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Kawagoe T. Executive failure hypothesis explains the trait-level association between motivation and mind wandering. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5839. [PMID: 35393489 PMCID: PMC8990005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mind wandering (MW) is commonly observable in daily life. Early studies established an association between motivation and MW at the trait level using a questionnaire survey. Considering that the mechanism of state-level association between them is known, this study was conducted to replicate the trait-level association and determine its possible mechanisms. Two independent samples were analysed using several questionnaires, which included motivation and MW. General one- and multi-dimensional scales were administered for both variables. Besides the successful replication of the significant association between motivation and MW at the trait level, we found that people with low levels of executive function experience high rates of spontaneous MW. This finding indicates that the underlying mechanism of trait-level association is the executive failure hypothesis, which postulates that a failure of executive control during task-related objectives evokes MW. Further, the motivation–MW relationship exhibits a different psychological basis at the state and trait levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Kawagoe
- School of Humanities and Science, Kyushu Campus, Tokai University, Higashi-Ku, Toroku 9-1-1, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan.
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Lin B, Lemery-Chalfant K, Beekman C, Crnic KA, Gonzales NA, Luecken LJ. Infant Temperament Profiles, Cultural Orientation, and Toddler Behavioral and Physiological Regulation in Mexican-American Families. Child Dev 2021; 92:e1110-e1125. [PMID: 34786699 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to (a) replicate infant temperament profiles from predominantly White samples in a sample of low-income, predominantly first-generation Mexican-American families, (b) investigate associations between infant temperament profiles and toddler behavioral and physiological regulation, and (c) explore whether mothers' cultural orientation would moderate those associations. Mothers and infants (n = 322; 46% male) were assessed during pregnancy and at infant ages 9, 12, and 24 months. Latent profile analysis yielded three temperament profiles that were consistent with those from extant research. Compared to the high positive affect, well-regulated profile, the negative reactive, low regulated profile was associated with poorer behavioral and parasympathetic (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia) regulation, but associations depended on mothers' Mexican and Anglo cultural orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Lin
- University at Albany, State University of New York
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Rodríguez-Soto NC, Buxó CJ, Morou-Bermudez E, Pérez-Edgar K, Ocasio-Quiñones IT, Surillo-González MB, Martinez KG. The impact of prenatal maternal stress due to potentially traumatic events on child temperament: A systematic review. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22195. [PMID: 34674245 PMCID: PMC8549868 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to complete a systematic review of the relationship between prenatal maternal stress due to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and child temperament. Eligible studies through June 2020 were identified utilizing a search strategy in PubMed and PsycInfo. Included studies examined associations between prenatal maternal stress due to PTE and child temperament. Two independent coders extracted study characteristics and three coders assessed study quality. Of the 1969 identified studies, 20 met full inclusion criteria. Studies were classified on two dimensions: (1) disaster-related stress and (2) intimate partner violence during pregnancy. For disaster-related prenatal maternal stress, 75% (nine out of 12) of published reports found associations with increased child negative affectivity, 50% (five out of 10) also noted associations with lower effortful control/regulation, and 38% (three out of eight) found associations with lower positive affectivity. When considering prenatal intimate partner violence stress, 80% (four out of five) of published reports found associations with higher child negative affectivity, 67% (four out of six) found associations with lower effortful control/regulation, and 33% (one out of three) found associations with lower positive affectivity. Prenatal maternal stress due to PTEs may impact the offspring's temperament, especially negative affectivity. Mitigating the effects of maternal stress in pregnancy is needed in order to prevent adverse outcomes on the infant's socioemotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra C. Rodríguez-Soto
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
- Carlos Albizu University, San Juan, PR
| | - Carmen J. Buxó
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
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Domarkienė I, Ambrozaitytė L, Bukauskas L, Rančelis T, Sütterlin S, Knox BJ, Maennel K, Maennel O, Parish K, Lugo RG, Brilingaitė A. CyberGenomics: Application of Behavioral Genetics in Cybersecurity. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11110152. [PMID: 34821613 PMCID: PMC8614761 DOI: 10.3390/bs11110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cybersecurity (CS) is a contemporary field for research and applied study of a range of aspects from across multiple disciplines. A cybersecurity expert has an in-depth knowledge of technology but is often also recognized for the ability to view technology in a non-standard way. This paper explores how CS specialists are both a combination of professional computing-based skills and genetically encoded traits. Almost every human behavioral trait is a result of many genome variants in action altogether with environmental factors. The review focuses on contextualizing the behavior genetics aspects in the application of cybersecurity. It reconsiders methods that help to identify aspects of human behavior from the genetic information. And stress is an illustrative factor to start the discussion within the community on what methodology should be used in an ethical way to approach those questions. CS positions are considered stressful due to the complexity of the domain and the social impact it can have in cases of failure. An individual risk profile could be created combining known genome variants linked to a trait of particular behavior using a special biostatistical approach such as a polygenic score. These revised advancements bring challenging possibilities in the applications of human behavior genetics and CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrida Domarkienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.A.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-(5)-2501788
| | - Laima Ambrozaitytė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Linas Bukauskas
- Cybersecurity Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Vilnius University, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Tautvydas Rančelis
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Stefan Sütterlin
- Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organisation, Østfold University College, NO-1757 Halden, Norway; (S.S.); (B.J.K.); (R.G.L.)
- Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, EE-19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (K.M.); (O.M.)
| | - Benjamin James Knox
- Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organisation, Østfold University College, NO-1757 Halden, Norway; (S.S.); (B.J.K.); (R.G.L.)
- Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, EE-19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (K.M.); (O.M.)
- Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-2802 Gjøvik, Norway;
| | - Kaie Maennel
- Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, EE-19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (K.M.); (O.M.)
| | - Olaf Maennel
- Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, EE-19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (K.M.); (O.M.)
| | - Karen Parish
- Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-2802 Gjøvik, Norway;
| | - Ricardo Gregorio Lugo
- Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organisation, Østfold University College, NO-1757 Halden, Norway; (S.S.); (B.J.K.); (R.G.L.)
- Center for Cyber and Information Security, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-2802 Gjøvik, Norway
| | - Agnė Brilingaitė
- Cybersecurity Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Vilnius University, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.B.); (A.B.)
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Hare MM, Graziano PA. Treatment Response among Preschoolers with Disruptive Behavior Disorders: The Role of Temperament and Parenting. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2021; 50:950-965. [PMID: 33275456 PMCID: PMC8175459 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1846540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study examined associations between temperament (negative affect, effortful control, and surgency) and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) within a diverse preschool sample. Interactions between temperament and parenting in the prediction of ADHD/ODD symptoms before and after an 8-week early intervention program (i.e., Summer Treatment Program for Pre-kindergartners; STP-PreK) were also examined.Method: The sample included 215 children (Mage = 5.0, 80.9% male, 84.7% Latinx) with a diagnosis of ADHD and/or ODD who completed the STP-PreK. Temperament was measured via parent report while ADHD/ODD symptoms were assessed via combination of parent and teacher report. Positive and negative parenting were assessed via rating scales and a standardized parent-child interaction observation.Results: Higher surgency was associated with greater symptom severity of ADHD/ODD pre- and post-treatment. Higher negative affect was associated with greater symptom severity of ODD pre- and post-treatment, while higher effortful control was only associated with lower symptom severity of inattention pre-treatment. Positive parenting predicted lower symptom severity of ADHD/ODD post-treatment. Moderation analyses indicated that the benefits of low levels of negative parenting only occurred when paired with low temperament risk for symptoms of hyperactivity and ODD. Additionally, only the combination of high surgency and high observed negative parenting resulted in greater symptom severity of ODD. Finally, decreases in inconsistent discipline predicted decreases across all symptom domains post-treatment.Conclusions: Our findings add to the temperament-based model of ADHD/ODD by highlighting temperament's unique prediction of treatment response as well as important interactions with the caregiving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Hare
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University
| | - Paulo A Graziano
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University
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Hall NT, Schreiber AM, Allen TA, Hallquist MN. Disentangling cognitive processes in externalizing psychopathology using drift diffusion modeling: Antagonism, but not disinhibition, is associated with poor cognitive control. J Pers 2021; 89:970-985. [PMID: 33608922 PMCID: PMC8377083 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although externalizing psychopathology has been linked to deficits in cognitive control, the cognitive processes underlying this association are unclear. Here, we provide a theoretical account of how research on cognitive processes can help to integrate and distinguish personality and psychopathology. We then apply this account to connect the two major subcomponents of externalizing, Antagonism and Disinhibition, with specific control processes using a battery of inhibitory control tasks and corresponding computational modeling. Participants (final N = 104) completed the flanker, go/no-go, and recent probes tasks, as well as normal and maladaptive personality inventories and measures of psychological distress. We fit participants' task behavior using a hierarchical drift diffusion model (DDM) to decompose their responses into specific cognitive processes. Using multilevel structural equation models, we found that Antagonism was associated with faster RTs on the flanker task and lower accuracy on flanker and go/no-go tasks. These results were complemented by DDM parameter associations: Antagonism was linked to decreased threshold and drift rate parameter estimates in the flanker task and a decreased drift rate on no-go trials. Altogether, our findings indicate that Antagonism is associated with specific impairments in fast (sub-second) inhibitory control processes involved in withholding prepared/prepotent responses and filtering distracting information. Disinhibition and momentary distress, however, were not associated with task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Hall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Alison M Schreiber
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Timothy A Allen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael N Hallquist
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Santelices MP, Vallotton CDA, Farkas C, Chang TF, Franco E, Gallardo AM. Mothers' Use of Regulatory Talk with Toddlers in Chile and the US: How Do Cultural Values and Children's Gender Affect Mothers' Regulatory Talk at 12 and 30 Months? CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8100874. [PMID: 34682139 PMCID: PMC8535159 DOI: 10.3390/children8100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that Chilean and US infants differ in their levels of self-regulation. One of the mechanisms of early socializing is the use of language, particularly mental state language. The current study seeks to deepen our knowledge of the ways in which mental state language is related to socialization processes in early childhood, including the ways both culture and children’s gender influence a mothers’ use of mental state talk. We used a quantitative and descriptive approach with 109 mothers and their children (64 Chilean and 45 US dyads), measured twice, at 12 and 30 months old. Mental state references related to regulation were coded during a story-sharing task, including positive (calm and patient) and negative (messy and impatient) references to regulating behavior. Chilean mothers generally showed more regulatory references than US mothers, especially if the children were at a younger age (12 month). Frequencies of regulatory references increased in US mothers at 30 months but were still less than in Chilean mothers. At the 12-month measuring point, Chilean mothers showed more negative regulatory attributes than positive regulatory attributes. Finally, US mothers mainly used references to secondary emotions (e.g., pride) and positive regulatory attributes (being obedient, mature and patient) at both ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pía Santelices
- Psychology School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.F.); (E.F.); (A.M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +2-22-354-7664
| | - Claire De Ann Vallotton
- Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48502, USA;
| | - Chamarrita Farkas
- Psychology School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.F.); (E.F.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Tzu-Fen Chang
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Family Studies, California State University, Bakersfield, CA 93740, USA;
| | - Eduardo Franco
- Psychology School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.F.); (E.F.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Ana María Gallardo
- Psychology School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.F.); (E.F.); (A.M.G.)
