1
|
Katsuyama H, Horinaka S, Hakoshima M, Adachi H, Yanai H. Retrospective Longitudinal Observational Study on the Long-Term Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on the Development of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Japanese Patients. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4929. [PMID: 39201071 PMCID: PMC11355713 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The health burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) has been increasing lately. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in MASLD patients; therefore, the treatments for MASLD should improve both CV risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, in addition to an improvement in liver function. The evidence on the long-term effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) on the progression of MASLD in Asian populations is very limited. Methods: The retrospective longitudinal study was performed by using the medical records at our institute. We picked up patients with type 2 diabetes who had taken SGLT2is for at least 3 years or longer between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2018. We collected the data on metabolic parameters, including laboratory data and anthropometric parameters, and compared the data before and after the initiation of SGLT2is treatment. Results: During the observation period, 324 patients had taken SGLT2is for 3 years. Three-year SGLT2is treatment significantly reduced body weight, hemoglobin A1c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C). Such favorable changes in serum lipids were remarkable in patients with statins. Furthermore, this treatment significantly improved liver function and the markers for hepatic steatosis and hepatic fibrosis. Conclusions: Considering that the development of CVD determines the prognosis of MASLD patients, long-term SGLT2is treatment may be an ideal therapy for MASLD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa 272-8516, Chiba, Japan; (H.K.); (S.H.); (M.H.); (H.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Y, Choi D, Somanath PR, Zhang D. Lipid-Laden Macrophages in Pulmonary Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:889. [PMID: 38891022 PMCID: PMC11171561 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactants play a crucial role in managing lung lipid metabolism, and dysregulation of this process is evident in various lung diseases. Alternations in lipid metabolism lead to pulmonary surfactant damage, resulting in hyperlipidemia in response to lung injury. Lung macrophages are responsible for recycling damaged lipid droplets to maintain lipid homeostasis. The inflammatory response triggered by external stimuli such as cigarette smoke, bleomycin, and bacteria can interfere with this process, resulting in the formation of lipid-laden macrophages (LLMs), also known as foamy macrophages. Recent studies have highlighted the potential significance of LLM formation in a range of pulmonary diseases. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that LLMs are present in patients suffering from various pulmonary conditions. In this review, we summarize the essential metabolic and signaling pathways driving the LLM formation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis, and acute lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (D.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dooyoung Choi
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (D.C.)
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (D.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (D.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patil SP, Kuehn BR. Discovery of Small Molecule Glycolytic Stimulants for Enhanced ApoE Lipidation in Alzheimer's Disease Cell Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:491. [PMID: 38675451 PMCID: PMC11054693 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by pathophysiological deposits of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of tau. The central role of Aβ in AD pathology is well-established, with its increased deposition attributed mainly to its decreased cerebral clearance. Here, it is noteworthy that apolipoprotein E (ApoE), the most significant risk factor for AD, has been shown to play an isoform-specific role in clearing Aβ deposits (ApoE2 > ApoE3 > ApoE4), owing mainly to its lipidation status. In addition to the pathophysiological Aβ deposits, AD is also characterized by abnormal glucose metabolism, which is a distinct event preceding Aβ deposition. The present study established, for the first time, a possible link between these two major AD etiologies, with glucose metabolism directly influencing ApoE lipidation and its secretion by astrocytes expressing human ApoE4. Specifically, glucose dose-dependently activated liver X receptor (LXR), leading to elevated ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein levels and enhanced ApoE lipidation. Moreover, co-treatment with a glycolytic inhibitor significantly inhibited this LXR activation and subsequent ApoE lipidation, further supporting a central role of glucose metabolism in LXR activation leading to enhanced ApoE lipidation, which may help against AD through potential Aβ clearance. Therefore, we hypothesized that pharmacological agents that can target cellular energy metabolism, specifically aerobic glycolysis, may hold significant therapeutic potential against AD. In this context, the present study also led to the discovery of novel, small-molecule stimulants of astrocytic glucose metabolism, leading to significantly enhanced lipidation status of ApoE4 in astrocytic cells. Three such newly discovered compounds (lonidamine, phenformin, and berberine), owing to their promising cellular effect on the glycolysis-ApoE nexus, warrant further investigation in suitable in vivo models of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P. Patil
- NanoBio Lab, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA;
| | - Bella R. Kuehn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gong Y, Lu Q, Xi L, Liu Y, Yang B, Su J, Liu H, Jin J, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Zhu X, Xie S, Han D. F6P/G6P-mediated ChREBP activation promotes the insulin resistance-driven hepatic lipid deposition in zebrafish. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 122:109452. [PMID: 37748621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-sensitive lipogenesis dominates the body lipid deposition; however, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) develops in the insulin-resistant state. The regulation mechanism of insulin resistance-driven NAFLD remains elusive. Using zebrafish model of insulin resistance (ZIR, insrb-/-) and mouse hepatocytes (NCTC 1469), we explored the regulation mechanism of insulin resistance-driven hepatic lipid deposition under the stimulation of carbohydrate diet (CHD). In ZIR model, insulin resistance induced hyperlipidemia and elevated hepatic lipid deposition via elevating the gene/protein expressions of lipogenic enzymes, that was activated by carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), rather than sterol regulatory element binding proteins 1c (SREBP-1c). The metabolomic analysis in zebrafish and silencing of chrebp in mouse hepatocytes revealed that the increased hepatic frucotose-6-phosphate (F6P) and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) promoted the ChREBP-mediated lipid deposition. We further identified that F6P alone was sufficient to activate ChREBP-mediated lipid deposition by a SREBP-1c-independent manner. Moreover, we clarified the suppressed hepatic phosphofructokinase/glucose-6-phosphatase functions and the normal glucokinase function preserved by glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) manipulated the increased F6P/G6P content in ZIR. In conclusion, the present study revealed that insulin resistance promoted hepatic lipid deposition via the F6P/G6P-mediated ChREBP activation. Our findings deciphered the main regulation pathway for the liver lipid deposition in the insulin-resistant state and identified F6P as a new potential regulator for ChREBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qisheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longwei Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jingzhi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shouqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uehara K, Santoleri D, Whitlock AEG, Titchenell PM. Insulin Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4785-4809. [PMID: 37358513 PMCID: PMC10760932 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes (T2DM) continues to rise worldwide. The liver is a central insulin-responsive metabolic organ that governs whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, defining the mechanisms underlying insulin action in the liver is essential to our understanding of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. During periods of fasting, the liver catabolizes fatty acids and stored glycogen to meet the metabolic demands of the body. In postprandial conditions, insulin signals to the liver to store excess nutrients into triglycerides, cholesterol, and glycogen. In insulin-resistant states, such as T2DM, hepatic insulin signaling continues to promote lipid synthesis but fails to suppress glucose production, leading to hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance is associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular and kidney disease, atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Of note, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of diseases encompassing fatty liver, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, is linked to abnormalities in insulin-mediated lipid metabolism. Therefore, understanding the role of insulin signaling under normal and pathologic states may provide insights into preventative and therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Here, we provide a review of the field of hepatic insulin signaling and lipid regulation, including providing historical context, detailed molecular mechanisms, and address gaps in our understanding of hepatic lipid regulation and the derangements under insulin-resistant conditions. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4785-4809, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kahealani Uehara
