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Tu Z, Zhong J, Li H, Sun L, Huang Y, Yang S, Lu Y, Cai S. Characterization and function analysis of cathepsin C in Marsupenaeusjaponicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109379. [PMID: 38242264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsin C is a cysteine protease widely found in invertebrates and vertebrates, and has the important physiological role participating in proteolysis in vivo and activating various functional proteases in immune/inflammatory cells in the animals. In order to study the role of cathepsin C in the disease resistance of shrimp, we cloned cathepsin C gene (MjcathC) from Marsupenaeus japonicus, analyzed its expression patterns in various tissues, performed MjcathC-knockdown, and finally challenged experimental shrimps with Vibrio alginolyticus and WSSV. The results have shown the full length of MjcathC is 1782 bp, containing an open reading frame of 1350 bp encoding 449 amino acids. Homology analysis revealed that the predicted amino acid sequence of MjcathC shared respectively 88.42 %, 87.36 % and 87.58 % similarity with Penaeus monodon, Fenneropenaeus penicillatus and Litopenaeus vannamei. The expression levels of MjcathC in various tissues of healthy M. japonicus are the highest in the liver, followed by the gills and heart, and the lowest in the stomach. The expression levels of MjcathC were significantly up-regulated in all examined tissues of shrimp challenged with WSSV or V. alginolyticus. After knockdown-MjcathC using RNAi technology in M. japonicus, the expression levels of lectin and heat shock protein 70 in MjcathC-knockdown shrimp were significantly down-regulated, and the mortality of MjcathC-knockdown shrimp challenged by WSSV and V. alginolyticus significantly increased. Knockdown of the MjcathC reduced the resistance of M. japonicus to WSSV and V. alginolyticus. The above results have indicated that cathepsin C may play an important role in the antibacterial and antiviral innate immunity of M. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhao Tu
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | | | | | | | - Yucong Huang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiping Yang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuanghu Cai
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China.
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Diao Q, Du H, Zhao N, Wu Y, Du X, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Cao Z. Cathepsin C (CTSC) contributes to the antibacterial immunity in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:316-326. [PMID: 35952999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins, as a class of protein hydrolases, are widely found in the lysosomes of many tissues and play an essential role in various physiological activities. Cathepsin C (CTSC), a lysosomal cysteine protease, is an essential component of the lysosomal hydrolase family. In this study, we identified a CTSC from Trachinotus ovatus (TroCTSC) and analyzed its function. TroCTSC contained an ORF of 1368 bp and encoded 455 amino acids, which included three conserved catalytically active sites (Cys251, His397, and Asn419). It shares high homology (69.47%-90.77%) with the other known CTSC sequences of teleosts, which was most closely related to Seriola dumerili. TroCTSC was most abundant in the muscle, liver, and head kidney. After Vibrio harveyi infection, the expression levels of TroCTSC in liver, spleen, and head kidney were significantly up-regulated. TroCTSC was found in the cytoplasm with some of which were co-located with the lysosome. After V. harveyi stimulation, TroCTSC was translocated to nucleus in golden pompano snout (GPS) cells. In vitro, results revealed that the optimal hydrolase activity of the recombinant protein, rTroCTSC, was at 40 °C and pH 5.5. The activity of rTroCTSC was promoted by Zn2+ and Ca2+ but inhibited by Fe2+ and Cu2+. However, three mutant proteins, rTroCTSC-C251A, rTroCTSC-H397A, rTroCTSC-N419A, were dramatically reduced the proteolytic activity. Furthermore, in vivo results showed that overexpression of TroCTSC could significantly enhance body's ability to resist V. harveyi and promote the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). In contrast, the interference of TroCTSC expression induced a significant increase in the number of bacteria after V. harveyi infection. Our results suggested that TroCTSC was an essential effector of the innate immune system and played a pivotal role in antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Hehe Du
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Na Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China.
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China.
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
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Shen XB, Chen X, Zhang ZY, Wu FF, Liu XH. Cathepsin C inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drug discovery: Challenges and opportunities. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113818. [PMID: 34492551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C, an important lysosomal cysteine protease, mediates the maturation process of neutrophil serine proteases, and participates in the inflammation and immune regulation process associated with polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Therefore, cathepsin C is considered to be an attractive target for treating inflammatory diseases. With INS1007 (trade name: brensocatib) being granted a breakthrough drug designation by FDA for the treatment of Adult Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis and Coronavirus Disease 2019, the development of cathepsin C inhibitor will attract attentions from medicinal chemists in the future soon. Here, we summarized the research results of cathepsin C as a therapeutic target, focusing on the development of cathepsin C inhibitor, and provided guidance and reference opinions for the upcoming development boom of cathepsin C inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Bao Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhao Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fu Fang Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China.
| | - Xin Hua Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Audzeyenka I, Rachubik P, Rogacka D, Typiak M, Kulesza T, Angielski S, Rychłowski M, Wysocka M, Gruba N, Lesner A, Saleem MA, Piwkowska A. Cathepsin C is a novel mediator of podocyte and renal injury induced by hyperglycemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118723. [PMID: 32302668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests a role of proteolytic enzymes in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Cathepsin C (CatC) is a well-known regulator of inflammatory responses, but its involvement in podocyte and renal injury remains obscure. We used Zucker rats, a genetic model of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, to determine the presence, quantity, and activity of CatC in the urine. In addition to the animal study, we used two cellular models, immortalized human podocytes and primary rat podocytes, to determine mRNA and protein expression levels via RT-PCR, Western blot, and confocal microscopy, and to evaluate CatC activity. The role of CatC was analyzed in CatC-depleted podocytes using siRNA and glycolytic flux parameters were obtained from extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) measurements. In functional analyses, podocyte and glomerular permeability to albumin was determined. We found that podocytes express and secrete CatC, and a hyperglycemic environment increases CatC levels and activity. Both high glucose and non-specific activator of CatC phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) diminished nephrin, cofilin, and GLUT4 levels and induced cytoskeletal rearrangements, increasing albumin permeability in podocytes. These negative effects were completely reversed in CatC-depleted podocytes. Moreover, PMA, but not high glucose, increased glycolytic flux in podocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that CatC expression and activity are increased in the urine of diabetic Zucker rats. We propose a novel mechanism of podocyte injury in diabetes, providing deeper insight into the role of CatC in podocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Audzeyenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Rachubik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marlena Typiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kulesza
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Angielski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk - Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
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Alam S, Liu Q, Liu S, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Liu G, Fan K, Ma J. Up-regulated cathepsin C induces macrophage M1 polarization through FAK-triggered p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Exp Cell Res 2019; 382:111472. [PMID: 31229505 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that in response to environmental changes, macrophages can dynamically change into two main functional phenotypes, namely M1 and M2. Depending on these different phenotypes, macrophages can produce either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory factors which may affect the outcome of inflammation. Mastering the switching of M1/M2 phenotypes may provide therapeutic approaches to chronic inflammatory disease, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, even the metabolic disorders. Cathepsin C (CTSC), as a member of the papain family of cysteine proteases, is a key enzyme in the activation of granule serine proteases thereby involved in modulating the inflammatory responses. Moreover, abundant expression of CTSC has been found in M1 macrophages in plaques of atherosclerosis and related to the progression of disease. However, whether CTSC can regulate macrophage activation status in inflammatory responses has not been fully investigated. In the present study, using peritoneal macrophages (PMs) and mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 treated with LPS and active monomer of CTSC, we found that CTSC was not only expressed in macrophages in M1 activation status, but also facilitated macrophages towards M1 phenotype, suggesting a self-activation mechanism involved in this process which may lead to a vicious circle in chronic inflammation. Then we attempted to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of CTSC resulting in M1 activation. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is one of the non-receptor cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases, serving as an upstream mediator that leads to transcription of many pro-inflammatory factors. We found FAK expression was up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels following CTSC stimulation, and FAK phosphorylation level was also significantly increased. The p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway, as the downstream of FAK, were also found activated in CTSC-treated macrophages, suggesting that CTSC may promote macrophage towards M1 activation status through FAK-induced p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Our study provides a new therapeutic target in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Alam