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Claes L, Kiekens G, Boekaerts E, Depestele L, Dierckx E, Gijbels S, Schoevaerts K, Luyckx K. Are Sensitivity to Punishment, Sensitivity to Reward and Effortful Control Transdiagnostic Mechanisms Underlying the Eating Disorder/Obesity Spectrum? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103327. [PMID: 34684327 PMCID: PMC8541040 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been postulated that eating disorders (EDs) and obesity form part of a broad spectrum of eating- and weight-related disorders, this has not yet been tested empirically. In the present study, we investigated interindividual differences in sensitivity to punishment, sensitivity to reward, and effortful control along the ED/obesity spectrum in women. We used data on 286 patients with eating disorders (44.6% AN-R, 24.12% AN-BP, and 31.82% BN), 126 healthy controls, and 640 Class II/III obese bariatric patients (32.81% Class II and 67.19% Class III) with and without binge eating. Participants completed the behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation scales, as well as the effortful control scale, to assess sensitivity to punishment and reward and effortful control. Results showed that patients with EDs scored significantly higher on punishment sensitivity (anxiety) compared to healthy controls and Class II/III obese patients; the different groups did not differ significantly on reward sensitivity. Patients with binge eating or compensatory behaviors scored significantly lower on effortful control than patients without binge eating. Differences in temperamental profiles along the ED/obesity spectrum appear continuous and gradual rather than categorical. This implies that it may be meaningful to include emotion regulation and impulse regulation training in the treatment of both EDs and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.K.); (K.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-32-61-33
| | - Glenn Kiekens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.K.); (K.L.)
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Boekaerts
- Obesity Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (E.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Lies Depestele
- Psychiatric Hospital Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen, 3300 Tienen, Belgium; (L.D.); (E.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Eva Dierckx
- Psychiatric Hospital Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen, 3300 Tienen, Belgium; (L.D.); (E.D.); (K.S.)
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Gijbels
- Obesity Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (E.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Katrien Schoevaerts
- Psychiatric Hospital Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen, 3300 Tienen, Belgium; (L.D.); (E.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.K.); (K.L.)
- UNIBS, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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Lukowski AF, Tsukerman D. Temperament, sleep quality, and insomnia severity in university students: Examining the mediating and moderating role of sleep hygiene. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251557. [PMID: 34264959 PMCID: PMC8281997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
University students commonly experience sleep problems which have implications for daily functioning and academic achievement. For this reason, research is needed to identify modifiable individual difference variables that may contribute to better sleep in this population. Temperament and sleep hygiene may be two such factors. As part of a larger study, 167 university students (61.7% female) completed online questionnaires that inquired about temperament (the Adult Temperament Questionnaire; ATQ), sleep hygiene behavior (the Sleep Hygiene Index; SHI), global sleep quality (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSQI), and insomnia severity (the Insomnia Severity Index; ISI). Correlations amongst the included measures were in the predicted direction: effortful control was negatively associated with the SHI composite, PSQI global scores, and ISI scores; extraversion was negatively related to PSQI global scores; and negative affect was positively associated with the SHI composite and ISI scores. In addition, the SHI composite mediated the association between effortful control and the PSQI global scores as well as the association between negative affect and PSQI global scores; similar patterns of mediation were found when considering ISI scores, although the direct effects differed. That is, negative affect was directly associated with ISI scores but not PSQI global scores. These findings suggest that interventions designed enhance effortful control, reduce negative affect, and improve sleep hygiene may contribute to better global sleep quality and decrease insomnia in university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela F. Lukowski
- Department of Psychological Science, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Tsukerman
- Department of Psychological Science, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Cabrera NJ, Hennigar A, Alonso A, McDorman SA, Reich SM. The Protective Effects of Maternal and Paternal Factors on Children's Social Development. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2021; 2:85-98. [PMID: 34423312 PMCID: PMC8372823 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-021-00041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to examine associations among family and child protective factors, maternal and paternal levels of distress, and children's social competence in a sample of 156 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse first-time mothers, fathers, and their children, followed from 9 months to 30 months of age. Using multiple linear regression modeling, our results indicate that dyadic synchrony and children's positive temperament during infancy are significantly associated with fewer behavior problems and paternal optimism with high levels of social competence at 21 months (main effects). Father optimism and child positive temperament are only significantly related to higher levels of social competence and fewer behavioral problems, respectively, in the context of low levels of paternal distress (interaction effects). These results suggest that in our sample maternal dyadic synchrony operates in the same way across levels of maternal distress as it relates to children's behavior problems, with the exception of paternal optimism and children's positive temperament. Results also suggest that protective factors are different for mothers, fathers, and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J. Cabrera
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - Avery Hennigar
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - Angelica Alonso
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - S. Alexa McDorman
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
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Willard VW, Tillery R, Harman JL, Long A, Phipps S. The Influence of Early Childhood Temperament on Later Social-Emotional Functioning in Youth with Cancer. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:433-442. [PMID: 33355354 PMCID: PMC8355438 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the peak incidences of childhood cancer is during the early childhood years. This is also an important time for psychosocial and personality development, and it is well known that early childhood temperament influences later psychosocial functioning. However, this association has not been examined in young children with cancer. METHODS Parents of children with cancer (N = 39) and healthy comparisons (N = 35) completed an indicator of temperament (Children's Behavior Questionnaire) when children were young (Mage=4.99 ± 1.05 years). Five years later, parents and youth completed measures of psychosocial functioning (Mage=10.15 ± 1.10 years; Behavior Assessment Scale for Children, 2nd edition and Social Emotional Assets and Resilience Scale). RESULTS Parents of healthy comparisons reported that their children demonstrated greater surgency than youth with cancer; there were no differences in negative affect or effortful control. Children with cancer and healthy comparisons were rated similarly on measures of psychosocial functioning. Health status was not a significant predictor of later functioning, but socioeconomic status and temperament were. The influence of temperament was stronger for strengths-based functioning (e.g., social competence, adaptive functioning) versus distress (internalizing and externalizing problems). CONCLUSIONS Early childhood temperament is a strong predictor of later psychosocial functioning, regardless of health status. Findings highlight the need to consider temperament in the clinical assessment of psychosocial functioning in children with cancer. Additional research is needed to specifically assess how a diagnosis of cancer in early childhood influences temperament over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Tillery
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
| | | | - Alanna Long
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
| | - Sean Phipps
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
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Okabe Y, Takahashi F, Ito D. Problematic Pornography Use in Japan: A Preliminary Study Among University Students. Front Psychol 2021; 12:638354. [PMID: 33935889 PMCID: PMC8085335 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problematic pornography use is considered an addictive behavior, which is an important clinical issue. Despite considerable research interest in problematic pornography use worldwide, to the best of our knowledge, there are no extant studies on the subject in Japan. Therefore, despite the fact that many people in Japan use pornography, the difference between problematic and non-problematic users among Japanese people is not known. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the characteristics of problematic pornography use among Japanese students, to the best of our knowledge. Specifically, we examined general psychopathological symptoms, sexual compulsivity, depression, anxiety, and low effortful control. METHODS The participants were 150 college students aged 20-26 years (mean age = 21.5, SD = 1.21, males: n = 86, females: n = 64) at a university in midland Japan. An online questionnaire was administered that included items on pornography usage patterns, impaired control of pornography use, sexual compulsivity, depression, anxiety, and effortful control. RESULTS Most men (97%) and approximately one-third of women (35.9%) used pornography at least once in the past month. Some users reported significant daily-life problems due to difficulty in controlling pornography use (5.7%). Participants with impaired control of pornography use had higher depression, anxiety, and sexual compulsivity, and lower effortful control than pornography users without impaired control. CONCLUSION Some Japanese students reported significant daily-life problems due to impaired control of pornography use. The characteristics of individuals with impaired control are consistent with previous studies. The results of this study suggest that individuals with impaired control may have poor mental health, and that there is need for further research and development of treatment systems to manage this issue in Japan. Further research exploring a more varied sample in Japan is required to effectively examine problematic pornography use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushun Okabe
- Institute of Education, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Ito
- Graduate School of Education, Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Kato, Japan
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Euser S, Vrijhof CI, Van den Bulk BG, Vermeulen R, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH. Video-feedback promotes sensitive limit-setting in parents of twin preschoolers: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:46. [PMID: 33741044 PMCID: PMC7976670 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary aim of the current randomized controlled trial was to test the effectiveness of the parenting intervention 'Video-feedback to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline' (VIPP-SD) in a sample of parents of preschool-aged twins, as well as differential susceptibility to intervention efforts, that is, whether more temperamentally reactive parents would profit more from the VIPP-SD than parents with lower reactivity. METHODS The sample consisted of 202 families with same-sex twins [N = 404 children, mean age 45 months (SD = 6.81)]. Randomization was done at the family level in a 2:3 ratio, with 83 families (41%) randomized to the VIPP-SD group, and 119 families (59%) to the control group. After two pre-tests in year 1 and year 2 of the study, the VIPP-SD was implemented in the third year, with a post-test assessment 1 month after the five intervention sessions. Parental sensitivity was observed during structured play in which parent and child copied a drawing together in a computerized Etch-A-Sketch paradigm. Parental limit-setting was observed in a 'don't touch' task in which the parent required from the child to abstain from playing with attractive toys. Parents interacted with each of their twins in separate sessions. RESULTS The VIPP-SD intervention had a positive impact on the level of parents' positive limit-setting in interaction with their preschool twins, and this positive effect was most pronounced when the parents completed at least five intervention sessions. However, the intervention did not enhance parental sensitivity during structured play. Parents with higher reactivity were not more open to the impact of the intervention, thus for this temperamental marker differential susceptibility in adults was not supported. CONCLUSIONS The current study is unique in targeting families with twin preschoolers, providing proof of principle that coaching parents with video-feedback promotes parental sensitive limit-setting to both children. It remains to be seen whether this finding can be replicated in families with non-twin siblings, or other parental susceptibility markers. Trial registration Trial NL5172 (NTR5312), 2015-07-20.