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominic Santoleri
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna E. Garcia Whitlock
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul M. Titchenell
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim H, Park C, Kim TH. Targeting Liver X Receptors for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091292. [PMID: 37174692 PMCID: PMC10177243 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a range of conditions in which excess lipids accumulate in the liver, possibly leading to serious hepatic manifestations such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis/cirrhosis and cancer. Despite its increasing prevalence and significant impact on liver disease-associated mortality worldwide, no medication has been approved for the treatment of NAFLD yet. Liver X receptors α/β (LXRα and LXRβ) are lipid-activated nuclear receptors that serve as master regulators of lipid homeostasis and play pivotal roles in controlling various metabolic processes, including lipid metabolism, inflammation and immune response. Of note, NAFLD progression is characterized by increased accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction and augmented inflammation, all of which are highly attributed to dysregulated LXR signaling. Thus, targeting LXRs may provide promising strategies for the treatment of NAFLD. However, emerging evidence has revealed that modulating the activity of LXRs has various metabolic consequences, as the main functions of LXRs can distinctively vary in a cell type-dependent manner. Therefore, understanding how LXRs in the liver integrate various signaling pathways and regulate metabolic homeostasis from a cellular perspective using recent advances in research may provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and associated metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Muscle Physiome Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Favalier N, Roy J, Dias K, Maunas P, Turonnet N, Conde-Sieira M, Panserat S, Soengas JL, Marandel L. Sex dimorphism of glucosensing parameters and appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamus of rainbow trout broodstocks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 281:111436. [PMID: 37085140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is traditionally considered as a poor user of digestible carbohydrates harbouring persistent postprandial hyperglycaemia and decreased growth performances when fed a diet containing more than 20% of digestible carbohydrates. While this glucose-intolerant phenotype is well-described in juveniles, evidence points to a particular regulation of glucose metabolism in rainbow trout broodstrocks. By detecting changes in glucose levels and triggering a specific metabolic response, the hypothalamus plays a key role in the regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism. Therefore, our objective was to assess, for the first time in fish, the short-term consequences in hypothalamus, the glucose sensing and feed intake regulation of feeding mature female and male, and neomale rainbow trout with a diet containing either no or a 33% carbohydrate. The hypothalamic glucosensing capacity was assessed through mRNA levels of glucosensing related-genes and feed intake regulation through appetite-regulating peptides. Our data indicate that a brief period of carbohydrate intake (5 meals at 8 °C) did not induce specific changes in glucosensing capacity and appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamus of rainbow trout broodstock. Our results did however demonstrate, for the first time in fish, the existence of sex dimorphism of glucosensing-related genes and appetite-regulating peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Favalier
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Jérôme Roy
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Karine Dias
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Patrick Maunas
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Nicolas Turonnet
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Stephane Panserat
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - José Luis Soengas
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucie Marandel
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s, St-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guha Ray A, Odum OP, Wiseman D, Weinstock A. The diverse roles of macrophages in metabolic inflammation and its resolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1147434. [PMID: 36994095 PMCID: PMC10041730 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1147434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most functionally diverse immune cells, indispensable to maintain tissue integrity and metabolic health. Macrophages perform a myriad of functions ranging from promoting inflammation, through inflammation resolution to restoring and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Metabolic diseases encompass a growing list of diseases which develop from a mix of genetics and environmental cues leading to metabolic dysregulation and subsequent inflammation. In this review, we summarize the contributions of macrophages to four metabolic conditions-insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurodegeneration. The role of macrophages is complex, yet they hold great promise as potential therapies to address these growing health concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ada Weinstock
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wasfi A, Al Hamarna A, Al Shehhi OMH, Al Ameri HFM, Awwad F. Graphene Nanoribbon Field Effect Transistor Simulations for the Detection of Sugar Molecules: Semi-Empirical Modeling. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3010. [PMID: 36991722 PMCID: PMC10051405 DOI: 10.3390/s23063010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has remarkable characteristics that make it a potential candidate for optoelectronics and electronics applications. Graphene is a sensitive material that reacts to any physical variation in its environment. Due to its extremely low intrinsic electrical noise, graphene can detect even a single molecule in its proximity. This feature makes graphene a potential candidate for identifying a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds. Graphene and its derivatives are considered one of the best materials to detect sugar molecules due to their electronic properties. Graphene has low intrinsic noise, making it an ideal membrane for detecting low concentrations of sugar molecules. In this work, a graphene nanoribbon field effect transistor (GNR-FET) is designed and utilized to identify sugar molecules such as fructose, xylose, and glucose. The variation in the current of the GNR-FET in the presence of each of the sugar molecules is utilized as the detection signal. The designed GNR-FET shows a clear change in the device density of states, transmission spectrum, and current in the presence of each of the sugar molecules. The simulated sensor is made of a pair of metallic zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNR) joint via a channel of armchair graphene nanoribbon (AGNR) and a gate. The Quantumwise Atomistix Toolkit (ATK) is used to design and conduct the nanoscale simulations of the GNR-FET. Semi-empirical modeling, along with non-equilibrium Green's functional theory (SE + NEGF), is used to develop and study the designed sensor. This article suggests that the designed GNR transistor has the potential to identify each of the sugar molecules in real time with high accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Wasfi
- Electrical and Communication Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Al Hamarna
- Electrical and Communication Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omar Mohammed Hasani Al Shehhi
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hazza Fahad Muhsen Al Ameri
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Falah Awwad
- Electrical and Communication Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Endocytosis of LXRs: Signaling in liver and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:347-375. [PMID: 36631198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are among one of the major transcriptional factors that induces gene regulation in the nucleus. Liver X receptor (LXR) is a transcription factor which regulates essential lipid homeostasis in the body including fatty acid, cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis. Liver X receptor-retinoid X receptor (LXR-RXR) heterodimer is activated by either of the ligand binding on LXR or RXR. The promoter region of the gene which is targeted by LXR is bound to the response element of LXR. The activators bind to the heterodimer once the corepressor is dissociated. The cellular process such as endocytosis aids in intracellular trafficking and endosomal formation in transportation of molecules for essential signaling within the cell. LXR isotypes play a crucial role in maintaining lipid homeostasis by regulating the level of cholesterol. In the liver, the deficiency of LXRα can alter the normal physiological conditions depicting the symptoms of various cardiovascular and liver diseases. LXR can degrade low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) by the signaling of LXR-IDOL through endocytic trafficking in lipoprotein uptake. Various gene expressions associated with cholesterol level and lipid synthesis are regulated by LXR transcription factor. With its known diversified ligand binding, LXR is capable of regulating expression of various specific genes responsible for the progression of autoimmune diseases. The agonists and antagonists of LXR stand to be an important factor in transcription of the ABC family, essential for high density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. Endocytosis and signaling mechanism of the LXR family is broad and complex despite their involvement in cellular growth and proliferation. Here in this chapter, we aimed to emphasize the master regulation of LXR activation, regulators, and their implications in various metabolic activities especially in lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, we also briefed the significant role of LXR endocytosis in T cell immune regulation and a variety of human diseases including cardiovascular and neuroadaptive.
