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Cheng Z, Chu H, Seki E, Lin R, Yang L. Hepatocyte programmed cell death: the trigger for inflammation and fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1431921. [PMID: 39071804 PMCID: PMC11272544 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1431921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
By replacing and removing defective or infected cells, programmed cell death (PCD) contributes to homeostasis maintenance and body development, which is ubiquitously present in mammals and can occur at any time. Besides apoptosis, more novel modalities of PCD have been described recently, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death. PCD not only regulates multiple physiological processes, but also participates in the pathogenesis of diverse disorders, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). MASLD is mainly classified into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver (MASL) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and the latter putatively progresses to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Owing to increased incidence and obscure etiology of MASH, its management still remains a tremendous challenge. Recently, hepatocyte PCD has been attracted much attention as a potent driver of the pathological progression from MASL to MASH, and some pharmacological agents have been proved to exert their salutary effects on MASH partly via the regulation of the activity of hepatocyte PCD. The current review recapitulates the pathogenesis of different modalities of PCD, clarifies the mechanisms underlying how metabolic disorders in MASLD induce hepatocyte PCD and how hepatocyte PCD contributes to inflammatory and fibrotic progression of MASH, discusses several signaling pathways in hepatocytes governing the execution of PCD, and summarizes some potential pharmacological agents for MASH treatment which exert their therapeutic effects partly via the regulation of hepatocyte PCD. These findings indicate that hepatocyte PCD putatively represents a new therapeutic point of intervention for MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Pelizzari-Raymundo D, Maltret V, Nivet M, Pineau R, Papaioannou A, Zhou X, Caradec F, Martin S, Le Gallo M, Avril T, Chevet E, Lafont E. IRE1 RNase controls CD95-mediated cell death. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1792-1813. [PMID: 38383861 PMCID: PMC11014915 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Signalling by the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) or by the Death Receptors (DR) are frequently activated towards pro-tumoral outputs in cancer. Herein, we demonstrate that the UPR sensor IRE1 controls the expression of the DR CD95/Fas, and its cell death-inducing ability. Both genetic and pharmacologic blunting of IRE1 activity increased CD95 expression and exacerbated CD95L-induced cell death in glioblastoma (GB) and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cell lines. In accordance, CD95 mRNA was identified as a target of Regulated IRE1-Dependent Decay of RNA (RIDD). Whilst CD95 expression is elevated in TNBC and GB human tumours exhibiting low RIDD activity, it is surprisingly lower in XBP1s-low human tumour samples. We show that IRE1 RNase inhibition limited CD95 expression and reduced CD95-mediated hepatic toxicity in mice. In addition, overexpression of XBP1s increased CD95 expression and sensitized GB and TNBC cells to CD95L-induced cell death. Overall, these results demonstrate the tight IRE1-mediated control of CD95-dependent cell death in a dual manner through both RIDD and XBP1s, and they identify a novel link between IRE1 and CD95 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pelizzari-Raymundo
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Victoria Maltret
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Manon Nivet
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Raphael Pineau
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Alexandra Papaioannou
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Xingchen Zhou
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Flavie Caradec
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Matthieu Le Gallo
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Tony Avril
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Elodie Lafont
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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Vunnam N, Young MC, Liao EE, Lo CH, Huber E, Been M, Thomas DD, Sachs JN. Nimesulide, a COX-2 inhibitor, sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by promoting DR5 clustering †. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:2176692. [PMID: 36775838 PMCID: PMC9928464 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2176692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nimesulide is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a COX-2 inhibitor with antitumor and antiproliferative activities that induces apoptosis in oral, esophagus, breast, and pancreatic cancer cells. Despite being removed from the market due to hepatotoxicity, nimesulide is still an important research tool being used to develop new anticancer drugs. Multiple studies have been done to modify the nimesulide skeleton to develop more potent anticancer agents and related compounds are promising scaffolds for future development. As such, establishing a mechanism of action for nimesulide remains an important part of realizing its potential. Here, we show that nimesulide enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in resistant pancreatic cancer cells by promoting clustering of DR5 in the plasma membrane. In this way, nimesulide acts like a related compound, DuP-697, which sensitizes TRAIL-resistant colon cancer cells in a similar manner. Our approach applies a time-resolved FRET-based biosensor that monitors DR5 clustering and conformational states in the plasma membrane. We show that this tool can be used for future high-throughput screens to identify novel, nontoxic small molecule scaffolds to overcome TRAIL resistance in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagamani Vunnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Malaney C Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elly E Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chih Hung Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Evan Huber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - MaryJane Been
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan N Sachs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Sharma S, Le Guillou D, Chen JY. Cellular stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:662-678. [PMID: 37679454 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The burden of chronic liver disease is rising substantially worldwide. Fibrosis, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is the common pathway leading to cirrhosis, and limited treatment options are available. There is increasing evidence suggesting the role of cellular stress responses contributing to fibrogenesis. This Review provides an overview of studies that analyse the role of cellular stress in different cell types involved in fibrogenesis, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dounia Le Guillou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Povero D, Chen Y, Johnson SM, McMahon CE, Pan M, Bao H, Petterson XMT, Blake E, Lauer KP, O'Brien DR, Yu Y, Graham RP, Taner T, Han X, Razidlo GL, Liu J. HILPDA promotes NASH-driven HCC development by restraining intracellular fatty acid flux in hypoxia. J Hepatol 2023; 79:378-393. [PMID: 37061197 PMCID: PMC11238876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The prevalence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-driven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rising rapidly, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we aim to determine the role of hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet associated protein (HILPDA)/hypoxia-inducible gene 2 (HIG2), a selective inhibitor of intracellular lipolysis, in NASH-driven HCC. METHODS The clinical significance of HILPDA was assessed in human NASH-driven HCC specimens by immunohistochemistry and transcriptomics analyses. The oncogenic effect of HILPDA was assessed in human HCC cells and in 3D epithelial spheroids upon exposure to free fatty acids and either normoxia or hypoxia. Lipidomics profiling of wild-type and HILPDA knockout HCC cells was assessed via shotgun and targeted approaches. Wild-type (Hilpdafl/fl) and hepatocyte-specific Hilpda knockout (HilpdaΔHep) mice were fed a Western diet and high sugar in drinking water while receiving carbon tetrachloride to induce NASH-driven HCC. RESULTS In patients with NASH-driven HCC, upregulated HILPDA expression is strongly associated with poor survival. In oxygen-deprived and lipid-loaded culture conditions, HILPDA promotes viability of human hepatoma cells and growth of 3D epithelial spheroids. Lack of HILPDA triggered flux of polyunsaturated fatty acids to membrane phospholipids and of saturated fatty acids to ceramide synthesis, exacerbating lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in hypoxia. The apoptosis induced by HILPDA deficiency was reversed by pharmacological inhibition of ceramide synthesis. In our experimental mouse model of NASH-driven HCC, HilpdaΔHep exhibited reduced hepatic steatosis and tumorigenesis but increased oxidative stress in the liver. Single-cell analysis supports a dual role of hepatic HILPDA in protecting HCC cells and facilitating the establishment of a pro-tumorigenic immune microenvironment in NASH. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic HILPDA is a pivotal oncometabolic factor in the NASH liver microenvironment and represents a potential novel therapeutic target. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, chronic metabolic liver disease caused by buildup of fat, inflammation and damage in the liver) is emerging as the leading risk factor and the fastest growing cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of liver cancer. While curative therapeutic options exist for HCC, it frequently presents at a late stage when such options are no longer effective and only systemic therapies are available. However, systemic therapies are still associated with poor efficacy and some side effects. In addition, no approved drugs are available for NASH. Therefore, understanding the underlying metabolic alterations occurring during NASH-driven HCC is key to identifying new cancer treatments that target the unique metabolic needs of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Povero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Scott M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cailin E McMahon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Meixia Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hanmei Bao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xuan-Mai T Petterson
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Emily Blake
- Metabolomics Core, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kimberly P Lauer
- Metabolomics Core, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel R O'Brien
- Metabolomics Core, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yue Yu
- Metabolomics Core, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rondell P Graham
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Timucin Taner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gina L Razidlo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Decreased Paneth cell α-defensins promote fibrosis in a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet-induced mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via disrupting intestinal microbiota. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3953. [PMID: 36894646 PMCID: PMC9998432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by fibrosis that develops from fatty liver. Disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, dysbiosis, is associated with fibrosis development in NASH. An antimicrobial peptide α-defensin secreted by Paneth cells in the small intestine is known to regulate composition of the intestinal microbiota. However, involvement of α-defensin in NASH remains unknown. Here, we show that in diet-induced NASH model mice, decrease of fecal α-defensin along with dysbiosis occurs before NASH onset. When α-defensin levels in the intestinal lumen are restored by intravenous administration of R-Spondin1 to induce Paneth cell regeneration or by oral administration of α-defensins, liver fibrosis is ameliorated with dissolving dysbiosis. Furthermore, R-Spondin1 and α-defensin improved liver pathologies together with different features in the intestinal microbiota. These results indicate that decreased α-defensin secretion induces liver fibrosis through dysbiosis, further suggesting Paneth cell α-defensin as a potential therapeutic target for NASH.
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Young MC, Vunnam N, Rebbeck RT, Yuen SL, Thomas DD, Sachs JN. Indirubin Inhibits TRAIL-Induced Activation of Death Receptor 5 in Jurkat Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2023; 18:10.1177/1934578x221144580. [PMID: 37063699 PMCID: PMC10100512 DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221144580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Death receptor 5 (DR5) is an apoptosis-inducing membrane receptor that mediates cell death in several life-threatening conditions. There is a crucial need for the discovery of DR5 antagonists for the therapeutic intervention of conditions in which the overactivation of DR5 underlies the pathophysiology. DR5 activation mediates cell death in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and neurodegenerative processes including amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, spinal cord injury (SCI), and brain ischemia. In the current work, we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to monitor the conformational dynamics of DR5 that mediate death signaling. We used a time-resolved FRET screening platform to screen the Selleck library of 2863 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds. The high-throughput screen (HTS) identified 13 compounds that modulated the FRET between DR5 monomers beyond 5 median absolute deviations (MADs) from the DMSO controls. Of these 13 compounds, indirubin was identified to specifically inhibit tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced caspase-8 activity without modulating DR5 surface expression or TRAIL binding. Indirubin inhibited Fas-associated death domain (FADD) oligomerization and increased cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) expression; both are molecular mechanisms involved in inhibiting the DR5 signaling cascade. This study has elucidated previously unknown properties of indirubin that make it a promising candidate for therapeutic investigation of diseases in which overactivation of DR5 underlies pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaney C. Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nagamani Vunnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robyn T. Rebbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samantha L. Yuen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David D. Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan N. Sachs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Muñoz-Hernández R, Rojas Á, Gato S, Gallego J, Gil-Gómez A, Castro MJ, Ampuero J, Romero-Gómez M. Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416217. [PMID: 36555854 PMCID: PMC9786586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived vesicles released by a variety of cell types, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and immune cells in normal and pathological conditions. Depending on their biogenesis, there is a complex repertoire of EVs that differ in size and origin. EVs can carry lipids, proteins, coding and non-coding RNAs, and mitochondrial DNA causing alterations to the recipient cells, functioning as intercellular mediators of cell-cell communication (auto-, para-, juxta-, or even endocrine). Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered in relation to the function of EVs under physiological and pathological conditions. The development and optimization of methods for EV isolation are crucial for characterizing their biological functions, as well as their potential as a treatment option in the clinic. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the results from different studies that investigated the role of hepatic EVs during liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In general, the identification of patients with early-stage liver disease leads to better therapeutic interventions and optimal management. Although more light needs to be shed on the mechanisms of EVs, their use for early diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis has come into the focus of research as a high-potential source of 'liquid biopsies', since they can be found in almost all biological fluids. The use of EVs as new targets or nanovectors in drug delivery systems for liver disease therapy is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Muñoz-Hernández
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.M.-H.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Ángela Rojas
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Gato
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gallego
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Castro
- Servicio de Citometría y Separación Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.M.-H.); (M.R.-G.)
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Limiting glutamine utilization activates a GCN2/TRAIL-R2/Caspase-8 apoptotic pathway in glutamine-addicted tumor cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:906. [PMID: 36302756 PMCID: PMC9613879 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation leads to changes in glutamine metabolism that make transformed cells highly dependent on glutamine for anabolic growth and survival. Herein, we investigated the cell death mechanism activated in glutamine-addicted tumor cells in response to the limitation of glutamine metabolism. We show that glutamine starvation triggers a FADD and caspase-8-dependent and mitochondria-operated apoptotic program in tumor cells that involves the pro-apoptotic TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2), but is independent of its cognate ligand TRAIL. In glutamine-depleted tumor cells, activation of the amino acid-sensing general control nonderepressible-2 kinase (GCN2) is responsible for TRAIL-R2 upregulation, caspase-8 activation, and apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, GCN2-dependent ISR signaling induced by methionine starvation also leads to TRAIL-R2 upregulation and apoptosis. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of transaminases activates a GCN2 and TRAIL-R2-dependent apoptotic mechanism that is inhibited by non-essential amino acids (NEAA). In addition, metabolic stress upon glutamine deprivation also results in GCN2-independent FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) downregulation facilitating caspase-8 activation and apoptosis. Importantly, downregulation of the long FLIP splice form (FLIPL) and apoptosis upon glutamine deprivation are inhibited in the presence of a membrane-permeable α-ketoglutarate. Collectively, our data support a model in which limiting glutamine utilization in glutamine-addicted tumor cells triggers a previously unknown cell death mechanism regulated by GCN2 that involves the TRAIL-R2-mediated activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Seo SH, Lee DH, Lee YS, Cho KJ, Park HJ, Lee HW, Kim BK, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Bae SH, Kim SU. Co-administration of ursodeoxycholic acid with rosuvastatin/ezetimibe in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2022; 10:goac037. [PMID: 35982712 PMCID: PMC9379373 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), statins, and ezetimibe (EZE) have demonstrated beneficial effects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the efficacy of the combination of UDCA and the mix of rosuvastatin (RSV)/EZE in the treatment of NAFLD. Methods NAFLD mouse models were developed by injecting thioacetamide, fasting, and high-carbohydrate refeeding, high-fat diet, and choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet (CDAHFD). Low-dose UDCA (L-UDCA; 15 mg/kg) or high-dose UDCA (H-UDCA; 30 mg/kg) was administered with RSV/EZE. We also employed an in vitro model of NAFLD developed using palmitic acid-treated Hepa1c1c7 cells. Results Co-administration of RSV/EZE with UDCA significantly decreased the collagen accumulation, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and mRNA levels of fibrosis-related markers than those observed in the vehicle group in thioacetamide-treated mice (all P < 0.01). In addition, in the group fasted and refed with a high-carbohydrate diet, UDCA/RSV/EZE treatment decreased the number of apoptotic cells and serum ALT levels compared with those observed in the vehicle group (all P < 0.05). Subsequently, H-UDCA/RSV/EZE treatment decreased the number of ballooned hepatocytes and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1) mRNA levels (P = 0.027) in the liver of high-fat diet-fed mice compared with those observed in the vehicle group. In the CDAHFD-fed mouse model, UDCA/RSV/EZE significantly attenuated collagen accumulation and fibrosis-related markers compared to those observed in the vehicle group (all P < 0.05). In addition, UDCA/RSV/EZE treatment significantly restored cell survival and decreased the protein levels of apoptosis-related markers compared to RSV/EZE treatment in palmitic acid-treated Hepa1c1c7 cells (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Combination therapy involving UDCA and RSV/EZE may be a novel strategy for potent inhibition of NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyun Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seol Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Joo Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Park
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyung Kim
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Han Bae
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Xu X, Poulsen KL, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, Wei Q, Zhao C, Lin C, Yang J. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:287. [PMID: 35963848 PMCID: PMC9376100 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH) has become the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. NASH, an advanced form of NAFL, can be progressive and more susceptible to developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, lifestyle interventions are the most essential and effective strategies for preventing and controlling NAFL without the development of fibrosis. While there are still limited appropriate drugs specifically to treat NAFL/NASH, growing progress is being seen in elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discussed recent developments in etiology and prospective therapeutic targets, as well as pharmacological candidates in pre/clinical trials and patents, with a focus on diabetes, hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Importantly, growing evidence elucidates that the disruption of the gut-liver axis and microbe-derived metabolites drive the pathogenesis of NAFL/NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a signaling mediator, resulting in lipid accumulation, macrophage and hepatic stellate cell activation, further promoting inflammation and liver fibrosis progression during the development of NAFL/NASH. Targeting gut microbiota or EVs may serve as new strategies for the treatment of NAFL/NASH. Finally, other mechanisms, such as cell therapy and genetic approaches, also have enormous therapeutic potential. Incorporating drugs with different mechanisms and personalized medicine may improve the efficacy to better benefit patients with NAFL/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingda Wei
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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12
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Sun J, Zhang D, Li Y. Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:909518. [PMID: 35770186 PMCID: PMC9234305 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.909518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide due to the sedentary and overeating lifestyle. Yet, the pathophysiology of MAFLD is still unclear and no drug has been approved for MAFLD treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous membrane-bound particles released from almost all types of cells. These nano-sized particles mediate intercellular communication through their bioactive cargos including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. The EVs modulate metabolic homeostasis via communication between adipose tissue and liver. The dysregulation of lipid metabolism leads to inflammation in liver and the number and compounds of EVs are changed during MAFLD. The injured hepatocytes secrete EVs to induce the migration of bone marrow-derived monocytes and the activation of macrophages in liver. The EVs secreted by different cells regulate the alteration of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) phenotypes and HSC activation gives rise to liver fibrosis. Based on the participation of EVs in MAFLD progression, we discuss the prospects of EVs as a therapeutic target and their application in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dianbao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yiling Li, ; Dianbao Zhang,
| | - Yiling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yiling Li, ; Dianbao Zhang,
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13
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Hagenlocher C, Siebert R, Taschke B, Wieske S, Hausser A, Rehm M. ER stress-induced cell death proceeds independently of the TRAIL-R2 signaling axis in pancreatic β cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:34. [PMID: 35075141 PMCID: PMC8786928 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractProlonged ER stress and the associated unfolded protein response (UPR) can trigger programmed cell death. Studies in cancer cell lines demonstrated that the intracellular accumulation of TRAIL receptor-2 (TRAIL-R2) and the subsequent activation of caspase-8 contribute significantly to apoptosis induction upon ER stress. While this might motivate therapeutic strategies that promote cancer cell death through ER stress-induced caspase-8 activation, it could also support the unwanted demise of non-cancer cells. Here, we therefore investigated if TRAIL-R2 dependent signaling towards apoptosis can be induced in pancreatic β cells, whose loss by prolonged ER stress is associated with the onset of diabetes. Interestingly, we found that elevated ER stress in these cells does not result in TRAIL-R2 transcriptional induction or elevated protein levels, and that the barely detectable expression of TRAIL-R2 is insufficient to allow TRAIL-induced apoptosis to proceed. Overall, this indicates that apoptotic cell death upon ER stress most likely proceeds independent of TRAIL-R2 in pancreatic β cells. Our findings therefore point to differences in ER stress response and death decision-making between cancer cells and pancreatic β cells and also have implications for future targeted treatment strategies that need to differentiate between ER stress susceptibility of cancer cells and pancreatic β cells.
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14
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Lee DH, Park JS, Lee YS, Bae SH. PERK prevents hepatic lipotoxicity by activating the p62-ULK1 axis-mediated noncanonical KEAP1-Nrf2 pathway. Redox Biol 2022; 50:102235. [PMID: 35091323 PMCID: PMC8801383 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipotoxicity is a crucial factor in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis resulting from excessive saturated fatty acid-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell death, which is associated with the accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver. The unfolded protein response (UPR) alleviates ER stress by restoring ER protein folding homeostasis. However, whether UPR contributes ROS elimination under lipotoxicity remains unclear. The Kelch like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)-nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2) pathway provides antioxidant defense against lipotoxic stress by eliminating ROS and can be activated by the p62-Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) axis. However, the upstream molecular regulator of the p62-ULK1 axis-induced KEAP1-Nrf2 pathway in the same context remains unidentified. Here, we demonstrated that PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), a UPR sensor, directly phosphorylates p62 and ULK1, thereby activating the noncanonical KEAP1-Nrf2 pathway. We also elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying the PERK-mediated p62-ULK1 axis-dependent noncanonical KEAP1-Nrf2 pathway, which could represent a promising therapeutic strategy against hepatic lipotoxicity. Hepatic lipotoxicity is a crucial factor in the progression of NASH, associated with the increased ER stress. PERK, one of UPR sensors, activates noncanonical KEAP1-Nrf2 pathway by phosphorylating p62 at S351. PERK also phosphorylates ULK1 at S317, which mediates autophagic KEAP1 degradation and Nrf2 activation. PERK protects mouse liver against lipotoxicity via Nrf2 activation.
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15
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Acharya P, Chouhan K, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Cellular Mechanisms of Liver Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671640. [PMID: 34025430 PMCID: PMC8134740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a central organ in the human body, coordinating several key metabolic roles. The structure of the liver which consists of the distinctive arrangement of hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, the hepatic artery, portal vein and the central vein, is critical for its function. Due to its unique position in the human body, the liver interacts with components of circulation targeted for the rest of the body and in the process, it is exposed to a vast array of external agents such as dietary metabolites and compounds absorbed through the intestine, including alcohol and drugs, as well as pathogens. Some of these agents may result in injury to the cellular components of liver leading to the activation of the natural wound healing response of the body or fibrogenesis. Long-term injury to liver cells and consistent activation of the fibrogenic response can lead to liver fibrosis such as that seen in chronic alcoholics or clinically obese individuals. Unidentified fibrosis can evolve into more severe consequences over a period of time such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is well recognized now that in addition to external agents, genetic predisposition also plays a role in the development of liver fibrosis. An improved understanding of the cellular pathways of fibrosis can illuminate our understanding of this process, and uncover potential therapeutic targets. Here we summarized recent aspects in the understanding of relevant pathways, cellular and molecular drivers of hepatic fibrosis and discuss how this knowledge impact the therapy of respective disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Komal Chouhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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16
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Šrámek J, Němcová-Fürstová V, Kovář J. Molecular Mechanisms of Apoptosis Induction and Its Regulation by Fatty Acids in Pancreatic β-Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4285. [PMID: 33924206 PMCID: PMC8074590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell failure and death contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. One of the main factors responsible for β-cell dysfunction and subsequent cell death is chronic exposure to increased concentrations of FAs (fatty acids). The effect of FAs seems to depend particularly on the degree of their saturation. Saturated FAs induce apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells, whereas unsaturated FAs are well tolerated and are even capable of inhibiting the pro-apoptotic effect of saturated FAs. Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induction by saturated FAs in β-cells are not completely elucidated. Saturated FAs induce ER stress, which in turn leads to activation of all ER stress pathways. When ER stress is severe or prolonged, apoptosis is induced. The main mediator seems to be the CHOP transcription factor. Via regulation of expression/activity of pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, and potentially also through the increase in ROS production, CHOP switches on the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis induction. ER stress signalling also possibly leads to autophagy signalling, which may activate caspase-8. Saturated FAs activate or inhibit various signalling pathways, i.e., p38 MAPK signalling, ERK signalling, ceramide signalling, Akt signalling and PKCδ signalling. This may lead to the activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, as well. Particularly, the inhibition of the pro-survival Akt signalling seems to play an important role. This inhibition may be mediated by multiple pathways (e.g., ER stress signalling, PKCδ and ceramide) and could also consequence in autophagy signalling. Experimental evidence indicates the involvement of certain miRNAs in mechanisms of FA-induced β-cell apoptosis, as well. In the rather rare situations when unsaturated FAs are also shown to be pro-apoptotic, the mechanisms mediating this effect in β-cells seem to be the same as for saturated FAs. To conclude, FA-induced apoptosis rather appears to be preceded by complex cross talks of multiple signalling pathways. Some of these pathways may be regulated by decreased membrane fluidity due to saturated FA incorporation. Few data are available concerning molecular mechanisms mediating the protective effect of unsaturated FAs on the effect of saturated FAs. It seems that the main possible mechanism represents a rather inhibitory intervention into saturated FA-induced pro-apoptotic signalling than activation of some pro-survival signalling pathway(s) or metabolic interference in β-cells. This inhibitory intervention may be due to an increase of membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šrámek
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology & Center for Research of Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Vlasta Němcová-Fürstová
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology & Center for Research of Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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17
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Srinivas AN, Suresh D, Santhekadur PK, Suvarna D, Kumar DP. Extracellular Vesicles as Inflammatory Drivers in NAFLD. Front Immunol 2021; 11:627424. [PMID: 33603757 PMCID: PMC7884478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.627424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease in most parts of the world affecting one-third of the western population and a growing cause for end-stage liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Majorly driven by obesity and diabetes mellitus, NAFLD is more of a multifactorial disease affected by extra-hepatic organ crosstalk. Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) progressed to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) predisposes multiple complications such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. Although the complete pathogenic mechanisms of this disease are not understood, inflammation is considered as a key driver to the onset of NASH. Lipotoxicity, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and intestinal dysbiosis trigger both hepatic and systemic inflammatory cascades simultaneously activating immune responses. Over a few years, extracellular vesicles studied extensively concerning the pathobiology of NAFLD indicated it as a key modulator in the setting of immune-mediated inflammation. Exosomes and microvesicles, the two main types of extracellular vesicles are secreted by an array of most mammalian cells, which are involved mainly in cell-cell communication that are unique to cell type. Various bioactive cargoes containing extracellular vesicles derived from both hepatic and extrahepatic milieu showed critical implications in driving steatosis to NASH reaffirming inflammation as the primary contributor to the whole process. In this mini-review, we provide brief insights into the inflammatory mediators of NASH with special emphasis on extracellular vesicles that acts as drivers of inflammation in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshatha N Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Diwakar Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Deepak Suvarna
- Department of Gastroenterology, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Divya P Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
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18
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Ipsen DH, Tveden-Nyborg P. Extracellular Vesicles as Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Small Particles with Big Impact. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010093. [PMID: 33477873 PMCID: PMC7832840 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the leading chronic liver disease, negatively affecting the lives of millions of patients worldwide. The complex pathogenesis involves crosstalk between multiple cellular networks, but how the intricate communication between these cells drives disease progression remains to be further elucidated. Furthermore, the disease is not limited to the liver and includes the reprogramming of distant cell populations in different organs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increased attention as mediators of cellular communication. EVs carry specific cargos that can act as disease-specific signals both locally and systemically. Focusing on NAFLD advancing to steatohepatitis (NASH), this review provides an update on current experimental and clinical findings of the potential role of EVs in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, the main contributors to progressive NASH. Particular attention is placed on the characteristics of EV cargos and potential specificity to disease stages, with putative value as disease markers and treatment targets for future investigations.
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19
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Duwaerts CC, Maiers JL. ER Disposal Pathways in Chronic Liver Disease: Protective, Pathogenic, and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:804097. [PMID: 35174209 PMCID: PMC8841999 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.804097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is a central player in liver pathophysiology. Chronic injury to the ER through increased lipid content, alcohol metabolism, or accumulation of misfolded proteins causes ER stress, dysregulated hepatocyte function, inflammation, and worsened disease pathogenesis. A key adaptation of the ER to resolve stress is the removal of excess or misfolded proteins. Degradation of intra-luminal or ER membrane proteins occurs through distinct mechanisms that include ER-associated Degradation (ERAD) and ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD), which includes macro-ER-phagy, micro-ER-phagy, and Atg8/LC-3-dependent vesicular delivery. All three of these processes are critical for removing misfolded or unfolded protein aggregates, and re-establishing ER homeostasis following expansion/stress, which is critical for liver function and adaptation to injury. Despite playing a key role in resolving ER stress, the contribution of these degradative processes to liver physiology and pathophysiology is understudied. Analysis of publicly available datasets from diseased livers revealed that numerous genes involved in ER-related degradative pathways are dysregulated; however, their roles and regulation in disease progression are not well defined. Here we discuss the dynamic regulation of ER-related protein disposal pathways in chronic liver disease and cell-type specific roles, as well as potentially targetable mechanisms for treatment of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Duwaerts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica L Maiers
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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20
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Vunnam N, Szymonski S, Hirsova P, Gores GJ, Sachs JN, Hackel BJ. Noncompetitive Allosteric Antagonism of Death Receptor 5 by a Synthetic Affibody Ligand. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3856-3868. [PMID: 32941010 PMCID: PMC7658720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid-induced upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5) and its cognate ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), promotes hepatocyte lipoapoptosis, which is a key mechanism in the progression of fatty liver disease. Accordingly, inhibition of DR5 signaling represents an attractive strategy for treating fatty liver disease. Ligand competition strategies are prevalent in tumor necrosis factor receptor antagonism, but recent studies have suggested that noncompetitive inhibition through perturbation of the receptor conformation may be a compelling alternative. To this end, we used yeast display and a designed combinatorial library to identify a synthetic 58-amino acid affibody ligand that specifically binds DR5. Biophysical and biochemical studies show that the affibody neither blocks TRAIL binding nor prevents the receptor-receptor interaction. Live-cell fluorescence lifetime measurements indicate that the affibody induces a conformational change in transmembrane dimers of DR5 and favors an inactive state of the receptor. The affibody inhibits apoptosis in TRAIL-treated Huh-7 cells, an in vitro model of fatty liver disease. Thus, this lead affibody serves as a potential drug candidate, with a unique mechanism of action, for fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagamani Vunnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sophia Szymonski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jonathan N. Sachs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Benjamin J. Hackel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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21
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Biales AD, Bencic DC, Flick RW, Delacruz A, Gordon DA, Huang W. Global transcriptomic profiling of microcystin-LR or -RR treated hepatocytes (HepaRG). Toxicon X 2020; 8:100060. [PMID: 33235993 PMCID: PMC7670210 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical mode of action (MOA) of microcystins (MC) is the inhibition of protein phosphatases, but complete characterization of toxicity pathways is lacking. The existence of over 200 MC congeners complicates risk estimates worldwide. This work employed RNA-seq to provide an unbiased and comprehensive characterization of cellular targets and impacted cellular processes of hepatocytes exposed to either MC-LR or MC-RR congeners. The human hepatocyte cell line, HepaRG, was treated with three concentrations of MC-LR or -RR for 2 h. Significant reduction in cell survival was observed in LR1000 and LR100 treatments whereas no acute toxicity was observed in any MR-RR treatment. RNA-seq was performed on all treatments of MC-LR and -RR. Differentially expressed genes and pathways associated with oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the unfolded protein response (UPR) were highly enriched by both congeners as were inflammatory pathways. Genes associated with both apoptotic and inflammatory pathways were enriched in LR1000. We present a model of MC toxicity that immediately causes oxidative stress and leads to ER stress and the activation of the UPR. Differential activation of the three arms of the UPR and the kinetics of JNK activation ultimately determine whether cell survival or apoptosis is favored. Extracellular exosomes were enrichment of by both congeners, suggesting a previously unidentified mechanism for MC-dependent extracellular signaling. The complement system was enriched only in MC-RR treatments, suggesting congener-specific differences in cellular effects. This study provided an unbiased snapshot of the early systemic hepatocyte response to MC-LR and MC-RR congeners and may explain differences in toxicity among MC congeners. Microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR have similar transcriptional responses. Genes associated with oxidative stress and the unfolded protein response were enriched by congeners. Genes associated with extracellular exosomes were enriched, suggesting a potential new mechanism for cell signaling. Complement associated genes were strongly enriched only by microcystin-RR. Identified a potential molecular mechanism underlying the cellular fate of hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Biales
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - David C Bencic
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Robert W Flick
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Armah Delacruz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Denise A Gordon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Weichun Huang
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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22
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Noureddin M, Muthiah MD, Sanyal AJ. Drug discovery and treatment paradigms in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2020; 3:e00105. [PMID: 33102791 PMCID: PMC7576222 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in western populations, and is closely associated with features of the metabolic syndrome. The burden of disease is set to rise exponentially, and this is further compounded by the lack of good medications. In addition, these patients tend to have multiple comorbidities that may not be adequately managed. In this article, we review the biological basis of potential therapies in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the current drugs being tested in clinical trials, as well some practical considerations in managing patients in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Noureddin
- Division of Digestive and Liver DiseasesComprehensive Transplant CenterCedars Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Mark D. Muthiah
- Department of MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNational University HospitalNational University Health SystemSingapore
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginia
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Understanding lipotoxicity in NAFLD pathogenesis: is CD36 a key driver? Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:802. [PMID: 32978374 PMCID: PMC7519685 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03003-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD stages range from simple steatosis (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the crucial events clearly involved in NAFLD progression is the lipotoxicity resulting from an excessive fatty acid (FFA) influx to hepatocytes. Hepatic lipotoxicity occurs when the capacity of the hepatocyte to manage and export FFAs as triglycerides (TGs) is overwhelmed. This review provides succinct insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for lipotoxicity in NAFLD, including ER and oxidative stress, autophagy, lipoapotosis and inflammation. In addition, we highlight the role of CD36/FAT fatty acid translocase in NAFLD pathogenesis. Up-to-date, it is well known that CD36 increases FFA uptake and, in the liver, it drives hepatosteatosis onset and might contribute to its progression to NASH. Clinical studies have reinforced the significance of CD36 by showing increased content in the liver of NAFLD patients. Interestingly, circulating levels of a soluble form of CD36 (sCD36) are abnormally elevated in NAFLD patients and positively correlate with the histological grade of hepatic steatosis. In fact, the induction of CD36 translocation to the plasma membrane of the hepatocytes may be a determining factor in the physiopathology of hepatic steatosis in NAFLD patients. Given all these data, targeting the fatty acid translocase CD36 or some of its functional regulators may be a promising therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Abstract
Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug that can cause the development of steatohepatitis as well as liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The molecular mechanisms of amiodarone-mediated liver injury remain largely unknown. We therefore analyzed amiodarone-mediated hepatocellular injury in patients with chronic heart failure, in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. We found that amiodarone-treated patients with chronic heart failure revealed significantly higher serum levels of caspase-cleaved keratin-18, an apoptosis biomarker, compared to healthy individuals or patients not receiving amiodarone. Furthermore, amiodarone treatment of hepatocytes resulted in apoptosis associated with lipid accumulation and ER-stress induction. Liver cell steatosis was accompanied by enhanced de novo lipogenesis which, after reaching peak levels, declined together with decreased activation of ER stress. The decline of amiodarone-mediated lipotoxicity was associated with protective autophagy induction. In contrast, in hepatocytes treated with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine as well as in autophagy gene (ATG5 or ATG7)-deficient hepatocytes, amiodarone-triggered toxicity was increased. In conclusion, we demonstrate that amiodarone induces lipid accumulation associated with ER stress and apoptosis in hepatocytes, which is mirrored by increased keratin-18 fragment serum levels in amiodarone-treated patients. Autophagy reduces amiodarone-mediated lipotoxicity and could provide a therapeutic strategy for protection from drug-induced liver injury.
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Seike T, Mizukoshi E, Yamada K, Okada H, Kitahara M, Yamashita T, Arai K, Terashima T, Iida N, Fushimi K, Yamashita T, Sakai Y, Honda M, Harada K, Kaneko S. Fatty acid-driven modifications in T-cell profiles in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:701-711. [PMID: 32124081 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-020-01679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between T-cells/fatty acids involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis progression is poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of T-cell profiles of NAFLD patients to better understand their relationship with fatty acids and relevance to liver fibrosis. METHODS We analyzed the differences in T-cell profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) between 40 NAFLD patients and 5 healthy volunteers (HVs), and their relationship with liver fibrosis stage or progression. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between T-cell profiles and fatty acid compositions in vivo, and changes in T-cell profiles after treatment with fatty acids in vitro. RESULTS T-cell profiles of NAFLD patients were different from those of HVs. The CD25+CD45+CD4+ T-cell frequency was increased in NAFLD patients with high liver fibrosis stage and progression, and this indicated immune activation. Despite such a state of immune activation, the PD1+CD4+ T-cell frequency was decreased in the same patients group. The PD1+CD4+ T-cell frequency had a significantly negative correlation with the serum fatty acid composition ratio C16:1n7/C16:0. Moreover, the PD1+CD4+ T-cell frequency was significantly decreased by in vitro treatment with fatty acids. In addition, its rate of frequency change was significantly different between C16:0 and C16:1n7 and decreased by artificially increasing the C16:1n7/C16:0 ratio. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of PBMCs in NAFLD patients showed that T-cell profiles were different from those of HVs. And, it suggested that fatty acids modified T-cell profiles and were involved in liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Seike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Eishiro Mizukoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Kazutoshi Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hikari Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takeshi Terashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Noriho Iida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kazumi Fushimi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Masao Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
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26
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Processes exacerbating apoptosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 133:2245-2264. [PMID: 31742325 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health concern, owing to its high prevalence, progressive nature and lack of effective medical therapies. NAFLD is a complex and multifactorial disease involving the progressive and concerted action of factors that contribute to the development of liver inflammation and eventually fibrosis. Here, we summarize fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), how they are interrelated and possible translation to clinical applications. We focus on processes triggering and exacerbating apoptotic signalling in the liver of NAFLD patients and their metabolic and pathological implications. Indeed, liver injury and inflammation are cardinal histopathological features of NASH, a duo in which derailment of apoptosis is of paramount importance. In turn, the liver houses a very high number of mitochondria, crucial metabolic unifiers of both extrinsic and intrinsic signals that converge in apoptosis activation. The role of lifestyle options is also dissected, highlighting the management of modifiable risk factors, such as obesity and harmful alcohol consumption, influencing apoptosis signalling in the liver and ultimately NAFLD progression. Integrating NAFLD-associated pathologic mechanisms in the cell death context could provide clues for a more profound understating of the disease and pave the way for novel rational therapies.
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27
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Lafont E. Stress Management: Death Receptor Signalling and Cross-Talks with the Unfolded Protein Response in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1113. [PMID: 32365592 PMCID: PMC7281445 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout tumour progression, tumour cells are exposed to various intense cellular stress conditions owing to intrinsic and extrinsic cues, to which some cells are remarkably able to adapt. Death Receptor (DR) signalling and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) are two stress responses that both regulate a plethora of outcomes, ranging from proliferation, differentiation, migration, cytokine production to the induction of cell death. Both signallings are major modulators of physiological tissue homeostasis and their dysregulation is involved in tumorigenesis and the metastastic process. The molecular determinants of the control between the different cellular outcomes induced by DR signalling and the UPR in tumour cells and their stroma and their consequences on tumorigenesis are starting to be unravelled. Herein, I summarize the main steps of DR signalling in relation to its cellular and pathophysiological roles in cancer. I then highlight how the UPR and DR signalling control common cellular outcomes and also cross-talk, providing potential opportunities to further understand the development of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lafont
- Inserm U1242, Université de Rennes, 35042 Rennes, France;
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, 35042 Rennes, France
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28
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Roehlen N, Crouchet E, Baumert TF. Liver Fibrosis: Mechanistic Concepts and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040875. [PMID: 32260126 PMCID: PMC7226751 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis due to viral or metabolic chronic liver diseases is a major challenge of global health. Correlating with liver disease progression, fibrosis is a key factor for liver disease outcome and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite different mechanism of primary liver injury and disease-specific cell responses, the progression of fibrotic liver disease follows shared patterns across the main liver disease etiologies. Scientific discoveries within the last decade have transformed the understanding of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis. Removal or elimination of the causative agent such as control or cure of viral infection has shown that liver fibrosis is reversible. However, reversal often occurs too slowly or too infrequent to avoid life-threatening complications particularly in advanced fibrosis. Thus, there is a huge unmet medical need for anti-fibrotic therapies to prevent liver disease progression and HCC development. However, while many anti-fibrotic candidate agents have shown robust effects in experimental animal models, their anti-fibrotic effects in clinical trials have been limited or absent. Thus, no approved therapy exists for liver fibrosis. In this review we summarize cellular drivers and molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases and discuss their impact for the development of urgently needed anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Roehlen
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Crouchet
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hepato-digestif, Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-366853703
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Imbalanced insulin substrate-1 and insulin substrate-2 signaling trigger hepatic steatosis in vitamin D deficient rats: 8-methoxypsoralen, a vitamin D receptor ligand with a promising anti-steatotic action. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158657. [PMID: 32045698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The exact role of VD deficiency in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown. In this study, we induced VD deficiency by feeding Female Sprague-Dawley rats a VD deficient (VDD) Diet and studied the hepatic changes associated with VD deficiency. Simultaneously, we provided the VDD rats with VD or 8-methoxy psoralen (8-MOP), a suggested vitamin D receptor agonist, to test the reversibility of the hepatic changes. VDD Rats developed borderline non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with considerable elevation in hepatic triglycerides, total cholesterol, and malondialdehyde. Furthermore, VD deficiency induced the expression of crucial enzymes and transcription factors involved in denovo lipogenesis, which justified the hepatic lipid accumulation. Insulin receptor signaling was affected by VD deficiency, demonstrated by the elevation in insulin substrate-1 (IRS1) and reduction in insulin substrate-2 (IRS2) signaling. Treatment with VD or 8-MOP attenuated IRS1 signaling and its downstream targets, leading to a decline in de novo lipogenesis, while the elevation in IRS2 expression resulted in the nuclear exclusion of forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) and diminished gluconeogenesis, a vital source of acetyl-CoA for de novo lipogenesis. Moreover, 8-MOP and Calcipotriol modulated insulin signaling in human hepatocyte cell line L02, which highlighted the crucial role of VD in the regulation of hepatic lipid contents in rats and humans. Silencing of the vitamin D receptor expression in L02 diminished the inhibitory effect of Calcipotriol and 8-MOP on fatty acid synthase and acetyl- CoA carboxylase 1 and provided the evidence that 8-MOP actions mediated via vitamin D receptor.
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30
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Selby LV, Ejaz A, Brethauer SA, Pawlik TM. Fatty liver disease and primary liver cancer: disease mechanisms, emerging therapies and the role of bariatric surgery. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:107-110. [PMID: 31986920 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1721457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke V Selby
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Surgical Oncology and GI/General Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Aslam Ejaz
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Surgical Oncology and GI/General Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stacy A Brethauer
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Surgical Oncology and GI/General Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Surgical Oncology and GI/General Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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31
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Parthasarathy G, Revelo X, Malhi H. Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Overview. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:478-492. [PMID: 32258944 PMCID: PMC7109346 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a heterogeneous group of liver diseases characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver. The heterogeneity of NAFLD is reflected in a clinical and histologic spectrum where some patients develop isolated steatosis of the liver, termed nonalcoholic fatty liver, whereas others develop hepatocyte injury, ballooning, inflammation, and consequent fibrosis, termed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Systemic insulin resistance is a major driver of hepatic steatosis in NAFLD. Lipotoxicity of accumulated lipids along with activation of the innate immune system are major drivers of NASH. Lipid‐induced sublethal and lethal stress culminates in the activation of inflammatory processes, such as the release of proinflammatory extracellular vesicles and cell death. Innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involving macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes are central drivers of inflammation that recognize damage‐ and pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and contribute to the progression of the inflammatory cascade. While the activation of the innate immune system and the recruitment of proinflammatory monocytes into the liver in NASH are well known, the exact signals that lead to this remain less well defined. Further, the contribution of other immune cell types, such as neutrophils and B cells, is an area of intense research. Many host factors, such as the microbiome and gut–liver axis, modify individual susceptibility to NASH. In this review, we discuss lipotoxicity, inflammation, and the contribution of interorgan crosstalk in NASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
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32
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Lee DH, Park JS, Lee YS, Han J, Lee DK, Kwon SW, Han DH, Lee YH, Bae SH. SQSTM1/p62 activates NFE2L2/NRF2 via ULK1-mediated autophagic KEAP1 degradation and protects mouse liver from lipotoxicity. Autophagy 2020; 16:1949-1973. [PMID: 31913745 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1712108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity, induced by saturated fatty acid (SFA)-mediated cell death, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The KEAP1 (kelch like ECH associated protein 1)-NFE2L2/NRF2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2) pathway is a pivotal defense mechanism against lipotoxicity. We previously reported that SQSTM1/p62 has a cytoprotective role against lipotoxicity through activation of the noncanonical KEAP1- NFE2L2 pathway in hepatocytes. However, the underlying mechanisms and physiological relevance of this pathway have not been clearly defined. Here, we demonstrate that NFE2L2-mediated induction of SQSTM1 activates the noncanonical KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway under lipotoxic conditions. Furthermore, we identified that SQSTM1 induces ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) phosphorylation by facilitating the interaction between AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and ULK1, leading to macroautophagy/autophagy induction, followed by KEAP1 degradation and NFE2L2 activation. Accordingly, the activity of this SQSTM1-mediated noncanonical KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway conferred hepatoprotection against lipotoxicity in the livers of conventional sqstm1- and liver-specific sqstm1-knockout mice. Moreover, this pathway activity was evident in the livers of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver. This axis could thus represent a novel target for NAFLD treatment. Abbreviations: ACACA: acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha; ACTB: actin beta; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CM-H2DCFDA:5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; CQ: chloroquine; CUL3: cullin 3; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; FASN: fatty acid synthase; GSTA1: glutathione S-transferase A1; HA: hemagglutinin; Hepa1c1c7: mouse hepatoma cells; HMOX1/HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; KEAP1: kelch like ECH associated protein 1; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; NFE2L2/NRF2: nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2; NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; PA: palmitic acid; PARP: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; PRKAA1/2: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunits alpha1/2; RBX1: ring-box 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SESN2: sestrin 2; SFA: saturated fatty acid; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SREBF1: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hyun Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seol Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisu Han
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai Hoon Han
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Han Bae
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lam M, Marsters SA, Ashkenazi A, Walter P. Misfolded proteins bind and activate death receptor 5 to trigger apoptosis during unresolved endoplasmic reticulum stress. eLife 2020; 9:52291. [PMID: 31904339 PMCID: PMC7041945 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR)—a signaling network that ultimately determines cell fate. Initially, UPR signaling aims at cytoprotection and restoration of ER homeostasis; that failing, it drives apoptotic cell death. ER stress initiates apoptosis through intracellular activation of death receptor 5 (DR5) independent of its canonical extracellular ligand Apo2L/TRAIL; however, the mechanism underlying DR5 activation is unknown. In cultured human cells, we find that misfolded proteins can directly engage with DR5 in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment, where DR5 assembles pro-apoptotic caspase 8-activating complexes. Moreover, peptides used as a proxy for exposed misfolded protein chains selectively bind to the purified DR5 ectodomain and induce its oligomerization. These findings indicate that misfolded proteins can act as ligands to activate DR5 intracellularly and promote apoptosis. We propose that cells can use DR5 as a late protein-folding checkpoint before committing to a terminal apoptotic fate. Proteins are chains of building blocks called amino acids, folded into a flexible 3D shape that is critical for its biological activity. This shape depends on many factors, but one is the chemistry of the amino acids. Because the internal and external environments of cells are mostly water-filled, correctly folded proteins often display so-called hydrophilic (or ‘water-loving’) amino acids on their surface, while tucking hydrophobic (or ‘water-hating’) amino acids on the inside. A compartment within the cell called the endoplasmic reticulum folds the proteins that are destined for the outside of the cell. It can handle a steady stream of protein chains, but a sudden increase in demand for production, or issues with the underlying machinery, can stress the endoplasmic reticulum and hinder protein folding. This is problematic because incorrectly folded proteins cannot work as they should and can be toxic to the cell that made them or even to other cells. Many cells handle this kind of stress by activating a failsafe alarm system called the unfolded protein response. It detects the presence of incorrectly shaped proteins and sends signals that try to protect the cell and restore protein folding to normal. If that fails within a certain period of time, it switches to signals that tell the cell to safely self-destruct. That switch, from protection to self-destruction, involves a protein called death receptor 5, or DR5 for short. DR5 typically triggers the cell’s self-destruct program by forming molecular clusters at the cell’s surface, in response to a signal it receives from the exterior. During a failed unfolded protein response, DR5 seems instead to act in response to signals from inside the cell, but it was not clear how this works. To find out, Lam et al. stressed the endoplasmic reticulum in human cells by forcing it to fold a lot of proteins. This revealed that DR5 sticks to misfolded proteins when they leave the endoplasmic reticulum. In response, DR5 molecules form clusters that trigger the cell's self-destruct program. DR5 directly recognized hydrophobic amino acids on the misfolded protein’s surface that would normally be hidden inside. When Lam et al. edited these hydrophobic regions to become hydrophilic, the DR5 molecules could no longer detect them as well. This stopped the cells from dying so easily when they were under stress. It seems that DR5 decides the fate of the cell by detecting proteins that were incorrectly folded in the endoplasmic reticulum. Problems with protein folding occur in many human diseases, including metabolic conditions, cancer and degenerative brain disorders. Future work could reveal whether controlling the activation of DR5 could help to influence if and when cells die. The next step is to understand how DR5 interacts with incorrectly folded proteins at the atomic level. This could aid the design of drugs that specifically target such receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mable Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scot A Marsters
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc, San Francisco, United States
| | - Avi Ashkenazi
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc, San Francisco, United States
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Shaping of Innate Immune Response by Fatty Acid Metabolite Palmitate. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121633. [PMID: 31847240 PMCID: PMC6952933 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells monitor invading pathogens and pose the first-line inflammatory response to coordinate with adaptive immunity for infection removal. Innate immunity also plays pivotal roles in injury-induced tissue remodeling and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in physiological and pathological conditions. Lipid metabolites are emerging as the key players in the regulation of innate immune responses, and recent work has highlighted the importance of the lipid metabolite palmitate as an essential component in this regulation. Palmitate modulates innate immunity not only by regulating the activation of pattern recognition receptors in local innate immune cells, but also via coordinating immunological activity in inflammatory tissues. Moreover, protein palmitoylation controls various cellular physiological processes. Herein, we review the updated evidence that palmitate catabolism contributes to innate immune cell-mediated inflammatory processes that result in immunometabolic disorders.
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35
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Svegliati-Baroni G, Pierantonelli I, Torquato P, Marinelli R, Ferreri C, Chatgilialoglu C, Bartolini D, Galli F. Lipidomic biomarkers and mechanisms of lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:293-309. [PMID: 31152791 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide (about 25% of the general population) and 3-5% of patients develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by hepatocytes damage, inflammation and fibrosis, which increase the risk of developing liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of NAFLD, particularly the mechanisms whereby a minority of patients develop a more severe phenotype, is still incompletely understood. In this review we examine the available literature on initial mechanisms of hepatocellular damage and inflammation, deriving from toxic effects of excess lipids. Accumulating data indicate that the total amount of triglycerides stored in the liver cells is not the main determinant of lipotoxicity and that specific lipid classes act as damaging agents. These lipotoxic species affect the cell behavior via multiple mechanisms, including activation of death receptors, endoplasmic reticulum stress, modification of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. The gut microbiota, which provides signals through the intestine to the liver, is also reported to play a key role in lipotoxicity. Finally, we summarize the most recent lipidomic strategies utilized to explore the liver lipidome and its modifications in the course of NALFD. These include measures of lipid profiles in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes that can surrogate to some extent lipid investigation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Obesity Center, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Irene Pierantonelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Gastroenterology, Senigallia Hospital, Senigallia, Italy
| | | | - Rita Marinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Ferreri
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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36
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Boland ML, Oró D, Tølbøl KS, Thrane ST, Nielsen JC, Cohen TS, Tabor DE, Fernandes F, Tovchigrechko A, Veidal SS, Warrener P, Sellman BR, Jelsing J, Feigh M, Vrang N, Trevaskis JL, Hansen HH. Towards a standard diet-induced and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Impact of dietary fat source. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4904-4920. [PMID: 31543682 PMCID: PMC6737317 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trans-fat containing AMLN (amylin liver non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) diet has been extensively validated in C57BL/6J mice with or without the Lepob/Lepob (ob/ob) mutation in the leptin gene for reliably inducing metabolic and liver histopathological changes recapitulating hallmarks of NASH. Due to a recent ban on trans-fats as food additive, there is a marked need for developing a new diet capable of promoting a compatible level of disease in ob/ob and C57BL/6J mice.
AIM To develop a biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH based on an obesogenic diet with trans-fat substituted by saturated fat.
METHODS Male ob/ob mice were fed AMLN diet or a modified AMLN diet with trans-fat (Primex shortening) substituted by equivalent amounts of palm oil [Gubra amylin NASH, (GAN) diet] for 8, 12 and 16 wk. C57BL/6J mice were fed the same diets for 28 wk. AMLN and GAN diets had similar caloric content (40% fat kcal), fructose (22%) and cholesterol (2%) level.
RESULTS The GAN diet was more obesogenic compared to the AMLN diet and impaired glucose tolerance. Biopsy-confirmed steatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, fibrotic liver lesions and hepatic transcriptome changes were similar in ob/ob mice fed the GAN or AMLN diet. C57BL/6J mice developed a mild to moderate fibrotic NASH phenotype when fed the same diets.
CONCLUSION Substitution of Primex with palm oil promotes a similar phenotype of biopsy-confirmed NASH in ob/ob and C57BL/6J mice, making GAN diet-induced obese mouse models suitable for characterizing novel NASH treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Boland
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
- Pharmacology, Gubra, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Denise Oró
- Pharmacology, Gubra, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Taylor S Cohen
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - David E Tabor
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Fiona Fernandes
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Andrey Tovchigrechko
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | | | - Paul Warrener
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Bret R Sellman
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | | | | | - Niels Vrang
- Pharmacology, Gubra, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - James L Trevaskis
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
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37
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Poulsen KL, McMullen MR, Huang E, Kibler CD, Sheehan MM, Leng L, Bucala R, Nagy LE. Novel Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Upstream Control of the Unfolded Protein Response After Ethanol Feeding in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1439-1451. [PMID: 31009094 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pluripotent immune regulator, is an emerging mediator in alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). MIF is associated with ALD progression through its chemokine- and cytokine-like activities. METHODS Mechanistic studies into the role of MIF in ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver injury were performed in Mif-/- mice and in C57BL/6J mice treated with a small-molecule MIF antagonist, MIF098, after Gao-Binge (acute-on-chronic) EtOH feeding, an EtOH feeding protocol associated with hepatic neutrophilia and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). RESULTS The MIF axis, for example, MIF and MIF receptors invariant polypeptide of major histocompatibility complex, class II antigen-associated (CD74), CXCR2, CXCR4, and CXCR7, was enhanced in the livers of alcoholic hepatitis (AH) patients as compared to healthy controls. Mif-/- mice were protected from hepatocellular injury after Gao-Binge feeding, independent of neutrophilia and inflammation, but were associated with the UPR. Interestingly, the UPR signature in AH patients and in mice following Gao-Binge feeding was biased toward cell death with increased expression of pro-cell death CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and decreased prosurvival GRP78. The UPR and liver injury 6 hours after binge were prevented both in Mif-/- mice and in MIF098-treated mice. However, both MIF interventions led to increased liver injury and exacerbated the hepatic UPR 9 hours after binge. Induction of upstream UPR signaling and expression of CHOP protein by thapsigargin in alpha mouse liver 12 hepatocytes were blunted by coexposure to MIF098, directly connecting MIF to UPR in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed that, in addition to its cytokine/chemokine functions, MIF is an upstream regulator of UPR in response to EtOH feeding in mice. Importantly, both MIF and UPR can either protect or contribute to liver injury, dependent upon the stage or severity of EtOH-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Lauren Poulsen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Megan R McMullen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Emily Huang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christopher D Kibler
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Megan M Sheehan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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38
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Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to liver disease and hepatic fibrosis, but the role it plays varies depending on the cause and progression of the disease. Furthermore, ER stress plays a distinct role in hepatocytes versus hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which adds to the complexity of understanding ER stress and its downstream signaling through the unfolded protein response (UPR) in liver disease. Here, the authors focus on the current literature of ER stress in nonalcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases, how ER stress impacts hepatocyte injury, and the role of ER stress in HSC activation and hepatic fibrosis. This review provides insight into the complex signaling and regulation of the UPR, parallels and distinctions between different liver diseases, and how ER stress may be targeted as an antisteatotic or antifibrotic therapy to limit the progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Maiers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Park JS, Lee DH, Lee YS, Oh E, Bae KH, Oh KJ, Kim H, Bae SH. Dual roles of ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) in cytoprotection against lipotoxicity. Autophagy 2019; 16:86-105. [PMID: 30907226 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1598751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturated fatty acid (SFA)-induced lipotoxicity is caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is associated with damaged mitochondria. Moreover, lipotoxicity is crucial for the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Autophagy is required for the clearance of protein aggregates or damaged mitochondria to maintain cellular metabolic homeostasis. The NFE2L2/NRF2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2)-KEAP1 (kelch like ECH associated protein 1) pathway is essential for the elimination of ROS. ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; yeast Atg1) is involved in the initiation of autophagy; however, its role in lipotoxicity-induced cell death in hepatocytes and mouse liver has not been elucidated. We now show that ULK1 potentiates the interaction between KEAP1 and the autophagy adaptor protein SQSTM1/p62, thereby mediating NFE2L2 activation in a manner requiring SQSTM1-dependent autophagic KEAP1 degradation. Furthermore, ULK1 is required for the autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria and to enhance binding between SQSTM1 and PINK1 (PTEN induced kinase 1). This study demonstrates the molecular mechanisms underlying the cytoprotective role of ULK1 against lipotoxicity. Thus, ULK1 could represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of NASH.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin beta; CM-H2DCFDA:5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; CQ: chloroquine; CUL3: cullin 3; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GSTA1: glutathione S-transferase A1; HA: hemagglutinin; Hepa1c1c7: mouse hepatoma cells; HMOX1/HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; KEAP1: kelch like ECH associated protein 1; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK8/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MFN1: mitofusin 1; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; NFE2L2/NRF2: nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2; NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; PA: palmitic acid; PARP: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKAA1/2: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunits alpha1/2; PRKN/PARK2: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PRKC/PKC: protein kinase C; RBX1: ring-box 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SFA: saturated fatty acid; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TUBA: tubulin alpha; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Su Park
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyun Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seol Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Oh
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soo Han Bae
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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40
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Macronutrients and the Adipose-Liver Axis in Obesity and Fatty Liver. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 7:749-761. [PMID: 30763771 PMCID: PMC6463203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macronutrient metabolism is a highly orchestrated process, with adipose tissue and liver each playing central roles in nutrient uptake, processing, transport, and storage. These 2 tissues form an important metabolic circuit, particularly as it relates to lipids as the primary storage form of excess energy. The function of the circuit is influenced by many factors, including the quantity and type of nutrients consumed and their impact on the overall health of the tissues. In this review we begin with a brief summary of the homeostatic disposition of lipids between adipose tissue and liver and how these processes can become dysregulated in obesity. We then explore how specific dietary nutrients and nutrient combinations can exert unique influences on the liver-adipose tissue axis.
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41
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Basic Pathogenetic Mechanisms in the Progression From NAFLD to NASH. Transplantation 2019; 103:e1-e13. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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42
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Grattagliano I, Montezinho LP, Oliveira PJ, Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Montecucco F, Carbone F, Wieckowski MR, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Targeting mitochondria to oppose the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 160:34-45. [PMID: 30508523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes. NAFLD is the most frequent chronic liver disease in developed countries, and is often associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD definition encompasses a spectrum of chronic liver abnormalities, ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL), to steatohepatitis (NASH), significant liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD, therefore, represents a global public health issue. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in NAFLD, and contributes to the progression to the necro-inflammatory and fibrotic form (NASH). Disrupted mitochondrial function is associated with a decrease in the energy levels and impaired redox balance, and negatively affects cell survival by altering overall metabolism and subcellular trafficking. Such events reduce the tolerance of hepatocytes towards damaging hits, and favour the injurious effects of extra-cellular factors. Here, we discuss the role of mitochondria in NAFLD and focus on potential therapeutic approaches aimed at preserving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care, Bari, Italy
| | - Liliana P Montezinho
- CNC Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal; Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 9 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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43
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Lebeaupin C, Vallée D, Hazari Y, Hetz C, Chevet E, Bailly-Maitre B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 69:927-947. [PMID: 29940269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The global epidemic of obesity has been accompanied by a rising burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with manifestations ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, potentially developing into hepatocellular carcinoma. Although much attention has focused on NAFLD, its pathogenesis remains largely obscure. The hallmark of NAFLD is the hepatic accumulation of lipids, which subsequently leads to cellular stress and hepatic injury, eventually resulting in chronic liver disease. Abnormal lipid accumulation often coincides with insulin resistance in steatotic livers and is associated with perturbed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis in hepatocytes. In response to chronic ER stress, an adaptive signalling pathway known as the unfolded protein response is triggered to restore ER proteostasis. However, the unfolded protein response can cause inflammation, inflammasome activation and, in the case of non-resolvable ER stress, the death of hepatocytes. Experimental data suggest that the unfolded protein response influences hepatic tumour development, aggressiveness and response to treatment, offering novel therapeutic avenues. Herein, we provide an overview of the evidence linking ER stress to NAFLD and discuss possible points of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Vallée
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Younis Hazari
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Chevet
- "Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Inserm U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
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44
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Akazawa Y, Nakao K. To die or not to die: death signaling in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:893-906. [PMID: 29574534 PMCID: PMC6061666 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-018-1451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging liver disease worldwide. In subset of patients, NAFLD progresses to its advanced form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is accompanied with inflammation and fibrosis. Saturated free fatty acid-induced hepatocyte apoptosis is a feature of NASH. Death signaling in NASH does not always result in apoptosis, but can alternatively lead to the survival of cells presenting signs of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signals. With the current lack of established treatments for NASH, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for disease development and progression. This review focuses on the latest findings in hepatocyte death signaling and discusses possible targets for intervention, including caspases, death receptor and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 signaling, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, as well as epigenomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Akazawa
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki City, 852-8501, Nagasaki, Japan.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, 852-8501, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki City, 852-8501, Nagasaki, Japan
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45
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Schuster S, Cabrera D, Arrese M, Feldstein AE. Triggering and resolution of inflammation in NASH. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:349-364. [PMID: 29740166 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered the progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular injury and different degrees of fibrosis. A central issue in this field relates to the identification of those factors that trigger inflammation, thus fuelling the transition from nonalcoholic fatty liver to NASH. These triggers of liver inflammation might have their origins outside the liver (such as in adipose tissue or the gut) as well as inside the organ (for instance, lipotoxicity, innate immune responses, cell death pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress), both of which contribute to NASH development. In this Review, we summarize the currently available information on the key upstream triggers of inflammation in NASH. We further delineate the mechanisms by which liver inflammation is resolved and the implications of a defective pro-resolution process. A better knowledge of these mechanisms should help to design targeted therapies able to halt or reverse disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schuster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Arrese
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centre for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Estornes Y, Dondelinger Y, Weber K, Bruggeman I, Peall A, MacFarlane M, Lebecque S, Vandenabeele P, Bertrand MJM. N-glycosylation of mouse TRAIL-R restrains TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:494. [PMID: 29717117 PMCID: PMC5931557 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of cells to death receptor-induced apoptosis is commonly controlled by multiple checkpoints in order to limit induction of excessive or unnecessary death. Although cytotoxic in various cancer cells, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) does not trigger apoptosis in most non-transformed cells. The molecular nature of the checkpoints that normally protect the cells from TRAIL-induced death are not fully understood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been reported to switch the sensitivity of human cells to the cytotoxic effect of TRAIL, suggesting that this cellular state perturbs some of these protective mechanisms. We found that tunicamycin (TU), but no other ER stress inducers, sensitized mouse fibroblasts and hippocampal neuronal cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Importantly, the sensitization was specific to TRAIL and not caused by differences in ER stress induction. Instead, it relied on the inhibition of N-glycosylation of the mouse TRAIL receptor (mTRAIL-R). Inhibition of N-glycosylation did not alter cell surface expression of mTRAIL-R but enhanced its ability to bind TRAIL, and facilitated mTRAIL-R oligomerization, which resulted in enhanced death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation and caspase-8 activation. Remarkably, reconstitution of mTRAIL-R-deficient cells with a version of mTRAIL-R mutated for the three N-glycosylation sites identified in its ectodomain confirmed higher sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Together, our results demonstrate that inhibition of N-glycosylation of mTRAIL-R, and not ER stress induction, sensitizes mouse cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We therefore reveal a new mechanism restraining TRAIL cytotoxicity in mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Estornes
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, F-69373, France
| | - Yves Dondelinger
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Kathrin Weber
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, F-69373, France
| | - Inge Bruggeman
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Adam Peall
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Serge Lebecque
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, F-69373, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, 69495, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, 9052, Belgium.
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47
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Senoo T, Sasaki R, Akazawa Y, Ichikawa T, Miuma S, Miyaaki H, Taura N, Nakao K. Geranylgeranylacetone attenuates fibrogenic activity and induces apoptosis in cultured human hepatic stellate cells and reduces liver fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride-treated mice. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:34. [PMID: 29486718 PMCID: PMC5830074 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), an anti-ulcer drug widely used in Japan, has attracted interest because of its various therapeutic effects. Therefore, we investigated the effects of GGA on human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro and in a mouse model of liver fibrosis. Methods LX2, an immortalized human HSC line, was cultured and treated with GGA at concentrations up to 0.5 mM. After GGA treatment, changes in cellular morphology, apoptosis, and fibrosis-related gene expression were assessed. Male C57BL/6 J mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis was treated with GGA. Liver fibrosis was evaluated using Sirius red staining and immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). Results GGA decreased the density of LX2 and primary human hepatic stellate cells but not that of HepG2 cells (a human hepatoma cell line), which was employed as control. In addition, GGA decreased the expression of fibrogenic genes and increased that of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). It also induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and increased apoptosis. CHOP knockdown, however, failed to suppress the GGA-induced decrease in LX2 cell density, suggesting the involvement of additional molecules in ER stress–associated apoptosis. Expression of death receptor 5, mitogen-activated protein kinase, heat shock protein 70, and Akt, all of which affect the activity of stellate cells, was unchanged in relation to LX2 cell fibrogenic activity. In the mouse model of liver fibrosis, GGA decreased the extent of Sirius red staining and SMA expression. Conclusions GGA attenuated fibrogenic activity and induced apoptosis in cultured human HSCs, and suppressed liver fibrosis in mice, suggesting its potential as an agent for treating liver fibrosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-018-0761-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemasa Senoo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryu Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Akazawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ichikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, 6-39 Shinchi, Nagasaki, 850-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Miyaaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Naota Taura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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Liguori M, Buracchi C, Pasqualini F, Bergomas F, Pesce S, Sironi M, Grizzi F, Mantovani A, Belgiovine C, Allavena P. Functional TRAIL receptors in monocytes and tumor-associated macrophages: A possible targeting pathway in the tumor microenvironment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41662-41676. [PMID: 27191500 PMCID: PMC5173086 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the accepted dogma that TRAIL kills only tumor cells and spares normal ones, we show in this study that mononuclear phagocytes are susceptible to recombinant TRAIL via caspase-dependent apoptosis. Human resting monocytes and in vitro-differentiated macrophages expressed substantial levels of the functional TRAIL receptors (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2), while neutrophils and lymphocytes mostly expressed the non-signaling decoy receptor (TRAIL-R3). Accordingly, exclusively monocytes and macrophages activated caspase-8 and underwent apoptosis upon recombinant TRAIL treatment. TRAIL-Rs were up-regulated by anti-inflammatory agents (IL-10, glucocorticoids) and by natural compounds (Apigenin, Quercetin, Palmitate) and their treatment resulted in increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In mice, the only signaling TRAIL-R (DR5) was preferentially expressed by blood monocytes rather than neutrophils or lymphocytes. In both mice and humans, Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAM) expressed functional TRAIL-R, while resident macrophages in normal tissues did not. As a proof of principle, we treated mice bearing a murine TRAIL-resistant fibrosarcoma with recombinant TRAIL. We observed significant decrease of circulating monocytes and infiltrating TAM, as well as reduced tumor growth and lower metastasis formation. Overall, these findings demonstrate that human and murine monocytes/macrophages are, among leukocytes, uniquely susceptible to TRAIL-mediated killing. This differential susceptibility to TRAIL could be exploited to selectively target macrophages in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Liguori
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Buracchi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Pasqualini
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Bergomas
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Samantha Pesce
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Sironi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy.,Humanitas University, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Belgiovine
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy.,Humanitas University, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
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49
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Yamamoto Y, Tomiyama A, Sasaki N, Yamaguchi H, Shirakihara T, Nakashima K, Kumagai K, Takeuchi S, Toyooka T, Otani N, Wada K, Narita Y, Ichimura K, Sakai R, Namba H, Mori K. Intracellular cholesterol level regulates sensitivity of glioblastoma cells against temozolomide-induced cell death by modulation of caspase-8 activation via death receptor 5-accumulation and activation in the plasma membrane lipid raft. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1292-1299. [PMID: 29162448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Development of resistance against temozolomide (TMZ) in glioblastoma (GBM) after continuous treatment with TMZ is one of the critical problems in clinical GBM therapy. Intracellular cholesterol regulates cancer cell biology, but whether intracellular cholesterol is involved in TMZ resistance of GBM cells remains unclear. The involvement of intracellular cholesterol in acquired resistance against TMZ in GBM cells was investigated. Intracellular cholesterol levels were measured in human U251 MG cells with acquired TMZ resistance (U251-R cells) and TMZ-sensitive control U251 MG cells (U251-Con cells), and found that the intracellular cholesterol level was significantly lower in U251-R cells than in U251-Con cells. In addition, treatment by intracellular cholesterol remover, methyl-beta cyclodextrin (MβCD), or intracellular cholesterol inducer, soluble cholesterol (Chol), regulated TMZ-induced U251-Con cell death in line with changes in intracellular cholesterol level. Involvement of death receptor 5 (DR5), a death receptor localized in the plasma membrane, was evaluated. TMZ without or with MβCD and/or Chol caused accumulation of DR5 into the plasma membrane lipid raft and formed a complex with caspase-8, an extrinsic caspase cascade inducer, reflected in the induction of cell death. In addition, treatment with caspase-8 inhibitor or knockdown of DR5 dramatically suppressed U251-Con cell death induced by combination treatment with TMZ, MβCD, and Chol. Combined treatment of Chol with TMZ reversed the TMZ resistance of U251-R cells and another GBM cell model with acquired TMZ resistance, whereas clinical antihypercholesterolemia agents at physiological concentrations suppressed TMZ-induced cell death of U251-Con cells. These findings suggest that intracellular cholesterol level affects TMZ treatment of GBM mediated via a DR5-caspase-8 mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Arata Tomiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Nobuyoshi Sasaki
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamaguchi
- Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Cancer Cell Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, 2-2 Surugadai, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Shirakihara
- Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Division of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nakashima
- Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kumagai
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Terushige Toyooka
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Naoki Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Kojiro Wada
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Narita
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakai
- Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Division of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroki Namba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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50
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Alsabeeh N, Chausse B, Kakimoto PA, Kowaltowski AJ, