm count increased linearly (P < 0.05). Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level increased gradually and reached a maximum when 4% LO was fed (P < 0.01). Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in 1% and 2% LO group were improved significantly (P < 0.05) relative to the control group. Plasma testosterone (T) levels were remarkably improved compared with the control when birds were fed 2% and 4% LO (P < 0.05). A significant increase of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA expression in 2% and 4% LO group was observed relative to the control group (P < 0.05). An increase in dietary LO supplementation from 1% to 4% markedly enhanced (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) compared to the control. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1) mRNA levels was observed in the 2% and 4% LO-added groups. SF-1 protein expression was markedly increased by adding LO in diets (P < 0.05), and reached a maximum in 2% LO group. In conclusion, the results above suggest that dietary LO may improve semen quality by increasing the T hormone secretion, which may be related to higher StAR and P450scc mRNA expression and SF-1 expression. These findings provide a potential for using LO to attenuate the age-related sub-fertility in commercial layer breeder roosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Qi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Mingyu Shang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, 100107, China
| | - Jing Hua
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xihui Sheng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kai Xing
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hemin Ni
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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16
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Xu R, Qin N, Xu X, Sun X, Chen X, Zhao J. Implication of SLIT3-ROBO1/ROBO2 in granulosa cell proliferation, differentiation and follicle selection in the prehierarchical follicles of hen ovary. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1643-1657. [PMID: 30288875 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The SLIT/ROBO pathway has been implicated in prehierarchical follicular development of hen ovary by an intrafollicular autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. SLIT3, one of the key components of the SLIT/ROBO family, serves as a ligand that potentially interacts with the four receptors, ROBO1, ROBO2, ROBO3 and ROBO4. But the exact roles and regulatory mechanism of SLIT3 in chicken ovarian follicle development remain largely unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the potential roles and molecular regulation of SLIT3 in granulosa cell (GC) proliferation, differentiation and follicle selection within the prehierarchical follicles of hen ovary. We found that SLIT3 interacts physically with the four ROBO receptors, but the expression of the ROBO1 and ROBO2 genes are more susceptible to the regulation of SLIT3 ligand than that of the ROBO3 and ROBO4 genes. Moreover, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of SLIT3 in the follicular GCs leads to a significant increase in cell proliferation. Conversely, overexpression of SLIT3 results in a remarkable reduction in GC proliferation. Furthermore, the overexpressed SLIT3 has notably decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHR), growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) and cytochrome P450 11A1 (CYP11A1) in the GCs. These results indicated that SLIT3 may play an inhibitory effect on GC proliferation, differentiation and follicle selection, and these suppressive actions of SLIT3 in the GC proliferation can be prohibited by the siRNA-mediated knockdown of ROBO1 and ROBO2 receptors. The current data provide a basis for further investigation of molecular mechanisms of SLIT3-ROBO1/2 pathway in controlling the prehierarchical follicle development of the hen ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifu Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Avenue, No. 2888, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, P. R. China
| | - Ning Qin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Avenue, No. 2888, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxing Xu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Avenue, No. 2888, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Avenue, No. 2888, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Avenue, No. 2888, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, P. R. China
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17
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Steroidogenic abnormalities in translocator protein knockout mice and significance in the aging male. Biochem J 2018; 475:75-85. [PMID: 29127254 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) has been proposed to act as a key component in a complex important for mitochondrial cholesterol importation, which is the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone synthesis. However, TSPO function in steroidogenesis has recently been challenged by the development of TSPO knockout (TSPO-KO) mice, as they exhibit normal baseline gonadal testosterone and adrenal corticosteroid production. Here, we demonstrate that despite normal androgen levels in young male TSPO-KO mice, TSPO deficiency alters steroidogenic flux and results in reduced total steroidogenic output. Specific reductions in the levels of progesterone and corticosterone as well as age-dependent androgen deficiency were observed in both young and aged male TSPO-KO mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that while TSPO is not critical for achieving baseline testicular and adrenal steroidogenesis, either indirect effects of TSPO on steroidogenic processes, or compensatory mechanisms and functional redundancy, lead to subtle steroidogenic abnormalities which become exacerbated with aging.