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15
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Evaluating the Involving Relationships between Temperament and Motor Coordination in Early Childhood: A Prognostic Measurement. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030333. [PMID: 33800793 PMCID: PMC7998703 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was the evaluation of dynamic relationships between dimensions of temperament and motor coordination in 3–7-year-old children in Greece. More specifically, the main objectives of the current study were the test outcomes regarding the psychometric properties (structural validity and internal consistency) of the Greek versions of (a) the Child Behavior Questionnaire—very short format (CBQ—VSF), and (b) the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ). For the purposes of the present study, 231 parents (202 women and 29 men), aged 23–53 years (mean (M) = 36.7 and standard deviation (SD) = 5.4) completed the aforementioned questionnaires. The sample consisted of 231 children (110 girls and 121 boys) aged 3–7 years (M = 4.75 years and SD = 1.30). For the DCDQ, the confirmatory factor analysis revealed three factors consistent with the factors that emerged from the constructs, with strong internal consistency reliability. Furthermore, regarding the CBQ—VSF, which measures the dimensions of temperament, the implementation of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated three factors and satisfactory internal consistency reliability, as well. Finally, path analysis revealed that temperamental effortful control, which mirrors both inhibitory and self-regulatory capacity, has a positive effect on motor coordination.
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16
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Senzaki S, Shimizu Y, Calma-Birling D. The development of temperament and maternal perception of child: A cross-cultural examination in the United States and Japan. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 170:110407. [PMID: 33281256 PMCID: PMC7717517 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research shows cross-cultural differences in adult personality and child temperament, yet the developmental origin of these cultural differences remains unclear. To understand a potential role of socialization grounded in cultural values, this study investigated culturally specific maternal perceptions of child and children's development of temperament in the U.S. and Japan. Maternal perception of child was assessed via maternal interview in the U.S. (n = 42) and Japan (n = 40). Six months after the interview, child's temperament was assessed. Cross-cultural differences in maternal perception of child and child's temperament, and the relation between the two were analyzed. US-American infants scored higher on the surgency/extraversion trait than Japanese infants, whereas Japanese infants scored higher on the negative affectivity/neuroticism trait than US-American infants. US-American mothers used more positive evaluation and private/autonomy descriptions of their infants, whereas Japanese mothers used more negative evaluation and context-specific descriptions of their infants by making references to other people, time, or location. Child's negative affectivity trait was closely related to maternal perception of child's social/context characteristics and negative evaluations. The findings provide support for the socio-cultural framework of temperament development and suggest an important consideration of cultural factors when designing educational and parenting programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawa Senzaki
- University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Department of Psychology, 2420 Nicolet Drive MAC C315, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Saitama University, Faculty of Education, Saitama, Saitama Prefecture 338-8570, Japan
| | - Destany Calma-Birling
- University of Minnesota, Institute of Child Development, 51 E River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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17
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Kührt C, Pannasch S, Kiebel SJ, Strobel A. Dispositional individual differences in cognitive effort investment: establishing the core construct. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:10. [PMID: 33482925 PMCID: PMC7821547 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals tend to avoid effortful tasks, regardless of whether they are physical or mental in nature. Recent experimental evidence is suggestive of individual differences in the dispositional willingness to invest cognitive effort in goal-directed behavior. The traits need for cognition (NFC) and self-control are related to behavioral measures of cognitive effort discounting and demand avoidance, respectively. Given that these traits are only moderately related, the question arises whether they reflect a common core factor underlying cognitive effort investment. If so, the common core of both traits might be related to behavioral measures of effort discounting in a more systematic fashion. To address this question, we aimed at specifying a core construct of cognitive effort investment that reflects dispositional differences in the willingness and tendency to exert effortful control. METHODS We conducted two studies (N = 613 and N = 244) with questionnaires related to cognitive motivation and effort investment including assessment of NFC, intellect, self-control and effortful control. We first calculated Pearson correlations followed by two mediation models regarding intellect and its separate aspects, seek and conquer, as mediators. Next, we performed a confirmatory factor analysis of a hierarchical model of cognitive effort investment as second-order latent variable. First-order latent variables were cognitive motivation reflecting NFC and intellect, and effortful self-control reflecting self-control and effortful control. Finally, we calculated Pearson correlations between factor scores of the latent variables and general self-efficacy as well as traits of the Five Factor Model of Personality for validation purposes. RESULTS Our findings support the hypothesized correlations between the assessed traits, where the relationship of NFC and self-control is specifically mediated via goal-directedness. We established and replicated a hierarchical factor model of cognitive motivation and effortful self-control that explains the shared variance of the first-order factors by a second-order factor of cognitive effort investment. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results integrate disparate literatures on cognitive motivation and self-control and provide a basis for further experimental research on the role of dispositional individual differences in goal-directed behavior and cost-benefit-models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Kührt
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Pannasch
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan J Kiebel
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Escalante-Barrios EL, Suarez-Enciso SM, Putnam SP, Raikes H, Fàbregues S. Using the Very Short Form of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire for Spanish-Speaking Populations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Psychometric Analysis of Dichotomized Variables. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8020074. [PMID: 33498989 PMCID: PMC7912153 DOI: 10.3390/children8020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Very Short Form of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ-VSF) have been assessed in the US and Europe in samples composed of middle- and high-income parents with high levels of education, no studies have tested the instrument in low-income Spanish-speaking populations living in low- and middle-income countries. To fill this gap, our cross-sectional study assessed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the CBQ-VSF version in a sample of 315 low-income and low-educated parents with preschool children living in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. While our findings revealed problems that were similar to those identified in previous assessments of the CBQ-VSF Spanish version, they also showed unique problems related to the sociodemographic characteristics of our sample, containing many individuals with a low income and low educational level. Most of the participants gave extreme responses, resulting in a notable kurtosis and skewness of the data. This article describes how we addressed these problems by dichotomizing the variables into binary categories. Additionally, it demonstrates that merely translating the CBQ-VSF is insufficient to be able to capture many of the underlying latent constructs associated with low-income and low-educated Latino/Hispanic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Lucia Escalante-Barrios
- Department of Education, Universidad del Norte, Km.5 Vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sonia Mariel Suarez-Enciso
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 114 Teacher College Hall, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA;
| | - Samuel P. Putnam
- Department of Psychology, Bowdoin College, 255 Maine St, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA;
| | - Helen Raikes
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 205 Louise Pound Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Sergi Fàbregues
- Department of Psychology and Education, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018 Barcelona, Spain;
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19
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Waddell JT, Sternberg A, Bui L, Ruof AR, Blake AJ, Grimm KJ, Elam KK, Eisenberg N, Chassin L. Relations Between Child Temperament and Adolescent Negative Urgency in a High-Risk Sample. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021; 90. [PMID: 33424044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Negative urgency, rash action during negative mood states, is a strong predictor of risky behavior. However, its developmental antecedents remain largely unstudied. The current study tested whether childhood temperament served as a developmental antecedent to adolescent negative urgency. Participants (N=239) were from a longitudinal study oversampled for a family history of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Negative emotionality (anger and sadness reactivity) and effortful control were measured in childhood (5-8) and negative urgency in adolescence (13-18). Childhood anger reactivity was uniquely related to later negative urgency above and beyond sadness reactivity. Effortful control was not related to later negative urgency; however, a latent variable capturing the shared variance between childhood effortful control and anger reactivity was related to later negative urgency.