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lvshun South Road Western Section, Lvshun District, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lvshun South Road Western Section, Lvshun District, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
| | - Shuang Liu
- Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lvshun South Road Western Section, Lvshun District, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lvshun South Road Western Section, Lvshun District, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lvshun South Road Western Section, Lvshun District, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Diseases, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lvshun South Road Western Section, Lvshun District, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
| | - Gang Liu
- College ofBasic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lvshun South Road Western Section, Lvshun District, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lvshun South Road Western Section, Lvshun District, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
| | - Jianmei Ma
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lvshun South Road Western Section, Lvshun District, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
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Wei S, Wang S, Yang M, Huang Y, Wei J, Huang X, Qin Q. Characterization of cathepsin C from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides involved in SGIV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:423-433. [PMID: 30308297 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin C plays a pivotal role in regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. However, the function of fish cathepsin C in virus replication remains largely unknown. In this study, cathepsin C gene (Ec-CC) was cloned and characterized from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. The full-length Ec-CC cDNA was composed of 2077 bp. It contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1374 bp and encoded a 458-amino acid protein which shared 89% identity to cathepsin C from bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus). Amino acid alignment analysis showed that Ec-CC contained an N-terminal signal peptide, the propeptide region and the mature peptide. RT-PCR analysis showed that Ec-CC transcript was expressed in all the examined tissues which abundant in spleen and head kidney. After challenged with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) stimulation, the relative expression of EC-CC was significantly increased at 24 h post-infection. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that Ec-CC was distributed mainly in the cytoplasm. Further studies showed that overexpression of Ec-CC in vitro significantly delayed the cytopathic effect (CPE) progression evoked by SGIV and inhibited the viral genes transcription. Moreover, overexpression of Ec-CC significantly increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines during SGIV infection. Taken together, our results demonstrated that Ec-CC might play a functional role in SGIV infection by regulating the inflammation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Wang Z, Hang P, Zhang Q, Xu Q, Qi Z. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of cathepsin C in Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Inhibitory effect of Triperygium wilfordii polyglucoside on dipeptidyl peptidase I in vivo and in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:466-470. [PMID: 29031206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI), a lysosomal cysteine protease is derived from granule immune cells including mast cell, neutrophils, and toxicity T cells. DPPI can activate serine proteases by removal of dipeptides from N-termini of the pro-proteases, resulting in granule immune cells activation which involved in physiological or pathological responses. Triperygium Wilfordii Polyglucoside (TWP) is one of the traditional Chinese medicines, and commonly used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. The present study intended to evaluate the effects of TWP on DPPI activity. METHODS In vivo and in vitro studies were carried out to investigate the functions of TWP or triptolide (TP) on DPPI activities in serum, tissues of CIA rats. Rats were divided into five groups randomly: normal group, untreated CIA rat group, TWP treatment CIA groups (the low dose 2.5mg/100g body-weight and high dose 5mg/100g body-weight), and TP treatment CIA group (4μg/100g body-weight). Arthritis development was monitored visually, and joint pathology was examined radiologically. Total protein concentrations in synovial fluids (SFs) were determined by BCA method. Serums and tissue homogenates from CIA rats were collected and DPPI activities were detected using fluorescence substrate GF-AFC. The in vitro interactions between DPPI in serums or in tissue homogenates and TWP or TP were assessed. RESULTS TWP-treated CIA rats showed a significant improvement in bone erosion. TWP significantly suppressed paw swelling and total protein concentration in the SFs of CIA rats compared with untreated CIA rats. The elevated activities of DPPI in serums or tissues of CIA rats were significantly inhibited by TWP, but not by TP in vivo. The inhibitory effects of TWP on DPPI activities were also confirm by in vitro study. CONCLUSION One of the therapeutic functions of TWP in RA treatment could be inhibiting DPPI activity in serums and synovial tissue produced during RA development, and then reducing inflammatory serine proteases activities and further recovering CIA rats from RA symptoms.
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Serum based fluorescent assay for evaluating dipeptidyl peptidase I activity in collagen induced arthritis rat model. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 32:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Łęgowska M, Hamon Y, Wojtysiak A, Grzywa R, Sieńczyk M, Burster T, Korkmaz B, Lesner A. Development of the first internally-quenched fluorescent substrates of human cathepsin C: The application in the enzyme detection in biological samples. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 612:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Khaket TP, Dhanda S, Jodha D, Singh J. Biochemical studies on dipeptidyl peptidase I (cathepsin C) from germinated Vigna radiata seeds. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hamon Y, Legowska M, Hervé V, Dallet-Choisy S, Marchand-Adam S, Vanderlynden L, Demonte M, Williams R, Scott CJ, Si-Tahar M, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Lalmanach G, Jenne DE, Lesner A, Gauthier F, Korkmaz B. Neutrophilic Cathepsin C Is Maturated by a Multistep Proteolytic Process and Secreted by Activated Cells during Inflammatory Lung Diseases. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8486-99. [PMID: 26884336 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.707109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease cathepsin C (CatC) activates granule-associated proinflammatory serine proteases in hematopoietic precursor cells. Its early inhibition in the bone marrow is regarded as a new therapeutic strategy for treating proteolysis-driven chronic inflammatory diseases, but its complete inhibition is elusive in vivo Controlling the activity of CatC may be achieved by directly inhibiting its activity with a specific inhibitor or/and by preventing its maturation. We have investigated immunochemically and kinetically the occurrence of CatC and its proform in human hematopoietic precursor cells and in differentiated mature immune cells in lung secretions. The maturation of proCatC obeys a multistep mechanism that can be entirely managed by CatS in neutrophilic precursor cells. CatS inhibition by a cell-permeable inhibitor abrogated the release of the heavy and light chains from proCatC and blocked ∼80% of CatC activity. Under these conditions the activity of neutrophil serine proteases, however, was not abolished in precursor cell cultures. In patients with neutrophilic lung inflammation, mature CatC is found in large amounts in sputa. It is secreted by activated neutrophils as confirmed through lipopolysaccharide administration in a nonhuman primate model. CatS inhibitors currently in clinical trials are expected to decrease the activity of neutrophilic CatC without affecting those of elastase-like serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yveline Hamon
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Monika Legowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Virginie Hervé
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Sandrine Dallet-Choisy
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Lise Vanderlynden
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Michèle Demonte
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Rich Williams
- Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom, and
| | - Christopher J Scott
- Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom, and
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Francis Gauthier
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, 37032, Tours, France,
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Herías V, Biessen EAL, Beckers C, Delsing D, Liao M, Daemen MJ, Pham CCTN, Heeneman S. Leukocyte cathepsin C deficiency attenuates atherosclerotic lesion progression by selective tuning of innate and adaptive immune responses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:79-86. [PMID: 25395616 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protein degrading activity of cathepsin C (CatC), combined with its role in leukocyte granule activation, suggests a contribution of this cystein protease in atherosclerosis. However, no experimental data are available to validate this concept. APPROACH AND RESULTS CatC gene and protein expression were increased in ruptured versus advanced stable human carotid artery lesions. To assess causal involvement of CatC in plaque progression and stability, we generated LDLr(-/-)//CatC(-/-) chimeras by bone marrow transplantation. CatC(-/-) chimeras presented attenuated plaque burden in carotids, descending aorta, aortic arch and root, at both the early and advanced plaque stage. CatC was abundantly expressed by plaque macrophages and foam cells. CatC expression and activity were dramatically downregulated in plaques of CatC(-/-) chimeras, supporting a hematopoietic origin of plaque CatC. Our studies unveiled an unexpected feedback of CatC deficiency on macrophage activation programs and T helper cell differentiation in as much as that CatC expression was upregulated in M1 macrophages, whereas its deficiency led to combined M2 (in vitro) and Th2 polarization (in vivo). CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate CatC has a role in the selective tuning of innate and adaptive immune responses, relevant to a chronic immune disease, such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Herías
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Cora Beckers
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Dianne Delsing
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Mengyang Liao
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Mat J Daemen
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Christine C T N Pham
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Sylvia Heeneman
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.).