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18
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Hu Z, Shen WJ, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. Regulation of adrenal and ovarian steroidogenesis by miR-132. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:269-283. [PMID: 28729436 PMCID: PMC6376965 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
miR-132 is hormonally regulated in steroidogenic cells of the adrenal gland, ovary and testis. Here, we examined the potential role of miR-132 in the control of steroidogenesis. Transfection of Y1 adrenal cells with miR-132 increased mRNAs of 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD enzymes, which catalyze the sequential conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone to biologically inactive 20α-hydroxyprogesterone (20α-OHP). Overexpression of miR-132 reduced MeCP2 and StAR protein expression, basal progestin (progesterone and 20α-OHP) production, but enhanced their production in response to cAMP stimulation. Use of [3H] pregnenolone and free-diffusible 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol further confirmed that miR-132 promotes the production of 20α-OHP by upregulating 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD. Evidence is also presented that StAR is a direct target of miR-132. Transient transfection of Y1 cells with miR-132 demonstrated that miR-132 induction of 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD was accompanied by significant suppression of one of its target gene products, MeCP2. In contrast, co-expression of miR-132 plus MeCP2 protein partially blocked the ability of miR-132 to upregulate the expression and function of 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD. Moreover, suppression of MeCP2 protein with siRNA resulted in increased expression of 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD, further demonstrating that miR-132 induces the expression of these two enzymes via inhibition of MeCP2. Likewise, overexpression of miR-132 increased 20α-OHP production with and without HDL loading, while knockdown of miR-132 resulted in a significant decrease of 20α-OHP production by granulosa cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that miR-132 attenuates steroidogenesis by repressing StAR expression and inducing 20α-HSD via inhibition of MeCP2 to generate a biologically inactive 20α-OHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Hu
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyGerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyGerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyGerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyGerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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19
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Moncayo R, Moncayo H. A post-publication analysis of the idealized upper reference value of 2.5 mIU/L for TSH: Time to support the thyroid axis with magnesium and iron especially in the setting of reproduction medicine. BBA CLINICAL 2017; 7:115-119. [PMID: 28409122 PMCID: PMC5385584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory medicine approaches the evaluation of thyroid function mostly through the single determination of the blood level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Some authors have suggested an upper reference value for TSH of 2.5 mIU/L. This suggestion has not been confirmed by recent clinical studies. These studies have delivered a clinically valid reference range going from 0.3 to 3.5 mIU/L. These values are valid for both for the general population as well as in the setting of fertility and pregnancy. Current biochemical evidence about the elements required to maintain thyroid function shows that these not only include dietary iodine but also magnesium, iron, selenium and coenzyme Q10. Iron is important for the synthesis of thyroid peroxidase; magnesium-ATP contributes to the active process of iodine uptake; iodine has to be sufficiently present in the diet; selenium acts through selenoproteins to protect the thyroid cell during hormone synthesis and in deiodination of thyroxine; coenzyme Q10 influences thyroid vascularity. As a consequence, good clinical practice requires additional biochemical information on the blood levels of magnesium, selenium, coenzyme Q10 as well as iron status. Since these elements are also important for the maintenance of reproductive function, we postulate that they constitute the connecting link between both endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Moncayo
- WOMED, Karl-Kapferer-Strasse 5, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Applying a systems approach to thyroid physiology: Looking at the whole with a mitochondrial perspective instead of judging single TSH values or why we should know more about mitochondria to understand metabolism. BBA CLINICAL 2017; 7:127-140. [PMID: 28417080 PMCID: PMC5390562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classical thinking in endocrine physiology squeezes our diagnostic handling into a simple negative feedback mechanism with a controller and a controlled variable. In the case of the thyroid this is reduced to TSH and fT3 and fT4, respectively. The setting of this tight notion has no free space for any additions. In this paper we want to challenge this model of limited application by proposing a construct based on a systems approach departing from two basic considerations. In first place since the majority of cases of thyroid disease develop and appear during life it has to be considered as an acquired condition. In the second place, our experience with the reversibility of morphological changes makes the autoimmune theory inconsistent. While medical complexity can expand into the era of OMICS as well as into one where manipulations with the use of knock-outs and -ins are common in science, we have preferred to maintain a simple and practical approach. We will describe the interactions of iron, magnesium, zinc, selenium and coenzyme Q10 with the thyroid axis. The discourse will be then brought into the context of ovarian function, i.e. steroid hormone production. Finally the same elemental players will be presented in relation to the basic mitochondrial machinery that supports the endocrine. We propose that an intact mitochondrial function can guard the normal endocrine function of both the thyroid as well as of the ovarian axis. The basic elements required for this function appear to be magnesium and iron. In the case of the thyroid, magnesium-ATP acts in iodine uptake and the heme protein peroxidase in thyroid hormone synthesis. A similar biochemical process is found in steroid synthesis with cholesterol uptake being the initial energy-dependent step and later the heme protein ferredoxin 1 which is required for steroid synthesis. Magnesium plays a central role in determining the clinical picture associated with thyroid disease and is also involved in maintaining fertility. With the aid of 3D sonography patients needing selenium and/or coenzyme Q10 can be easily identified. By this we firmly believe that physicians should know more about basic biochemistry and the way it fits into mitochondrial function in order to understand metabolism. Contemplating only TSH is highly reductionistic. Outline Author's profiles and motivation for this analysis The philosophical alternatives in science and medicine Reductionism vs. systems approach in clinical thyroid disease guidelines The entry into complexity: the involvement of the musculoskeletal system Integrating East and West: teachings from Chinese Medicine and from evidence based medicine (EBM) Can a mathematical model represent complexity in the daily thyroid practice? How effective is thyroxine treatment? Resolving the situation of residual symptoms in treated patients with thyroid disease Importance of iron, zinc and magnesium in relation to thyroid function Putting together new concepts related to thyroid function for a systems approach Expanding our model into general aspects of medicine
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21