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20
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Chen W, Sabharwal A, Taylor E, Patel AB, Moukaddam N. Privacy-Preserving Social Ambiance Measure From Free-Living Speech Associates With Chronic Depressive and Psychotic Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:670020. [PMID: 34456760 PMCID: PMC8385275 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.670020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A social interaction consists of contributions by the individual, the environment and the interaction between the two. Ideally, to enable effective assessment and interventions for social isolation, an issue inherent to depressive and psychotic illnesses, the isolation must be identified in real-time and at an individual level. However, research addressing sociability deficits is largely focused on determining loneliness, rather than isolation, and lacks focus on the richness of the social environment the individual revolves in. In this paper, We describe the development of an automated, objective and privacy-preserving Social Ambiance Measure (SAM) that converts unconstrained audio recordings collected from wrist-worn audio-bands into four levels, ranging from none to active. The ambiance levels are based on the number of simultaneous speakers, which is a proxy for overall social activity in the environment. Results show that social ambiance patterns and time spent at each ambiance level differed between participants with depressive or psychotic disorders and healthy controls. Individuals with depression/psychosis spent less time in diverse environments and less time in moderate/active ambiance levels. Moreover, social ambiance patterns are found associated with the severity of self-reported depression, anxiety symptoms and personality traits. The results in this paper suggest that objectively measured social ambiance can be used as a marker of sociability, and holds potential to be leveraged to better understand social isolation and develop effective interventions for sociability challenges, thus improving mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwan Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ashutosh Sabharwal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Erica Taylor
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ankit B Patel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nidal Moukaddam
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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21
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Vermeiren E, Naets T, Van Eyck A, Vervoort L, Ysebaert M, Baeck N, De Guchtenaere A, Van Helvoirt M, Tanghe A, Bruyndonckx L, De Winter BY, Verhulst SL, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Braet C. Improving Treatment Outcome in Children With Obesity by an Online Self-Control Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:794256. [PMID: 35004547 PMCID: PMC8733681 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.794256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Currently available treatment programs for children with obesity only have modest long-term results, which is (at least partially) due to the poorer self-control observed within this population. The present trial aimed to determine whether an online self-control training, training inhibition, and redirecting attentional bias, can improve the short- and long-term treatment outcome of (in- or outpatient) child obesity treatment programs. Methods: In this double-blind multi-center randomized controlled trial (RCT), participants aged 8-18 years with obesity were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive an online self-control or sham training added to their in- or outpatient multidisciplinary obesity treatment (MOT) program. The primary endpoint was BMI SDS. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models and the main interactions of interest were randomization by time and randomization by number of sessions, as the latter was cumulatively expressed and therefore represents the effect of increasing dose over time. Results: One hundred forty-four inpatient (mean age 14.3 ± 2.2 years, BMI 2.7 ± 0.4 SDS, 42% male) and 115 outpatient children (mean age 11.9 ± 2.1 years, BMI 2.4 ± 0.4 SDS, 45% male) were included. Children's BMI lowered significantly during treatment in both the in- and outpatient treatment centers, p < 0.001. In a mixed model with BMI as dependent variable, randomization by time was non-significant, but the number of self-control trainings (randomization * number of sessions) interacted significantly with setting and with age (p = 0.002 and p = 0.047), indicating a potential effect in younger inpatient residents. Indeed, a subgroup analysis on 22 inpatient children of 8-12 years found a benefit of the number of self-control trainings on BMI (p = 0.026). Conclusions: The present trial found no benefit of the self-control training in the entire study population, however a subgroup of young, inpatient participants potentially benefited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Vermeiren
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tiffany Naets
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Annelies Van Eyck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Developmental Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marijke Ysebaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nele Baeck
- Department of Pediatrics, Jan Palfijn Gent Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Luc Bruyndonckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stijn L Verhulst
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Hoorenbeeck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Himichi T, Osanai H, Goto T, Fujita H, Kawamura Y, Smith A, Nomura M. Exploring the Multidimensional Links Between Trait Mindfulness and Trait Empathy. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:498614. [PMID: 34421662 PMCID: PMC8371256 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.498614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Empathy and mindfulness are currently major topics of scientific interest. Although it is well-known that mindfulness-typically as an outcome related to meditation-generates empathy at the state level, only a small number of studies have documented the trait (i.e., personality) level association between mindfulness and empathy. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms (subcomponents and mediator variables) that support this association remain unclear. Thus, here, with a focus on the trait level, we investigated relationships among multiple subcomponents of trait mindfulness and trait empathy (Study 1). Next, we reexamined the aforementioned relationships in an independent sample, with the further aim of investigating relevant mediation factors (Study 2). We found that two attention-related components of trait mindfulness-observing and acting with awareness-reliably and positively related to both affective and cognitive dimensions of trait empathy (i.e., empathic concern and perspective taking). Furthermore, we found that effortful control, reappraisal, and trait alexithymia mediated relationships between the aforementioned attention-related components of trait mindfulness and empathic concern. Taken together, our results suggest that the links between mindfulness and empathy are multidimensional and complex. These findings may ultimately contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the positive effects of meditation on empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Himichi
- School of Economics & Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Osanai
- Faculty of Modern Communication Studies, Hamamatsu Gakuin University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Goto
- School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Fujita
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Kawamura
- Graduate School of Humanities, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Adam Smith
- Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michio Nomura
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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Ellermeier W, Kattner F, Klippenstein E, Kreis M, Marquis-Favre C. Short-term noise annoyance and electrodermal response as a function of sound-pressure level, cognitive task load, and noise sensitivity. Noise Health 2021; 22:46-55. [PMID: 33380616 PMCID: PMC7986449 DOI: 10.4103/nah.nah_47_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Two aspects of noise annoyance were addressed in the present laboratory study: (1) the disturbance produced by vehicle pass-by noise while engaging in a challenging non-auditory task, and (2) the evaluative response elicited by the same sounds while imagining to relax at home in the absence of a primary activity. Methods and Material: In Experiment 1, N = 29 participants were exposed to short (3-6 s) pass-by recordings presented at graded levels between 50 and 70 dB(A). Concurrent with each sound presentation, they performed a visual multiple-object tracking task, and subsequently rated the annoyance of the sounds on a VAS scale. In Experiment 2, N = 30 participants judged the sounds while imagining to relax, without such a cognitive task. Results and Discussion: Annoyance was reduced when participants were engaged in the cognitively demanding task, in Experiment 1. Furthermore, when occupied with the task, annoyance slightly, but significantly increased with task load. Across both experiments, the magnitude of simultaneously recorded skin conductance responses in the first 1-4 s after the onset of stimulation increased significantly with sound pressure level. Annoyance ratings tended to be elevated across all sound levels, though significantly only in Experiment 2, in participants classified as noise sensitive based on a 52-item questionnaire. Conclusions: The results suggest that noise annoyance depends on the primary activity the listener is engaged in. They demonstrate that phasic skin conductance responses may serve as an objective correlate of the degree of annoyance experienced. Finally, noise sensitivity is once more shown to augment annoyance ratings in an additive fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Kattner
- Institut für Psychologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Michael Kreis
- Institut für Psychologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
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24
