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Kaoullas MG, Thal DM, Christopoulos A, Valant C. Ligand bias at the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family: Opportunities and challenges. Neuropharmacology 2024; 258:110092. [PMID: 39067666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by the endogenous neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh). Disruption of mAChR signalling has been associated with a variety of neurological disorders and non-neurological diseases. Consequently, the development of agonists and antagonists of the mAChRs has been a major avenue in drug discovery. Unfortunately, mAChR ligands are often associated with on-target side effects for two reasons. The first reason is due to the high sequence conservation at the orthosteric ACh binding site among all five receptor subtypes (M1-M5), making on-target subtype selectivity a major challenge. The second reason is due to on-target side effects of mAChR drugs that are associated with the pleiotropic nature of mAChR signalling at the level of a single mAChR subtype. Indeed, there is growing evidence that within the myriad of signalling events produced by mAChR ligands, some will have therapeutic benefits, whilst others may promote cholinergic side effects. This paradigm of drug action, known as ligand bias or biased agonism, is an attractive feature for next-generation mAChR drugs, as it holds the promise of developing drugs devoid of on-target adverse effects. Although relatively simple to detect and even quantify in vitro, ligand bias, as observed in recombinant systems, does not always translate to in vivo systems, which remains a major hurdle in GPCR drug discovery, including the mAChR family. Here we report recent studies that have attempted to detect and quantify ligand bias at the mAChR family, and briefly discuss the challenges associated with biased agonist drug development. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Ligand Bias".
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela G Kaoullas
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, 3052, VIC, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David M Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, 3052, VIC, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, 3052, VIC, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, 3052, VIC, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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2
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Li J, Orsi DL, Engers JL, Long MF, Capstick RA, Maurer MA, Presley CC, Vinson PN, Rodriguez AL, Han A, Cho HP, Chang S, Jackson M, Bubser M, Blobaum AL, Boutaud O, Nader MA, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Jones CK, Lindsley CW, Han C. Development of VU6036864: A Triazolopyridine-Based High-Quality Antagonist Tool Compound of the M 5 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14394-14413. [PMID: 39105778 PMCID: PMC11345818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
While the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mAChR subtype 5 (M5) has been studied over decades, recent findings suggest that more in-depth research is required to elucidate a thorough understanding of its physiological function related to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Our efforts to identify potent, selective, and pharmaceutically favorable next-generation M5 antagonist tool compounds have led to the discovery of a novel triazolopyridine-based series. In particular, VU6036864 (45) showed exquisite potency (human M5 IC50 = 20 nM), good subtype selectivity (>500 fold selectivity against human M1-4), desirable brain exposure (Kp = 0.68, Kp,uu = 0.65), and high oral bioavailability (%F > 100%). VU6036864 (45) and its close analogues will support further studies of M5 as advanced antagonist tool compounds and play an important role in the emerging biology of M5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Li
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Douglas L. Orsi
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Julie L. Engers
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Madeline F. Long
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rory A. Capstick
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Mallory A. Maurer
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Christopher C. Presley
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Paige N. Vinson
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L. Rodriguez
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Allie Han
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Megan Jackson
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Michael Bubser
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Center
for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Wake Forest School of
Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard Winston-Salem, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Changho Han
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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3
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Millard M, Kilian J, Ozenil M, Mogeritsch M, Schwingenschlögl-Maisetschläger V, Holzer W, Hacker M, Langer T, Pichler V. Design, synthesis and preclinical evaluation of muscarine receptor antagonists via a scaffold-hopping approach. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115891. [PMID: 37897926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Our research group recently identified a rearrangement product of pirenzepine as starting point for a comprehensive rational drug design approach towards orthosteric muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligands. Chemical reduction and bioscaffold hop lead to the development of sixteen promising compounds featuring either a benzimidazole or carbamate moiety, all exhibiting comparable pharmacophoric characteristics. The synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR, HR-MS, and RP-HPLC techniques. Subsequent evaluation encompassed binding affinity assessment on CHO-hM1-5 cells, mode of action determination, and analysis of physico-chemical parameters. The CNS MPO score indicated favorable drug-like attributes and potential CNS activity for the antagonistic ligands. The most promising compounds displayed Ki-values within a desirable low nanomolar range, and their structural features allow for potential carbon-11 radiolabeling. Our optimization efforts resulted in compounds with a remarkable 138-fold increase in binding affinity compared to the previously mentioned rearrangement product towards human M5, suggesting their prospective utility in positron emission tomography applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Millard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Kilian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marius Ozenil
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariella Mogeritsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Schwingenschlögl-Maisetschläger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Pichler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Mascarenhas R, Meirelles PM, Batalha-Filho H. Urbanization drives adaptive evolution in a Neotropical bird. Curr Zool 2023; 69:607-619. [PMID: 37637315 PMCID: PMC10449428 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization has dramatic impacts on natural habitats and such changes may potentially drive local adaptation of urban populations. Behavioral change has been specifically shown to facilitate the fast adaptation of birds to changing environments, but few studies have investigated the genetic mechanisms of this process. Such investigations could provide insights into questions about both evolutionary theory and management of urban populations. In this study, we investigated whether local adaptation has occurred in urban populations of a Neotropical bird species, Coereba flaveola, specifically addressing whether observed behavioral adaptations are correlated to genetic signatures of natural selection. To answer this question, we sampled 24 individuals in urban and rural environments, and searched for selected loci through a genome-scan approach based on RADseq genomic data, generated and assembled using a reference genome for the species. We recovered 46 loci as putative selection outliers, and 30 of them were identified as associated with biological processes possibly related to urban adaptation, such as the regulation of energetic metabolism, regulation of genetic expression, and changes in the immunological system. Moreover, genes involved in the development of the nervous system showed signatures of selection, suggesting a link between behavioral and genetic adaptations. Our findings, in conjunction with similar results in previous studies, support the idea that cities provide a similar selective pressure on urban populations and that behavioral plasticity may be enhanced through genetic changes in urban populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilquer Mascarenhas
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Pedro Milet Meirelles
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Henrique Batalha-Filho
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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5
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Myslivecek J. Multitargeting nature of muscarinic orthosteric agonists and antagonists. Front Physiol 2022; 13:974160. [PMID: 36148314 PMCID: PMC9486310 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.974160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) are typical members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and exist in five subtypes from M1 to M5. Muscarinic receptor subtypes do not sufficiently differ in affinity to orthosteric antagonists or agonists; therefore, the analysis of receptor subtypes is complicated, and misinterpretations can occur. Usually, when researchers mainly specialized in CNS and peripheral functions aim to study mAChR involvement in behavior, learning, spinal locomotor networks, biological rhythms, cardiovascular physiology, bronchoconstriction, gastrointestinal tract functions, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease, they use orthosteric ligands and they do not use allosteric ligands. Moreover, they usually rely on manufacturers' claims that could be misleading. This review aimed to call the attention of researchers not deeply focused on mAChR pharmacology to this fact. Importantly, limited selective binding is not only a property of mAChRs but is a general attribute of most neurotransmitter receptors. In this review, we want to give an overview of the most common off-targets for established mAChR ligands. In this context, an important point is a mention the tremendous knowledge gap on off-targets for novel compounds compared to very well-established ligands. Therefore, we will summarize reported affinities and give an outline of strategies to investigate the subtype's function, thereby avoiding ambiguous results. Despite that, the multitargeting nature of drugs acting also on mAChR could be an advantage when treating such diseases as schizophrenia. Antipsychotics are a perfect example of a multitargeting advantage in treatment. A promising strategy is the use of allosteric ligands, although some of these ligands have also been shown to exhibit limited selectivity. Another new direction in the development of muscarinic selective ligands is functionally selective and biased agonists. The possible selective ligands, usually allosteric, will also be listed. To overcome the limited selectivity of orthosteric ligands, the recommended process is to carefully examine the presence of respective subtypes in specific tissues via knockout studies, carefully apply "specific" agonists/antagonists at appropriate concentrations and then calculate the probability of a specific subtype involvement in specific functions. This could help interested researchers aiming to study the central nervous system functions mediated by the muscarinic receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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6
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Dwomoh L, Tejeda G, Tobin A. Targeting the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer's disease. Neuronal Signal 2022; 6:NS20210004. [PMID: 35571495 PMCID: PMC9069568 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and despite extensive research, only a few drugs are available for management of the disease. One strategy has been to up-regulate cholinergic neurotransmission to improve cognitive function, but this approach has dose-limiting adverse effects. To avoid these adverse effects, new drugs that target specific receptor subtypes of the cholinergic system are needed, and the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-mAChR) has been shown to be a good target for this approach. By using several strategies, M1-mAChR ligands have been developed and trialled in preclinical animal models and in human studies, with varying degrees of success. This article reviews the different approaches to targeting the M1-mAChR in AD and discusses the advantages and limitations of these strategies. The factors to consider in targeting the M1-mAChR in AD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo S. Tejeda
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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7
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Cieślik P, Domin H, Chocyk A, Gruca P, Litwa E, Płoska A, Radulska A, Pelikant-Małecka I, Brański P, Kalinowski L, Wierońska JM. Simultaneous activation of mGlu 2 and muscarinic receptors reverses MK-801-induced cognitive decline in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2019; 174:107866. [PMID: 31785263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The activity of an allosteric agonist of muscarinic M1 receptor, VU0357017, and a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of M5 receptor, VU0238429, were investigated alone or in combination with the mGlu2 receptor PAM, LY487379 using the following behavioural tests: prepulse inhibition (PPI), novel object recognition (NOR), and spatial delayed alternation (SDA). VU0357017 (10 and 20 mg/kg) and VU0238429 (5 and 10 mg/kg) reversed deficits in PPI while VU0238429 (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) was effective in SDA. The simultaneous administration of subeffective doses of M1 or M5 activators (5, 1, or 0.25 mg/kg) with LY487379 (0.5 mg/kg) induced the same effect as that observed for the active dose of each compound. Selective M1 or M5 receptor blockers antagonized the effect exerted by these combinations, and pharmacokinetic studies confirmed independent transport through the blood-brain barrier. The expression of both receptors (M1 and M5) was established in brain structures involved in cognition (neocortex, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex) in both the rat and the mouse brains by immunofluorescence staining. Specifically, double neuronal staining of mGlu2-M1 and mGlu2-M5 receptors was observed in many areas of the rat brain, while the number of double-stained mGlu2-M1 receptors was moderate in the mouse brain with no mGlu2-M5 colocalization. Finally, the combined administration of subeffective doses of the compounds did not alter prolactin levels or motor coordination, in contrast to the compounds given alone at the highest dose or in combination with standard neuroleptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cieślik
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smetna Street, Poland
| | - Helena Domin
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smetna Street, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chocyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smetna Street, Poland
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smetna Street, Poland
| | - Ewa Litwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smetna Street, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland; Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.PL), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adrianna Radulska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland; Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.PL), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Iwona Pelikant-Małecka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland; Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.PL), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Brański
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smetna Street, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland; Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.PL), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna M Wierońska
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, 12 Smetna Street, Poland.