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Selvaraj V, Tu LN. Current status and future perspectives: TSPO in steroid neuroendocrinology. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R1-R30. [PMID: 27422254 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), has received significant attention both as a diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target for different neuronal disease pathologies. Recently, its functional basis believed to be mediating mitochondrial cholesterol import for steroid hormone production has been refuted by studies examining both in vivo and in vitro genetic Tspo-deficient models. As a result, there now exists a fundamental gap in the understanding of TSPO function in the nervous system, and its putative pharmacology in neurosteroid production. In this review, we discuss several recent findings in steroidogenic cells that are in direct contradiction to previous studies, and necessitate a re-examination of the purported role for TSPO in de novo neurosteroid biosynthesis. We critically examine the pharmacological effects of different TSPO-binding drugs with particular focus on studies that measure neurosteroid levels. We highlight the basis of key misconceptions regarding TSPO that continue to pervade the literature, and the need for interpretation with caution to avoid negative impacts. We also summarize the emerging perspectives that point to new directions that need to be investigated for understanding the molecular function of TSPO, only after which the true potential of this therapeutic target in medicine may be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal ScienceCornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal ScienceCornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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22
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Flynn MP, Fiedler SE, Karlsson AB, Carr DW, Maizels ET, Hunzicker-Dunn M. Dephosphorylation of MAP2D enhances its binding to vimentin in preovulatory ovarian granulosa cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2983-96. [PMID: 27335427 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Preovulatory granulosa cells express the low-molecular-mass MAP2D variant of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2). Activation of the luteinizing hormone choriogonadotropin receptor by human choriogonadotropin (hCG) promotes dephosphorylation of MAP2D on Thr256 and Thr259. We sought to evaluate the association of MAP2D with the cytoskeleton, and the effect of hCG on this association. MAP2D partially colocalized, as assessed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, with the vimentin intermediate filament and microtubule cytoskeletons in naive cells. In vitro binding studies showed that MAP2D bound directly to vimentin and β-tubulin. Phosphorylation of recombinant MAP2D on Thr256 and Thr259, which mimics the phosphorylation status of MAP2D in naive cells, reduces binding of MAP2D to vimentin and tubulin by two- and three-fold, respectively. PKA-dependent phosphorylation of vimentin (Ser32 and Ser38) promoted binding of vimentin to MAP2D and increased contraction of granulosa cells with reorganization of vimentin filaments and MAP2D from the periphery into a thickened layer surrounding the nucleus and into prominent cellular extensions. Chemical disruption of vimentin filament organization increased progesterone production. Taken together, these results suggest that hCG-stimulated dephosphorylation of MAP2D at Thr256 and Thr259, phosphorylation of vimentin at Ser38 and Ser72, and the resulting enhanced binding of MAP2D to vimentin might contribute to the progesterone synthetic response required for ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxfield P Flynn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sarah E Fiedler
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amelia B Karlsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Daniel W Carr
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Evelyn T Maizels
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mary Hunzicker-Dunn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Lin Y, Hou X, Shen WJ, Hanssen R, Khor VK, Cortez Y, Roseman AN, Azhar S, Kraemer FB. SNARE-Mediated Cholesterol Movement to Mitochondria Supports Steroidogenesis in Rodent Cells. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:234-47. [PMID: 26771535 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular transport involving soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins is known to be responsible for many major cellular activities. In steroidogenic tissues, chronic hormone stimulation results in increased expression of proteins involved in the steroidogenic pathway, whereas acute hormone stimulation prompts the rapid transfer of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane to be utilized as substrate for steroid hormone production. Several different pathways are involved in supplying cholesterol to mitochondria, but mobilization of stored cholesteryl esters appears to initially constitute the preferred source; however, the mechanisms mediating this cholesterol transfer are not fully understood. To study the potential contribution of SNARE proteins in steroidogenesis, we examined the expression levels of various SNARE proteins in response to hormone stimulation in steroidogenic tissues and cells and established an in vitro mitochondria reconstitution assay system to assess the contribution of various SNARE proteins on cholesterol delivery for steroidogenesis. Our results from reconstitution experiments along with knockdown studies in rat primary granulosa cells and in a Leydig cell line show that soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein-α, synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa, syntaxin-5, and syntaxin-17 facilitate the transport of cholesterol to mitochondria. Thus, although StAR is required for efficient cholesterol movement into mitochondria for steroidogenesis, specific SNAREs participate and are necessary to mediate cholesterol movement to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., S.A., F.B.K.), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., Y.C., A.N.R., S.A., F.B.K.), Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., S.A., F.B.K.), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., Y.C., A.N.R., S.A., F.B.K.), Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., S.A., F.B.K.), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., Y.C., A.N.R., S.A., F.B.K.), Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Ruth Hanssen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., S.A., F.B.K.), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., Y.C., A.N.R., S.A., F.B.K.), Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Victor K Khor
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., S.A., F.B.K.), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., Y.C., A.N.R., S.A., F.B.K.), Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Yuan Cortez
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., S.A., F.B.K.), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., Y.C., A.N.R., S.A., F.B.K.), Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Ann N Roseman
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., S.A., F.B.K.), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., Y.C., A.N.R., S.A., F.B.K.), Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Salman Azhar
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., S.A., F.B.K.), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., Y.C., A.N.R., S.A., F.B.K.), Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., S.A., F.B.K.), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (Y.L., X.H., W.-J.S., R.H., V.K.K., Y.C., A.N.R., S.A., F.B.K.), Palo Alto, California 94304
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Kulcenty K, Holysz M, Trzeciak WH. SF-1 (NR5A1) expression is stimulated by the PKA pathway and is essential for the PKA-induced activation of LIPE expression in Y-1 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:139-45. [PMID: 26122391 PMCID: PMC4768216 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In the adrenal cortex, corticotropin induces the expression of several genes encoding proteins involved in the synthesis and intracellular transport of steroid hormones via the protein kinase A (PKA) signalling pathway, and this process is mediated by steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). This study was designed to elucidate the influence of the PKA and PKC pathways on the expression of the SF-1 gene in mouse adrenocortical cells, line Y-1. It has also been attempted to answer the question whether or not SF-1 plays a role in the PKA-induced expression of LIPE gene encoding hormone-sensitive lipase/cholesteryl esterase, which supplies cholesterol for steroid hormone synthesis. In this study, we found that stimulation of the PKA pathway caused a significant increase in SF-1 expression, and that this effect was abolished by the PKA inhibitor, H89. Decreased SF-1 gene transcript levels were seen with the simultaneous activation of PKA and PKC, suggesting a possible interaction between the PKA and PKC pathways. It was also observed that SF-1 increased the transcriptional activity of the LIPE gene by interacting with the SF-1 response element located in promoter A. Moreover, transient silencing of SF-1 expression with specific siRNAs abolished PKA-stimulated transcription of the LIPE gene, indicating that SF-1 is an important regulator of LIPE expression in Y-1 cells and thus could play a role in the regulation of the cholesterol supply for adrenal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kulcenty
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Holysz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego St., 60-781, Poznan, Poland.