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Sitnik-Warchulska K, Wajda Z, Wojciechowski B, Izydorczyk B. The Risk of Bullying and Probability of Help-Seeking Behaviors in School Children: A Bayesian Network Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:640927. [PMID: 34054600 PMCID: PMC8163227 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in aggressive behaviors in adolescents has been observed for a few years. The participation in bullying is associated with many psychosocial difficulties in adolescent development. On the other hand, the help-seeking behavior can be one of the most important protective factors that reduce the risk for this type of violence. The study was aimed at estimating the risk factors, as well as the protective factors of school bullying, by using the Bayesian networks to build a model allowing to estimate the probability of occurrence of the aggressive and help-seeking behaviors among school children. The focus was on individual risk/protective factors related to EAS temperament (emotionality, activity, and sociability) and variables related to the family context (level of cohesion, flexibility, family communication, and family life satisfaction). Bayesian methods have not been particularly mainstream in the social and medical sciences. The sample comprised 75 students (32 boys and 43 girls), aged 13-15 (M = 13.82; SD = 0.47). Assessment comprised The EAS Temperament Questionnaire, Family Adaptability & Cohesion Evaluation Scales FACES IV-SOR (Family Rating Scale), and Survey questionnaire. The Bayesian networks were applied. Depending on the values of the identified variables, very high a posteriori probability of bullying and help-seeking behaviors can be predicted. Four EAS subscales (Distress, Fear, Activity, Sociability) and two SOR subscales (Balanced Flexibility and Balanced Cohesion) were identified as predictors of bullying. Moreover, two SOR subscales (Family Communication and Life Family Satisfaction) and one EAS subscale (Sociability) were identified as predictors of help-seeking behaviors. The constructed network made it possible to show the influence of variables related to temperament and variables related to the family environment on the probability of bullying or the probability of seeking help and support. The Bayesian network model used in this study may be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wajda
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojciechowski
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bernadetta Izydorczyk
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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25
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Raemen L, Luyckx K, Müller A, Buelens T, Verschueren M, Claes L. Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Pathological Buying in Community Adults and Patients with Eating Disorders: Associations with Reactive and Regulative Temperament. Psychol Belg 2020; 60:396-410. [PMID: 33442483 PMCID: PMC7774363 DOI: 10.5334/pb.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the (co-)occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and pathological buying (PB) and their associations with reactive/regulative temperament in a sample of female patients with eating disorders (ED) and in a sample of community adults. Our samples consisted of 254 community adults (48.8% female) and 60 female patients with ED. All participants filled out self-report questionnaires to assess NSSI, PB, and reactive/regulative temperament. Prevalence rates of NSSI and PB were respectively 14.5% and 4.8% for community women, 13.1% and 1.5% for community men, and 36.7% and 10% for female patients with ED. Only for community women, NSSI was positively related to PB. NSSI was negatively related to self-regulation in community men and women. Additionally, NSSI was negatively predicted by BAS reactivity in the clinical sample and by the interaction of BAS reactivity and self-regulation in community men. PB was predicted by low self-regulation in the three groups. Additionally, PB was positively predicted by BAS reactivity and by the interaction of BAS reactivity and self-regulation in community women. These findings indicated group differences in the (co-)occurrence of NSSI and PB and in their associations with underlying temperamental characteristics between individuals with and without ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leni Raemen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BE
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BE
- UNIBS, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, ZA
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, DE
| | - Tinne Buelens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BE
| | | | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BE
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BE
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Hattangadi N, Cost KT, Birken CS, Borkhoff CM, Maguire JL, Szatmari P, Charach A. Parenting stress during infancy is a risk factor for mental health problems in 3-year-old children. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1726. [PMID: 33198683 PMCID: PMC7670792 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although research on the relationship between parent and child mental health is growing, the impact of early parenting stress on preschool-aged children's mental health remains unclear. The objective was to evaluate the association between parenting stress during infancy and mental health problems in 3-year-old children. METHODS A prospective cohort study of healthy preschool-aged children recruited from 9 primary care practices in Toronto, Canada was conducted through the TARGet Kids! primary care practice-based research network. Parenting stress was measured when children were between 0 to 16 months of age, using the Parent Stress Index Short Form, PSI-SF. Parent-reported child mental health problems were measured at 36 to 47 months using the preschool Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, total difficulties score (TDS). Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to investigate the association between standardized PSI-SF and TDS, adjusted for child age, sex, temperament, sleep duration and household income. To strengthen clinical interpretation, analysis was repeated using adjusted multivariable logistic regression (TDS dichotomized at top 20%). RESULTS A total of 148 children (mean ± SD age, 37.2 ± 1.7 months, 49% male) were included in the analysis. Parenting stress during infancy (11.4 ± 3.1 months of age) was significantly associated with mental health problems in 3-year-old children (β = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.20-0.49, p < 0.001). Higher parenting stress was also associated with increased odds of higher TDS (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.69-2.83, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Healthy preschool-aged children with parents reporting parenting stress during infancy had a 2 times higher odds of mental health problems at 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine T Cost
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine S Birken
- Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Joannah & Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cornelia M Borkhoff
- Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathon L Maguire
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Joannah & Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alice Charach
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Barel E, Mizrachi Y, Nachmani M. Quantifying the Predictive Role of Temperament Dimensions and Attachment Styles on the Five Factor Model of Personality. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10100145. [PMID: 32987781 PMCID: PMC7598700 DOI: 10.3390/bs10100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study investigated the role of temperament and attachment security in predicting individual differences in the five factor personality traits among adults. As previous studies suggested the potential moderating role of attachment in the association between temperament and personality traits, the present study sought to examine an interactionist model combining attachment and temperament in explaining individual differences in personality traits. Methods: A sample of 1871 participants (1151 women and 719 men) completed self-report measures of adult attachment style (the Relationships Questionnaire—RQ), temperament dimension (the Fisher Temperament Inventory—FTI), and personality domain (the Five Factor Model—FFM). Results: Partial correlational analyses revealed associations between attachment security and each of the five domains of the FFM, and few associations between some temperament dimensions and several domains of the FFM. Moderated regression analyses showed that attachment security moderated the associations between temperament dimensions and the Agreeableness domain of the FFM. Among secure individuals, those with higher scores on the Curious/Energetic, Cautious/Social Norm Compliant and Prosocial/Empathetic scales exhibited higher Agreeableness scores, whereas among insecure individuals, those with higher scores on the Analytic/Tough-minded scale exhibited lower scores on the Agreeableness scale. Conclusion: Overall, the current study provides evidence in support of the substantive role of social-environmental factors (Adult Attachment) as a moderating element bridging temperament-related personality elements and a number of their FFM manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Barel
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel, Emek Yezreel 19300, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Yonathan Mizrachi
- Departments of Sociology and Anthropology, The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel, Emek Yezreel 19300, Israel & The Laboratory for AI, Machine Learning, Business & Data Analytics (LAMBDA), Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Maayan Nachmani
- Department of Psychology, The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel, Emek Yezreel 19300, Israel;
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28
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Sellers R, Harold GT, Thapar A, Neiderhiser JM, Ganiban JM, Reiss D, Shaw DS, Natsuaki MN, Leve LD. Examining the Role of Genetic Risk and Longitudinal Transmission Processes Underlying Maternal Parenting and Psychopathology and Children's ADHD Symptoms and Aggression: Utilizing the Advantages of a Prospective Adoption Design. Behav Genet 2020; 50:247-262. [PMID: 32623545 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-020-10006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although genetic factors may contribute to initial liability for ADHD onset, there is growing evidence of the potential importance of the rearing environment on the developmental course of ADHD symptomatology. However, associations between family-level variables (maternal hostility, maternal depressive symptoms) and child behaviors (developmental course of ADHD and aggression) may be explained by genes that are shared by biologically related parents and children. Furthermore, ADHD symptoms and aggression commonly co-occur: it is important to consider both simultaneously to have a better understanding of processes underlying the developmental course of ADHD and aggression. To addresses these issues, we employed a longitudinal genetically sensitive parent-offspring adoption design. Analyses were conducted using Cohort I (n = 340) of the Early Growth and Development Study with cross-validation analyses conducted with Cohort II (n = 178). Adoptive mother hostility, but not depression, was associated with later child ADHD symptoms and aggression. Mothers and their adopted children were genetically unrelated, removing passive rGE as a possible explanation. Early child impulsivity/activation was associated with later ADHD symptoms and aggression. Child impulsivity/activation was also associated with maternal hostility, with some evidence for evocative gene-environment correlation processes on adoptive mother depressive symptoms. This study provides novel insights into family-based environmental influences on child ADHD and aggression symptoms, independent of shared parental genetic factors, implications of which are further explicated in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sellers
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gordon T Harold
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. .,Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PQ, UK.