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14
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Niu D, Xie S, Bai Z, Wang L, Jin K, Li J. Identification, expression, and responses to bacterial challenge of the cathepsin C gene from the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:241-245. [PMID: 24792213 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (dipeptidyl-peptidaseI, DPPI) is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase that belongs to the papain superfamily, and it is involved in protein degradation and proenzyme activation. However, very little is known about the function of cathepsin C in bivalves. In the present study, we identified the cathepsin C gene in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (Sc-CTSC). The full-length Sc-CTSC cDNA contained a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 1371 nt encoding 456 amino acids, a 98 bp 5' UTR, and a 1043 bp 3' UTR. The ORF of Sc-CTSC consisted of a putative signal peptide of 22 aa, a propeptide of 229 aa, and a mature peptide of 205 aa containing the active site triad of Cys, His, and Asn. The Sc-CTSC transcript was expressed in a wide range of tissues but exhibited the greatest level of expression in the digestive gland. During the early developmental stages, the transcript was detected widely. Upon injection with Vibrio anguillarum, the Sc-CTSC transcript was significantly up-regulated in digestive gland, mantle, and gill tissues. The results provided important information for further exploring the roles of cathepsin C in the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Niu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shumei Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiyi Bai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lie Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Radzey H, Rethmeier M, Klimpel D, Grundhuber M, Sommerhoff CP, Schaschke N. E-64c-hydrazide: a lead structure for the development of irreversible cathepsin C inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1314-21. [PMID: 23780739 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C is a papain-like cysteine protease with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity that is thought to activate various granule-associated serine proteases. Its exopeptidase activity is structurally explained by the so-called exclusion domain, which blocks the active-site cleft beyond the S2 site and, with its Asp 1 residue, provides an anchoring point for the N terminus of peptide and protein substrates. Here, the hydrazide of (2S,3S)-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-3-methylbutane (E-64c) (k2/Ki =140±5 M(-1) s(-1)) is demonstrated to be a lead structure for the development of irreversible cathepsin C inhibitors. The distal amino group of the hydrazide moiety addresses the acidic Asp 1 residue at the entrance of the S2 pocket by hydrogen bonding while also occupying the flat hydrophobic S1'-S2' area with its leucine-isoamylamide moiety. Furthermore, structure-activity relationship studies revealed that functionalization of this distal amino group with alkyl residues can be used to occupy the conserved hydrophobic S2 pocket. In particular, the n-butyl derivative was identified as the most potent inhibitor of the series (k2/Ki =56 000±1700 M(-1) s(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Radzey
- Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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16
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Neutrophil proteinase 3 and dipeptidyl peptidase I (cathepsin C) as pharmacological targets in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis). Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:411-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Moussa P, Marton J, Vidal SM, Fodil-Cornu N. Genetic dissection of NK cell responses. Front Immunol 2013; 3:425. [PMID: 23346087 PMCID: PMC3548222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of Natural Killer (NK) cell deficiencies with disease susceptibility has established a central role for NK cells in host defence. In this context, genetic approaches have been pivotal in elucidating and characterizing the molecular mechanisms underlying NK cell function. To this end, homozygosity mapping and linkage analysis in humans have identified mutations that impact NK cell function and cause life-threatening diseases. However, several critical restrictions accompany genetic studies in humans. Studying NK cell pathophysiology in a mouse model has therefore proven a useful tool. The relevance of the mouse model is underscored by the similarities that exist between cell-structure-sensing receptors and the downstream signaling that leads to NK cell activation. In this review, we provide an overview of how human and mouse quantitative trait locis (QTLs) have facilitated the identification of genes that modulate NK cell development, recognition, and killing of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Moussa
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Life Sciences Complex Montreal, QC, Canada
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18
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Koike M, Shibata M, Ezaki J, Peters C, Saftig P, Kominami E, Uchiyama Y. Differences in expression patterns of cathepsin C/dipeptidyl peptidase I in normal, pathological and aged mouse central nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:816-30. [PMID: 23279039 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (CC) (EC 3.4.14.1, dipeptidyl peptidase I) is a lysosomal cysteine protease that is required for the activation of several granule-associated serine proteases in vivo. CC has been shown to be constitutively expressed in various tissues, but the enzyme is hardly detectable in central nervous system (CNS) tissues. In the present study, we investigated the regional and cellular distribution of CC in normal, aging and pathological mouse brains. Immunoblotting failed to detect CC protein in whole brain tissues of normal mice, as previously described. However, low proteolytic activity of CC was detected in a brain region-dependent manner, and granular immunohistochemical signals were found in neuronal perikarya of particular brain regions, including the accessory olfactory bulb, the septum, CA2 of the hippocampus, a part of the cerebral cortex, the medial geniculate, and the inferior colliculus. In aged mice, the number of CC-positive neurons increased to some extent. The protein level of CC and its proteolytic activity showed significant increases in particular brain regions of mouse models with pathological conditions--the thalamus in cathepsin D-deficient mice, the hippocampus of ipsilateral brain hemispheres after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, and peri-damaged portions of brains after penetrating injury. In such pathological conditions, the majority of the cells that were strongly immunopositive for CC were activated microglia. These lines of evidence suggest that CC is involved in normal neuronal function in certain brain regions, and also participates in inflammatory processes accompanying pathogenesis in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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19
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Vidal E, Tortosa R, Marco P, Fondevila D, Rabanal RM, Torres JM, Pumarola M. Late stage cathepsin C, CXCL13 and Ki-67 overexpression correlate with regional neuropathology in a BSE transgenic murine model. J Comp Pathol 2012; 148:22-32. [PMID: 22789860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A DNA microarray-based gene expression analysis study was performed with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) transgenic mice. Several genes were found to be overexpressed including the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin C, the chemokine CXCL13 and a number of genes related to cellular proliferation. The brains from terminal stage, BSE inoculated, 'bovinized', transgenic mice were subjected to immunohistochemistry with antibodies against these two proteins and Ki-67, a cell proliferation marker, to assess the biological relevance of the gene expression changes. Differential expression of cathepsin C and CXCL13 proteins and increased expression of Ki-67 was observed. These changes were localized to areas of deposition of PrP(res) and spongiform change and to areas showing an astroglial and microglial response. These findings suggest that these proteins are involved in the mechanisms leading to the establishment of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vidal
- Priocat Laboratory, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Li WW, Jin XK, He L, Jiang H, Xie YN, Wang Q. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of cathepsin C gene involved in the antibacterial response in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1170-1174. [PMID: 20600276 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins, a superfamily of hydrolytic enzymes produced and enclosed within lysosomes, function in immune response in vertebrates; however, their function within the innate immune system of invertebrates remains largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the immune functionality of cathepsin C (catC) in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), a commercially important and disease vulnerable aquaculture species. The full-length catC cDNA (1481 bp) was cloned via PCR based upon an initial expressed sequence tag (EST) isolated from a hepatopancreatic cDNA library. The catC cDNA contained a 1284 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a putative 427 amino acid (aa) protein. Comparisons with other reported invertebrate and vertebrate cathepsins sequences revealed high percent identity. CatC mRNA expression in E. sinensis was responsive in hemocytes to a Vibrio anguillarum challenge, with peak exposure observed 6 h post-injection. Collectively, data demonstrate the successful isolation of catC from the Chinese mitten crab, and its involvement in the innate immune system of an invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road, 3663 Shanghai, China
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21
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Dipeptidyl-peptidase I does not functionally compensate for the loss of tripeptidyl-peptidase I in the neurodegenerative disease late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Biochem J 2009; 415:225-32. [PMID: 18570628 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LINCL (late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease resulting from mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal protease TPPI (tripeptidyl-peptidase I). TPPI is expressed ubiquitously throughout the body but disease appears restricted to the brain. One explanation for the absence of peripheral pathology is that in tissues other than brain, other proteases may compensate for the loss of TPPI. One such candidate is another lysosomal aminopeptidase, DPPI (dipeptidyl-peptidase I), which appears to have overlapping substrate specificity with TPPI and is expressed at relatively low levels in brain. Compensation for the loss of TPPI by DPPI may have therapeutic implications for LINCL and, in the present study, we have investigated this possibility using mouse genetic models. Our rationale was that if DPPI could compensate for the loss of TPPI in peripheral tissues, then its absence should exacerbate disease in an LINCL mouse model but, conversely, increased CNS (central nervous system) expression of DPPI should ameliorate disease. By comparing TPPI and DPPI single mutants with a double mutant lacking both proteases, we found that the loss of DPPI had no effect on accumulation of storage material, disease severity or lifespan of the LINCL mouse. Transgenic expression of DPPI resulted in a approximately 2-fold increase in DPPI activity in the brain, but this had no significant effect on survival of the LINCL mouse. These results together indicate that DPPI cannot functionally compensate for the loss of TPPI. Therapeutic approaches to increase neuronal expression of DPPI are therefore unlikely to be effective for treatment of LINCL.