| | - W H Trzeciak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego St., 60-781, Poznan, Poland
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25
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Stimulatory effect of luteinizing hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and epidermal growth factor on progesterone secretion and viability of cultured bubaline luteal cells. Theriogenology 2014; 82:1212-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Horvath SE, Daum G. Lipids of mitochondria. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:590-614. [PMID: 24007978 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A unique organelle for studying membrane biochemistry is the mitochondrion whose functionality depends on a coordinated supply of proteins and lipids. Mitochondria are capable of synthesizing several lipids autonomously such as phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and in part phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid and CDP-diacylglycerol. Other mitochondrial membrane lipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sterols and sphingolipids have to be imported. The mitochondrial lipid composition, the biosynthesis and the import of mitochondrial lipids as well as the regulation of these processes will be main issues of this review article. Furthermore, interactions of lipids and mitochondrial proteins which are highly important for various mitochondrial processes will be discussed. Malfunction or loss of enzymes involved in mitochondrial phospholipid biosynthesis lead to dysfunction of cell respiration, affect the assembly and stability of the mitochondrial protein import machinery and cause abnormal mitochondrial morphology or even lethality. Molecular aspects of these processes as well as diseases related to defects in the formation of mitochondrial membranes will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Horvath
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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27
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Zalata A, El-Mogy M, Abdel-Khabir A, El-Bayoumy Y, El-Baz M, Mostafa T. Seminal androgens, oestradiol and progesterone in oligoasthenoteratozoospermic men with varicocele. Andrologia 2013; 46:761-5. [PMID: 23944757 DOI: 10.1111/and.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess seminal androgens, oestradiol, progesterone levels in oligoasthenoteratozoospermic (OAT) men with varicocele (Vx). In all, 154 men with matched age and body mass index were investigated that were divided into healthy fertile controls (n = 35), OAT men with Vx (n = 55), OAT men without Vx (n = 64). They were subjected to assessment of semen parameters, seminal levels of testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), 5α-androstane-3 α,17 β-diol (3 α-diol), oestradiol (E2 ), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and progesterone (P). Seminal levels of T and A were significantly decreased where seminal levels of 3 α-diol, E2 , 17-OHP, P were significantly higher in OAT men with/without Vx compared with fertile controls. Sperm count, sperm motility and sperm normal forms percentage demonstrated significant positive correlation with seminal T and A and significant negative correlation with seminal 3 α-diol, E2 , P. It is concluded that in fertile men, seminal T and A are significantly increased and seminal 3 α-diol, E2 , 17-OHP, P are significantly decreased compared with infertile OAT men with/without Vx. Association of Vx demonstrated a nonsignificant influence on these hormonal levels in OAT cases. Sperm count, sperm motility and sperm normal forms demonstrated significant positive correlation with seminal T, A and significant negative correlation with seminal 3 α-diol, E2 , P.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zalata
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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28
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Su Y, Carey LC, Rose JC, Pulgar VM. Antenatal glucocorticoid exposure enhances the inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis by leptin in a sex-specific fashion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1404-11. [PMID: 23632631 PMCID: PMC3680693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00013.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antenatal treatment with glucocorticoids (GC) poses long-lasting effects on endocrine and cardiovascular function. Given that leptin attenuates adrenal function and the reported sex differences in plasma leptin concentration, we hypothesized that antenatal GC will affect leptin levels and leptin modulation of adrenal function in a sex-specific manner. Pregnant sheep were randomly given betamethasone or vehicle at 80 days of gestational age, and offspring were allowed to deliver at term. Adrenocortical cells (ADC) were studied from male and female animals at 1.5 yr of age. Plasma leptin was increased 66% in male and 41% in female GC-treated animals (P < 0.05), but adrenal leptin mRNA was increased only in GC-treated males (P < 0.05). Whereas mRNA expression of adrenal leptin receptor isoforms showed sex (Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb) and treatment-dependent (Ob-Rb) differences, protein expression remained unchanged. GC-treated females showed greater plasma cortisol and greater ACTH-stimulated cortisol production (P < 0.05) in ADC. Leptin exerted a greater inhibitory effect on basal and stimulated cortisol by ADC from GC-treated males (P < 0.05), with no differences in females. Similarly, greater inhibitory effects on basal and ACTH-stimulated StAR and ACTH-R mRNA expression by leptin were observed in cells from GC males (P < 0.05), with no changes in females. Persistent effects of antenatal GC on leptin levels and leptin modulation of adrenal function are expressed in a sex-specific manner; males are more sensitive than females to the inhibitory influences of leptin on adrenal function, and this effect appears to be mediated by a greater inhibition of StAR and ACTH-R expression in adrenals of adult GC-treated males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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29
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Flis VV, Daum G. Lipid transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/6/a013235. [PMID: 23732475 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are partially autonomous organelles that depend on the import of certain proteins and lipids to maintain cell survival and membrane formation. Although phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylethanolamine are synthesized by mitochondrial enzymes, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and sterols need to be imported from other organelles. The origin of most lipids imported into mitochondria is the endoplasmic reticulum, which requires interaction of these two subcellular compartments. Recently, protein complexes that are involved in membrane contact between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were identified, but their role in lipid transport is still unclear. In the present review, we describe components involved in lipid translocation between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and discuss functional as well as regulatory aspects that are important for lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid V Flis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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30