| | - Anita Thapar
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jenae M Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jody M Ganiban
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Reiss
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Misaki N Natsuaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Leslie D Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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29
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Shewark EA, Brick TR, Buss KA. Capturing temporal dynamics of fear behaviors on a moment-to-moment basis. INFANCY 2020; 25:264-285. [PMID: 32395080 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Identifying patterns of fearful behaviors early and accurately is essential to identify children who may be at increased risk for psychopathology. Previous work focused on the total amount of fear by using composites across time. However, considering the temporal dynamics of fear expression might offer novel insights into the identification of children at risk. One hundred and twenty-five toddlers participated in high- and low-fear tasks. Data were modeled using a novel two-step approach. First, a hidden Markov model estimated latent fear states and transitions across states over time. Results revealed children's behavior was best represented by six behavioral states. Next, these states were analyzed using sequence clustering to identify groups of children with similar dynamic trajectories through the states. A four-cluster solution found groups of children varied in fear response and regulation process: "external regulators" (using the caregiver as a regulation tool), "low reactive" (low reaction to stimulus), "fearful explorers" (managing their own internal state with minimal assistance from the caregiver), and "high fear" (fearful/at-caregiver state regardless of task). The combination of analytic tools enabled fine-grained examination of the processes of fearful temperament. These insights may help prevention programs target behaviors that perpetuate anxious behavior in the moment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy R Brick
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristin A Buss
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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30
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Chen LL, Magdy W, Wolters MK. The Effect of User Psychology on the Content of Social Media Posts: Originality and Transitions Matter. Front Psychol 2020; 11:526. [PMID: 32372996 PMCID: PMC7187751 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies suggest that frequencies of affective words in social media text are associated with the user's personality and mental health. In this study, we re-examine these associations by looking at the transition patterns of affect. We analyzed the content originality and affect polarity of 4,086 posts from 70 adult Facebook users contributed over 2 months. We studied posting behavior, including silent periods when the user does not post any content. Our results show that more extroverted participants tend to post positive content continuously and that more agreeable participants tend to avoid posting negative content. We also observe that participants with stronger depression symptoms posted more non-original content. We recommend that transitions of affect pattern derived from social media text and content originality should be considered in further studies on mental health, personality, and social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lushi Chen
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Walid Magdy
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria K Wolters
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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31
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Harper FWK, Albrecht TL, Trentacosta CJ, Taub JW, Phipps S, Penner LA. Understanding differences in the long-term psychosocial adjustment of pediatric cancer patients and their parents: an individual differences resources model. Transl Behav Med 2020; 9:514-522. [PMID: 31094435 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of childhood cancer is a major life stressor for children and their parents. There is substantial variability among pediatric cancer patients and their parents in their ability to cope with the cancer. Although other models typically focus on the psychological resources families use to broadly cope with a diagnosis of pediatric cancer, we present a model that focuses specifically how parents and children cope with the stress of invasive and often painful treatment episodes. Our resources model is further distinct with its focus on individual differences in personal (e.g., personality traits) and social (e.g., social support) resources and the role these differences may play in psychosocial adjustment of families confronting pediatric cancer. We use findings from the broader pediatric cancer research literature and our own 15-year program of research on individual differences in psychological resources and parents and children's responses to treatment episodes to provide empirical support for our model. Support was found for the six premises of the model: (a) parent resources influence their longer-term psychosocial adjustment, (b) parent resources influence children's responses to treatment episodes, (c) parent resources indirectly influence their longer-term psychosocial adjustment through their responses to treatment episodes, (d) children's personal resources influence how parent responses to treatment episodes, (e) children's resources influence their longer-term psychosocial adjustment, and (f) children's resources indirectly influence their longer-term psychosocial adjustment through their responses to treatment episodes. Understanding how the availability of resources influences parents and children confronting cancer provides a foundation for future research on individual differences in resources and offers other avenues through which clinicians can assess and treat families at risk for poor psychosocial adjustment during treatment and in their life beyond cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity W K Harper
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Terrance L Albrecht
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey W Taub
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sean Phipps
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Louis A Penner
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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32
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Gartstein MA, Hancock GR, Potapova NV, Calkins SD, Bell MA. Modeling development of frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry: Sex differences and links with temperament. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12891. [PMID: 31359565 PMCID: PMC6893078 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric patterns of frontal brain electrical activity reflect approach and avoidance tendencies, with stability of relative right activation associated with withdrawal emotions/motivation and left hemisphere activation linked with approach and positive affect. However, considerable shifts in approach/avoidance-related lateralization have been reported for children not targeted because of extreme temperament. In this study, dynamic effects of frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) power within and across hemispheres were examined throughout early childhood. Specifically, EEG indicators at 5, 10, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months-of-age (n = 410) were analyzed via a hybrid of difference score and panel design models, with baseline measures and subsequent time-to-time differences modeled as potentially influencing all subsequent amounts of time-to-time change (i.e., predictively saturated). Infant sex was considered as a moderator of dynamic developmental effects, with temperament attributes measured at 5 months examined as predictors of EEG hemisphere development. Overall, change in left and right frontal EEG power predicted declining subsequent change in the same hemisphere, with effects on the opposing neurobehavioral system enhancing later growth. Infant sex moderated the pattern of within and across-hemisphere effects, wherein for girls more prominent left hemisphere influences on the right hemisphere EEG changes were noted and right hemisphere effects were more salient for boys. Largely similar patterns of temperament prediction were observed for the left and the right EEG power changes, with limited sex differences in links between temperament and growth parameters. Results were interpreted in the context of comparable analyses using parietal power values, which provided evidence for unique frontal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gartstein
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gregory R Hancock
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, Measurement, Statistics and Evaluation (EDMS), College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Susan D Calkins
- Department of Psychology, Human Development and Family Studies, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Szcześniak M, Strochalska K. Temperament and Sense of Coherence: Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010219. [PMID: 31892262 PMCID: PMC6981951 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sense of coherence (SOC) reflects an individual’s capacity and available resources to deal with stressful situations. For some time now studies have revealed that people differ in their experience of SOC; yet, very little is known about how and through which mechanisms a high level of SOC is formed. In order to increase our understanding about the paths to a high SOC in the stage of adulthood, we focused on exploring the role both of temperament, as it has been confirmed as a potential component in the development of more complex traits that emerge later in life, and of emotional intelligence (EI) as it has been found to increase SOC. The sample consisted of 173 participants between 18 and 49. We used the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ), and Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (INTE). Results showed a negative correlation between the depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious dimensions of temperament and SOC, and EI. There was also a positive correlation between hyperthymic temperament and SOC, and EI. EI correlated positively with a general sense of coherence and its three dimensions. The PROCESS macro for SPSS showed that emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable and anxious temperament, comprehensibility, manageability, meaningfulness, and global orientation to life. On the basis of the obtained outcomes, it can be stated that emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between dimensions of temperament and dimensions of SOC.
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Smith Watts AK, Friedman NP, Corley RP, Hewitt JK, Hink LK, Robinson JL, Rhee SH. A Longitudinal and Multidimensional Examination of the Associations Between Temperament and Self-Restraint During Toddlerhood. Child Dev 2019; 90:e901-e920. [PMID: 30347108 PMCID: PMC6476699 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Developing self-restraint, or the inhibition of behavior in response to a prohibition, is an important process during toddlerhood. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of individual differences in the development of self-restraint during toddlerhood by examining stable elements and growth of temperament (i.e., attentional control, behavioral inhibition, negative emotionality), general intelligence, and self-restraint. Participants were 412 same-sex twin pairs (approximately 90% European American) from predominately middle-class households in Colorado. Data were collected at 14, 20, 24, and 36 months. Results indicated that higher behavioral inhibition, attentional control, and intelligence were independently associated with better self-restraint, whereas higher negative emotionality was an independent predictor of lower self-restraint. The associations between temperament and self-restraint generally appeared to be stable from 14 to 36 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K. Smith Watts
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
| | - Naomi P. Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
| | - Laura K. Hink
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
| | - JoAnn L. Robinson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO
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35
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Van Beveren ML, Kuppens S, Hankin B, Braet C. Because you had a bad day: General and daily relations between reactive temperament, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms in youth. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224126. [PMID: 31648247 PMCID: PMC6812825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative emotionality (NE) and positive emotionality (PE) have repeatedly shown to act as vulnerability factors for youth depression. Less research examined the mechanisms through which these reactive temperament traits may differently confer vulnerability to depression. Based on recent integrated models of depression proposing emotion regulation as a key underlying mechanism, the current study aimed to clarify the general and day-to-day relations among temperament, emotion regulation strategies, and depressive symptoms in Dutch-speaking youth (35% boys; Mage = 13.27 years, SD = 1.98) using a cross-sectional (n = 495) and a 7-day daily diary design (n = 469). Self-reported temperament, trait rumination, trait positive refocusing, and depressive symptoms were measured at baseline. State rumination, state positive refocusing, and depressive symptoms were further assessed daily. Whereas results revealed that NE and PE interacted in predicting baseline and daily depressive symptoms, the cross-sectional analyses provide preliminary evidence for the hypothesis that NE and PE each provide unique pathways for understanding vulnerability to depression. Additional analyses in the daily diary study showed NE to be significantly related to trajectories of state rumination. Results contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the associations between temperament, emotion regulation strategies, and depressive symptoms in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lotte Van Beveren
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, East-Flanders, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Sofie Kuppens
- Social Research Methodology Group, Centre for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flemish-Brabant, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
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36
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Wang FL, Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL. Bifactor model of effortful control and impulsivity and their prospective prediction of ego resiliency. J Pers 2019; 87:919-933. [PMID: 30421424 PMCID: PMC6513734 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children's effortful control and impulsivity are important predictors of the personality trait, ego resiliency (i.e., resiliency). Most researchers have not considered the fact that effortful control and impulsivity share substantial conceptual and empirical overlap, yet they also have been shown to be distinct. We tested a bifactor model of effortful control and impulsivity to characterize their shared and unique variance, the prospective prediction of resiliency by the factors of the bifactor model, and moderation by sex and age. METHOD In a longitudinal study of children (N = 214; 76.5% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 12.2% Hispanic, 11.3% other race/ethnicity), parent- and teacher-reported effortful control and impulsivity, as well as behavioral measures of effortful control, were assessed on two occasions (T1: 4.5-8 years; T2: 6-10 years). Parent-reported resiliency was used as a covariate (T1) and the outcome (T3: 8-12 years). RESULTS The bifactor model yielded a common effortful inhibitory control factor, pure attentional control factor, and pure impulsivity factor. Pure impulsivity and pure attentional control positively predicted resiliency, but only for girls. Effortful inhibitory control did not uniquely predict resiliency. CONCLUSION Disentangling the shared and unique aspects of effortful control and impulsivity could clarify the roles they play in important outcomes, such as resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracy L. Spinrad
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
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37
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Mõttus R, Briley DA, Zheng A, Mann FD, Engelhardt LE, Tackett JL, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM. Kids becoming less alike: A behavioral genetic analysis of developmental increases in personality variance from childhood to adolescence. J Pers Soc Psychol 2019; 117:635-658. [PMID: 30920282 PMCID: PMC6687565 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent work in personality development has indicated that the magnitude of individual differences in personality increases over child development. Do such patterns reflect the differentiation of individuals by genotype, an increasing influence of environmental factors, or some (interactive) combination of the two? Using a population-based sample of over 2,500 twins and multiples from the Texas Twin Project, we estimated age trends in the variances in self- and parent-reported measures of the Big Five personality traits between Ages 8 and 18 years. We then estimated age trends in the genetic and environmental components of variance in each measure. Individual differences in personality increased in magnitude from childhood through mid-adolescence. This pattern emerged using both children's self-reports and ratings provided by their parents, and was primarily attributable to increases in the magnitude of genetic influences. Most of the increasing genetic variance appeared nonadditive, pointing to the possibility that developmental processes tend to make genetically similar individuals disproportionately more alike in their personality traits over time. These findings could reflect increasing or accumulating effects of trait-by-trait interactions; person-by-environment transactions, whereby genetically similar people are disproportionally likely to experience similar environments; the activation of dominant genes across developmental transitions (e.g., puberty); or some combination of these three processes, among other factors. Theories of personality development will need to accommodate these descriptive findings, and longitudinal, genetically informed designs are needed to test some of the specific hypotheses springing from this study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- René Mõttus
- University of Edinburgh and University of Tartu
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38
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Temperament Similarities and Differences: A Comparison of Factor Structures from the Behavioral Style Questionnaire in Children with and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:1749-1762. [PMID: 30604350 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-03866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The majority of studies of temperament in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) use scales normed on typical populations. The present study examined a widely used measure of temperament, the Behavioral Style Questionnaire (McDevitt and Carey in Behavioral Styles Questionnaire, Behavioral-Developmental Initiatives Scottsdale, AZ, 1975) to determine whether it contains the temperament traits theorized by its creators. Neither confirmatory nor exploratory factor analysis, using a sample of children with ASD and a population comparison group, identified the theorized nine temperament factors; many items did not strongly load on any of the original factors. A 10 factor solution best described the ASD data and a 9 factor solution best described the typical group's data. There were substantial similarities in the 9 factor solutions, but groups differed from one another enough to question construct similarity for several factors. These results highlight that more basic psychometric research is needed to better understand the BSQ in children with ASD.