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22
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Qiu L, Jiang S, Huang J, Wang W, Zhang D, Wu Q, Yang K. Molecular cloning and mRNA expression of cathepsin C gene in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 150:320-5. [PMID: 18468929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (dipeptidyl-peptidase I, DPPI) is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase belonging to the papain superfamily, which is capable of removing dipeptides sequentially from the amino terminus of peptide and protein substrates. In the present study, the cDNA of a cathepsin C was cloned from black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (designated PmcathepsinC) by homology cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. The full-length cDNA of PmcathepsinC consisted of 2051 nucleotides with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly(A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1350 bp encoding a polypeptide of 449 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 50.0 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of 5.65. The high identity of PmcathepsinC with Cathepsin C in other organisms indicated that PmcathepsinC should be a new member of the Cathepsin C family. By fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR, mRNA transcript of PmcathepsinC was detectable in all the examined tissues with higher level in ovary and heart. The temporal expression of PmcathepsinC mRNA in the hepatopancreas was up-regulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and reached the maximum level at 4 h post-stimulation, and then dropped back to the original level gradually. These results indicated that PmcathepsinC was a constitutive and inducible acute-phase protein that perhaps involved in the immune defense of P. monodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Qiu
- The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
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23
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Méthot N, Rubin J, Guay D, Beaulieu C, Ethier D, Reddy TJ, Riendeau D, Percival MD. Inhibition of the Activation of Multiple Serine Proteases with a Cathepsin C Inhibitor Requires Sustained Exposure to Prevent Pro-enzyme Processing. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20836-46. [PMID: 17535802 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702615200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin C is a cysteine protease required for the activation of several pro-inflammatory serine proteases and, as such, is of interest as a therapeutic target. In cathepsin C-deficient mice and humans, the N-terminal processing and activation of neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3 is abolished and is accompanied by a reduction of protein levels. Pharmacologically, the consequence of cathepsin C inhibition on the activation of these serine proteases has not been described, due to the lack of stable and non-toxic inhibitors and the absence of appropriate experimental cell systems. Using novel reversible peptide nitrile inhibitors of cathepsin C, and cell-based assays with U937 and EcoM-G cells, we determined the effects of pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin C on serine protease activity. We show that indirect and complete inhibition of neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3 is achievable in intact cells with selective and non-cytotoxic cathepsin C inhibitors, at concentrations approximately 10-fold higher than those required to inhibit purified cathepsin C. The concentration of inhibitor needed to block processing of these three serine proteases was similar, regardless of the cell system used. Importantly, cathepsin C inhibition must be sustained to maintain serine protease inhibition, because removal of the reversible inhibitors resulted in the activation of pro-enzymes in intact cells. These findings demonstrate that near complete inhibition of multiple serine proteases can be achieved with cathepsin C inhibitors and that cathepsin C inhibition represents a viable but challenging approach for the treatment of neutrophil-based inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Méthot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, 16711 Trans-Canada Highway, Kirkland Quebec H9H 3L1, Canada
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Cottrell GS, Amadesi S, Pikios S, Camerer E, Willardsen JA, Murphy BR, Caughey GH, Wolters PJ, Coughlin SR, Peterson A, Knecht W, Pothoulakis C, Bunnett NW, Grady EF. Protease-activated receptor 2, dipeptidyl peptidase I, and proteases mediate Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:2422-37. [PMID: 17570216 PMCID: PMC2366898 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We studied the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) and its activating enzymes, trypsins and tryptase, in Clostridium difficile toxin A (TxA)-induced enteritis. METHODS We injected TxA into ileal loops in PAR(2) or dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) knockout mice or in wild-type mice pretreated with tryptase inhibitors (FUT-175 or MPI-0442352) or soybean trypsin inhibitor. We examined the effect of TxA on expression and activity of PAR(2) and trypsin IV messenger RNA in the ileum and cultured colonocytes. We injected activating peptide (AP), trypsins, tryptase, and p23 in wild-type mice, some pretreated with the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist SR140333. RESULTS TxA increased fluid secretion, myeloperoxidase activity in fluid and tissue, and histologic damage. PAR(2) deletion decreased TxA-induced ileitis, reduced luminal fluid secretion by 20%, decreased tissue and fluid myeloperoxidase by 50%, and diminished epithelial damage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration. DPPI deletion reduced secretion by 20% and fluid myeloperoxidase by 55%. In wild-type mice, FUT-175 or MPI-0442352 inhibited secretion by 24%-28% and tissue and fluid myeloperoxidase by 31%-71%. Soybean trypsin inhibitor reduced secretion to background levels and tissue myeloperoxidase by up to 50%. TxA increased expression of PAR(2) and trypsin IV in enterocytes and colonocytes and caused a 2-fold increase in Ca(2+) responses to PAR(2) AP. AP, tryptase, and trypsin isozymes (trypsin I/II, trypsin IV, p23) caused ileitis. SR140333 prevented AP-induced ileitis. CONCLUSIONS PAR(2) and its activators are proinflammatory in TxA-induced enteritis. TxA stimulates existing PAR(2) and up-regulates PAR(2) and activating proteases, and PAR(2) causes inflammation by neurogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme S Cottrell
- Center for the Neurobiology of Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0660, USA
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Obermajer N, Doljak B, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins: regulators of antitumour immune response. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 6:1295-309. [PMID: 17223738 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.12.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal cysteine proteases that are involved in a number of important biological processes, including intracellular protein turnover, propeptide and hormone processing, apoptosis, bone remodelling and reproduction. In cancer, the cathepsins have been linked to extracellular matrix remodelling and to the promotion of tumour cell motility, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, resulting in poor outcome of cancer patients; however, cysteine cathepsins are also involved at different levels of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Their best known role in this aspect is their contribution to major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation, the processing of progranzymes into proteolytically active forms, cytotoxic lymphocyte self-protection, cytokine and growth factor degradation and, finally, the induction of cytokine expression and modulation of integrin function. This review is focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins in the antitumour immune response and the evaluation of their pro- and anticancer behaviours during the regulation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Obermajer
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bondebjerg J, Fuglsang H, Valeur KR, Pedersen J, Naerum L. Dipeptidyl nitriles as human dipeptidyl peptidase I inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3614-7. [PMID: 16647256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a dipeptide nitrile scaffold we have identified a potent and selective inhibitor of human dipeptidyl peptidase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Bondebjerg
- Arpida A/S, Vesterbrogade 188, DK-1800 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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27
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Bondebjerg J, Fuglsang H, Valeur KR, Kaznelson DW, Hansen JA, Pedersen RO, Krogh BO, Jensen BS, Lauritzen C, Petersen G, Pedersen J, Naerum L. Novel semicarbazide-derived inhibitors of human dipeptidyl peptidase I (hDPPI). Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4408-24. [PMID: 15893930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human dipeptidyl peptidase I (hDPPI, cathepsin C, EC 3.4.14.1) is a novel putative drug target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Using 1 as a starting point (IC50>10 microM), we have improved potency by more than 500-fold and successfully identified novel inhibitors of DPPI via screening of a one-bead-two-compounds library of semicarbazide derivatives. Selected compounds were shown to inhibit intracellular DPPI in RBL-2H3 cells. These compounds were further characterized for adverse effects on HepG2 cells (cytotoxicity and viability) and their metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes was estimated. One of the most potent inhibitors, 8 (IC50=31+/-3 nM; Ki=45+/-2 nM, competitive inhibition), is selective for DPPI over other cysteine and serine proteases, has a half-life of 24 min in rat liver microsomes, shows approximately 50% inhibition of intracellular DPPI at 20 microM and is noncytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Bondebjerg
- Combio A/S, Vesterbrogade 188, DK-1800 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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28
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Qiu GF, Yamano K, Unuma T. Cathepsin C transcripts are differentially expressed in the final stages of oocyte maturation in kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 140:171-81. [PMID: 15649764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular mechanism of oocyte maturation in the kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus), subtractive suppression hybridization (SSH) was initially used to identify novel up-regulated genes during the final stages of oocyte maturation, followed by evaluation of the differential expression profile by macroarray and quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses. The cathepsin C (dipeptidyl peptidase I) gene was thus found to exhibit a significantly higher expression around the onset of cortical rod (CR) formation (early CR stage, appearance of round CRs), progress to a higher mRNA level until the middle CR stage (elongation of CRs), then rapidly revert to a low expression level at the late CR stage (occurrence of germinal vesicle breakdown, GVBD), as also observed at the non-CR stage (previtellogenesis and vitellogenesis). In situ hybridization analyses revealed that the sites of the expression of cathepsin C transcripts in the ovary were distributed in both oocyte and follicle cells, particularly at the early CR stage. A full-length cDNA sequence of this stage-specific gene was subsequently determined by rapid amplification of the cDNA 3' and 5' ends (3' and 5' RACE). The deduced amino acid sequence of the 230-residue mature peptide shared 67-70% identity to the known cathepsin C in mammals. Western blot analysis showed that expression of procathepsin C protein was exclusively at CR stages. The storage site of procathepsin C protein was localized in CRs as revealed by immunohistochemical analysis. This is the first report on the full-length cDNA sequence of cathepsin C and a demonstration of its involvement in the final stages of oocyte maturation in crustacean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Qiu