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Lao-Ong T, Chatuphonp W, Jarukamjor K. Berberine Disturbs the Expression of Sex-hormone Regulated Genes in β-naphthoflavone-induced Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2013.271.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Isola R, Solinas P, Concettoni C, Atzeni F, Loy F, Diana M, Isola M, Giacchetti G, Boscaro M, Riva A, Mariotti S. Cortical adrenal mitochondrial morphology changes in functional state: new insights. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:409-17. [PMID: 23239167 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We compared changes in the morphology of mitochondrial cristae with those in the blood and adrenal content of steroid hormones after the stimulation or inhibition of steroidogenesis. Rats were treated with adrenocorticotrophic hormone or angiotensin II to elicit steroidogenesis and with dexamethasone to inhibit it. Blood and adrenal glands were collected after several time intervals for measurements of steroids and their main intermediates. In the zona fasciculata, mitochondrial ultrastructure was investigated by high resolution scanning electron microscopy. We found that the morphometric data correlated well with the measurements of hyper- or hypo-activity of steroidogenesis over short periods of time (4 h) but not over longer observation times. A peculiar finding was that, contrary to previous reports, 11-deoxycortisol was present in adult rat adrenal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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32
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Abnormal regulation for progesterone production in placenta with prenatal cocaine exposure in rats. Placenta 2012; 33:977-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Lim A, Kumar V, Hari Dass SA, Vyas A. Toxoplasma gondiiinfection enhances testicular steroidogenesis in rats. Mol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lim
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Vineet Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Shantala A. Hari Dass
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Ajai Vyas
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
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34
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Hammami I, El May MV. Impact of garlic feeding (Allium sativum) on male fertility. Andrologia 2012; 45:217-24. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Hammami
- Research Unity 01/UR/08-07; Faculty of Medicine; Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology; Tunis; Tunisia
| | - M. V. El May
- Research Unity 01/UR/08-07; Faculty of Medicine; Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology; Tunis; Tunisia
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Verduzco A, Fecteau G, Lefebvre R, Smith LC, Murphy BD. Expression of steroidogenic proteins in bovine placenta during the first half of gestation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:392-404. [PMID: 22281086 DOI: 10.1071/rd10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence and localisation of the principal steroidogenic proteins in bovine placenta from Day 50 to Day 120 of pregnancy. Immunohistochemistry revealed that, at all stages investigated, bovine steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P45011A1 and hydroxy-δ-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3β- and steroid δ-isomerase 1 proteins were found principally at the fetomaternal interdigitations: the chorionic villus and maternal septum. Moreover, caruncular epithelial cells and uninucleate trophoblast cells were the principal cells detected that were positive for the three markers. Western blot analysis showed that only caruncular tissue expressed all three steroidogenic markers; in contrast, cotyledons only expressed StAR and cytochrome P45011A1. Immunoblot results showed a complementary pattern of StAR and cytochrome P45011A1 expression between caruncles and cotyledons at different stages. These observations suggest that, in early pregnancy, the maternal compartment contributes significantly to bovine placental steroidogenesis, particularly for the synthesis of progesterone. Furthermore, the variation in StAR and cytochrome P45011A1 expression between caruncular and cotyledonary tissues across gestation suggests that placental steroidogenesis requires cell-to-cell communication between maternal and fetal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Verduzco
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada
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36
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Slonina D, Kowalik MK, Kotwica J. Expression of progesterone receptor membrane component 1, serpine mRNA binding protein 1 and nuclear progesterone receptor isoforms A and B in the bovine myometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:288-94. [PMID: 22277931 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.11-052t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the (1) expression of progesterone membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), serpine mRNA binding protein 1 (SERBP1) and progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA and (2) protein expression levels of PGRMC1, SERBP1 and PR isoforms A and B in the bovine myometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Uteri from cows on days 1-5, 6-10, 11-16 and 17-21 of the estrous cycle and weeks 3-5, 6-8 and 9-12 of pregnancy were used (n=5-6 per period). There were no changes (P>0.05) in PGRMC1 mRNA expression during the estrous cycle, while expression of SERBP1 and PR mRNA was the lowest (P<0.05) on days 11-16 relative to other days of the cycle. The highest mRNA expression of PGRMC1, SERBP1 and PR was found during pregnancy. There were no changes (P>0.05) in SERBP1 protein expression in cycling and pregnant cows, while the highest (P<0.05) PGRMC1 protein expression was found during weeks 3-5 of pregnancy. Similar protein expression profiles for PRA and PRB were found, and protein levels were highest on days 1-5 of the estrous cycle. From day 6 of the cycle, PRA and PRB protein expression decreased and were maintained at this lower level during pregnancy. In conclusion, our study assessed mRNA and protein expression levels of PGRMC1, SERBP1 and PR in the bovine myometrium during the estrous cycle and the first trimester of pregnancy. It is possible that progesterone (P4) affects myometrial function in a genomic and nongenomic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Slonina
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
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Sandhu N, Vijayan MM. Cadmium-mediated disruption of cortisol biosynthesis involves suppression of corticosteroidogenic genes in rainbow trout. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 103:92-100. [PMID: 21396343 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is widely distributed in the aquatic environment and is toxic to fish even at sublethal concentrations. This metal is an endocrine disruptor, and one well established role in teleosts is the suppression of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated cortisol biosynthesis by the interrenal tissue. However the mechanism(s) leading to this steroid suppression is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that cadmium targets genes encoding proteins critical for corticosteroid biosynthesis, including melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To test this, head kidney slices (containing the interrenal tissues) were incubated in vitro with cadmium chloride (0, 10, 100 and 1000nM) for 4h either in the presence or absence of ACTH (0.5IU/mL). In the unstimulated head kidney slices, cadmium exposure did not affect basal cortisol secretion and the mRNA levels of MC2R and P450scc, while StAR gene expression was significantly reduced. Cadmium exposure significantly suppressed ACTH-stimulated cortisol production in a dose-related fashion. This cadmium-mediated suppression in corticosteroidogenesis corresponded with a significant reduction in MC2R, StAR and P450scc mRNA levels in trout head kidney slices. The inhibition of ACTH-stimulated cortisol production and suppression of genes involved in corticosteroidogenesis by cadmium were completely abolished in the presence of 8-Bromo-cAMP (a cAMP analog). Overall, cadmium disrupts the expression of genes critical for corticosteroid biosynthesis in rainbow trout head kidney slices. However, the rescue of cortisol production as well as StAR and P450scc gene expressions by cAMP analog suggests that cadmium impact occurs upstream of cAMP production. We propose that MC2R signaling, the primary step in ACTH-induced cortocosteroidogenesis, is a key target for cadmium-mediated disruption of cortisol production in trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Sandhu