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8
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Williams RH, Vazquez-DeRose J, Thomas AM, Piquet J, Cauli B, Kilduff TS. Cortical nNOS/NK1 Receptor Neurons are Regulated by Cholinergic Projections From the Basal Forebrain. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:1959-1979. [PMID: 28472227 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic (ACh) basal forebrain (BF) neurons are active during wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and are involved in sleep homeostasis. We have previously shown in adult animals that cortical neurons that express neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the receptor for Substance P (NK1R) are activated during non-REM (NREM) sleep in proportion to homeostatic sleep drive. Here, we show that BF neurons modulate cortical nNOS/NK1R cells. In vitro optogenetic stimulation of BF terminals both activated and inhibited nNOS/NK1R neurons. Pharmacological studies revealed cholinergic responses mediated by postsynaptic activation of muscarinic receptors (mAChRs; M3R > M2/4R > M1R) and that presynaptic M3R and M2R activation reduced glutamatergic input onto nNOS/NK1R neurons whereas nicotinic receptor (nAChR)-mediated responses of nNOS/NK1R neurons were mixed. Cholinergic responses of nNOS/NK1R neurons were largely unaffected by prolonged wakefulness. ACh release, including from BF cells, appears to largely excite cortical nNOS/NK1R cells while reducing glutamatergic inputs onto these neurons. We propose that cholinergic signaling onto cortical nNOS/NK1R neurons may contribute to the regulation of cortical activity across arousal states, but that this response is likely independent of the role of these neurons in sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhîannan H Williams
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Alexia M Thomas
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Juliette Piquet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, FR 75005, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UM 119, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, FR 75005, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, FR 75005, France
| | - Bruno Cauli
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, FR 75005, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UM 119, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, FR 75005, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, FR 75005, France
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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9
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Bender AM, Garrison AT, Lindsley CW. The Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M 5: Therapeutic Implications and Allosteric Modulation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1025-1034. [PMID: 30280567 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtype 5 (M5) was the most recent mAChR to be cloned and has since emerged as a potential therapeutic target for a number of indications. Early studies with knockout animals have provided clues to the receptor's role in physiological processes related to Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction, and until recently, useful subtype-selective tools to further probe the pharmacology of M5 have remained elusive. Small-molecule allosteric modulators have since gained traction as a means by which to selectively examine muscarinic pharmacology. This review highlights the discovery and optimization of M5 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Bender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aaron T. Garrison
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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10
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Aykac A, Şehirli AÖ. The effects of citalopram and low-dose risperidone on memory and anxiety in rats subjected to chronic immobilization stress. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1488922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asli Aykac
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ahmet Özer Şehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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11
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Fujii T, Mashimo M, Moriwaki Y, Misawa H, Ono S, Horiguchi K, Kawashima K. Expression and Function of the Cholinergic System in Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1085. [PMID: 28932225 PMCID: PMC5592202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T and B cells express most cholinergic system components—e.g., acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase, and both muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively). Using ChATBAC-eGFP transgenic mice, ChAT expression has been confirmed in T and B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Moreover, T cell activation via T-cell receptor/CD3-mediated pathways upregulates ChAT mRNA expression and ACh synthesis, suggesting that this lymphocytic cholinergic system contributes to the regulation of immune function. Immune cells express all five mAChRs (M1–M5). Combined M1/M5 mAChR-deficient (M1/M5-KO) mice produce less antigen-specific antibody than wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, spleen cells in M1/M5-KO mice produce less tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, suggesting M1/M5 mAChRs are involved in regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine and antibody production. Immune cells also frequently express the α2, α5, α6, α7, α9, and α10 nAChR subunits. α7 nAChR-deficient (α7-KO) mice produce more antigen-specific antibody than WT mice, and spleen cells from α7-KO mice produce more TNF-α and IL-6 than WT cells. This suggests that α7 nAChRs are involved in regulating cytokine production and thus modulate antibody production. Evidence also indicates that nicotine modulates immune responses by altering cytokine production and that α7 nAChR signaling contributes to immunomodulation through modification of T cell differentiation. Together, these findings suggest the involvement of both mAChRs and nAChRs in the regulation of immune function. The observation that vagus nerve stimulation protects mice from lethal endotoxin shock led to the notion of a cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex pathway, and the spleen is an essential component of this anti-inflammatory reflex. Because the spleen lacks direct vagus innervation, it has been postulated that ACh synthesized by a subset of CD4+ T cells relays vagal nerve signals to α7 nAChRs on splenic macrophages, which downregulates TNF-α synthesis and release, thereby modulating inflammatory responses. However, because the spleen is innervated solely by the noradrenergic splenic nerve, confirmation of an anti-inflammatory reflex pathway involving the spleen requires several more hypotheses to be addressed. We will review and discuss these issues in the context of the cholinergic system in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fujii
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Mashimo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Moriwaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemi Misawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Ono
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Horiguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Medicine, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Joseph L, Thomsen M. Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists on cocaine discrimination in wild-type mice and in muscarinic receptor M 1, M 2, and M 4 receptor knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:75-83. [PMID: 28442355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic M1/M4 receptor stimulation can reduce abuse-related effects of cocaine and may represent avenues for treating cocaine addiction. Muscarinic antagonists can mimic and enhance effects of cocaine, including discriminative stimulus (SD) effects, but the receptor subtypes mediating those effects are not known. A better understanding of the complex cocaine/muscarinic interactions is needed to evaluate and develop potential muscarinic-based medications. Here, knockout mice lacking M1, M2, or M4 receptors (M1-/-, M2-/-, M4-/-), as well as control wild-type mice and outbred Swiss-Webster mice, were trained to discriminate 10mg/kg cocaine from saline. Muscarinic receptor antagonists with no subtype selectivity (scopolamine), or preferential affinity at the M1, M2, or M4 subtype (telenzepine, trihexyphenidyl; methoctramine, AQ-RA 741; tropicamide) were tested alone and in combination with cocaine. In intact animals, antagonists with high affinity at M1/M4 receptors partially substituted for cocaine and increased the SD effect of cocaine, while M2-preferring antagonists did not substitute, and reduced the SD effect of cocaine. The cocaine-like effects of scopolamine were absent in M1-/- mice. The cocaine SD attenuating effects of methoctramine were absent in M2-/- mice and almost absent in M1-/- mice. The findings indicate that the cocaine-like SD effects of muscarinic antagonists are primarily mediated through M1 receptors, with a minor contribution of M4 receptors. The data also support our previous findings that stimulation of M1 receptors and M4 receptors can each attenuate the SD effect of cocaine, and show that this can also be achieved by blocking M2 autoreceptors, likely via increased acetylcholine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Joseph
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Morgane Thomsen