Collapse
|
11
|
Liang YH, Luo YH, Chen IS, Lin HR. Engelheptanoxides behave as liver X receptor α agonists. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
12
|
Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhao W, Li Q, Cheng W. Low expression of NR1H3 correlates with macrophage infiltration and indicates worse survival in breast cancer. Front Genet 2023; 13:1067826. [PMID: 36699456 PMCID: PMC9868774 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1067826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nuclear receptor NR1H3 is a key regulator of macrophage function and lipid homeostasis. Here, we aimed to visualize the prognostic value and immunological characterization of NR1H3 in breast cancer. Methods: The expression pattern and prognostic value of NR1H3 were analyzed via multiple databases, including TIMER2, GEPIA2 and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. TISIDB, TIMER2 and immunohistochemical analysis were used to investigate the correlation between NR1H3 expression and immune infiltration. GO enrichment analysis, KEGG analysis, Reactome analysis, ConsensusPathDB and GeneMANIA were used to visualize the functional enrichment of NR1H3 and signaling pathways related to NR1H3. Results: We demonstrated that the expression of NR1H3 was significantly lower in breast cancer compared with adjacent normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed shorter overall survival in basal breast cancer patients with low NR1H3 expression, and poorer prognosis of relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients with low NR1H3 expression. NR1H3 was mainly expressed in immune cells, and its expression was closely related with infiltrating levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in breast cancer. Additionally, univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that the expression of NR1H3 and the level of macrophage infiltration were independent prognostic factors for breast cancer. Gene interaction network analysis showed the function of NR1H3 involved in regulating of innate immune response and macrophage activation. Moreover, NR1H3 may function as a predictor of chemoresponsiveness in breast cancer. Conclusion: These findings suggest that NR1H3 serves as a prognostic biomarker and contributes to the regulation of macrophage activation in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxian Li
- The Center of Reproductive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Qingxian Li, ; Wenwu Cheng,
| | - Wenwu Cheng
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Qingxian Li, ; Wenwu Cheng,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yamanashi Y, Takada T, Tanaka Y, Ogata Y, Toyoda Y, Ito SM, Kitani M, Oshida N, Okada K, Shoda J, Suzuki H. Hepatic Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 exacerbates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by re-absorbing specific biliary oxysterols. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
14
|
Chen L, Zhang X, Song X, Han D, Han K, Xu W, Luo R, Cao Y, Shi Y, Liu C, Xu C, Li Z, Li Y, Li X. Peripheral Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone (GnIH) Acting as a Novel Modulator Involved in Hyperphagia-Induced Obesity and Associated Disorders of Metabolism in an In Vivo Female Piglet Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213956. [PMID: 36430435 PMCID: PMC9692342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from the well-established role of the gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in the regulation of the reproductive functions, much less is known about the peripheral role of the GnIH and its receptor in the metabolic processes. On account of pig being an excellent model for studies of food intake and obesity in humans, we investigated the peripheral effects of the GnIH on food intake and energy homeostasis and revealed the underlying mechanism(s) in female piglets in vivo. Compared to the vehicle-treated group, intraperitoneally injected GnIH significantly increased the food intake and altered the meal microstructure both in the fasting and ad libitum female piglet. GnIH-triggered hyperphagia induced female piglet obesity and altered islet hormone secretion in the pancreas, accompanied with dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. Interestingly, GnIH decreased the glucose transport capacity and glycogen synthesis, whereas it increased the gluconeogenesis in the liver, while it also induced an insulin resistance in white adipose tissue (WAT) via inhibiting the activity of AKT-GSK3-β signaling. In terms of the lipid metabolism, GnIH reduced the oxidation of fatty acids, whereas the elevated fat synthesis ability in the liver and WAT was developed though the inhibited AMPK phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate that peripheral GnIH could trigger hyperphagia-induced obesity and an associated glycolipid metabolism disorder in female piglets, suggesting that GnIH may act as a potential therapeutic agent for metabolic syndrome, obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xingxing Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dongyang Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kaiou Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Rongrong Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yajie Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Changlin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zixin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yinan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(07)-7132-35635
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saito S, Ohashi H, Nakamura K, Otagaki J, Nishioka K, Nishiuchi K, Nakamura A, Tsurukawa Y, Shibasaki H, Murakami H, Nagane M, Okada M, Kuramochi K, Watashi K, Kamisuki S. Cyclic Phthalate Esters as Liver X Receptor Antagonists with Anti-hepatitis C Virus and Anti-severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Properties. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:679-683. [PMID: 36184450 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptor is a nuclear hormone receptor that regulates lipid metabolism. Previously, we had demonstrated the antiviral properties of a liver X receptor antagonist associated with the hepatitis C virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In this study, we screened a chemical library and identified two potential liver X receptor antagonists. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the structures of both antagonists (compounds 1 and 2) were cyclic dimer and trimer of esters, respectively, that consisted of phthalate and 1,6-hexane diol. This study is the first to report the structure of the cyclic trimer of phthalate ester. Further experiments revealed that the compounds were impurities of solvents used for purification, although their source could not be traced. Both phthalate esters exhibited anti-hepatitis C virus activity, whereas the cyclic dimer showed anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 activity. Cyclic phthalate derivatives may constitute a novel class of liver X receptor antagonists and broad-spectrum antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Saito
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science.,Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases.,Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | - Kazane Nishioka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science.,Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kota Nishiuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | | | | | - Hironobu Murakami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University
| | - Masaki Nagane
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University
| | - Maiko Okada
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science.,Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases.,Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Shinji Kamisuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
An extended gate field-effect transistor (EG-FET) type non-enzymatic glucose sensor with inkjet-printed copper oxide nanoparticles. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We develop a disposable and cost-effective non-enzymatic glucose sensor consisting of an extended gate field effect transistor (EG-FET) to obtain effortless operation. The sensor is fabricated by printing, gold (Au) precursor ink and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) inks using a commercial inkjet printer on a flexible Polyimide (PI) substrate. First, sensing properties are tested electrochemically. The sensor shows a sensitivity of 728.5 μA cm−2 mM−1 and a detection limit of 0.01 mM with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.998. The observed linear dynamic range is from 0.5 to 7 mM. After that, the sensing electrode is adapted to the EG-FET. Two linear response ranges extend from 0.1 to 4 mM of a low concentration range of glucose with a sensitivity of 1295 μA cm−2 mM−1, and from 5 to 30 mM of a high concentration range of glucose with a sensitivity of 164 μA cm−2 mM−1 are observed. The EG-FET approach can enhance the detection sensitivities using amplification for a low concentration glucose range and extending a detection range for high concentration glucose. The presented work demonstrates that simply printed CuO NPs sensors can be used at low cost for disposable wide-range glucose detection devices.
Article Highlights
A non-enzymatic printed glucose sensor using an inkjet printer has been successfully developed.
CuO nanoparticles ink is printed on thin gold electrodes on Polyimide film.
We evaluate the glucose detection of extended-gate field-effect transistor (EG-FET) sensors.
The sensitivity is estimated to be 1295 μA cm−2 mM−1.
The EG-FET structure has the merit of a simple operation and cost-effective personal health care devices.
Collapse
|
17
|
Deshwal S, Baidya AT, Kumar R, Sandhir R. Structure-based virtual screening for identification of potential non-steroidal LXR modulators against neurodegenerative conditions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 223:106150. [PMID: 35787453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate cholesterol metabolism. LXRs have been suggested as promising targets against many neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The present study was aimed to identify novel non-steroidal molecules that may potentially modulate LXR activity. The structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) was used to search for suitable compounds from the Asinex library. The top hits were selected and filtered based on their binding affinity for LXR α and β isoforms. Based on molecular docking and scoring results, 24 compounds were selected that had binding energy in the range of - 13.9 to - 12 for LXRα and - 12.5 to - 11 for LXRβ, which were higher than the reference ligands (GW3965 and TO901317). Further, the five hits referred to as model 29, 64, 202, 250, 313 were selected by virtue of their binding interactions with amino acid residues at the active site of LXRs. The selected hits were then subjected to absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis and blood-brain permeability prediction. It was observed that the selected hits had better pharmacokinetic properties with no toxicity and could cross blood-brain barrier. Further, the selected hits were analysed for dynamic evolution of the system with LXRs by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation at 100 ns using GROMACS. The MD simulation results validated that selected hits possess a remarkable amount of flexibility, stability, compactness, binding energy and exhibited limited conformational modification. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of the top-scoring hits complexed with LXRα and LXRβ were 0.05-0.6 nm and 0.05-0.45 nm respectively, which is greater than the protein itself. Altogether the study identified potential non-steroidal LXR modulators that appear to be effective against various neurodegenerative conditions involving perturbed cholesterol and lipid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Deshwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Anurag Tk Baidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Teng T, Qiu S, Zhao Y, Zhao S, Sun D, Hou L, Li Y, Zhou K, Yu X, Yang C, Li Y. Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies Related to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147841. [PMID: 35887189 PMCID: PMC9322253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the most common types of chronic liver disease, is strongly correlated with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and genetic components. The pathological progression of NAFLD, consisting of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and liver cirrhosis, is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Although patients with mild NAFL are considered to show no obvious clinical symptoms, patients with long-term NAFL may culminate in NASH and further liver fibrosis. Even though various drugs are able to improve NAFLD, there are no FDA-approved medications that directly treat NAFLD. In this paper, the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the potential therapeutic targets, and their underlying mechanisms of action were reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tieshan Teng
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Dequan Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Lingzhu Hou
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yihang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Ke Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xixi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Changyong Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: or (C.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanzhang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: or (C.Y.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zou H, Ye H, Zhang J, Ren L. Recent advances in nuclear receptors-mediated health benefits of blueberry. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154063. [PMID: 35344717 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blueberry is rich in bioactive substances and has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and other activities. Blueberry has been shown to treat diseases by mediating the transcription of nuclear receptors. However, evidence for nuclear receptor-mediated health benefits of blueberry has not been systematically reviewed. PURPOSE This review aims to summarize the nuclear receptor-mediated health benefits of blueberry. METHODS This study reviews all relevant literature published in NCBI PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by January 2022. The relevant literature was extracted from the databases with the following keyword combinations: "biological activities" OR "nuclear receptors" OR "phytochemicals" AND "blueberry" OR "Vaccinium corymbosum" as well as free-text words. RESULTS In vivo and in vitro experimental results and clinical evidence have demonstrated that blueberry has health-promoting effects. Supplementing blueberry is beneficial to the treatment of cancer, the alleviation of metabolic syndrome, and liver protection. Blueberry can regulate the transcription of PPARs, ERs, AR, GR, MR, LXRs, and FXR and mediate the expressions of Akt, CYP 1Al, p53, and Bcl-2. CONCLUSION Blueberry can be targeted to treat various diseases by mediating the transcription of nuclear receptors. Nevertheless, further human research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haiqing Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Passarelli MN, McDonald JG, Thompson BM, Arega EA, Palys TJ, Rees JR, Barry EL, Baron JA. Association of demographic and health characteristics with circulating oxysterol concentrations. J Clin Lipidol 2022; 16:345-355. [PMID: 35461764 PMCID: PMC10882644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGOUND Circulating oxysterols, cholesterol metabolites with important signaling functions, are increasingly being recognized as candidate biomarkers for several diseases, but associations with demographic and health characteristics remain poorly described. OBJECTIVE This study aims to characterize associations of major circulating oxysterols with sex, age, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), lifestyle factors, and use of common medications. METHODS We measured plasma concentrations of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC), 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24(S)-OHC), 7ɑ-hydroxycholesterol (7ɑ-OHC), and 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4β-OHC) from 1,440 participants of a completed clinical trial for the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas. Adjusted percent difference in means were calculated using linear regression. RESULTS Women had 18% (95% CI, 14%, 22%) lower 27-OHC and 21% (15%, 27%) higher 4β-OHC than men. Blacks had 15% (7%, 23%) higher 4β-OHC than Non-Hispanic Whites, and Asian or Pacific Islanders had 19% (2%, 35%) higher 7ɑ-OHC than Non-Hispanic Whites. Individuals of BMI ≥35 kg/m2 had 33% (25%, 41%) lower 4β-OHC than those <25 kg/m2. Current smokers had 15% (5%, 24%) higher 7ɑ-OHC than never smokers, and daily alcohol drinkers had 17% (10%, 24%) higher 7ɑ-OHC than never drinkers. Statin use was associated with lower concentrations of all 5 oxysterols. Differences in mean <15% were found for characteristics such as age, total dietary energy intake, physical activity, diabetes, and anti-inflammatory drug use. CONCLUSION Circulating oxysterols are uniquely associated with multiple demographic and health characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Passarelli
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Enat A Arega
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas J Palys
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Judy R Rees
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Barry
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ji L, Li Q, He Y, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Gao Y, Fang M, Yu Z, Rodrigues RM, Gao Y, Li M. Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of NAFLD: a promising drug Potentilla discolor Bunge. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3529-3547. [PMID: 36176915 PMCID: PMC9513494 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive accumulation of hepatic lipids and metabolic stress-induced liver injury. There are currently no approved effective pharmacological treatments for NAFLD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for centuries to treat patients with chronic liver diseases without clear disease types and mechanisms. More recently, TCM has been shown to have unique advantages in the treatment of NAFLD. We performed a systematic review of the medical literature published over the last two decades and found that many TCM formulas have been reported to be beneficial for the treatment of metabolic dysfunctions, including Potentilla discolor Bunge (PDB). PDB has a variety of active compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, organic acids, steroids and tannins. Many compounds have been shown to exhibit a series of beneficial effects for the treatment of NAFLD, including anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions, improvement of lipid metabolism and reversal of insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize potential therapeutic effects of TCM formulas for the treatment of NAFLD, focusing on the medicinal properties of natural active compounds from PDB and their underlying mechanisms. We point out that PDB can be classified as a novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longshan Ji
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Li
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Miao Fang
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Robim M. Rodrigues
- Department of in Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1000, Belgium
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Man Li
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A biologically based model to quantitatively assess the role of the nuclear receptors liver X (LXR), and pregnane X (PXR) on chemically induced hepatic steatosis. Toxicol Lett 2022; 359:46-54. [PMID: 35143881 PMCID: PMC9644840 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is characterized by the intracellular increase of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the form of triglycerides in hepatocytes. This hepatic adverse outcome can be caused by many factors, including exposure to drugs or environmental toxicants. Mechanistically, accumulation of lipids in the liver can take place via several mechanisms such as de novo synthesis and/or uptake of FFAs from serum via high fat content diets. De novo synthesis of FFAs within the liver is mediated by the liver X receptor (LXR), and their uptake into the liver is mediated through the pregnane X receptor (PXR). We investigated the impact of chemical exposure on FFAs hepatic content via activation of LXR and PXR by integrating chemical-specific physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models with a quantitative toxicology systems (QTS) model of hepatic lipid homeostasis. Three known agonists of LXR and/or PXR were modeled: T0901317 (antagonist for both receptors), GW3965 (LXR only), and Rifampicin (PXR only). Model predictions showed that T0901317 caused the most FFAs build-up in the liver, followed by Rifampicin and then GW3965. These modeling results highlight the importance of PXR activation for serum FFAs uptake into the liver while suggesting that increased hepatic FAAs de novo synthesis alone may not be enough to cause appreciable accumulation of lipids in the liver under normal environmental exposure levels. Moreover, the overall PBPK-hepatic lipids quantitative model can be used to screen chemicals for their potential to cause in vivo hepatic lipid content buildup in view of their in vitro potential to activate the nuclear receptors and their exposure levels.
Collapse
|
23
|
Li Y, Shi Y, He Y, Li X, Yang J. RNA binding Motif protein-38 regulates myocardial hypertrophy in LXR-α-dependent lipogenesis pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9655-9667. [PMID: 34854353 PMCID: PMC8809983 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1977552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial hypertrophy is a pathological thickening of the myocardium, leading to various ailments, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. RBM38 is critical in modulating mRNA translation for multiple protective activities such as p53 tumor repressor and p21 kinase cell cycle inhibitors. Liver X receptors (LXR-α) agonists reduce cellular hypertrophy initiated by various hypertrophic stimuli as lipopolysaccharides and Ang II. This research investigates the possible cooperation between RBM38 and LXR-α and mechanisms in modulating myocardial hypertrophy. H9C2 cells were treated with PE, TNF-α, and AngII to induce myocardial hypertrophy. RBM38 and LXR- α were overexpressed or silenced in H9C2 cells, and hypertrophy markers (ANF and Myh7) were determined with Western blot and RT-qPCR. Binding assays were done through RNA immunoprecipitation. H&E and Rhodamine-labeled phalloidin staining assays were used to assess the relative cell surface change. The results demonstrated RBM38 downregulation in in vitro models of myocardial hypertrophy. Modulation of RBM38 expression also exerted inverse effects on myocardial hypertrophy markers. Further observations also showed that LXR-α expression regulates the myocardial hypertrophy markers in H9C2 cells and RBM38 binds with LXR-α mRNA, consequently inhibiting LXR-α expression. Finally, overexpression of RBM38 rescues Angiotensin II-induced myocardial hypertrophy by regulating LXR-α dependent lipogenesis pathway. In conclusion, RBM38 Overexpression rescues Angiotensin II-induced myocardial hypertrophy by regulating LXR-α dependent lipogenesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Baoji People's Hospital, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yanhu Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Baoji Chinese Medicine Hospital, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yaoli He
- Department of Geriatric Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Junlu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Baoji Chinese Medicine Hospital, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Song Y, Liu J, Zhao K, Gao L, Zhao J. Cholesterol-induced toxicity: An integrated view of the role of cholesterol in multiple diseases. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1911-1925. [PMID: 34562355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