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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38
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Feeding conditions control the expression of genes involved in sterol metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normoweight and diet-induced (cafeteria) obese rats. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:1127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Contribution of Potassium in Human Placental Steroidogenesis. Placenta 2010; 31:860-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ning YX, Ren SL, Zhao FD, Yin LH. Overexpression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein increases the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters in microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010; 11:350-6. [PMID: 20443213 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0900369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) overexpression on the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) in an endothelial cell line (bEnd.3). METHODS The StAR gene was induced in bEnd.3 cells with adenovirus infection. The infection efficiency was detected by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and fluorescence microscopy. The expressions of StAR gene and protein levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. The gene and protein levels of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot after StAR overexpression. RESULTS The result shows that StAR was successfully overexpressed in bEnd.3 cells by adenovirus infection. The mRNA and protein expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were greatly increased by StAR overexpression in bEnd.3 cells. CONCLUSION Overexpression of StAR increases ABCA1 and ABCG1 expressions in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Ning
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Karlsson AB, Maizels ET, Flynn MP, Jones JC, Shelden EA, Bamburg JR, Hunzicker-Dunn M. Luteinizing hormone receptor-stimulated progesterone production by preovulatory granulosa cells requires protein kinase A-dependent activation/dephosphorylation of the actin dynamizing protein cofilin. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1765-81. [PMID: 20610540 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the LH receptor (LHR) on preovulatory granulosa cells stimulates the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway to regulate expression of genes required for ovulation and luteinization. LHR signaling also initiates rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Because disruption of the actin cytoskeleton has been causally linked to steroidogenesis in various cell models, we sought to identify the cellular mechanisms that may modulate reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and to determine whether cytoskeletal reorganization is required for steroidogenesis. Herein we report that LHR signaling in preovulatory granulosa cells promotes rapid dephosphorylation of the actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin at Ser3 that is dependent on PKA. The LHR-stimulated dephosphorylation of cofilin(Ser3) switches on cofilin activity to bind actin filaments and enhance their dynamics. Basal phosphorylation of cofilin(Ser3) is mediated by active/GTP-bound Rho and downstream protein kinases; LHR signaling promotes a decrease in active/GTP-bound Rho by a PKA-dependent mechanism. LHR-dependent Rho inactivation and subsequent activation of cofilin does not involve ERK, epidermal growth factor receptor, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways downstream of PKA. To understand the biological significance of cofilin activation, preovulatory granulosa cells were transduced with a mutant cofilin adenoviral vector in which Ser3 was mutated to Glu (S-E cofilin). Inactive S-E cofilin abolished LHR-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and caused a 70% decrease in LHR-stimulated progesterone that is obligatory for ovulation. Taken together, these results show that LHR signaling via PKA activates a cofilin-regulated rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and that active cofilin is required to initiate progesterone secretion by preovulatory granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia B Karlsson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 83843, USA
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Cellular cholesterol delivery, intracellular processing and utilization for biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:47. [PMID: 20515451 PMCID: PMC2890697 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate diverse physiological functions such as reproduction, blood salt balance, maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, response to stress, neuronal function and various metabolic processes. They are synthesized from cholesterol mainly in the adrenal gland and gonads in response to tissue-specific tropic hormones. These steroidogenic tissues are unique in that they require cholesterol not only for membrane biogenesis, maintenance of membrane fluidity and cell signaling, but also as the starting material for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. It is not surprising, then, that cells of steroidogenic tissues have evolved with multiple pathways to assure the constant supply of cholesterol needed to maintain optimum steroid synthesis. The cholesterol utilized for steroidogenesis is derived from a combination of sources: 1) de novo synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); 2) the mobilization of cholesteryl esters (CEs) stored in lipid droplets through cholesteryl ester hydrolase; 3) plasma lipoprotein-derived CEs obtained by either LDL receptor-mediated endocytic and/or SR-BI-mediated selective uptake; and 4) in some cultured cell systems from plasma membrane-associated free cholesterol. Here, we focus on recent insights into the molecules and cellular processes that mediate the uptake of plasma lipoprotein-derived cholesterol, events connected with the intracellular cholesterol processing and the role of crucial proteins that mediate cholesterol transport to mitochondria for its utilization for steroid hormone production. In particular, we discuss the structure and function of SR-BI, the importance of the selective cholesterol transport pathway in providing cholesterol substrate for steroid biosynthesis and the role of two key proteins, StAR and PBR/TSO in facilitating cholesterol delivery to inner mitochondrial membrane sites, where P450scc (CYP11A) is localized and where the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (the common steroid precursor) takes place.
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Costa B, Pini S, Gabelloni P, Da Pozzo E, Abelli M, Lari L, Preve M, Lucacchini A, Cassano GB, Martini C. The spontaneous Ala147Thr amino acid substitution within the translocator protein influences pregnenolone production in lymphomonocytes of healthy individuals. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5438-45. [PMID: 19846611 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The de novo production of steroids and neurosteroids begins in mitochondria by the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone through cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (CYP11A1) enzymatic activity. The C-terminal amino acid domain of the translocator protein (TSPO) has been demonstrated to bind cholesterol, thereby determining its mitochondrial translocation. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of the Ala147Thr single-nucleotide polymorphism localized in this TSPO region on pregnenolone production in healthy volunteers. Pregnenolone production was evaluated in a peripheral cell model, represented by circulating lymphomonocytes. First, CYP11A1 expression, both at mRNA and protein level, was demonstrated. Pregnenolone production varied among genotype groups. Comparison of pregnenolone mean values revealed that Thr147 homozygous or heterozygous individuals had significantly lower pregnenolone levels compared with Ala147 homozygous individuals. These findings suggested a dominant effect of the minor allelic variant Thr147 to produce this first metabolite of the steroidogenesis pathway. Interestingly, Ala147 homozygous individuals exhibited significant higher levels of circulating cholesterol-rich low-density lipoproteins with respect to heterozygous individuals. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the Ala147Thr spontaneous amino acid substitution within TSPO is able to affect pregnenolone production; this should encourage further studies to investigate its potential role in polygenic dyslipidemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Costa
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, 4-56126 Pisa, Italy
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Bentsi-Barnes IK, Kuo FT, Barlow GM, Pisarska MD. Human forkhead L2 represses key genes in granulosa cell differentiation including aromatase, P450scc, and cyclin D2. Fertil Steril 2009; 94:353-6. [PMID: 19917504 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
FOXL2 is expressed in granulosa cells (GC) of small and medium ovarian follicles, functions as a repressor of the human steroidogenic acute regulatory gene, a marker of a GC differentiation, and its mutation is associated with premature ovarian failure (POF) in women with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES), type I. We now report that FOXL2 also represses the transcription of aromatase, P450scc, and cyclin D2, three other key genes involved in GC proliferation, differentiation, and steroidogenesis, and that a FOXL2 mutation found in patients with BPES type I, also fails to repress aromatase transcription, further supporting a role for FOXL2 in follicle maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko K Bentsi-Barnes
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048 , USA
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Chatuphonprasert W, Thadsri T, Jarukamjorn K. Down-regulation of murine testicular 17β-HSD3 and hepatic CYP1A2 enzymes by a bovine testes extract. Reprod Med Biol 2009; 9:51-56. [PMID: 29699329 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-009-0040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We investigated the effects of a bovine testes extract (BTE), which was developed as an alternative product for andropausal men, on expression of testicular enzymes responsible for sex hormone synthesis genes and a carcinogen activation related gene. Methods Expression of testicular CYP1A2, CYP11A1, CYP17, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD3 mRNAs as well as hepatic CYP1A2 mRNA were semi-quantitatively determined by RT-PCR. In addition, expression of hepatic CYP1A2 protein and methoxyresorufin O-demethylase activity were carried out. Results Bovine testes extract did not alter the testicular expression of CYP11A1, CYP17, and 3β-HSD mRNAs, while that of CYP11A1 was significantly down-regulated by testosterone. Interestingly, administration of BTE for 3 weeks significantly suppressed testicular 17β-HSD3 and hepatic CYP1A2 mRNA. Correspondingly, methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) activity and expression of hepatic CYP1A2 protein were significantly decreased. Conclusions These findings strongly suggested considering risks versus benefits and raised concerns regarding the use of BTE as an alternative medication or health supplement in andropausal men due to its potential for suppressing expression of both 17β-HSD3 and CYP1A2 mRNAs, testicular enzymes responsible for sex hormone gene synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waranya Chatuphonprasert
- Academic Office for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Khon Kaen University Mitrapaab Road 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Tawiphark Thadsri
- Academic Office for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Khon Kaen University Mitrapaab Road 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Jarukamjorn
- Academic Office for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Khon Kaen University Mitrapaab Road 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
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Charman M, Kennedy BE, Osborne N, Karten B. MLN64 mediates egress of cholesterol from endosomes to mitochondria in the absence of functional Niemann-Pick Type C1 protein. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1023-34. [PMID: 19965586 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is a fatal, neurodegenerative disorder, caused in most cases by mutations in the late endosomal protein NPC1. A hallmark of NPC disease is endosomal cholesterol accumulation and an impaired cholesterol homeostatic response, which might affect cholesterol transport to mitochondria and, thus, mitochondrial and cellular function. This study aimed to characterize mitochondrial cholesterol homeostasis in NPC disease. Using wild-type and NPC1-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells, stably transfected with a CYP11A1 complex to assess mitochondrial cholesterol import by pregnenolone production, we show that cholesterol transport to the mitochondrial inner membrane is not affected by loss of NPC1. However, mitochondrial cholesterol content was higher in NPC1-deficient than in wild-type cells. Cholesterol transport to the mitochondrial inner membrane increased markedly upon exposure of cholesterol-deprived cells to lipoproteins, indicating transport of endosomal cholesterol to mitochondria. Reduction of endosomal metastatic lymph node protein 64 (MLN64) by RNA interference decreased cholesterol transport to the mitochondrial inner membrane and reduced mitochondrial cholesterol levels in NPC1-deficient cells, suggesting that MLN64 transported cholesterol to mitochondria even in the absence of NPC1. In summary, this study describes a transport pathway for endosomal cholesterol to mitochondria that requires MLN64, but not NPC1, and that may be responsible for increased mitochondrial cholesterol in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Charman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1X5, Canada
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Hammami I, Amara S, Benahmed M, El May MV, Mauduit C. Chronic crude garlic-feeding modified adult male rat testicular markers: mechanisms of action. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:65. [PMID: 19552815 PMCID: PMC2710331 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic or Allium sativum (As) shows therapeutic effects such as reduction of blood pressure or hypercholesterolemia but side-effects on reproductive functions remain poorly investigated. Because of garlic's chemical complexity, the processing methods and yield in preparations differ in efficacy and safety. In this context, we clarify the mechanisms of action of crushed crude garlic on testicular markers. METHODS During one month of treatment, 24 male rats were fed 5%, 10% and 15% crude garlic. RESULTS We showed that crude garlic-feeding induced apoptosis in testicular germ cells (spermatocytes and spermatids). This cell death process was characterized by increased levels of active CASP3 but not CASP6. Expression of the caspase inhibitors BIRC3 and BIRC2 was increased at all doses of As while expression of XIAP and BIRC5 was unchanged. Moreover, expression of the IAP inhibitor DIABLO was increased at doses 10% and 15% of As. The germ cell death process induced by As might be related to a decrease in testosterone production because of the reduced expression of steroidogenic enzymes (Star, Cyp11a, Hsd3b5 and Hsd17b). Evaluation of Sertoli markers showed that TUBB3 and GSTA2 expression was unchanged. In contrast, AMH, RHOX5 and CDKN1B expression was decreased while GATA4 expression was increased. CONCLUSION In summary, we showed that feeding with crude garlic inhibited Leydig steroidogenic enzyme expression and Sertoli cell markers. These alterations might induce apoptosis in testicular germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Hammami
- Unité de recherche n° 01/UR/08-07, Faculté de Médecine, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdar, 1007 Tunis; Tunisie
- Inserm, U407, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université de Lyon, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université Lyon 1, Oullins, F-69921, France
| | - Souheila Amara
- Inserm, U407, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université de Lyon, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université Lyon 1, Oullins, F-69921, France
| | - Mohamed Benahmed
- Inserm, U407, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université de Lyon, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université Lyon 1, Oullins, F-69921, France
| | - Michèle V El May
- Unité de recherche n° 01/UR/08-07, Faculté de Médecine, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdar, 1007 Tunis; Tunisie
| | - Claire Mauduit
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Laboratoire d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologique, Pierre-Bénite Cedex F-69495, France
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Ning Y, Xu L, Ren S, Pandak WM, Chen S, Yin L. StAR overexpression decreases serum and tissue lipids in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Lipids 2009; 44:511-9. [PMID: 19373502 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism as initiated by mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) is a ubiquitous pathway capable of synthesizing multiple key regulatory oxysterols involved in lipid homeostasis. Previously we have shown that the regulation of its activities within hepatocytes is highly controlled by the rate of mitochondrial cholesterol delivery. In the present study, we hypothesized that increasing expression of the mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), is able to lower lipid accumulation in liver, aortic wall, as well as in serum in a well-documented animal model, apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. ApoE(-/-) mice, characterized by increased serum, liver, and endothelial cholesterol and triglyceride levels by 3 months of age, were infected with recombinant cytomegalovirus (CMV)-StAR adenovirus to increase StAR protein expression. Six days following infection, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides had decreased 19 and 30% (P < 0.01), respectively, with a compensatory 40% (P < 0.01) increase in serum HDL-cholesterol in increased StAR expressing mice as compared to controls (no or control virus). Histologic and biochemical analysis of the liver demonstrated not only a dramatic decrease in cholesterol ( downward arrow25%; P < 0.01), but an even more marked decrease in triglyceride ( downward arrow56%; P < 0.01) content. En bloc Sudan IV staining of the aorta revealed a >80% (P < 0.01) decrease in neutral lipid staining. This study demonstrates for the first time a possible therapeutic role of the CYP27A1-initiated pathway in the treatment of dyslipidemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Ning
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, PO Box 224, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, People's Republic China
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Suh JH, Gong EY, Hong CY, Park E, Ahn RS, Park KS, Lee K. Reduced testicular steroidogenesis in tumor necrosis factor-alpha knockout mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 112:117-21. [PMID: 18832037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the expression of Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) in Sertoli cells is downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which is secreted by meiotic germ cells, in mouse testes. Several studies have reported that MIS that is secreted by Sertoli cells inhibits steroidogenesis and, thus, the synthesis of testosterone in testicular Leydig cells. Here, we demonstrate that in TNF-alpha knockout testes, which show high levels of MIS, steroidogenesis is decreased compared to that in wild-type testes. The levels of testosterone and the mRNA levels of steroidogenesis-related genes were significantly lower after puberty in TNF-alpha knockout testes than in wild-type testes. Furthermore, the number of sperm was reduced in TNF-alpha knockout mice. Histological analysis revealed that spermatogenesis is also delayed in TNF-alpha knockout testes. In conclusion, TNF-alpha knockout mice show reduced testicular steroidogenesis, which is likely due to the high level of testicular MIS compared to that seen in wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ho Suh
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Tuckey RC, Nguyen MN, Slominski A. Kinetics of vitamin D3 metabolism by cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) in phospholipid vesicles and cyclodextrin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2619-26. [PMID: 18573681 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 can be hydroxylated sequentially by cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) producing 20-hydroxyvitamin D3, 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 17,20,23-trihydroxyvitamin D3. The aim of this study was to characterize the ability of vitamin D3 to associate with phospholipid vesicles and to determine the kinetics of metabolism of vitamin D3 by P450scc in vesicles and in 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (cyclodextrin). Gel filtration of phospholipid vesicles showed that the vitamin D3 remained quantitatively associated with the phospholipid membrane. Vitamin D3 exchanged between vesicles at a rate 3.8-fold higher than for cholesterol exchange and was stimulated by N-62 StAR protein. The Km of P450scc for vitamin D3 in vesicles was 3.3 mol vitamin D3/mol phospholipid and the rate of conversion of vitamin D3 to 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 was first order with respect to the vitamin D3 concentration for the range of concentrations of vitamin D3 that could be incorporated into the vesicle membrane. 20-Hydroxyvitamin D3 was further hydroxylated by P450scc in vesicles, producing primarily 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3, with Km and kcat values 22- and 6-fold lower than those for vitamin D3, respectively. 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was converted to 17,20,23-trihydroxyvitamin D3 with even lower Km and kcat values. Vitamin D3 and cholesterol were metabolized with comparable efficiencies in cyclodextrin, but the Km for both showed a strong dependence on the cyclodextrin concentration, decreasing with decreasing cyclodextrin. This study shows that vitamin D3 quantitatively associates with phospholipid vesicles, can exchange between membranes, and can be hydroxylated by membrane-associated P450scc but with lower efficiency than for cholesterol hydroxylation. The kcat values for metabolism of vitamin D3 in vesicles and 0.45% cyclodextrin are similar, but the ability to solubilize vitamin D3 at a concentration higher than its Km makes the cyclodextrin system more efficient for producing the hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolites for further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, M310, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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