- Fisheries Research Agency, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Nansei, Mie, 516-0193, Japan
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29
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Fabra M, Cerdà J. Ovarian cysteine proteinases in the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus: molecular cloning and gene expression during vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation. Mol Reprod Dev 2004; 67:282-94. [PMID: 14735489 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine proteinases cathepsins B and L are members of the multigene family of lysosomal proteases that have been implicated in the processing of yolk proteins (YPs) in teleost oocytes. However, the full identification of the type of cathepsins expressed in fish ovarian follicles and embryos, as well as their regulatory mechanisms and specific function(s), are not yet elucidated. In this study, cDNAs encoding cathepsins B, L, F, K, S, Z, C, and H have been isolated from the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus, and the analysis of their deduced amino acid sequences revealed highly similar structural features to vertebrate orthologs, and confirmed in this species the existence of cathepsin L-like, cathepsin B-like, and cathepsin F-like subfamilies of cysteine proteinases. While all identified cathepsins were expressed in ovarian follicles, the corresponding mRNAs showed different temporal expression patterns. Thus, similar mRNA levels of cathepsins L, F, S, B, C, and Z were found throughout the oocyte growth or vitellogenesis period, whereas those for cathepsin H and K appeared to decrease as vitellogenesis advanced. During oocyte maturation, a transient accumulation of cathepsins L, S, H, and F mRNAs, approximately a 3-, 1.5-, 1.6-, and 6-fold increase, respectively, was detected in ovarian follicles within the 20-25 hr after hormone stimulation, coincident with the maximum proteolysis of the oocyte major YPs. The specific temporal pattern of expression of these genes may indicate a potential role of cathepsin L-like and cathepsin F proteases in the YP processing events occurring during fish oocyte maturation and/or early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Fabra
- Center of Aquaculture-IRTA, 43540-San Carlos de la Rápita, Tarragona, Spain
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30
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Kopan S, Sivasubramaniam U, Warburton MJ. The lysosomal degradation of neuromedin B is dependent on tripeptidyl peptidase-I: evidence for the impairment of neuropeptide degradation in late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:58-65. [PMID: 15158442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN2), previously known as the late-infantile form of Batten disease, is a lysosomal storage disease which results from mutations in the gene that codes for tripeptidyl peptidase-I (TPP-I). This disease is characterised by progressive neurodegeneration in young children although the molecular mechanisms responsible for neuronal cell death are unclear. TPP-I is an exopeptidase which removes N-terminal tripeptides from small peptides, including several peptide hormones. We report that the degradation of the neuropeptide, neuromedin B, by mouse brain cells is restricted to lysosomes and that the pattern of degradation products is consistent with a predominant role for TPP-I. Neuromedin B is degraded by a similar pathway in a mouse neuronal cell line and also in cultured human fibroblasts. A specific inhibitor of TPP-I is able to abolish neuromedin B degradation in a variety of cell types. Fibroblasts from CLN2 patients, which are deficient in TPP-I activity, are unable to degrade neuromedin B. These observations suggest that TPP-I is the predominant proteolytic enzyme responsible for the intracellular degradation of neuromedin B. The inability of cells from CLN2 patients to degrade neuromedin B and other neuropeptides may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Kopan
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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31
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Ondr JK, Pham CTN. Characterization of murine cathepsin W and its role in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:27525-33. [PMID: 15087452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400304200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin W is a member of the papain-like family of cysteine proteases. In this report, we have isolated the cDNA for murine CtsW (mCtsW) from a splenocyte library. The deduced 371-amino-acid sequence shares 68% identity with human CtsW and includes the conserved catalytic triad cysteine, histidine, and asparagine found in all members of this family. In addition to the fulllength form of mCtsW, we have isolated an alternatively spliced form of the mRNA that lacks a complete catalytic triad. An S1 nuclease protection assay and a Western blot analysis showed that mCtsW is mainly restricted to the CD8(+) T cell and natural killer cell compartments. In addition, we confirmed that, like its human homologue, mCtsW is localized mainly to the endoplasmic reticulum and its expression is up-regulated upon activation. We also characterized the mCtsW locus using bacterial artificial chromosome clones. The gene consists of 10 coding exons and 9 introns spanning 3.2 kb. To elucidate the physiologic role of this protease, we generated mice deficient in mCtsW. Our data establish that mCtsW is not required for cytotoxic lymphocyte-induced target cell death in vitro. In addition, mCtsW deficiency does not alter the susceptibility of cytotoxic lymphocytes to suicide or fratricide after degranulation. Thus, mCtsW does not have a unique role in target cell apoptosis or cytotoxic cell survival in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- COS Cells
- Cathepsin W
- Cathepsins/deficiency
- Cathepsins/genetics
- Cathepsins/immunology
- Cathepsins/metabolism
- Cell Death/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Concanavalin A/immunology
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/immunology
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/physiology
- Gene Expression
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/cytology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/enzymology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/enzymology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Ondr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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32
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Niestroj AJ, Schlenzig D, Heiser U, Kühn-Wache K, Cigic B, Werman M, Hoffmann T, Gerhartz B, Demuth HU. Acylated hydroxamates as selective and highly potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase I. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 524:339-43. [PMID: 12675256 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47920-6_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Wolters PJ, Chapman HA. Importance of lysosomal cysteine proteases in lung disease. Respir Res 2003; 1:170-7. [PMID: 11667982 PMCID: PMC59556 DOI: 10.1186/rr29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2000] [Revised: 11/10/2000] [Accepted: 11/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human lysosomal cysteine proteases are a family of 11 proteases whose members include cathepsins B, C, H, L, and S. The biology of these proteases was largely ignored for decades because of their lysosomal location and the belief that their function was limited to the terminal degradation of proteins. In the past 10 years, this view has changed as these proteases have been found to have specific functions within cells. This review highlights some of these functions, specifically their roles in matrix remodeling and in regulating the immune response, and their relationship to lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wolters
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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34
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Dickinson DP. Cysteine peptidases of mammals: their biological roles and potential effects in the oral cavity and other tissues in health and disease. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2002; 13:238-75. [PMID: 12090464 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine peptidases (CPs) are phylogenetically ubiquitous enzymes that can be classified into clans of evolutionarily independent proteins based on the structural organization of the active site. In mammals, two of the major clans represented in the genome are: the CA clan, whose members share a structure and evolutionary history with papain; and the CD clan, which includes the legumains and caspases. This review focuses on the properties of these enzymes, with an emphasis on their potential roles in the oral cavity. The human genome encodes at least (but possibly no more than) 11 distinct enzymes, called cathepsins, that are members of the papain family C1A. Ten of these are present in rodents, which also carry additional genes encoding other cathepsins and cathepsin-like proteins. Human cathepsins are best known from the ubiquitously expressed lysosomal cathepsins B, H, and L, and dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP I), which until recently were considered to mediate primarily "housekeeping" functions in the cell. However, mutations in DPP I have now been shown to underlie Papillon-Lefevre syndrome and pre-pubertal periodontitis. Other cathepsins are involved in tissue-specific functions such as bone remodeling, but relatively little is known about the functions of several recently discovered enzymes. Collectively, CPs participate in multiple host systems that are active in health and in disease. They are involved in tissue remodeling and turnover of the extracellular matrix, immune system function, and modulation and alteration of cell function. Intracellularly, CPs function in diverse processes including normal protein turnover, antigen and proprotein processing, and apoptosis. Extracellularly, they can contribute directly to the degradation of foreign proteins and the extracellular matrix. However, CPs can also participate in proteolytic cascades that amplify the degradative capacity, potentially leading to pathological damage, and facilitating the penetration of tissues by cancer cells. We know relatively little regarding the role of human CPs in the oral cavity in health or disease. Most studies to date have focused on the potential use of the lysosomal enzymes as markers for periodontal disease activity. Human saliva contains high levels of cystatins, which are potent CP inhibitors. Although these proteins are presumed to serve a protective function, their in vivo targets are unknown, and it remains to be discovered whether they serve to control any human CP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Dickinson
- Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, and Maxillofacial Pathology, Augusta 30912, USA.