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Einziger T, Levi L, Zilberman-Hayun Y, Auerbach JG, Atzaba-Poria N, Arbelle S, Berger A. Predicting ADHD Symptoms in Adolescence from Early Childhood Temperament Traits. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 46:265-276. [PMID: 28317068 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extreme levels of certain temperament traits can be early markers of different developmental pathways of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the long-term utility of using these traits as predictors of ADHD is not fully known. This study includes 64 male adolescents (M age = 13.5), who have been followed since birth as part of a longitudinal study. The primary aim was to test effortful control (EC), activity level, and anger, measured in early childhood - both with mother's reports and laboratory assessments -as predictors of ADHD symptoms in adolescence. Further, we investigated the specificity of this prediction to the different ADHD symptom domains. The results demonstrated that early temperament dimensions of EC and activity level were predictive of ADHD symptoms about 10 years later, when the participants reached adolescence. Moreover, activity level showed specificity only to hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms whereas EC was a predictor of the two symptom domains. Anger had a predictive correlation with ADHD symptoms; however, it did not have a unique predictive contribution. These results emphasize the relevance of EC and activity level in the developmental course of ADHD. Identification of early risk factors can lead to more efficient design and implementation of intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzlil Einziger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Linoy Levi
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yael Zilberman-Hayun
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Judith G Auerbach
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Naama Atzaba-Poria
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Fenesy MC, Lee SS. Executive Functioning Mediates Predictions of Youth Academic and Social Development from Parenting Behavior. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:729-750. [PMID: 30299975 PMCID: PMC6391311 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1525384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using multiple mediation with bootstrapping, dimensions of executive functioning (i.e., inhibitory control, working memory, set shifting) were tested as mediators of predictions of academic and social outcomes from observed positive and negative parenting in 131 children followed prospectively into early adolescence. Inhibitory control and working memory mediated predictions of academic achievement, whereas inhibitory control meditated predictions of school competence from positive parenting. Additionally, working memory mediated predictions of negative social preference, but not social competence, from positive parenting. Executive functioning did not mediate predictions from negative parenting. The role of parenting in shaping youth outcomes through executive functioning is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Fenesy
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles , CA 90095-1563 , USA
| | - Steve S Lee
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles , CA 90095-1563 , USA
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Associations Between Father Temperament, Character, Rearing, Psychopathology and Child Temperament in Children Aged 3-6 Years. Psychiatr Q 2018; 89:589-604. [PMID: 29349589 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-017-9556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Temperament refers to the totality of individual characteristics present from birth that determine a child's unique style of behavior. Maternal personality and attitudes, one of the factors affecting temperament traits in children, is a frequently investigated subject. However, paternal variables have remained insufficiently studied. The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations between the fathers' temperament, character, attitudes, psychopathology and temperament of the 3-6 years-old children. The parents of 36-60 months-old children in the preschool settings in Samsun were included in the study (n:200). Their mothers completed "Maternal Sociodemographic Form" prepared by the researcher, and the temperament of children "Children Behaviour Questionnare" were scored by the mothers. Their fathers completed "Paternal Sociodemographic Form", and to assess father psychopathology "Brief Symptom Inventory", to determine father temperament and character "Temperament and Character Inventory" and to determine attitudes "Parenting Attitudes Scale" were scored by the fathers. In this study, we found several significant associations between children's temperament and fathers temperament and character, attitudes styles and psychopathology. The scores of paternal harm avoidance increase and self directedness decrease were found to be significantly positivily correlated with negative temperamental charecteristics of the children. The democratic attitudes of fathers were significantly correlated with positive temperamental scores of the children. All domains of paternal psychopathology were found to be in significant association with negative temperamental characteristics of the children. Our findings showed the complex interplay between determinants of parenting. Specifically, this study is one of the first to investigate paternal personality, psychopathology and attitudes, alone and in interaction with preschool child temperament.
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Naets T, Vervoort L, Ysebaert M, Van Eyck A, Verhulst S, Bruyndonckx L, De Winter B, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Tanghe A, Braet C. WELCOME: improving WEight controL and CO-Morbidities in children with obesity via Executive function training: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1075. [PMID: 30157826 PMCID: PMC6116429 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a widespread problem that not only leads to medical and psychological diseases in adults, but also in children and adolescents at an early stage in life. Because of its global burden on both the individual and society, it is necessary to develop effective evidence-based treatments. Current "Multidisciplinary Obesity Treatments" (MOT) already provide significant weight loss, but still leave room for more long-lasting improvements. In this protocol paper, we outline the research goals of the WELCOME trial, based on a substantial proof of concept. METHODS In this Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) - conducted in both an inpatient and two outpatient treatment settings - existing MOT will be supplemented with an Executive Function (EF) training and compare effects on various parameters in an experimental versus an active control group of obese youngsters (8-18 years old). WELCOME aims to (a) train youngsters' executive functions to facilitate effects on weight loss, psychological and medical comorbidities, (b) to enhance the long-term effects by continuing the training in the daily home context with booster sessions, and (c) to investigate its effects until a 6-month follow-up. In comparison to the active control group, better progress is expected in the experimental group on following variables: weight, psychological comorbidities (unhealthy eating behavior, internalizing symptoms, impaired self-esteem) and medical comorbidities (metabolic syndromes, endothelia dysfunction, tonsillar hypertrophy and sleep obstruction). DISCUSSION It is stated that this EF-training for enhancing self-control abilities is necessary for a long-lasting effect of childhood obesity treatment interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Study Procotol was registered on 10/05/2017 (n° ISRCTN14722584 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Naets
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijke Ysebaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Van Eyck
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stijn Verhulst
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Bruyndonckx
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte De Winter
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Hoorenbeeck
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Klusek J, Ruber A, Roberts JE. Impaired eye contact in the FMR1 premutation is not associated with social anxiety or the broad autism phenotype. Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 32:1337-1352. [PMID: 28972453 PMCID: PMC6136977 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1384063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Fragile X Mental Retardation-1 (FMR1) premutation is a common genetic abnormality, affecting ~1:150 women in the United States. Clinical neuropsychologists are becoming increasingly aware of their role in the clinical management of the FMR1 premutation, which is associated with risk for a range of cognitive, executive, neuromotor, and psychological impairments, including neurodegenerative disease. This study investigated atypical eye contact as a critical neuropsychological phenotype associated with the FMR1 premutation. METHODS Thirty-eight women with the FMR1 premutation and 27 control women engaged in a 20-min conversational sample with an examiner. Eye contact quality was coded from the videotaped samples by blinded coders. Mixed models tested group differences in eye contact during the beginning and the end of the conversation. Social anxiety and broad autism phenotype (BAP) traits were tested as predictors of eye contact quality across the groups. RESULTS Women with the FMR1 premutation exhibited significantly reduced eye contact during both the beginning and the end of the social interaction, despite a 'warm-up' effect where eye contact improved by the end of the interaction. Eye contact quality was not associated with social anxiety or BAP traits. CONCLUSIONS This study supports reduced eye contact as a phenotypic feature of the FMR1 premutation, which presents independent of social anxiety and the BAP. These findings contribute to a growing understanding of the neuropsychological phenotype of the FMR1 premutation, which has public health implications given that >1 million individuals in the United States carry this genetic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Klusek
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Keenan Building, Room 358, 1229 Marion Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208; phone: 803-777-5049;
| | - Alexis Ruber
- Department of Psychology, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208; phone: 803-777-5049;
| | - Jane E. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208; phone: 803-777-5676;
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Scherr JF, Hogan AL, Hatton D, Roberts JE. Stranger Fear and Early Risk for Social Anxiety in Preschoolers with Fragile X Syndrome Contrasted to Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 47:3741-3755. [PMID: 28210826 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated behavioral indicators of social fear in preschool boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS) with a low degree of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms (FXS-Low; n = 29), FXS with elevated ASD symptoms (FXS-High; n = 25), idiopathic ASD (iASD; n = 11), and typical development (TD; n = 36). Gaze avoidance, escape behaviors, and facial fear during a stranger approach were coded. Boys with elevated ASD symptoms displayed more avoidant gaze, looking less at the stranger and parent than those with low ASD symptoms across etiologies. The iASD group displayed more facial fear than the other groups. Results suggest etiologically distinct behavioral patterns of social fear in preschoolers with elevated ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Scherr