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Muise ED, Gandotra N, Tackett JJ, Bamdad MC, Cowles RA. Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the murine small intestine. Life Sci 2016; 169:6-10. [PMID: 27866962 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Serotonin stimulates enterocyte turnover in the small intestine and studies suggest this is mediated by neuronal signaling via a cholinergic pathway. Distribution of the five known muscarinic receptor subtypes (mAChRs) in the small intestine has not been fully studied, and their role in intestinal growth is unknown. We hypothesized that mAChRs have distinct anatomic distributions within the bowel, and that mAChRs present within intestinal crypts mediate the effects of acetylcholine on the small intestinal mucosa. MAIN METHODS Small intestine from male C57BL/6 mice ages 2, 4, 6, and 8weeks were harvested. RNA was isolated and cDNA synthesized for PCR-amplification of subtype specific mAChRs. Ileum was fixed with Nakane, embedded in epon, and immunofluorescence microscopy performed using polyclonal antibodies specific to each mAChR1-5. KEY FINDINGS All five mAChR subtypes were present in the mouse duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at all ages by RT-PCR. Immunofluorescence microscopy suggested the presence of mAChR1-5 in association with mature enterocytes along the villus and within the myenteric plexus. Only mAChR2 clearly localized to the crypt stem cell compartment, specifically co-localizing with Paneth cells at crypt bases. SIGNIFICANCE Muscarinic receptors are widely distributed along the entire alimentary tract. mAChR2 appears to localize to the crypt stem cell compartment, suggesting it is a plausible regulator of stem cell activity. The location of mAChR2 to the crypt makes it a potential therapeutic target for treatment of intestinal disease such as short bowel syndrome. The exact cellular location and action of each mAChR requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor D Muise
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMB 131, PO Box 20862, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Neeru Gandotra
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMB 131, PO Box 20862, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - John J Tackett
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMB 131, PO Box 20862, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Michaela C Bamdad
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMB 131, PO Box 20862, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Robert A Cowles
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMB 131, PO Box 20862, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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Jiang S, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Bu G, Xu H, Zhang YW. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:295-307. [PMID: 24590577 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of cholinergic neurons and cholinergic hypofunction are pathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) mediate acetylcholine-induced neurotransmission and five mAChR subtypes (M1-M5) have been identified. Among them, M1 mAChR is widely expressed in the central nervous system and has been implicated in many physiological and pathological brain functions. In addition, M1 mAChR is postulated to be an important therapeutic target for AD and several other neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we review recent progress in understanding the functional involvement of M1 mAChR in AD pathology and in developing M1 mAChR agonists for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangtong Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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16
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Killi UK, Wsol V, Soukup O, Kuca K, Winder M, Tobin G. In vitro functional interactions of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors and muscarinic receptor antagonists in the urinary bladder of the rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 41:139-46. [PMID: 24341923 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Obidoxime, a weak acetylcholine-esterase (AChE) inhibitor, exerts muscarinic receptor antagonism with a significant muscarinic M2 receptor selective profile. The current examinations aimed to determine the functional significance of muscarinic M2 receptors in the state of AChE inhibition, elucidating muscarinic M2 and M3 receptor interaction. In the in vitro examinations, methacholine evoked concentration-dependent bladder contractile and atrial frequency inhibitory responses. Although atropine abolished both, methoctramine (1 μmol/L) only affected the cholinergic response in the atrial preparations. However, in the presence of methoctramine, physostigmine, an AChE inhibitor, increased the basal tension of the bladder strip preparations (+68%), as well as the contractile responses to low concentrations of methacholine (< 5 μmol/L; +90-290%). In contrast to physostigmine, obidoxime alone raised the basal tension (+58%) and the responses to low concentrations of methacholine (< 5 μmol/L; +80-450%). Physostigmine concentration-dependently increased methacholine-evoked responses, similarly to obidoxime at low concentrations. However, at large concentrations (> 5 μmol/L), obidoxime, because of its unselective muscarinic receptor antagonism, inhibited the methacholine bladder responses. In conclusion, the current results show that muscarinic M2 receptors inhibit muscarinic M3 receptor-evoked contractile responses to low concentrations of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. The muscarinic M2 and M3 receptor crosstalk could be a counteracting mechanism in the treatment of AChE inhibition when using reactivators, such as obidoxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday K Killi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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17
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Muscarinic receptors and their antagonists in COPD: anti-inflammatory and antiremodeling effects. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:409580. [PMID: 23226927 PMCID: PMC3512336 DOI: 10.1155/2012/409580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors are expressed by most cell types and mediate cellular signaling of their natural ligand acetylcholine. Thereby, they control numerous central and peripheral physiological organ responses to neuronal activity. In the human lung, muscarinic receptors are predominantly expressed by smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. Antimuscarinic agents are used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to a lesser extent for asthma. They are primarily used as bronchodilators, but it is now accepted that they are also associated with anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antiremodeling effects. Remodeling of the small airways is a major pathology in COPD and impairs lung function through changes of the extracellular matrix. Glycosaminoglycans, particularly hyaluronic acid, and matrix metalloproteases are among extracellular matrix molecules that have been associated with tissue inflammation and remodeling in lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Since muscarinic receptors have been shown to influence the homeostasis of glycosaminoglycans and matrix metalloproteases, these molecules may be proved valuable endpoint targets in clinical studies for the pharmacological exploitation of the anti-inflammatory and antiremodeling effects of muscarinic inhibitors in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.
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Andersson M, Aronsson P, Doufish D, Lampert A, Tobin G. Muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in urothelium-derived relaxatory effects in the inflamed rat urinary bladder. Auton Neurosci 2012; 170:5-11. [PMID: 22789737 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies have shown altered cholinergic mechanisms in the inflamed bladder, which partly depend on muscarinic receptor-induced release of nitric oxide (NO). The current study aimed to characterize which muscarinic receptor subtypes that are involved in the regulation of the nitrergic effects in the bladder cholinergic response during cystitis. For this purpose, in vitro examinations of carbachol-evoked contractions of inflamed and normal bladder preparations were performed. The effects of antagonists with different selectivity for the receptor subtypes were assessed on intact and urothelium-denuded bladder preparations. In preparations from cyclophosphamide (CYP; in order to induce cystitis) pre-treated rats, the response to carbachol was about 75% of that of normal preparations. Removal of the urothelium or administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor re-established the responses in the inflamed preparations. Administration of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP) inhibited the carbachol-induced contractile responses of preparations from CYP pre-treated rats less potently than controls. Pirenzepine and p-fluoro-hexahydro-sila-diphenidol (pFHHSiD) affected the carbachol-induced contractile responses to similar extents in preparations of CYP pre-treated and control rats. However, the Schild slopes for the three antagonists were all significantly different from unity in the preparations from CYP pre-treated rats. Again, L-NNA or removal of the urothelium eliminated any difference compared to normal preparations. This study confirms that muscarinic receptor stimulation in the inflamed rat urinary bladder induces urothelial release of NO, which counteracts detrusor contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andersson
- Department of Pharmacology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Abstract
The physiological role of muscarinic receptors is highly complex and, although not completely understood, has become clearer over the last decade. Recent pharmacological evidence with novel compounds, together with data from transgenic mice, suggests that all five subtypes have defined functions in the nervous system as well as mediating the non neuronal, hormonal actions of acetylcholine. Numerous novel agonists, allosteric regulators, and antagonists have now been identified with authentic subtype specificity in vitro and in vivo. These compounds provide additional pharmacological opportunities for selective subtype modulation as well as a new generation of muscarinic receptor-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Eglen
- Corning Life Sciences, 900 Chelmsford St., MA 01851, Lowell, USA.
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Niessen KV, Tattersall JEH, Timperley CM, Bird M, Green C, Thiermann H, Worek F. Competition radioligand binding assays for the investigation of bispyridinium compound affinities to the human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 5 (hM5). Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:292-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. V. Niessen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Munich; Germany
| | | | | | - M. Bird
- Detection Department; Dstl Porton Down; Salisbury; UK
| | - C. Green
- Biomedical Sciences Department; Dstl Porton Down; Salisbury; UK
| | - H. Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Munich; Germany
| | - F. Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Munich; Germany
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Yao Q, Cheng H, Guo C, Zhou T, Huang X, Kong W. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype expression in type vestibular hair cells of guinea pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:682. [PMID: 22038361 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-011-0582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that five subtypes (M1-M5) of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) are expressed in the vestibular periphery. However, the exact cellular location of the mAChRs is not clear. In this study, we investigated whether there is the expression of M1-M5 muscarinic receptor mRNA in isolated type II vestibular hair cells of guinea pig by using single-cell RT-PCR. In vestibular end-organ, cDNA of the expected size was obtained by RT-PCR. Moreover, mRNA was identified by RT-PCR from individually isolated type II vestibular hair cells (single-cell RT-PCR). Sequence analysis confirmed that the products were M1-M5 mAChR. These results demonstrated that M1-M5 mAChR was expressed in the type II vestibular hair cells of the guinea pig, which lends further support for the role of M1-M5 mAChR as a mediator of efferent cholinergic signalling pathway in vestibular hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Huamao Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Changkai Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Weijia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Lung MA. M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors mediate relaxation and contraction in canine nasal veins. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 25:e60-5. [PMID: 21679501 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to induce nasal congestion via vasorelaxation of intranasal posterior collecting veins (PCV) coupled with vasocontraction of extranasal outflow veins (dorsal nasal vein [DNV] and sphenopalatine vein [SPV]). The aim of this study was to characterize the muscarinic receptor subtype(s) involved in ACh-induced relaxation and contraction in canine nasal veins. METHODS PCV, DNV, and SPV were isolated from the canine nose. In vitro isometric tension of segments from these veins was monitored to reflect vascular reactivity. ACh concentration-response curve was studied in the presence of muscarinic receptor subtype inhibitors. Immunohistochemical localization of M(1)-M(5) receptor subtypes in the veins was performed. RESULTS ACh-induced relaxation in PVC was inhibited by pertussis toxin (PTX; inhibitor of G-protein that couples M(2)/M(4) receptors), methoctramine (selective M(2) muscarinic receptor inhibitor), muscarinic toxin 7 (MT-7; selective M(1) muscarinic receptor inhibitor), and 4-diphenylacetoxy-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP; selective M(3) muscarinic receptor inhibitor). ACh-induced contraction in SPV and DNV was potentiated by PTX and methoctramine but was inhibited by MT-7 and 4-DAMP. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of five muscarinic receptor subtypes in the endothelium of nasal veins, with staining of M(3) > M(1) > M(5) > M(2) = M(4) in PVC but M(2) = M(4) > M(3) > M(1) > M(5) in outflow veins. M(1) and M(3) receptor subtypes were localized in the smooth muscles of both types of veins. CONCLUSION The results show that ACh relaxes intranasal veins and contracts extranasal veins primarily via M(1) and M(3) muscarinic receptor subtypes, implying the therapeutic value of M(1)/M(3)-specific or highly selective anticholinergics on nasal congestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Lung
- Department of Physiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China.
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Gericke A, Sniatecki JJ, Goloborodko E, Steege A, Zavaritskaya O, Vetter JM, Grus FH, Patzak A, Wess J, Pfeiffer N. Identification of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype mediating cholinergic vasodilation in murine retinal arterioles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:7479-84. [PMID: 21873683 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype that mediates cholinergic vasodilation in murine retinal arterioles. METHODS Muscarinic receptor gene expression was determined in murine retinal arterioles using real-time PCR. To assess the functional relevance of muscarinic receptors for mediating vascular responses, retinal vascular preparations from muscarinic receptor-deficient mice were studied in vitro. Changes in luminal arteriole diameter in response to muscarinic and nonmuscarinic vasoactive substances were measured by video microscopy. RESULTS Only mRNA for the M(3) receptor was detected in retinal arterioles. Thus, M(3) receptor-deficient mice (M3R(-/-)) and respective wild-type controls were used for functional studies. Acetylcholine concentration-dependently dilated retinal arterioles from wild-type mice. In contrast, vasodilation to acetylcholine was almost completely abolished in retinal arterioles from M3R(-/-) mice, whereas responses to the nitric oxide (NO) donor nitroprusside were retained. Carbachol, an acetylcholinesterase-resistant analog of acetylcholine, also evoked dilation in retinal arterioles from wild-type, but not from M3R(-/-), mice. Vasodilation responses from wild-type mice to acetylcholine were negligible after incubation with the non-subtype-selective muscarinic receptor blocker atropine or the NO synthase inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, and were even reversed to contraction after endothelial damage with 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that endothelial M(3) receptors mediate cholinergic vasodilation in murine retinal arterioles via activation of NO synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Lü SM, Zhao Z, Li K, Zhang YL, Xi GS. Cloning and expression analysis of a muscarinic cholinergic receptor from the brain of ant, Polyrhachis vicina. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 78:46-60. [PMID: 21678488 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchRs) are the predominant cholinergic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems of animals. They also have been found in various insect nervous systems. In this article, a full-length cDNA of a pupative mAchR (PmAchR) was obtained from the brains of ant Polyrhachis vicina by homology cloning in combination with rapid amplification of cDNA ends. PmAchR encodes a 599-amino acid protein that exhibits a high degree of homology with other mAchRs. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that PmAchR is differentially expressed in the brains of workers, males, and females. By in situ hybridization, it is revealed that PmAchR is widely expressed in different soma clusters of the brain, including the mushroom bodies, the antennal lobes, as well as the optic lobes (OL), and the most intensely staining is found in Kenyon cells. Nonetheless, there are more positive nerve fibers in the OL of males' brains than in females' and workers' brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Lü
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, National Ministry Education, Northwest A&F Universtiy, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Gericke A, Sniatecki JJ, Mayer VGA, Goloborodko E, Patzak A, Wess J, Pfeiffer N. Role of M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in cholinergic dilation of small arteries studied with gene-targeted mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1602-8. [PMID: 21335473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00982.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine regulates perfusion of numerous organs via changes in local blood flow involving muscarinic receptor-induced release of vasorelaxing agents from the endothelium. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of M₁, M₃, and M₅ muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in vasodilation of small arteries using gene-targeted mice deficient in either of the three receptor subtypes (M1R(-/-), M3R(-/-), or M5R(-/-) mice, respectively). Muscarinic receptor gene expression was determined in murine cutaneous, skeletal muscle, and renal interlobar arteries using real-time PCR. Moreover, respective arteries from M1R(-/-), M3R(-/-), M5R(-/-), and wild-type mice were isolated, cannulated with micropipettes, and pressurized. Luminal diameter was measured using video microscopy. mRNA for all five muscarinic receptor subtypes was detected in all three vascular preparations from wild-type mice. However, M(3) receptor mRNA was found to be most abundant. Acetylcholine produced dose-dependent dilation in all three vascular preparations from M1R(-/-), M5R(-/-), and wild-type mice. In contrast, cholinergic dilation was virtually abolished in arteries from M3R(-/-) mice. Deletion of either M₁, M₃, or M₅ receptor genes did not affect responses to nonmuscarinic vasodilators, such as substance P and nitroprusside. These findings provide the first direct evidence that M₃ receptors mediate cholinergic vasodilation in cutaneous, skeletal muscle, and renal interlobar arteries. In contrast, neither M₁ nor M₅ receptors appear to be involved in cholinergic responses of the three vascular preparations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
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FRET-based sensors for the human M1-, M3-, and M5-acetylcholine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Andersson M, Aronsson P, Giglio D, Wilhelmson A, Jeřábek P, Tobin G. Pharmacological modulation of the micturition pattern in normal and cyclophosphamide pre-treated conscious rats. Auton Neurosci 2010; 159:77-83. [PMID: 20851691 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we wanted to assess the influence of muscarinic receptors, nitric oxide and purinoceptors on the micturition pattern of conscious normal and cyclophosphamide (CYP) pre-treated rats. The micturition parameters were assessed using a metabolic cage. Rats were pre-treated with either saline or CYP, to induce cystitis, followed by treatment with either the muscarinic M1/M3/M5 receptor antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP), the nitric oxide synthase blocker N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl (L-NAME), the P2 purinoceptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS) or a combination of 4-DAMP with PPADS or L-NAME. Voiding volumes per micturition event were significantly lower in CYP pre-treated than in saline pre-treated rats. Neither 4-DAMP nor L-NAME had any effect in the normal rats, whereas PPADS reduced the micturition volume per event. In CYP pre-treated rats, 4-DAMP and L-NAME significantly increased voiding volumes per event and micturition frequency, respectively. 4-DAMP dose-dependently reduced the differences in micturition activity between saline and CYP pre-treated rats. We show that cystitis changes the urodynamics in conscious rats and that this change seems to depend on the production of NO and on altered muscarinic receptor effects. The altered muscarinic receptor responses are likely to per se involve NO-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andersson
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Grilli M, Patti L, Robino F, Zappettini S, Raiteri M, Marchi M. Release-enhancing pre-synaptic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors co-exist and interact on dopaminergic nerve endings of rat nucleus accumbens. J Neurochem 2010; 105:2205-13. [PMID: 18298664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic nerve endings in the corpus striatum possess nicotinic (nAChRs) and muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs) mediating release of dopamine (DA). Whether nAChRs and mAChRs co-exist and interact on the same nerve endings is unknown. We here investigate on these possibilities using rat nucleus accumbens synaptosomes pre-labeled with [(3)H]DA and exposed in superfusion to cholinergic receptor ligands. The mixed nAChR-mAChR agonists acetylcholine (ACh) and carbachol provoked [(3)H]DA release partially sensitive to the mAChR antagonist atropine but totally blocked by the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine. Addition of the mAChR agonist oxotremorine at the minimally effective concentration of 30 micromol/L, together with 3, 10, or 100 micromol/L (-)nicotine provoked synergistic effect on [(3)H]DA overflow. The [(3)H]DA overflow elicited by 100 micromol/L (-)nicotine plus 30 micromol/L oxotremorine was reduced by atropine down to the release produced by (-)nicotine alone and it was abolished by mecamylamine. The ryanodine receptor blockers dantrolene or 8-bromo-cADP-ribose, but not the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor blocker xestospongin C inhibited the (-)nicotine/oxotremorine evoked [(3)H]DA overflow similarly to atropine. This overflow was partly sensitive to 100 nmol/L methyllycaconitine which did not prevent the synergistic effect of (-)nicotine/oxotremorine. Similarly to (-)nicotine, the selective alpha4beta2 nAChR agonist RJR2403 exhibited synergism when added together with oxotremorine. To conclude, in rat nucleus accumbens, alpha4beta2 nAChRs exert a permissive role on the releasing function of reportedly M(5) mAChRs co-existing on the same dopaminergic nerve endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Grilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Blockade of different muscarinic receptor subtypes changes the equilibrium between excitation and inhibition in rat visual cortex. Neuroscience 2010; 169:1610-20. [PMID: 20600670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that cortical acetylcholine modulates the balance between excitation and inhibition evoked in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of rat visual cortex [Lucas-Meunier E, Monier C, Amar M, Baux G, Frégnac Y, Fossier P (2009) Cereb Cortex 19:2411-2427]. Our aim is now to establish a functional basis for the role of the different types of muscarinic receptors (MRs) on glutamate fibers and on GABAergic interneurons and to analyse their contribution to the modulation of excitation-inhibition balance in the rat visual cortex. To ascertain that there was a basis for our functional study, we first checked for the presence of the various MR subtypes by single cell RT-PCR and immunolabeling experiments. Then, recording the composite responses in layer 5 pyramidal neurons to layer 1-2 stimulation (which also recruits cholinergic fibers) in the presence of specific antagonists of the different types of MR allowed us to determine their modulatory role. We show that the specific blockade of the widely distributed M1R (with the mamba toxin, MT7) induced a significant increase in the excitatory conductance without modifying the inhibitory conductance, pointing to a localization of M1R on glutamatergic neurons where their activation would decrease the release of glutamate. From our functional results, M2/M4Rs appear to be located on glutamatergic neurons afferent to the recorded layer 5 pyramidal neuron and they decrease glutamate release. The extended distribution of M4Rs in the cortex compared to the restricted distribution of M2R (layers 3-5) is in favour of a major role as a modulator of M4R. The selective antagonist of M3Rs, 4-DAMP, decreased the inhibitory conductance, showing that activated M3Rs increase the release of GABA and thus are located on GABAergic interneurons. The activation of the different types of MRs located either on glutamatergic neurons or on GABAergic interneurons converges to reinforce the dominance of inhibitory inputs thus decreasing the excitability of layer 5 pyramidal neurons.
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Bridges TM, LeBois EP, Hopkins CR, Wood MR, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. The antipsychotic potential of muscarinic allosteric modulation. DRUG NEWS & PERSPECTIVES 2010; 23:229-40. [PMID: 20520852 PMCID: PMC4780339 DOI: 10.1358/dnp.2010.23.4.1416977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic hypothesis of schizophrenia emerged over 50 years ago based on clinical observations with both anticholinergics and pan-muscarinic agonists. Not until the 1990s did the cholinergic hypothesis of schizophrenia receive renewed enthusiasm based on clinical data with xanomeline, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M(1)/M(4)-preferring orthosteric agonist. In a clinical trial with Alzheimer's patients, xanomeline not only improved cognitive performance, but also reduced psychotic behaviors. This encouraging data spurred a second clinical trial in schizophrenic patients, wherein xanomeline significantly improved the positive, negative and cognitive symptom clusters. However, the question remained: Was the antipsychotic efficacy due to activation of M(1), M(4) or both M(1)/M(4)? Classical orthosteric ligands lacked the muscarinic receptor subtype selectivity required to address this key question. More recently, functional assays have allowed for the discovery of ligands that bind at allosteric sites, binding sites distinct from the orthosteric (acetylcholine) site, which are structurally less conserved and thereby afford high levels of receptor subtype selectivity. Recently, allosteric ligands, with unprecedented selectivity for either M(1) or M(4), have been discovered and have demonstrated comparable efficacy to xanomeline in preclinical antipsychotic and cognition models. These data suggest that selective allosteric activation of either M(1) or M(4) has antipsychotic potential through distinct, yet complimentary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Evan P. LeBois
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery and Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center (MLPCN), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael R. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery and Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center (MLPCN), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery and Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center (MLPCN), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (TVHS), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery and Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center (MLPCN), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery and Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center (MLPCN), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Merlin J, Evans BA, Csikasz RI, Bengtsson T, Summers RJ, Hutchinson DS. The M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stimulates glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells by a CaMKK-AMPK-dependent mechanism. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1104-13. [PMID: 20206685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in regulating glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells was investigated. [(3)H]-2-Deoxyglucose uptake was increased in differentiated L6 cells by insulin, acetylcholine, oxotremorine-M and carbachol. mAChR-mediated glucose uptake was inhibited by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. Whole cell radioligand binding using [(3)H]-N-methyl scopolamine chloride identified mAChRs in differentiated but not undifferentiated L6 cells and M(3) mAChR mRNA was detected only in differentiated cells. M(3) mAChRs are Gq-coupled, and cholinergic stimulation by the mAChR agonists acetylcholine, oxotremorine-M and carbachol increased Ca(2+) in differentiated but not undifferentiated L6 cells. This was due to muscarinic but not nicotinic activation as responses were antagonised by the muscarinic antagonist atropine but not the nicotinic antagonist tubocurarine. Western blotting showed that both carbachol and the AMPK activator AICAR increased phosphorylation of the AMPKalpha subunit at Thr172, with responses to carbachol blocked by Compound C and the CaMKK inhibitor STO609 but not by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. AICAR-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation was not sensitive to STO-609, confirming that this compound inhibits CaMKK but not the classical AMPK kinase LKB1. The TAK1 inhibitor (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol and the G(i) inhibitor pertussis toxin both failed to block AMPK phosphorylation in response to carbachol. Using CHO-K1 cells stably expressing each of the mAChR subtypes (M(1)-M(4)), it was determined that only the M(1) and M(3) mAChRs phosphorylate AMPK, confirming a G(q)-dependent mechanism. This study demonstrates that activation of M(3) mAChRs in L6 skeletal muscle cells stimulates glucose uptake via a CaMKK-AMPK-dependent mechanism, independent of the insulin-stimulated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Merlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Cabadak H, Küçükibrahimoğlu E, Aydın B, Kan B, Zafer Gören M. Muscarinic receptor-mediated nitric oxide release in a K562 erythroleukaemia cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:109-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2009.00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Kitamura N, Araya R, Kudoh M, Kishida H, Kimura T, Murayama M, Takashima A, Sakamaki Y, Hashikawa T, Ito S, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T, Wess J, Yamada M. Beneficial effects of estrogen in a mouse model of cerebrovascular insufficiency. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5159. [PMID: 19357782 PMCID: PMC2664330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The M(5) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is known to play a crucial role in mediating acetylcholine dependent dilation of cerebral blood vessels. Previously, we reported that male M(5) muscarinic acetylcholine knockout mice (M5R(-/-) mice) suffer from a constitutive constriction of cerebral arteries, reduced cerebral blood flow, dendritic atrophy, and short-term memory loss, without necrosis and/or inflammation in the brain. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We employed the Magnetic Resonance Angiography to study the area of the basilar artery in male and female M5R(-/-) mice. Here we show that female M5R(-/-) mice did not show the reduction in vascular area observed in male M5R(-/-) mice. However, ovariectomized female M5R(-/-) mice displayed phenotypic changes similar to male M5R(-/-) mice, strongly suggesting that estrogen plays a key role in the observed gender differences. We found that 17beta-estradiol (E2) induced nitric oxide release and ERK activation in a conditional immortalized mouse brain cerebrovascular endothelial cell line. Agonists of ERalpha, ERbeta, and GPR30 promoted ERK activation in this cell line. Moreover, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging studies showed that the cross section of the basilar artery was restored to normal in male M5R(-/-) mice treated with E2. Treatment with E2 also improved the performance of male M5R(-/-) mice in a cognitive test and reduced the atrophy of neural dendrites in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. M5R(-/-) mice also showed astrocyte swelling in cortex and hippocampus using the three-dimensional reconstruction of electron microscope images. This phenotype was reversed by E2 treatment, similar to the observed deficits in dendrite morphology and the number of synapses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate that M5R(-/-) mice represent an excellent novel model system to study the beneficial effects of estrogen on cerebrovascular function and cognition. E2 may offer new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency related memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Kitamura
- Yamada Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Runa Araya
- Yamada Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Moeko Kudoh
- Yamada Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruo Kishida
- Yamada Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kimura
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Diseases, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miyuki Murayama
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Diseases, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takashima
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Diseases, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sakamaki
- Research Resource Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hashikawa
- Research Resource Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masahisa Yamada
- Yamada Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
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Seo JS, Kim MS, Park EM, Ahn SJ, Kim NY, Jung SH, Kim JW, Lee HH, Chung JK. Cloning and characterization of muscarinic receptor genes from the nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Mol Cells 2009; 27:383-90. [PMID: 19326086 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory mechanism underlying the contractile response in the intestinal smooth muscle of the nile tilapia (Orechromis niloticus), we used pharmacologic and molecular approaches to identify the muscarinic subreceptors and the intracellular signaling pathways involved in this motility. Myography assays revealed that an M1- and M3-subtype selective antagonist, but not a M2-subtype selective antagonist, inhibited carbachol HCI (CCH)-induced intestinal smooth muscle contraction. In addition, a phospholipase C inhibitor, but not an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, blocked the contractile response to CCH. We also cloned five muscarinic genes (OnM2A, OnM2B, OnM3, OnM5A, and OnM5B) from the nile tilapia. In the phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison to compare our putative gene products (OnMs) with the sequences obtained from the near complete teleost genomes, we unexpectedly found that the teleost fish have respectively two paralogous genes corresponding to each muscarinic subreceptor, and other teleost fish, except zebrafish, do not possess muscarinic subreceptor M1. In addition, the expression pattern of the nile tilapia muscarinic subreceptor transcripts during CCH-induced intestinal smooth muscle contraction in the proximal intestinal tissue was analyzed by real-time PCR surveys and it was demonstrated that CCH increased the OnMs m RNA expression rapidly and transiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Soo Seo
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Korea
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Cholinergic submandibular effects and muscarinic receptor expression in blood vessels of the rat. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:605-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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D'Agostino G, Condino AM, Gioglio L, Zonta F, Tonini M, Barbieri A. Isolated porcine bronchi provide a reliable model for development of bronchodilator anti-muscarinic agents for human use. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1611-8. [PMID: 18516071 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In human airways, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) exert a predominant role in the control of airways resistance and anti-muscarinic agents are currently included in the pharmacological treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the development of more effective mAChR antagonists is hampered by considerable species variability in the ultrastrucural and functional control of airway smooth muscle, making extrapolation of any particular animal model questionable. This study was designed to characterize the mAChRs in a bronchial preparation from pigs, animals considered to provide close models of human biology. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Smooth muscle bronchial strips were examined by electron microscopy in order to compare their neuromuscular structure with that of human bronchi and used to study the affinity of a series of selective mAChR antagonists, estimated as pKis in competition binding assays with NMS and pA2, by Schild analysis, in contractile experiments. KEY RESULTS Pharmacodynamic binding parameters and affinity profiles of a series of antagonists were consistent with the presence of a majority of M2 mAChRs along with a minor population of M3 mAChRs. Functionally, the highly significant correlation between postjunctional pA2 affinities and corresponding affinity constants at human recombinant M1-M5 subtypes indicated that smooth muscle contraction in porcine bronchi, as in human bronchi, was dependent on the M3 subtype. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Based on the characterization of mAChRs, isolated porcine bronchi provide an additional experimental model for development of mAChR antagonists for the treatment of human airway dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D'Agostino
- Department of Experimental and Applied Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Italy.
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The detection of the non-M2 muscarinic receptor subtype in the rat heart atria and ventricles. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 378:103-16. [PMID: 18443764 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammal heart tissue has long been assumed to be the exclusive domain of the M(2) subtype of muscarinic receptor, but data supporting the presence of other subtypes also exist. We have tested the hypothesis that muscarinic receptors other than the M(2) subtype are present in the heart as minor populations. We used several approaches: a set of competition binding experiments with pirenzepine, AFDX-116, 4-DAMP, PD 102807, p-F-HHSiD, AQ-RA 741, DAU 5884, methoctramine and tripinamide, blockage of M(1) muscarinic receptors using MT7 toxin, subtype-specific immunoprecipitation experiments and determination of phospholipase C activity. We also attempted to block M(1)-M(4) receptors using co-treatment with MT7 and AQ-RA 741. Our results show that only the M(2) subtype is present in the atria. In the ventricles, however, we were able to determine that 20% (on average) of the muscarinic receptors were subtypes other than M(2), with the majority of these belonging to the M(1) subtype. We were also able to detect a marginal fraction (6 +/- 2%) of receptors that, based on other findings, belong mainly to the M(5) muscarinic receptors. Co-treatment with MT7 and AQ-RA 741 was not a suitable tool for blocking of M(1)-M(4) receptors and can not therefore be used as a method for M(5) muscarinic receptor detection in substitution to crude venom. These results provide further evidence of the expression of the M(1) muscarinic receptor subtype in the rat heart and also show that the heart contains at least one other, albeit minor, muscarinic receptor population, which most likely belongs to the M(5) muscarinic receptors but not to that of the M(3) receptors.
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Muscarinic ACh receptor-mediated control of thalamic activity via G(q)/G (11)-family G-proteins. Pflugers Arch 2008; 456:1049-60. [PMID: 18350314 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A genetic knock out was used to determine the specific contribution of G(q)/G(11)-family G-proteins to the function of thalamocortical relay (TC) neurons. Disruption of Galpha(q) function in a conditional forebrain-specific Galpha(q)/Galpha(11)-double-deficient mouse line (Galpha(q)/Galpha(11)(-/-) had no effects on the resting membrane potential (V (rest)) and the amplitude of the standing outward current (I (SO)). Stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (mAChR; muscarine, 50 microM) induced a decrease in I (SO) amplitude in wild-type mice (36 +/- 4%, n = 5), a constitutive Galpha(11)-deficient mouse line (Galpha(11)(-/-; 36 +/- 3%, n = 8), and Galpha(q)/Galpha(11)(-/-) (11 +/- 2%, n = 16). Current-clamp recordings revealed a muscarine-induced positive shift in V (rest) of 23 +/- 2 mV (n = 6), 18 +/- 5 mV (n = 5), and 2 +/- 1 mV (n = 9) in wild type, Galpha(11)(-/-), and Galpha(q)/Galpha(11)(-/-), respectively. This depolarization was associated with a change in TC neuron activity from burst to tonic firing in wild type and Galpha(11)(-/-), but not in Galpha(q)/Galpha(11)(-/-). The use of specific antibodies and of pharmacological agents with preferred affinity points to the contribution of m(1)AChR and m(3)AChR. In conclusion, we present two novel aspects of the physiology of the thalamocortical system by demonstrating that the depolarization of TC neurons, which is induced by the action of transmitters of ascending brainstem fibers, is governed roughly equally by both m(1)AChR and m(3)AChR and is transduced by Galpha(q) but not by Galpha(11).
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Cholinergic nitric oxide release from the urinary bladder mucosa in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis of the anaesthetized rat. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153:1438-44. [PMID: 18246091 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous reports have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) may be released by cholinergic stimuli in the rat bladder in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, affecting bladder function. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis on muscarinic whole bladder contractile responses in vivo, and further, if NO might be released from the mucosa by cholinergic stimuli. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male rats were pre-treated either with cyclophosphamide (100 mg kg(-1); to induce cystitis) or saline (serving as controls). 60 h later, rats were anaesthetized and bladder pressure monitored. KEY RESULTS The muscarinic receptor agonist methacholine (MeCh; 0.5-5 microg kg(-1) i.v.) induced similar contractions (i.e. bladder pressure increases) in inflamed bladders as in controls, which were attenuated dose-dependently by the muscarinic M1/M3/M5 antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP; 0.1-1000 microg kg(-1) i.v.). In inflamed bladders, the cholinergic bladder contractions were enhanced after removing the mucosa, while cholinergic contractions were similar in intact and urothelium-denuded inflamed bladders in the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 30 mg kg(-1) i.v.). L-NAME attenuated the antagonistic effect of 4-DAMP on MeCh-induced contractions in intact inflamed bladders. However L-NAME did not affect the antagonism by 4-DAMP of MeCh-induced contractions of urothelium-denuded bladders, under control conditions or with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, the cholinergic function of the bladder is altered. In the inflamed bladder, NO seems to be released via cholinergic stimuli through mucosal muscarinic M3/M5 receptors, presumably on urothelial cells, affecting bladder function.
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Ryberg AT, Warfvinge G, Axelsson L, Soukup O, Götrick B, Tobin G. Expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes in salivary glands of rats, sheep and man. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:66-74. [PMID: 17825245 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In rat parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands and in ovine parotid and in human labial glands, the expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes was examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Functional correlates were searched for in rat salivary glands. In the rat submandibular and sublingual glandular tissues clear signals of muscarinic M1 and M5 receptors could be detected in the immunoblotting and vague bands for muscarinic M3 and, in particular for, M4 receptors. The rat parotid gland differed. In this gland, the signal was less obvious for the muscarinic M1 receptor, and further, muscarinic M4 receptors appeared more strongly marked than in the submandibular glands. The results from the immunohistochemistry could be interpreted as the muscarinic M4 receptors are located on nerve fibres, since the outer layer of lobuli were densely stained. Intraglandular vessels in the rat submandibular and parotid glands showed expression of M3 receptors. In contrast to the parotid gland, the submandibular vessels also expressed M1 and M2 receptors. Occasionally M5 receptors appeared in the arteries and veins also. The functional studies in the rat confirmed muscarinic M1 receptor mediated secretion in the submandibular gland. Since the M1 receptor blockade did not affect submandibular blood flow, indirect vascular effects could not in total explain the secretory inhibition. Also in the human labial glands, muscarinic M1, M3 and M5 receptors occurred. No or low amounts of muscarinic M2 and M4 receptors could be detected. In patients with Sjögren-like symptoms an up-regulation of M3, M4 and M5 receptors was apparent in the labial glands. In ovine parotid glands all receptors could be detected, but constantly with vague bands for muscarinic M2 receptors. In conclusion, muscarinic M1 receptors seem to be expressed in seromucous/mucous glands. A secretory effect by muscarinic M5 receptors is not to be excluded, since they were expressed in all the glands examined. However, other functions, such as promotion of inflammation, cell growth and proliferation are possible as well.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1/analysis
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/analysis
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/analysis
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M4/analysis
- Receptor, Muscarinic M4/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M5/analysis
- Receptor, Muscarinic M5/genetics
- Receptors, Muscarinic/analysis
- Receptors, Muscarinic/genetics
- Salivary Glands/chemistry
- Salivary Glands/metabolism
- Sheep
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders T Ryberg
- Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden.
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41
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Gilsbach R, Hein L. Presynaptic metabotropic receptors for acetylcholine and adrenaline/noradrenaline. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008:261-88. [PMID: 18064417 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74805-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic metabotropic receptors for acetylcholine and adrenaline/noradrenaline were first described more than three decades ago. Molecular cloning has resulted in the identification of five G protein-coupled muscarinic receptors (M(1) - M(5)) which mediate the biological effects of acetylcholine. Nine adrenoceptors (alpha(1ABD),alpha(2ABC),beta(123)) transmit adrenaline/noradrenaline signals between cells. The lack of sufficiently subtype-selective ligands has prevented identification of the physiological role and therapeutic potential of these receptor subtypes for a long time. Recently, mouse lines with targeted deletions for all muscarinic and adrenoceptor genes have been generated. This review summarizes the results from these gene-targeting studies with particular emphasis on presynaptic auto- and heteroreceptor functions of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors. Specific knowledge about the function of receptor subtypes will enhance our understanding of the physiological role of the cholinergic and adrenergic nervous system and open new avenues for subtype-selective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Gilsbach
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Dallanoce C, De Amici M, Barocelli E, Bertoni S, Roth BL, Ernsberger P, De Micheli C. Novel oxotremorine-related heterocyclic derivatives: Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology at the muscarinic receptor subtypes. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7626-37. [PMID: 17889543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A set of novel heterocyclic ligands (6-27) structurally related to Oxotremorine 2 was designed, synthesized and tested at muscarinic receptor subtypes (mAChRs). In the binding experiments at cloned human receptors (hm1-5), compounds 7 and 15 evidenced a remarkable affinity and selectivity for the hm2 subtype. The in vitro functional assays, performed on a selected group of derivatives at M(1), M(2), and M(3) tissue preparations, singled out the 3-butynyloxy-5-methylisoxazole trimethylammonium salt 7 as a potent unselective muscarinic agonist [pEC(50): 7.40 (M(1)), 8.18 (M(2)), and 8.14 (M(3))], whereas its 5-phenyl analogue 12 behaved as a muscarinic antagonist, slightly selective for the M(1) subtype [pK(B): 6.88 (M(1)), 5.95 (M(2)), 5.53 (M(3))]. Moreover, the functional data put in evidence that the presence of the piperidine ring may generate a functional selectivity, e.g., an M(1) antagonist/M(2) partial agonist/M(3) full agonist profile (compound 21), at variance with the corresponding quaternary ammonium salt (compound 22) which behaved as a muscarinic agonist at all M(1-3) receptors, with an appreciable selectivity for the cardiac M(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Dallanoce
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica "Pietro Pratesi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milano 20133, Italy
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43
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Giglio D, Andersson M, Aronsson P, Delbro DS, Haraldsson B, Tobin G. Changes in muscarinic receptors in the toad urothelial cell line TBM-54 following acrolein treatment. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 35:217-22. [PMID: 17941892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
1. In cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in the rat, cholinergic function of the bladder and muscarinic receptor expression are altered. In the present study, we investigated whether the toad urothelial cell line TBM-54 expresses functional muscarinic receptors and whether changes in muscarinic receptors can be induced in vitro by treating cells with acrolein, a metabolite of cyclophosphamide causing cystitis. 2. The occurrence of muscarinic receptors on cells was assessed by microphysiometry, a method analysing receptor function by measuring changes in the extracellular acidity rate (ECAR) in response to receptor stimulation. 3. Challenging untreated cells with the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol gave rise to a concentration-dependent increase in changes in ECAR, with a maximal response at 1 mmol/L carbachol of 51 +/- 6%. Pre-incubating cells with different muscarinic receptor antagonists (i.e. pirenzepine (M(1) receptor selective), methoctramine (M(2)/M(4) receptor selective) and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methobromide (4-DAMP; M(3)/M(1)/M(5) receptor selective)), gave rise to a concentration-dependent decrease in the effects of carbachol (0.5 mmol/L) on changes in ECAR. 4. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of all muscarinic receptor subtypes (M(1)-M(5)) by the cell line. Following acrolein treatment, cells were markedly less sensitive to carbachol and the expression of muscarinic M(2) receptors was decreased, whereas the expression of muscarinic M(3) receptors was increased. 5. In conclusion, the urothelial cell line TBM-54 expresses functional muscarinic receptors and exposure to acrolein leads to a modulation in the expression of muscarinic receptors. Consequently, acrolein may have direct effects on muscarinic receptor function and expression that contribute to the pathogenesis of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giglio
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Li GQ, Kevetter GA, Leonard RB, Prusak DJ, Wood TG, Correia MJ. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype expression in avian vestibular hair cells, nerve terminals and ganglion cells. Neuroscience 2007; 146:384-402. [PMID: 17391855 PMCID: PMC1986736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are widely expressed in the CNS and peripheral nervous system and play an important role in modulating the cell activity and function. We have shown that the cholinergic agonist carbachol reduces the pigeon's inwardly rectifying potassium channel (pKir2.1) ionic currents in native vestibular hair cells. We have cloned and sequenced pigeon mAChR subtypes M2-M5 and we have studied the expression of all five mAChR subtypes (M1-M5) in the pigeon vestibular end organs (semicircular canal ampullary cristae and utricular maculae), vestibular nerve fibers and the vestibular (Scarpa's) ganglion using tissue immunohistochemistry (IH), dissociated single cell immunocytochemistry (IC) and Western blotting (WB). We found that vestibular hair cells, nerve fibers and ganglion cells each expressed all five (M1-M5) mAChR subtypes. Two of the three odd-numbered mAChRs (M1, M5) were present on the hair cell cilia, supporting cells and nerve terminals. And all three odd numbered mAChRs (M1, M3 and M5) were expressed on cuticular plates, myelin sheaths and Schwann cells. Even-numbered mAChRs were seen on the nerve terminals. M2 was also shown on the cuticular plates and supporting cells. Vestibular efferent fibers and terminals were not identified in our studies. Results from WB of the dissociated vestibular epithelia, nerve fibers and vestibular ganglia were consistent with the results from IH and IC. Our findings suggest that there is considerable co-expression of the subtypes on the neural elements of the labyrinth. Further electrophysiological and pharmacological studies should delineate the mechanisms of action of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on structures in the labyrinth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Q. Li
- Department of Otolaryngologyy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biologyy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
| | - Golda A. Kevetter
- Department of Otolaryngologyy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biologyy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
| | - Robert B. Leonard
- Department of Otolaryngologyy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biologyy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
| | - Deborah J Prusak
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
| | - Thomas G. Wood
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
| | - Manning J. Correia
- Department of Otolaryngologyy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biologyy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston Texas, 77550-1063 U.S.A
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45
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Giglio D, Aronsson P, Eriksson L, Tobin G. In vitro characterization of parasympathetic and sympathetic responses in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in the rat. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 100:96-108. [PMID: 17244258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in the rat, detrusor function is impaired and the expression and effects of muscarinic receptors altered. Whether or not the neuronal transmission may be affected by cystitis was presently investigated. Responses of urinary strip preparations from control and cyclophosphamide-pretreated rats to electrical field stimulation and to agonists were assessed in the absence and presence of muscarinic, adrenergic and purinergic receptor antagonists. Generally, atropine reduced contractions, but in contrast to controls, it also reduced responses to low electrical field stimulation intensity (1-5 Hz) in inflamed preparations. In both types, purinoceptor desensitization with alpha,beta-methylene adenosine-5'-triphosphate (alpha,beta-meATP) caused further reductions at low frequencies (<10 Hz). The muscarinic receptor antagonists atropine, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP) ('M(1)/M(3)/M(5)-selective'), methoctramine ('M(2)-selective') and pirenzepine ('M(1)-selective') antagonized the tonic component of the electrical field stimulation-evoked contractile response more potently than the phasic component. 4-DAMP inhibited the tonic contractions in controls more potently than methoctramine and pirenzepine. In inflamed preparations, the muscarinic receptor antagonism on the phasic component of the electrical field stimulation-evoked contraction was decreased and the pirenzepine and 4-DAMP antagonism on the tonic component was much less efficient than in controls. In contrast to controls, methoctramine increased -- instead of decreased -- the tonic responses at high frequencies. While contractions to carbachol and ATP were the same in inflamed and in control strips when related to a reference potassium response, isoprenaline-induced relaxations were smaller in inflamed strips. Thus, in cystitis substantial changes of the efferent functional responses occur. While postjunctional beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxations are reduced, effects by prejunctional inhibitory muscarinic receptors may be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Giglio
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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46
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Scarpero HM, Dmochowski RR. Muscarinic receptors: What we know. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-007-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Tumiatti V, Minarini A, Milelli A, Rosini M, Buccioni M, Marucci G, Ghelardini C, Bellucci C, Melchiorre C. Structure–activity relationships of methoctramine-related polyamines as muscarinic antagonist: Effect of replacing the inner polymethylene chain with cyclic moieties. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2312-21. [PMID: 17276075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper was to investigate the role of the octamethylene spacer of methoctramine (1) on the biological profile. Thus, this spacer was incorporated into a dianiline or dipiperidine moiety to determine whether flexibility and the basicity of the inner nitrogen atoms are important determinants of potency with respect to muscarinic receptors. The most potent compound was 4, which displayed, in the functional assays, a comparable potency at muscarinic M(2) receptors with respect to 1, and, in the binding assays, a loss of potency and selectivity toward muscarinic M(1) and M(3) receptor subtypes. Both compounds were endowed with antinociceptive activity. Furthermore, in microdialysis tests in rat parietal cortex, they enhanced acetylcholine release, most likely by antagonizing presynaptic muscarinic receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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48
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Ruiz de Azúa I, del Olmo E, Pazos A, Sallés J. Transmembrane signaling through phospholipase C-beta in the developing human prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:13-26. [PMID: 16615043 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To investigate changes in muscarinic receptor-stimulated phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta) activity during brain development, we examined the functional coupling of each of the three major protein components of the phosphoinositide system (M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptor subtypes; Gq/11 proteins; PLC-beta1-4 isoforms) in membrane preparations from post-mortem human prefrontal cerebral cortex collected at several stages of prenatal and postnatal development. In human prenatal brain membranes, PLC was found to be present and could be activated by calcium, but the ability of guanosine-5'-o-3 thiotriphosphate (GTPgammaS) or carbachol (in the presence of GTPgammaS) to modulate prenatal PLC-beta was significantly weaker than that associated with postnatal PLC-beta. Western blot analysis revealed that the levels of Galphaq/11 did not change significantly during development. In contrast, dramatically higher levels of expression of PLC-beta1-4 isoforms and of M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors were detected in the child vs. the fetal brain, a finding that might underlie the observed increased activity of PLC. Thus, inositol phosphate production may be more efficiently regulated by altering the amount of effectors (PLC-beta1-4) and receptors (M1,3,5 subtypes) than by altering the level of Galphaq/11 subunits. These results demonstrate that different PLC isoforms are expressed in the prefrontal cortex of the developing human brain in an age-specific manner, suggesting specific roles not only in synaptic transmission but also in the differentiation and maturation of neurons in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Ruiz de Azúa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Giglio D, Delbro DS, Tobin G. Postjunctional modulation by muscarinic M2 receptors of responses to electrical field stimulation of rat detrusor muscle preparations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 25:113-20. [PMID: 15955031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2005.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to examine the modulator influence of muscarinic M(2) receptors on responses of rat urinary bladder detrusor muscle evoked by endogenous stimuli, i.e. by stimulation of the bladder innervation. 2. Responses were evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS; 2-20 Hz, 0.8 ms, 60 V) of isolated strip preparations mounted in organ baths. The tension of the muscle strips was recorded digitally. EFS was performed by applying stimulation with either a short duration (5 s) or a longer duration (to reach peak response; approximately 20 s). 3. Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists (muscarinic M(1)/M(3) receptor selective: 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methobromide (4-DAMP); muscarinic M(2) receptor selective: methoctramine), a beta-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) and an adenosine receptor antagonist (8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline) were assessed on contractile activity and on poststimulatory relaxations. 4. Low concentrations of methoctramine (10(-8) m) reduced or tended to reduce the EFS-induced contraction, e.g. at 2 Hz by 12% while methoctramine at 10(-7) m had no significant effect. In addition, in the presence of 4-DAMP (10(-9) m), which tended to inhibit contractions at all frequencies (2-20 Hz; -17 to -25%), methoctramine at 10(-8) and 10(-7) m induced a further reduction of the contractile responses (-5 to -10%; 2-20 Hz). 5. The beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (10(-6) m) and the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline (10(-6) m) both increased contractile responses by 9-21% (2-10 Hz, long duration; P < 0.05-0.001) as a consequence of antagonizing relaxatory stimuli. Neither antagonist affected the contractile responses to EFS with the short duration stimulation. Poststimulatory relaxations were reduced by 30-60% (P < 0.05) by propranolol and by 40-60% (P < 0.001) by 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline, but for 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline only after stimulation with the short duration. 6. In the presence of methoctramine (10(-7) m), the 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline-induced increases of the contractile response to long duration EFS were significantly enhanced at 10 Hz (+12 +/- 4%; P < 0.05), whereas no such enhancement of the propranolol inhibitory effect occurred in the presence of methoctramine. However, poststimulatory beta-adrenoceptor-evoked relaxations after short duration EFS were increased by about 35% in the presence of methoctramine, but not those after long duration. 7. Thus, muscarinic M(2) receptor activation inhibits adenosine receptor- and beta-adrenoceptor-evoked relaxations of the rat detrusor muscle. The inhibition occurs via a transient postjunctional mechanism that mainly affects responses with a short latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giglio
- Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Box 431, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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50
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Eglen RM. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic function. AUTONOMIC & AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 26:219-33. [PMID: 16879488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2006.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1 Muscarinic M1-M5 receptors mediate the metabotropic actions of acetylcholine in the nervous system. A growing body of data indicate they also mediate autocrine functions of the molecule. The availability of novel and selective muscarinic agonists and antagonists, as well as in vivo gene disruption techniques, has clarified the roles of muscarinic receptors in mediating both functions of acetylcholine. 2 Selective M1 agonists or mixed M1 agonists/M2 antagonists may provide an approach to the treatment of cognitive disorders, while M3 antagonism, or mixed M2/M3 antagonists, are approved for the treatment of contractility disorders including overactive bladder and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Preclinical data suggest that selective agonism of the M4 receptor will provide novel anti-nociceptive agents, while therapeutics-based upon agonism or antagonism of the muscarinic M5 receptor have yet to be reported. 3 The autocrine functions of muscarinic receptors broadly fall into two areas - control of cell growth or proliferation and mediation of the release of chemical mediators from epithelial cells, ultimately causing muscle relaxation. The former particularly are involved in embryological development, oncogenesis, keratinocyte function and immune responsiveness. The latter regulate contractility of smooth muscle in the vasculature, airways and urinary bladder. 4 Most attention has focused on muscarinic M1 or M3 receptors which mediate lymphocyte immunoresponsiveness, cell migration and release of smooth muscle relaxant factors. Muscarinic M4 receptors are implicated in the regulation of keratinocyte adhesion and M2 receptors in stem cell proliferation and development. Little data are available concerning the M5 receptor, partly due to the difficulties in defining the subtype pharmacologically. 5 The autocrine functions of acetylcholine, like those in the nervous system, involve activation of several muscarinic receptor subtypes. Consequently, the role of these subtypes in autocrine, as well neuronal cholinergic systems, significantly expands their importance in physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Eglen
- DiscoveRx Corp, 42501, Albrae St., Suite 100, Fremont, CA 94538, USA
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