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35
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Bernardini F, Warburton MJ. Lysosomal degradation of cholecystokinin-(29-33)-amide in mouse brain is dependent on tripeptidyl peptidase-I: implications for the degradation and storage of peptides in classical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Biochem J 2002; 366:521-9. [PMID: 12038963 PMCID: PMC1222804 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2002] [Revised: 05/13/2002] [Accepted: 05/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tripeptidyl peptidase-I (TPP-I) is a lysosomal exopeptidase which removes tripeptides from the N-terminus of small peptides. Mutations in the TPP-I gene result in a lethal neurodegenerative disease, classical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN2). This disease is characterized by the accumulation of proteinaceous and autofluorescent material within the lysosomes of neurons, which undergo massive cell death during the course of the disease. The absence of TPP-I may result in the lysosomal accumulation of small peptides and proteins, which eventually compromises lysosomal functions critical to the survival of neurons. To investigate the metabolism of small peptides, we have studied the degradation of cholecystokinin-(29-33)-amide (GWMDF-NH2; cholecystokinin C-terminal pentapeptide) by lysosomal fractions isolated from mouse brain and several other tissues. GWMDF-NH2 is cleaved at only one peptide bond by brain lysosomes, to produce GWM and DF-NH2. Inhibitor studies demonstrate that this reaction is catalysed by TPP-I. In contrast, lysosomal fractions from other mouse tissues additionally cleave a second peptide bond to produce GW and MDF-NH2. Inhibitor studies indicate that this reaction is catalysed by dipeptidyl peptidase-I (DPP-I; cathepsin C). Inhibitors of TPP-I are sufficient to completely block the degradation of GWMDF-NH2 by brain, but inhibitors of both TPP-I and DPP-I are required to completely inhibit the degradation of GWMDF-NH2 by other mouse tissues. Enzyme assays confirm the low activity of DPP-I in brain. An unrelated neuropeptide, neuromedin B, is degraded by a pathway that is partially dependent on TPP-I. These results indicate that TPP-I is required for the partial or complete digestion of certain neuropeptides by brain lysosomes. In the absence of TPP-I, neuropeptides or their degradation products will accumulate in brain lysosomes and may contribute to the pathogenesis of CLN2. Other tissues are spared because they express another peptidase, DPP-I, which has extensive activity on peptides and can compensate for the loss of TPP-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bernardini
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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36
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Tran TV, Ellis KA, Kam CM, Hudig D, Powers JC. Dipeptidyl peptidase I: importance of progranzyme activation sequences, other dipeptide sequences, and the N-terminal amino group of synthetic substrates for enzyme activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 403:160-70. [PMID: 12139965 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The broadly reactive cysteine protease dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI, cathepsin C) is thought to activate all progranzymes (zymogens of lymphocyte serine proteases) to form mature granzymes. We synthesized dipeptide 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) substrates containing progranzyme activation sequences and showed that they were efficiently hydrolyzed by DPPI. However, DPPI will not hydrolyze Ile-Ile-AMC, the N-terminal dipeptide sequence found in mature granzymes. Introduction of the nonphysiological homophenylalanine (Hph) residue at P1 resulted in the best substrate Ala-Hph-AMC for DPPI (k(cat)/K(m)=9,000,000M(-1)s(-1)). The charged N-terminal amino group of the substrate was essential and replacement of the NH(2) group with OH or NH(CH(3)) in Gly-Phe-AMC reduced the k(cat)/K(m) value by two to three orders of magnitude. A hydrazide azaglycine analog, NH(2)NHCO-Phe-AMC, was not hydrolyzed at pH 5.5, but underwent slow hydrolysis at lower pHs where the amino group is partially protonated. DPPI also failed to hydrolyze NH(2)COCH(2)-Phe-AMC, where the NH(2) group is unprotonated. The results reported in this paper should be useful in the design of better DPPI inhibitors to block granzyme maturation and granzyme-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinh V Tran
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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37
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Matsui K, Yuyama N, Akaiwa M, Yoshida NL, Maeda M, Sugita Y, Izuhara K. Identification of an alternative splicing variant of cathepsin C/dipeptidyl-peptidase I. Gene 2002; 293:1-7. [PMID: 12137938 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C/dipeptidyl-peptidase I is a papain-like lysosomal cysteine proteinase implicated in the processing of various proenzymes to their active forms. In this study, we identified an alternative splicing variant of cathepsin C in both human and mouse species for the first time. The variant messenger RNA (mRNA) encodes 137 amino acids corresponding to the first and second exons, followed by additional 31 amino acids. The two newly recognized exons are located in the former intron 2. The variant mRNA is distributed ubiquitously, but predominantly in kidney, placenta, and lymph nodes. Furthermore, both interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13, but not a range of cytokines induce expression of the variant in bronchial epithelial cells. These results indicate that the variant may play a role in regulating the biological activities of cathepsin C, involved in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cathepsin C/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Genes/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-13/pharmacology
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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38
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Horn M, Baudys M, Voburka Z, Kluh I, Vondrásek J, Mares M. Free-thiol Cys331 exposed during activation process is critical for native tetramer structure of cathepsin C (dipeptidyl peptidase I). Protein Sci 2002; 11:933-43. [PMID: 11910036 PMCID: PMC2384168 DOI: 10.1110/ps.2910102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The mature bovine cathepsin C (CC) molecule is composed of four identical monomers, each proteolytically processed into three chains. Five intrachain disulfides and three nonpaired cysteine residues per monomer were identified. Beside catalytic Cys234 in the active site, free-thiol Cys331 and Cys424 were characterized. Cys424 can be classified as inaccessible buried residue. Selective modification of Cys331 results in dissociation of native CC tetramer into dimers. The 3D homology-based model of the CC catalytic core suggests that Cys331 becomes exposed as the activation peptide is removed during procathepsin C activation. The model further shows that exposed Cys331 is surrounded by a surface hydrophobic cluster, unique to CC, forming a dimer-dimer interaction interface. Substrate/inhibitor recognition of the active site in the CC dimer differs significantly from that in the native tetramer. Taken together, a mechanism is proposed that assumes that the CC tetramer formation results in a site-specific occlusion of endopeptidase-like active site cleft of each CC monomeric unit. Thus, tetramerization provides for the structural basis of the dipeptidyl peptidase activity of CC through a substrate access-limiting mechanism different from those found in homologous monomeric exopeptidases cathepsin H and B. In conclusion, the mechanism of tetramer formation as well as specific posttranslational processing segregates CC in the family of papain proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Praha, Czech Republic.