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Barnwell College, Suite 220, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Abigail L Hogan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Barnwell College, Suite 220, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Deborah Hatton
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, 417D One Magnolia Circle, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Jane E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Barnwell College, Suite 220, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Holzman JB, Burt NM, Edwards ES, Rosinski LD, Bridgett DJ. Negative (but not Positive) Parenting Interacts with Infant Negative Affect to Predict Infant Approach: Evidence of Diathesis-Stress. INFANCY 2018; 23:471-480. [PMID: 29731696 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temperament by parenting interactions may reflect that individuals with greater risk are more likely to experience negative outcomes in adverse contexts (diathesis-stress) or that these individuals are more susceptible to contextual influences in a 'for better or for worse' pattern (differential susceptibility). Although such interactions have been identified for a variety of child outcomes, prior research has not examined approach characteristics - excitement and approach toward pleasurable activities - in the first year of life. Therefore, the current study investigated whether 6-month maternal reported infant negative affect - a phenotypic marker of risk/susceptibility - interacted with 8-month observed parenting behaviors (positive parenting, negative parenting) to predict 12-month infant behavioral approach. Based a sample of mothers and their infants (N=150), results indicated that negative parenting was inversely associated with subsequent approach for infants with high, but not low, levels of early negative affect. Similar results did not occur regarding positive parenting. These findings better fit a diathesis-stress model rather than a differential susceptibility model. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
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Trofimova I, Robbins TW, Sulis WH, Uher J. Taxonomies of psychological individual differences: biological perspectives on millennia-long challenges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170152. [PMID: 29483338 PMCID: PMC5832678 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This Editorial highlights a unique focus of this theme issue on the biological perspectives in deriving psychological taxonomies coming from neurochemistry, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, genetics, psychiatry, developmental and comparative psychology-as contrasted to more common discussions of socio-cultural concepts (personality) and methods (lexical approach). It points out the importance of the distinction between temperament and personality for studies in human and animal differential psychophysiology, psychiatry and psycho-pharmacology, sport and animal practices during the past century. It also highlights the inability of common statistical methods to handle nonlinear, feedback, contingent, dynamical and multi-level relationships between psychophysiological systems of consistent psychological traits discussed in this theme issue.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Trofimova
- CILab, McMaster University, 92 Bowman St., Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 2T6
| | - T W Robbins
- University of Cambridge, Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - W H Sulis
- CILab, McMaster University, 92 Bowman St., Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 2T6
| | - J Uher
- University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, Park Row, London SE10 9LS, UK
- London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK
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Noradrenaline transporter availability on [ 11C]MRB PET predicts weight loss success in highly obese adults. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:1618-1625. [PMID: 29627935 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the mechanisms by which the central noradrenaline (NA) system influences appetite and controls energy balance are quite well understood, its relationship to changes in body weight remains largely unknown. The main goal of this study was to further clarify whether the brain NA system is a stable trait or whether it can be altered by dietary intervention. METHODS We aimed to compare central NA transporter (NAT) availability in ten obese, otherwise healthy individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 42.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2 (age 34 ± 9 years, four women) and ten matched non-obese, healthy controls (BMI 23.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2, age 33 ± 10 years, four women) who underwent PET with the NAT-selective radiotracer (S,S)-[11C]O-methylreboxetine (MRB) before and 6 months after dietary intervention. RESULTS MRI-based individual volume-of-interest analyses revealed an increase in binding potential (BPND) in the insula and the hippocampus of obese individuals, which correlated well with changes in BMI (-3.3 ± 5.3%; p = 0.03) following completion of the dietary intervention. Furthermore, voxel-wise regression analyses showed that lower BPND in these regions, but also in the midbrain and the prefrontal cortex, at baseline was associated with higher achieved weight loss (e.g., hippocampal area R2 = 0.80; p < 0.0001). No changes were observed in non-obese controls. CONCLUSION These first longitudinal interventional data on NAT availability in highly obese individuals indicate that the central NA system is modifiable. Our findings suggest that NAT availability before intervention could help predict the amount and success of weight loss in obese individuals and help adjust treatment options individually by allowing prediction of the benefit of a dietary intervention.
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Rudolph KD, Monti JD, Flynn M. Stress Reactivity as a Pathway from Attentional Control Deficits in Everyday Life to Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Girls. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:613-624. [PMID: 28608170 PMCID: PMC5729067 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to expand theoretical models of adolescent depression to determine whether individual differences in cognitive processing-specifically attentional control deficits-help to explain increased risk for depression during adolescence. We also examined whether this pathway was stronger in girls than in boys. A longitudinal design was used to examine whether poor attentional control in everyday life (i.e., difficulties shifting between ideas, tasks, and activities) contributes to depression over time by fostering higher levels of stress reactivity. Youth (298 boys, 338 girls) completed questionnaires assessing stress reactivity (6th and 7th grades) and depressive symptoms (6th, 7th and, 8th grades); teachers completed the shifting subscale of the Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function (Gioia et al. 2000a) to assess attentional control (6th and 7th grades). Structural equation modeling analyses provided support for the predicted pathway in girls but not boys, yielding a significant indirect effect from 6th grade shifting deficits to 8th grade depressive symptoms via 7th grade stress reactivity. These results suggest that attentional control deficits in early adolescence heighten girls' sensitivity to stress and consequent depressive symptoms, providing a critical direction for efforts to decrease adolescent girls' risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Jennifer D Monti
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Megan Flynn
- Medica Research Institute, 401 Carlson Parkway, MR CW105, Minneapolis, MN, 55305, USA
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Weiss S, Roberts RD. Using Anchoring Vignettes to Adjust Self-Reported Personality: A Comparison Between Countries. Front Psychol 2018; 9:325. [PMID: 29593621 PMCID: PMC5861527 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from self-report tools cannot be readily compared between cultures due to culturally specific ways of using a response scale. As such, anchoring vignettes have been proposed as a suitable methodology for correcting against this difference. We developed anchoring vignettes for the Big Five Inventory-44 (BFI-44) to supplement its Likert-type response options. Based on two samples (Rwanda: n = 423; Philippines: n = 143), we evaluated the psychometric properties of the measure both before and after applying the anchoring vignette adjustment. Results show that adjusted scores had better measurement properties, including improved reliability and a more orthogonal correlational structure, relative to scores based on the original Likert scale. Correlations of the Big Five Personality Factors with life satisfaction were essentially unchanged after the vignette-adjustment while correlations with counterproductive were noticeably lower. Overall, these changed findings suggest that the use of anchoring vignette methodology improves the cross-cultural comparability of self-reported personality, a finding of potential interest to the field of global workforce research and development as well as educational policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Weiss
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Moriya J. Association between Social Anxiety and Visual Mental Imagery of Neutral Scenes: The Moderating Role of Effortful Control. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2323. [PMID: 29375439 PMCID: PMC5768629 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
According to cognitive theories, verbal processing attenuates emotional processing, whereas visual imagery enhances emotional processing and contributes to the maintenance of social anxiety. Individuals with social anxiety report negative mental images in social situations. However, the general ability of visual mental imagery of neutral scenes in individuals with social anxiety is still unclear. The present study investigated the general ability of non-emotional mental imagery (vividness, preferences for imagery vs. verbal processing, and object or spatial imagery) and the moderating role of effortful control in attenuating social anxiety. The participants (N = 231) completed five questionnaires. The results showed that social anxiety was not necessarily associated with all aspects of mental imagery. As suggested by theories, social anxiety was not associated with a preference for verbal processing. However, social anxiety was positively correlated with the visual imagery scale, especially the object imagery scale, which concerns the ability to construct pictorial images of individual objects. Further, it was negatively correlated with the spatial imagery scale, which concerns the ability to process information about spatial relations between objects. Although object imagery and spatial imagery positively and negatively predicted the degree of social anxiety, respectively, these effects were attenuated when socially anxious individuals had high effortful control. Specifically, in individuals with high effortful control, both object and spatial imagery were not associated with social anxiety. Socially anxious individuals might prefer to construct pictorial images of individual objects in natural scenes through object imagery. However, even in individuals who exhibit these features of mental imagery, effortful control could inhibit the increase in social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Moriya
- Faculty of Sociology, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan
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