High levels of cholesterol are generally considered to be associated with atherosclerosis. In the past two decades, however, a number of studies have shown that excess cholesterol accumulation in various tissues and organs plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Here, we summarize the effects of excess cholesterol on disease pathogenesis, including liver diseases, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, pituitary-thyroid axis dysfunction, immune disorders, and COVID-19, while proposing that excess cholesterol-induced toxicity is ubiquitous. We believe this concept will help broaden the appreciation of the toxic effect of excess cholesterol, and thus potentially expand the therapeutic use of cholesterol-lowering medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dietary syringic acid reduces fat mass in an ovariectomy-induced mouse model of obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:1340-1350. [PMID: 34610616 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postmenopausal women are at increased risk of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Therefore, the chemoprevention of postmenopausal changes in health via dietary supplements is important. Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound present in the fruit of the assai palm, Euterpe oleracea, and in the mycelium of the shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes. This compound shows no affinity for estrogen receptors and may exert disease-preventive effects. Reportedly, dietary SA ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice; however, its effects on estrogen deficiency-induced obesity are still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether and how dietary SA affects these factors in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. METHODS Ten-week-old OVX mice were fed SA-containing diets (100 mg/kg body weight/d) for 12 weeks. Their body weights, food intake, and uterus weights as well as other parameters were measured and comparisons were made with mice in the control group. RESULTS Dietary SA did not affect the body weight, food intake, or uterus weight of OVX mice over the study period; however, the SA-fed group showed lower fat mass (ie, visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat) than the OVX-control group (11.1 ± 3.3 vs. 8.3 ± 2.4, P < 0.05; 7.9 ± 1.1 vs. 5.9 ± 1.6, P < 0.05; 19.0 ± 4.2 vs. 14.1 ± 3.8, P < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, blood analysis revealed that SA-treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease and increase in serum triglyceride (59.2 ± 8.3 vs. 43.9 ± 12.2 mg/dL P < 0.05) and adiponectin (7.7 ± 0.3 vs. 9.5 ± 0.6 μg/mL, P < 0.05) levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the SA diet improves lipid metabolism without affecting the uterus in OVX mice. Therefore, dietary SA has potential applicability for the prevention of postmenopausal obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
26
|
Shi YN, Liu YJ, Xie Z, Zhang WJ. Fructose and metabolic diseases: too much to be good. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:1276-1285. [PMID: 34010200 PMCID: PMC8183764 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Excessive consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has been linked to worldwide epidemics of metabolic diseases in humans, and it is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We provide an overview about the features of fructose metabolism, as well as potential mechanisms by which excessive fructose intake is associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases both in humans and rodents. To accomplish this aim, we focus on illuminating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fructose metabolism as well as its signaling effects on metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis in health and disease, highlighting the role of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein in regulating fructose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ya-Jin Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Zhifang Xie
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weiping J. Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin 300134, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Drag J, Knapik-Czajka M, Gawedzka A, Gdula-Argasinska J, Jaskiewicz J. Impact of High-Sucrose Diet on the mRNA Levels for Elongases and Desaturases and Estimated Protein Activity in Rat Adipose Tissue. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:525-532. [PMID: 33993857 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921050011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) present in the adipose tissue (AT) can be modified by elongases and desaturases. These enzymes are regulated by different factors including nutrients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of high-sucrose diet (HSD; 68% sucrose) on the levels of mRNAs for elongases (Elovl2, Elovl5, Elovl6) and desaturases (Fads1, Fads2, Scd) and on the activity of the corresponding proteins in the rat AT. Male Wistar rats were randomized into two study groups: fed with an HSD and with a standard diet (ST). The mRNA levels were determined by a semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. FA composition was analyzed by gas chromatography, and FA ratios were used to estimate the activity of the enzymes. In the HSD rats, the levels of Elovl5, Elovl6, Fads1, and Scd mRNAs were higher, while the level of Fads2 mRNA was lower than in the ST group. Higher levels of Elovl5 and Elovl6 mRNAs corresponded to higher relative activities of these enzymes, while downregulation of the Fads2 mRNA was associated with the lower activity of this desaturase. In contrast, an increase in the level of Scd mRNA was accompanied by a decrease in the enzyme activity. Less monounsaturated FAs were detected in the AT of HSD rats than in the ST group. The composition of individual FAs differed between the groups. This study supports the notion that the regulation of mRNA levels and activity of both elongases and desaturases play an important role in managing the AT lipid composition in response to changes in the dietary status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Drag
- Department of Biochemical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, 30-688, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Knapik-Czajka
- Department of Biochemical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, 30-688, Poland.
| | - Anna Gawedzka
- Department of Biochemical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, 30-688, Poland.
| | - Joanna Gdula-Argasinska
- Department of Radioligands, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, 30-688, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Jaskiewicz
- Department of Biochemical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, 30-688, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Passarelli MN, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, Snover DC, Palys TJ, Rees JR, Barry EL, Baron JA. Circulating 27-hydroxycholesterol and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas and Serrated Polyps. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 14:479-488. [PMID: 33408073 PMCID: PMC8026496 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is an endogenous selective estrogen receptor modulator implicated in breast cancer etiology. It is unknown whether circulating 27-OHC is associated with colorectal neoplasia risk. Circulating 27-OHC was measured using LC/MS in fasting plasma collected at baseline from participants of the Vitamin D/Calcium Polyp Prevention Study, a completed randomized clinical trial. Participants were between 45 and 75 years old, recently diagnosed with ≥1 colorectal adenoma, and followed for new colorectal polyps during colonoscopic surveillance. Adjusted risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of new colorectal polyps were estimated for quartiles of circulating 27-OHC using log-linear regression for repeated outcomes. Polyp phenotypes included any adenomas, advanced adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, and sessile serrated adenomas/polyps. Circulating 27-OHC was measured at baseline for 1,246 participants. Compared with participants with circulating 27-OHC below the first quartile (<138 ng/mL), those with circulating 27-OHC at or above the fourth quartile (≥201 ng/mL) had 24% higher risk of adenomas (RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05-1.47) and 89% higher risk of advanced adenomas (RR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.17-3.06). Stronger associations were observed among participants with advanced adenomas at baseline. Circulating 27-OHC was not associated with risk of hyperplastic polyps (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.66-1.22) or sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.50-2.07). Circulating 27-OHC may be a risk factor for colorectal adenomas but not serrated polyps. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: This study found that plasma concentration of 27-hydroxycholesterol, a metabolite of cholesterol that regulates lipid metabolism and acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, is associated with the risk of developing precursor lesions for colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Passarelli
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dale C Snover
- Department of Pathology, Fairview Southdale Hospital, Edina, Minnesota
| | - Thomas J Palys
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Judy R Rees
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Elizabeth L Barry
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sun Y, Zhou L, Chen W, Zhang L, Zeng H, Sun Y, Long J, Yuan D. Immune metabolism: a bridge of dendritic cells function. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:313-325. [PMID: 33792460 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1897124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of researches have shown that cell metabolism regulates cell function. Dendritic cells (DCs), a professional antigen presenting cells, connect innate and adaptive immune responses. The preference of DCs for sugar or lipid affects its phenotypes and functions. In many diseases such as atherosclerosis (AS), diabetes mellitus and tumor, altered glucose or lipid level in microenvironment makes DCs exert ineffective or opposite immune roles, which accelerates the development of these diseases. In this article, we review the metabolism pathways of glucose and cholesterol in DCs, and the effects of metabolic changes on the phenotype and function of DCs. In addition, we discuss the effects of changes in glucose and lipid levels on DCs in the context of different diseases for better understanding the relationship between DCs and diseases. The immune metabolism of DCs may be a potential intervention link to treat metabolic-related immune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Sun
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Long
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongping Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Russo-Savage L, Schulman IG. Liver X receptors and liver physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166121. [PMID: 33713792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The liver x receptors LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand dependent transcription factors that regulate transcription in response to the direct binding of cholesterol derivatives. Studies using genetic knockouts and synthetic ligands have defined the LXRs as important modulators of lipid homeostasis throughout the body. This review focuses on the control of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism by LXRs in the liver and how modifying LXR activity can influence the pathology of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Russo-Savage
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Ira G Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sreelekshmi M, Raghu KG. Vanillic acid mitigates the impairments in glucose metabolism in HepG2 cells through BAD-GK interaction during hyperinsulinemia. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-8. [PMID: 33651899 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK), a key regulator of hepatic glucose metabolism in the liver and glucose sensor and mediator in the secretion of insulin in the pancreas, is not studied in detail for its therapeutic application in diabetes. Herein, we study the alteration in GK activity during hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. We also investigated the link between GK and Bcl-2-associated death receptor (BAD) during hyperinsulinemia. There are emerging demands for GK activators from natural resources, and we selected vanillic acid (VA) to evaluate its potential as GK activators during hyperinsulinemia in HepG2 cells. VA is a phenolic compound and a commonly used food additive in many food industries. We found that VA safeguarded GK inhibition during hyperinsulinemia significantly in HepG2 cells. VA also prevented the depletion of glycogen synthesis during hyperinsulinemia, which is evident from protein expression studies of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, glycogen synthase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. This was associated with activation of BAD activity, which was also confirmed by Western blotting. Molecular docking revealed strong binding between GK active site and VA, supporting their strong interaction. These are the first in vitro data to indicate the beneficial properties of VA with respect to insulin resistance induced by hyperinsulinemia by GK activation. Since it is activated via BAD, the hypoglycemia associated with general GK activation is not expected here and therefore has significant implications for future therapies against diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Sreelekshmi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kozhiparambil Gopalan Raghu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang X, Wang K, Zhu L, Wang Q. Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway and Cholesterol Efflux in Diabetic Retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:8746114. [PMID: 34746320 PMCID: PMC8564209 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8746114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol esters, synthesized from cholesterol with long-chain fatty acids, are essential components of plasma lipoproteins and cell membranes that participate in various metabolic processes in the body. Cholesterol can be excreted through the cholesterol reverse transport (RCT) pathway when excessive cholesterol is produced in the extrahepatic cells, which is regulated by the liver X receptor (LXR) and its downstream regulators ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCG1) genes. Abnormal cholesterol metabolism is closely associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the precise underlying mechanism of the RCT pathway in the pathogenesis of DR is still not fully understood. This review focused on cholesterol metabolism, with a particular emphasis on the RCT pathway and its correlation with the development of DR. Particular attention has been paid to the key regulators of the RCT pathway: LXR, ABCA1, and ABCG1 genes and their potential therapeutic targets in the management of DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Beijing Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Study Group, China
| | - Kaiyue Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Qiyun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Beijing Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Study Group, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on lipid metabolism and SUMOylation modification in the liver tissues of yellow catfish. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:1241-1250. [PMID: 32600495 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation in hepatic lipid synthesis by excess dietary carbohydrate intake is often relevant with the occurrence of fatty liver; therefore, the thorough understanding of the regulation of lipid deposition and metabolism seems crucial to search for potential regulatory targets. In the present study, we examined TAG accumulation, lipid metabolism-related gene expression, the enzyme activities of lipogenesis-related enzymes, the protein levels of transcription factors or genes involving lipogenesis in the livers of yellow catfish fed five dietary carbohydrate sources, such as glucose, maize starch, sucrose, potato starch and dextrin, respectively. Generally speaking, compared with other carbohydrate sources, dietary glucose promoted TAG accumulation, up-regulated lipogenic enzyme activities and gene expressions, and down-regulated mRNA expression of genes involved in lipolysis and small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification pathways. Further studies found that sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), a key transcriptional factor relevant to lipogenic regulation, was modified by SUMO1. Mutational analyses found two important sites for SUMOylation modification (K254R and K264R) in SREBP1. Mutant SREBP lacking lysine 264 up-regulated the transactivation capacity on an SREBP-responsive promoter. Glucose reduced the SUMOylation level of SREBP1 and promoted the protein expression of SREBP1 and its target gene stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), indicating that SUMOylation of SREBP1 mediated glucose-induced hepatic lipid metabolism. Our study elucidated the molecular mechanism of dietary glucose increasing hepatic lipid deposition and found that the SREBP-dependent transactivation was regulated by SUMO1 modification, which served as a new target for the transcriptional programmes governing lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ow JR, Cadez MJ, Zafer G, Foo JC, Li HY, Ghosh S, Wollmann H, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Ong CB, Wenk MR, Han W, Choi H, Kaldis P. Remodeling of whole-body lipid metabolism and a diabetic-like phenotype caused by loss of CDK1 and hepatocyte division. eLife 2020; 9:63835. [PMID: 33345777 PMCID: PMC7771968 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression and lipid metabolism are well-coordinated processes required for proper cell proliferation. In liver diseases that arise from dysregulated lipid metabolism, hepatocyte proliferation is diminished. To study the outcome of CDK1 loss and blocked hepatocyte proliferation on lipid metabolism and the consequent impact on whole-body physiology, we performed lipidomics, metabolomics, and RNA-seq analyses on a mouse model. We observed reduced triacylglycerides in liver of young mice, caused by oxidative stress that activated FOXO1 to promote the expression of Pnpla2/ATGL. Additionally, we discovered that hepatocytes displayed malfunctioning β-oxidation, reflected by increased acylcarnitines (ACs) and reduced β-hydroxybutyrate. This led to elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), which were transported to the adipose tissue for storage and triggered greater insulin secretion. Upon aging, chronic hyperinsulinemia resulted in insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis through activation of LXR. Here, we demonstrate that loss of hepatocyte proliferation is not only an outcome but also possibly a causative factor for liver pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Rong Ow
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matias J Cadez
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gözde Zafer
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juat Chin Foo
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Yu Li
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soumita Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heike Wollmann
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Bing Ong
- Biological Resource Centre (BRC), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.,Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bionaz M, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Busato S. Advances in fatty acids nutrition in dairy cows: from gut to cells and effects on performance. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:110. [PMID: 33292523 PMCID: PMC7667790 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High producing dairy cows generally receive in the diet up to 5-6% of fat. This is a relatively low amount of fat in the diet compared to diets in monogastrics; however, dietary fat is important for dairy cows as demonstrated by the benefits of supplementing cows with various fatty acids (FA). Several FA are highly bioactive, especially by affecting the transcriptome; thus, they have nutrigenomic effects. In the present review, we provide an up-to-date understanding of the utilization of FA by dairy cows including the main processes affecting FA in the rumen, molecular aspects of the absorption of FA by the gut, synthesis, secretion, and utilization of chylomicrons; uptake and metabolism of FA by peripheral tissues, with a main emphasis on the liver, and main transcription factors regulated by FA. Most of the advances in FA utilization by rumen microorganisms and intestinal absorption of FA in dairy cows were made before the end of the last century with little information generated afterwards. However, large advances on the molecular aspects of intestinal absorption and cellular uptake of FA were made on monogastric species in the last 20 years. We provide a model of FA utilization in dairy cows by using information generated in monogastrics and enriching it with data produced in dairy cows. We also reviewed the latest studies on the effects of dietary FA on milk yield, milk fatty acid composition, reproduction, and health in dairy cows. The reviewed data revealed a complex picture with the FA being active in each step of the way, starting from influencing rumen microbiota, regulating intestinal absorption, and affecting cellular uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues, making prediction on in vivo nutrigenomic effects of FA challenging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sebastiano Busato
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ozkan H, Yakan A. Dietary high calories from sunflower oil, sucrose and fructose sources alters lipogenic genes expression levels in liver and skeletal muscle in rats. Ann Hepatol 2020; 18:715-724. [PMID: 31204236 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate the underlying mechanism of PPARα, LXRα, ChREBP, and SREBP-1c at the level of gene and protein expression with high-energy diets in liver and skeletal muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metabolic changes with consumption of high fat (Hfat), high sucrose (Hsuc) and high fructose (Hfru) diets were assessed. Levels of mRNA and protein of PPARα, LXRα, ChREBP, and SREBP-1c were investigated. Body weight changes, histological structure of liver and plasma levels of some parameters were also examined. RESULTS In Hfru group, body weights were higher than other groups (P<0.05). In liver, LXRα levels of Hsuc and Hfru groups were upregulated as 1.87±0.30 (P<0.05) and 2.01±0.29 (P<0.01). SREBP-1c levels were upregulated as 4.52±1.25 (P<0.05); 4.05±1.11 (P<0.05) and 3.85±1.04 (P<0.05) in Hfat, Hsuc, and Hfru groups, respectively. In skeletal muscle, LXRα and SREBP-1c were upregulated as 1.77±0.30 (P<0.05) and 2.71±0.56 (P<0.05), in the Hfru group. Protein levels of ChREBP (33.92±8.84ng/mg protein (P<0.05)) and SREBP-1c (135.16±15.57ng/mg protein (P<0.001)) in liver were higher in Hfru group. In skeletal muscle, LXRα, ChREBP and SREBP-1c in Hfru group were 6.67±0.60, 7.11±1.29 and 43.17±6.37ng/mg, respectively (P<0.05; P<0.01; P<0.05). The rats in Hfru group had the most damaged livers. CONCLUSION Besides liver, fructose consumption significantly effects skeletal muscle and leads to weight gain, triggers lipogenesis and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Ozkan
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Akin Yakan
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
van der Kooij MA. The impact of chronic stress on energy metabolism. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 107:103525. [PMID: 32629109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is exceptionally demanding in terms of energy metabolism. Approximately 20% of the calories consumed are devoted to our cerebral faculties, with the lion's share provided in the form of glucose. The brain's stringent energy dependency requires a high degree of harmonization between the elements responsible for supplying- and metabolizing energetic substrates. However, chronic stress may jeopardize this homeostatic energy balance by disruption of critical metabolic processes. In agreement, stress-related mental disorders have been linked with perturbations in energy metabolism. Prominent stress-induced metabolic alterations include the actions of hormones, glucose uptake and mitochondrial adjustments. Importantly, fundamental stress-responsive metabolic adjustments in humans and animal models bear a striking resemblance. Here, an overview is provided of key findings, demonstrating the pervasive impact of chronic stress on energy metabolism. Furthermore, I argue that medications, aimed primarily at restoring metabolic homeostasis, may constitute a novel approach to treat mental disorders.
Collapse
|
38
|
Fan Q, Nørgaard RC, Grytten I, Ness CM, Lucas C, Vekterud K, Soedling H, Matthews J, Lemma RB, Gabrielsen OS, Bindesbøll C, Ulven SM, Nebb HI, Grønning-Wang LM, Sæther T. LXRα Regulates ChREBPα Transactivity in a Target Gene-Specific Manner through an Agonist-Modulated LBD-LID Interaction. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051214. [PMID: 32414201 PMCID: PMC7290792 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-sensing nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR) and the glucose-sensing transcription factor carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) are central players in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. More knowledge of their mechanistic interplay is needed to understand their role in pathological conditions like fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. In the current study, LXR and ChREBP co-occupancy was examined by analyzing ChIP-seq datasets from mice livers. LXR and ChREBP interaction was determined by Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) and their transactivity was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of target genes and gene reporter assays. Chromatin binding capacity was determined by ChIP-qPCR assays. Our data show that LXRα and ChREBPα interact physically and show a high co-occupancy at regulatory regions in the mouse genome. LXRα co-activates ChREBPα and regulates ChREBP-specific target genes in vitro and in vivo. This co-activation is dependent on functional recognition elements for ChREBP but not for LXR, indicating that ChREBPα recruits LXRα to chromatin in trans. The two factors interact via their key activation domains; the low glucose inhibitory domain (LID) of ChREBPα and the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of LXRα. While unliganded LXRα co-activates ChREBPα, ligand-bound LXRα surprisingly represses ChREBPα activity on ChREBP-specific target genes. Mechanistically, this is due to a destabilized LXRα:ChREBPα interaction, leading to reduced ChREBP-binding to chromatin and restricted activation of glycolytic and lipogenic target genes. This ligand-driven molecular switch highlights an unappreciated role of LXRα in responding to nutritional cues that was overlooked due to LXR lipogenesis-promoting function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Fan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (Q.F.); (K.V.); (C.B.)
| | - Rikke Christine Nørgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Ivar Grytten
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Cecilie Maria Ness
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Christin Lucas
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Kristin Vekterud
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (Q.F.); (K.V.); (C.B.)
| | - Helen Soedling
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Roza Berhanu Lemma
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.B.L.); (O.S.G.)
| | - Odd Stokke Gabrielsen
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.B.L.); (O.S.G.)
| | - Christian Bindesbøll
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (Q.F.); (K.V.); (C.B.)
| | - Stine Marie Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Hilde Irene Nebb
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Line Mariann Grønning-Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (R.C.N.); (C.M.N.); (C.L.); (H.S.); (J.M.); (S.M.U.); (H.I.N.); (L.M.G.-W.)
| | - Thomas Sæther
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; (Q.F.); (K.V.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-22-851510
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yang Y, Zhao Y, Li W, Wu Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu T, Ye T, Xie Y, Cheng Z, He J, Bai P, Zhang Y, Ouyang L. Emerging targets and potential therapeutic agents in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 197:112311. [PMID: 32339855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world, which is characterized by liver fat accumulation unrelated to excessive drinking. Indeed, it attracts growing attention and becomes a global health problem. Due to the complexity of the NAFLD pathogenic mechanism, no related drugs were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) till now. However, it is encouraging that a series of candidate drugs have entered the clinical trial stage with expectation to treat NAFLD. In this review, we summarized the main pathways and pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD, as well as introduced the main potential therapeutic targets and the corresponding compounds involved in metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, we also discuss the progress of these compounds, such as drug design and optimization, the choice of pharmacological properties and druglikeness, and the analysis of structure-activity relationship. This review offers a medium on future drug design and development, to be beneficial to relevant studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuyao Wu
- West China School of Public Health/No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Glucose Exerts an Anti-Melanogenic Effect by Indirect Inactivation of Tyrosinase in Melanocytes and a Human Skin Equivalent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051736. [PMID: 32138354 PMCID: PMC7084727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugars are ubiquitous in organisms and well-known cosmetic ingredients for moisturizing skin with minimal side-effects. Glucose, a simple sugar used as an energy source by living cells, is often used in skin care products. Several reports have demonstrated that sugar and sugar-related compounds have anti-melanogenic effects on melanocytes. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which glucose inhibits melanin synthesis is unknown, even though glucose is used as a whitening as well as moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics. Herein, we found that glucose significantly reduced the melanin content of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-stimulated B16 cells and darkly pigmented normal human melanocytes with no signs of cytotoxicity. Furthermore, topical treatment of glucose clearly demonstrated its whitening efficacy through photography, Fontana-Masson (F&M) staining, and multi-photon microscopy in a pigmented 3D human skin model, MelanoDerm. However, glucose did not alter the gene expression or protein levels of major melanogenic proteins in melanocytes. While glucose potently decreased intracellular tyrosinase activity in melanocytes, it did not reduce mushroom tyrosinase activity in a cell-free experimental system. However, glucose was metabolized into lactic acid, which can powerfully suppress tyrosinase activity. Thus, we concluded that glucose indirectly inhibits tyrosinase activity through conversion into lactic acid, explaining its anti-melanogenic effects in melanocytes.
Collapse
|
41
|
Balasubramanian B, Kim HJ, Mothana RA, Kim YO, Siddiqui NA. Role of LXR alpha in regulating expression of glucose transporter 4 in adipocytes — Investigation on improvement of health of diabetic patients. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:244-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
42
|
Shirouchi B, Yanagi S, Okawa C, Koga M, Sato M. 6-Ketocholestanol suppresses lipid accumulation by decreasing FASN gene expression through SREBP-dependent regulation in HepG2 cells. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:175-187. [PMID: 31933103 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, such as liver X receptors (LXRs) and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), are key regulators of lipogenic genes, including fatty acid synthase (FASN). It has been reported that several oxycholesterols (OCs) act as LXR ligands; however, it is unclear whether all OC molecular species act as ligands. We previously demonstrated that the absorption rate of dietary 6-ketocholestanol (6-keto), an oxycholesterol, is the highest of all the OCs using thoracic lymph duct-cannulated rats. However, limited information is available about the physiological significance of 6-keto. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with 6-keto increases intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) levels through up-regulation of lipogenic gene expression in HepG2 cells. 6-Keto treatment significantly reduced intracellular TAG levels through down-regulation of lipogenic genes including FASN. Although 6-keto significantly suppressed FASN gene promoter activities, the action was completely diminished when mutations were present in the SREBP promoter site. TO901317 (TO) significantly increased FASN gene promoter activities, whereas simultaneous treatment with TO and 6-keto significantly reduced this activity. We also compared the effects of several OCs that are oxidized at the carbon-6 and -7 in the B-ring of cholesterol on FASN gene promoter activities. Similar to 6-keto, 6α-OH and 6β-OH significantly reduced the activity of the FASN gene promoter, which suggests that oxidation of carbon-6 in the B-ring may play an important role in the reduction of FASN expression. Our results indicate that 6-keto suppresses lipid accumulation by decreasing FASN gene expression through SREBP-dependent regulation in HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bungo Shirouchi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yanagi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chinami Okawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Maiko Koga
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masao Sato
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Huang H, Zhang W, Lei L, Bai J, Li J, Song D, Zhao J, Li J, Li Y. One-step cascade detection of glucose at neutral pH based on oxidase-integrated copper( ii) metal–organic framework composites. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02550j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An integrated system was fabricated from a copper(ii) metal–organic framework (Cu-MOF) and glucose oxidase (GOx) for one-step cascade determination of glucose at neutral pH (pH = 7.0).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
- China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
- China
| | - Lulu Lei
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
- China
| | - Juan Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
- China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
- China
| | - Donghui Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
- China
| | - Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
- China
| | - Jiali Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
- China
| | - Yongxin Li
- College of New Energy and Environment
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gavini CK, Bookout AL, Bonomo R, Gautron L, Lee S, Mansuy-Aubert V. Liver X Receptors Protect Dorsal Root Ganglia from Obesity-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mechanical Allodynia. Cell Rep 2019; 25:271-277.e4. [PMID: 30304667 PMCID: PMC7732131 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with many complications, including type 2 diabetes and painful neuropathy. There is no cure or prevention for obesity-induced pain, and the neurobiology underlying the onset of the disease is still obscure. In this study, we observe that western diet (WD)-fed mice developed early allodynia with an increase of ER stress markers in the sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Using cell-specific approaches, we demonstrate that neuronal liver X receptor (LXR) activation delays ER stress and allodynia in WD-fed mice. Our findings suggest that lipid-binding nuclear receptors expressed in the sensory neurons of the DRG play a role in the onset of obesity-induced hypersensitivity. The LXR and lipid-sensor pathways represent a research avenue to identify targets to prevent debilitating complications affecting the peripheral nerve system in obesity. The mechanism underlying obesityinduced pain is explored by Gavini et al. using cell-specific models. Their analysis reveals that in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia, LXR activation delays western diet-induced ER stress and allodynia. These findings suggest that LXRs in sensory neurons are involved in nociception induced by western diet nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K Gavini
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Angie L Bookout
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Raiza Bonomo
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kikuchi K, Tsukamoto H. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase and tumorigenesis. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 316:108917. [PMID: 31838050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) generates monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) which contribute to cell growth, survival, differentiation, metabolic regulation and signal transduction. Overexpression of SCD is evident and implicated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. SCD also stimulates canonical Wnt pathway and YAP activation in support of stemness and tumorigenesis. SCD facilitates metabolic reprogramming in cancer which is mediated, at least in part, by regulation of AKT, AMPK, and NF-kB via MUFAs. Our research has revealed the novel positive loop to amplify Wnt signaling through stabilization of LRP5/6 in both hepatic stellate cells and liver tumor-initiating stem cell-like cells. As such, this loop is pivotal in promoting liver fibrosis and liver tumor development. This review summarizes the mechanisms of SCD-mediated tumor promotion described by recent studies and discusses the future prospect for SCD-mediated signaling crosstalk as a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Kikuchi
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Furuta T, Mizukami Y, Asano L, Kotake K, Ziegler S, Yoshida H, Watanabe M, Sato SI, Waldmann H, Nishikawa M, Uesugi M. Nutrient-Based Chemical Library as a Source of Energy Metabolism Modulators. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1860-1865. [PMID: 31436407 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covalent conjugates of multiple nutrients often exhibit greater biological activities than each individual nutrient and more predictable safety profiles than completely unnatural chemical entities. Here, we report the construction and application of a focused chemical library of 308 covalent conjugates of a variety of small-molecule nutrients. Screening of the library with a reporter gene of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), a master regulator of mammalian lipogenesis, led to the discovery of a conjugate of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), glucosamine, and amino acids as an inhibitor of SREBP (molecule 1, DHG). Mechanistic analyses indicate that molecule 1 impairs the SREBP activity by inhibiting glucose transporters and thereby activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Oral administration of molecule 1 suppressed the intestinal absorption of glucose in mice. These results suggest that such synthetic libraries of nutrient conjugates serve as a source of novel chemical tools and pharmaceutical seeds that modulate energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Furuta
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuya Mizukami
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Lisa Asano
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kotake
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Mizuki Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Sato
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fouache A, Zabaiou N, De Joussineau C, Morel L, Silvente-Poirot S, Namsi A, Lizard G, Poirot M, Makishima M, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA, Trousson A. Flavonoids differentially modulate liver X receptors activity-Structure-function relationship analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:173-182. [PMID: 30959154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) α (NR1H3) and β (NR1H2) are nuclear receptors that have been involved in the regulation of many physiological processes, principally in the control of cholesterol homeostasis, as well as in the control of the cell death and proliferation balance. These receptors are thus promising therapeutic targets in various pathologies such as dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes and/or cancers. These receptors are known to be activated by specific oxysterol compounds. The screening for LXR-specific ligands is a challenging process: indeed, these molecules should present a specificity towards each LXR-isoform. Because some natural products have significant effects in the regulation of the LXR-regulated homeostasis and are enriched in flavonoids, we have decided to test in cell culture the effects of 4 selected flavonoids (galangin, quercetin, apigenin and naringenin) on the modulation of LXR activity using double-hybrid experiments. In silico, molecular docking suggests specific binding pattern between agonistic and antagonistic molecules. Altogether, these results allow a better understanding of the ligand binding pocket of LXRα/β. They also improve our knowledge about flavonoid mechanism of action, allowing the selection and development of better LXR selective ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Nada Zabaiou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Université Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia, 18000, Jijel, Algeria.
| | - Cyrille De Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | | | - Amira Namsi
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, UR/11ES09, Lab. 'Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology', 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team Bio-peroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270)/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Marc Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Nihon University School of Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Biological mechanisms and related natural modulators of liver X receptor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
49
|
Geisler CE, Ghimire S, Bogan RL, Renquist BJ. Role of ketone signaling in the hepatic response to fasting. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G623-G631. [PMID: 30767679 PMCID: PMC6580236 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00415.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ketosis is a metabolic adaptation to fasting, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and prolonged exercise. β-OH butyrate acts as a transcriptional regulator and at G protein-coupled receptors to modulate cellular signaling pathways in a hormone-like manner. While physiological ketosis is often adaptive, chronic hyperketonemia may contribute to the metabolic dysfunction of NAFLD. To understand how β-OH butyrate signaling affects hepatic metabolism, we compared the hepatic fasting response in control and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase II (HMGCS2) knockdown mice that are unable to elevate β-OH butyrate production. To establish that rescue of ketone metabolic/endocrine signaling would restore the normal hepatic fasting response, we gave intraperitoneal injections of β-OH butyrate (5.7 mmol/kg) to HMGCS2 knockdown and control mice every 2 h for the final 9 h of a 16-h fast. In hypoketonemic, HMGCS2 knockdown mice, fasting more robustly increased mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), a protein critical for supporting fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. In turn, exogenous β-OH butyrate administration to HMGCS2 knockdown mice decreased fasting UCP2 mRNA expression to that observed in control mice. Also supporting feedback at the transcriptional level, β-OH butyrate lowered the fasting-induced expression of HMGCS2 mRNA in control mice. β-OH butyrate also regulates the glycemic response to fasting. The fast-induced fall in serum glucose was absent in HMGCS2 knockdown mice but was restored by β-OH butyrate administration. These data propose that endogenous β-OH butyrate signaling transcriptionally regulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, while modulating glucose tolerance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ketogenesis regulates whole body glucose metabolism and β-OH butyrate produced by the liver feeds back to inhibit hepatic β-oxidation and ketogenesis during fasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E. Geisler
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Susma Ghimire
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Randy L. Bogan
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Benjamin J. Renquist
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Arab JP, Arrese M, Trauner M. Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 13:321-350. [PMID: 29414249 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem worldwide and an important risk factor for both hepatic and cardiometabolic mortality. The rapidly increasing prevalence of this disease and of its aggressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) will require novel therapeutic approaches based on a profound understanding of its pathogenesis to halt disease progression to advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and cancer. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves a complex interaction among environmental factors (i.e., Western diet), obesity, changes in microbiota, and predisposing genetic variants resulting in a disturbed lipid homeostasis and an excessive accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid species in hepatocytes. Insulin resistance is a central mechanism that leads to lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, disturbed autophagy, and, ultimately, hepatocyte injury and death that triggers hepatic inflammation, hepatic stellate cell activation, and progressive fibrogenesis, thus driving disease progression. In the present review, we summarize the currently available data on the pathogenesis of NAFLD, emphasizing the most recent advances. A better understanding of NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis is crucial for the design of new and efficient therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|