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39
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Lefèvre C, Blanchet-Bardon C, Jobard F, Bouadjar B, Stalder JF, Cure S, Hoffmann A, Prud'Homme JF, Fischer J. Novel point mutations, deletions, and polymorphisms in the cathepsin C gene in nine families from Europe and North Africa with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:1657-61. [PMID: 11886537 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma, periodontitis, and premature loss of dentition. Mutations in the CTSC gene that encodes cathepsin C have been described in families affected with Papillon--Lefèvre syndrome. Cathepsin C is the least understood of the lysosomal cysteine proteases; it has been reported to participate in both intracellular and extracellular cleavage of proteins and activation of serine proteases in immune and inflammatory cells. We report here eight new mutations in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome families: four deletions and four point mutations, including a missense mutation in the propeptide chain that could help elucidate structure-function relationships in this protein. We also found that the 458C > T mutation, first reported in two families by Hart et al (2000c), was a neutral polymorphism in our families, as suggested by Allende et al (Cathepsin C gene: first compound heterozygous patient with Papillon--Lefèvre syndrome and novel symptomless mutation. Hum Mutat 17:152-153, 2001).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lefèvre
- Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
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40
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Wex T, Bühling F, Wex H, Günther D, Malfertheiner P, Weber E, Brömme D. Human cathepsin W, a cysteine protease predominantly expressed in NK cells, is mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2172-8. [PMID: 11490002 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cathepsin W (also called lymphopain) is a recently described papain-like cysteine protease of unknown function whose gene expression was found to be restricted to cytotoxic cells. Here we demonstrate that cathepsin W is expressed predominantly in NK cells and, to a lesser extent, in CTLs. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that NK cells contained approximately 21 times more cathepsin W transcript than CTLs. The predominant expression of cathepsin W in NK cells was further confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. IL-2-mediated stimulation of NK cells and CTLs revealed a stronger up-regulation of the cathepsin W gene and protein expression in NK cells (7-fold) than in CTLs (2-fold). Transfection experiments of HeLa cells and biochemical analyses revealed that cathepsin W is exclusively "high mannose-type" glycosylated and is mainly targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Interestingly, the ER localization of cathepsin W was also found in NK cells, in which colocalization studies revealed an overlapping staining of cathepsin W and Con A, an ER-specific lectin. Furthermore, subcellular fractionation of cathepsin W-expressing cells confirmed the ER localization and showed that cathepsin W is membrane associated. Based on the results of this study, cathepsin W might represent a putative component of the ER-resident proteolytic machinery. The constitutive expression in NK cells and the stronger up-regulation of cathepsin W by IL-2 in NK cells than CTLs suggest that cathepsin W is not just a marker of cytotoxic cells but is, rather, specifically expressed in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wex
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Korver GE, Kam CM, Powers JC, Hudig D. Dipeptide vinyl sulfones suitable for intracellular inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase I. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:21-32. [PMID: 11367515 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(00)00267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In granules of hematopoetic cells, dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) processes inactive proenzymes into active enzymes, e.g., lymphocyte progranzyme A. Our goal was to develop irreversible inhibitors of intracellular DPPI. First, we identified inhibitors with aqueous stability. Then we determined which inhibitors were nontoxic, could enter cells and inactivate intracellular DPPI. We screened nine dipeptide vinyl sulfone (VS) inhibitors (kobs/[I] > 72 M-1 s-1) and found six that were nontoxic. Four affected intracellular DPPI at < 25 microM. These compounds contained only uncharged amino acid residues; the two less reactive compounds contained charged Glu residues. The best one, Leu-Phe-VS-CH3, inactivated DPPI in cells with an ID50 of approximately 5 microM. This inhibitor was not the best inhibitor of purified DPPI. Longer aqueous stabilities were important predictors of cellular efficacy. Leu-Phe-VS-CH3 had a half life of 97 min at the pH of the extracellular medium (7.5) and 1302 min at pH 5.5 (the intracellular environment of DPPI). This VS had no direct effect on granzyme activities. In contrast, the diazomethyl ketone inhibitor Gly-Phe-CHN2 inhibited chymase activity. Several good intracellular DPPI VS inhibitors lacked reactivity with cathepsins B, H and L. In conclusion, we have identified DPPI inhibitors suitable for cellular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Korver
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Microbiology MS320, School of Medicine, and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Pircher TJ, Geiger JN, Zhang D, Miller CP, Gaines P, Wojchowski DM. Integrative signaling by minimal erythropoietin receptor forms and c-Kit. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:8995-9002. [PMID: 11124255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007473200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythroid homeostasis depends critically upon erythropoietin (Epo) and stem cell factor cosignaling in late progenitor cells. Epo bioresponses are relayed efficiently by minimal receptor forms that retain a single Tyr-343 site for STAT5 binding, while forms that lack all cytoplasmic Tyr(P) sites activate JAK2 and the transcription of c-Myc plus presumed additional target genes. In FDCER cell lines, which express endogenous c-Kit, the signaling capacities of such minimal Epo receptor forms (ER-HY343 and ER-HY343F) have been dissected to reveal: 1) that Epo-dependent mitogenesis, survival, and bcl-x gene expression via ER-HY343 depend upon the intactness of the Tyr-343 STAT5 binding site; 2) that ER-HY343-dependent bcl-x(L) gene transcription is enhanced markedly via c-Kit; 3) that socs-3, plfap, dpp-1, and cacy-bp gene transcription is induced via ER-HY343, whereas dpp-1 and cacy-bp gene expression is also supported by ER-HY343F; 4) that ectopically expressed SOCS-3 suppresses proliferative signaling by not only ER-HY343 but also c-Kit; and 5) that in FDCER and primary erythroid cells, c-Kit appears to provide the primary route to MAPK activation. Thus, integration circuits exist in only select downstream pathways within Epo and stem call factor receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Pircher
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Sturrock A, Franklin KF, Wu S, Hoidal JR. Characterization and localization of the genes for mouse proteinase-3 (Prtn3) and neutrophil elastase (Ela2). CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS 2000; 83:104-8. [PMID: 9925946 DOI: 10.1159/000015144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-3 (PR-3) and neutrophil elastase (NE) are polymorphonuclear leukocyte serine proteinases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins including elastin and appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases characterized by tissue destruction most notably emphysema and Wegener's granulomatosis. In this report we characterize and compare the mouse PR-3 and NE genes and establish by FISH analysis a common location on mouse chromosome 10C2. Each gene consists of five exons and four introns conserving the typical granule-associated serine proteinase gene structure. The mouse PR-3 gene (Prtn3) is approximately 3.7 kb and is within 2.2 kb of the smaller (1.7 kb) NE gene (Ela2). The larger size of Prtn3 is accounted for by differences in intron sizes. A comparison between the mouse and human PR-3 cDNA reveals 73% homology, however, this drops to 60% when the amino acid sequences are compared. Homology between the mouse and human NE cDNA is 77% for both the cDNA and amino acid sequences. The catalytic triad and its placement are conserved among the four genes. The proximal promoter of mouse Prtn3 contains a TATA box, c-myb and an ets transcriptional site. As these are functional elements in the mouse Ela2 promoter they may also be important in the expression of Prtn3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sturrock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Salt Lake City Veterans Administration Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, (USA)
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Bhandoola A, Kithiganahalli B, Granger L, Singer A. Programming for cytotoxic effector function occurs concomitantly with CD4 extinction during CD8(+) T cell differentiation in the thymus. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1035-40. [PMID: 10882415 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.7.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells are generally specialized to function as helper cells and CD8(+) T cells are generally specialized to function as cytotoxic effector cells. To explain how such concordance is achieved between co-receptor expression and immune function, we considered two possibilities. In one case, immature CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocyte precursors might first down-regulate expression of one co-receptor molecule, with the remaining co-receptor molecule subsequently activating the appropriate helper or cytotoxic functional program. Alternatively, we considered that the same intrathymic signals that selectively extinguished expression of one or the other co-receptor molecule might simultaneously initiate the appropriate helper or cytotoxic functional program. In the present study, we attempted to distinguish between these alternatives by examining thymocyte precursors of CD8(+) T cells for expression of Cathepsin C and Cathepsin W, molecules important for cytotoxic effector function. We report in developing thymocytes that Cathepsin C and Cathepsin W are expressed coordinately with extinction of CD4 co-receptor expression. We conclude that CD4 extinction and initiation of the cytotoxic functional program occurs simultaneously during differentiation of CD8(+) T cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhandoola
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Deussing J, Tisljar K, Papazoglou A, Peters C. Mouse cathepsin F: cDNA cloning, genomic organization and chromosomal assignment of the gene. Gene 2000; 251:165-73. [PMID: 10876093 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A murine cysteine protease of the papain family was identified by dbEST-database search. A 1.87kb full-length cDNA encoding a predicted polypeptide of 462 amino acids was sequenced. Since the encoded polypeptide shows more than 80% sequence identity with human cathepsin F, it is most likely that this cDNA represents the murine homologue of cathepsin F, and it was therefore named accordingly. Murine cathepsin F exhibits a domain structure typical for papain-like cysteine proteases, a 20 amino acid N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence followed by an extraordinarily long propeptide of 228 amino acids and the domain of the mature protease comprising 214 amino acids. The mature region contains all features characteristic of a papain-like cysteine protease, including the highly conserved cysteine, histidine and asparagine residues of the 'catalytic triad'. Genomic clones covering the murine cathepsin F gene were isolated. The mouse cathepsin F gene consists of 14 exons and 13 introns and spans 5.8kb. Murine cathepsin F was mapped to chromosome 19, a region with synteny homology to a region of human chromosome 11 to which human cathepsin F has been mapped previously. Northern blot analysis of RNA from multiple tissues revealed a ubiquitous expression of cathepsin F in mouse and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deussing
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Sol-Church K, Frenck J, Mason RW. Mouse cathepsin M, a placenta-specific lysosomal cysteine protease related to cathepsins L and P. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1491:289-94. [PMID: 10760593 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of a novel cathepsin cDNA derived from mouse placenta was determined and is termed cathepsin M. The predicted protein of 333 amino acid is a member of the family C1A proteases and is related to mouse cathepsins L and P. Mouse cathepsin M is highly expressed in placenta, whereas no detectable levels were found in lung, spleen, heart, brain, kidney, thymus, testicle, liver, or embryo. Phylogenic analyses of the sequences of human and mouse cathepsins show that cathepsin M is most closely related to cathepsins P and L. However, the differences are sufficiently large to indicate that the enzymes will be found in other species. This is in contrast to human cathepsins L and V, which probably resulted from a gene duplication after divergence of mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sol-Church
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Department of Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, P.O. Box 269, Wilmington, DE, USA
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Wolters PJ, Laig-Webster M, Caughey GH. Dipeptidyl peptidase I cleaves matrix-associated proteins and is expressed mainly by mast cells in normal dog airways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:183-90. [PMID: 10657939 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.2.3767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) is a cysteine protease found in many tissues, including the lung. Major cell types expressing DPPI in vitro include myelomonocytic cells, cytotoxic T cells, and mast cells. After activation and degranulation, cytotoxic T cells and mast cells secrete DPPI. With a goal of clarifying possible roles for DPPI in lung diseases, we sought to identify cells expressing DPPI in lung tissue, hypothesizing that lung mast cells are major producers of DPPI and that secreted DPPI cleaves extracellular matrix proteins. To address these hypotheses, we used immunohistochemical techniques to localize DPPI in normal dog airways, lung, and cultured mast cells, and we used purified DPPI to examine cleavage of matrix-associated proteins in vitro. We found that mast cells are the major identifiable source of DPPI in airways and that macrophages are the major source in alveoli. Within mast cells, DPPI localizes to cytoplasmic granules. We also found that DPPI endoproteolytically cleaves the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and collagen types I, III, and IV. The finding of DPPI in airway mast cells and its cleavage of matrix proteins suggest the possibility that DPPI plays a role in mast cell-mediated turnover of matrix proteins and in airway remodeling of chronic airway diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Wolters
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0911, USA
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Toomes C, James J, Wood AJ, Wu CL, McCormick D, Lench N, Hewitt C, Moynihan L, Roberts E, Woods CG, Markham A, Wong M, Widmer R, Ghaffar KA, Pemberton M, Hussein IR, Temtamy SA, Davies R, Read AP, Sloan P, Dixon MJ, Thakker NS. Loss-of-function mutations in the cathepsin C gene result in periodontal disease and palmoplantar keratosis. Nat Genet 1999; 23:421-4. [PMID: 10581027 DOI: 10.1038/70525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, or keratosis palmoplantaris with periodontopathia (PLS, MIM 245000), is an autosomal recessive disorder that is mainly ascertained by dentists because of the severe periodontitis that afflicts patients. Both the deciduous and permanent dentitions are affected, resulting in premature tooth loss. Palmoplantar keratosis, varying from mild psoriasiform scaly skin to overt hyperkeratosis, typically develops within the first three years of life. Keratosis also affects other sites such as elbows and knees. Most PLS patients display both periodontitis and hyperkeratosis. Some patients have only palmoplantar keratosis or periodontitis, and in rare individuals the periodontitis is mild and of late onset. The PLS locus has been mapped to chromosome 11q14-q21 (refs 7, 8, 9). Using homozygosity mapping in eight small consanguineous families, we have narrowed the candidate region to a 1.2-cM interval between D11S4082 and D11S931. The gene (CTSC) encoding the lysosomal protease cathepsin C (or dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I) lies within this interval. We defined the genomic structure of CTSC and found mutations in all eight families. In two of these families we used a functional assay to demonstrate an almost total loss of cathepsin C activity in PLS patients and reduced activity in obligate carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toomes
- Department of Medical Genetics, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Abstract
Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and severe early onset periodontitis that results in the premature loss of the primary and secondary dentitions. A major gene locus for PLS has been mapped to a 2.8 cM interval on chromosome 11q14. Correlation of physical and genetic maps of this interval indicate it includes at least 40 ESTs and six known genes including the lysosomal protease cathepsin C gene (CTSC). The CTSCmessage is expressed at high levels in a variety of immune cells including polymorphonuclear leucocytes, macrophages, and their precursors. By RT-PCR, we found CTSC is also expressed in epithelial regions commonly affected by PLS, including the palms, soles, knees, and oral keratinised gingiva. The 4.7 kbCTSC gene consists of two exons. Sequence analysis of CTSC from subjects affected with PLS from five consanguineous Turkish families identified four different mutations. An exon 1 nonsense mutation (856C→T) introduces a premature stop codon at amino acid 286. Three exon 2 mutations were identified, including a single nucleotide deletion (2692delA) of codon 349 introducing a frameshift and premature termination codon, a 2 bp deletion (2673-2674delCT) that results in introduction of a stop codon at amino acid 343, and a G→A substitution in codon 429 (2931G→A) introducing a premature termination codon. All PLS patients were homozygous for cathepsin C mutations inherited from a common ancestor. Parents and sibs heterozygous for cathepsin C mutations do not show either the palmoplantar hyperkeratosis or severe early onset periodontitis characteristic of PLS. A more complete understanding of the functional physiology of cathepsin C carries significant implications for understanding normal and abnormal skin development and periodontal disease susceptibility.
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Pham CT, Ley TJ. Dipeptidyl peptidase I is required for the processing and activation of granzymes A and B in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:8627-32. [PMID: 10411926 PMCID: PMC17567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.15.8627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) is a lysosomal cysteine protease that has been implicated in the processing of granzymes, which are neutral serine proteases exclusively expressed in the granules of activated cytotoxic lymphocytes. In this report, we show that cytotoxic lymphocytes derived from DPPI-/- mice contain normal amounts of granzymes A and B, but these molecules retain their prodipeptide domains and are inactive. Cytotoxic assays with DPPI-/- effector cells reveal severe defects in the induction of target cell apoptosis (as measured by [(125)I]UdR release) at both early and late time points; this defect is comparable to that detected in perforin-/- or granzyme A-/- x B-/- cytotoxic lymphocytes. DPPI therefore plays an essential role in the in vivo processing and activation of granzymes A and B, which are required for cytotoxic lymphocyte granule-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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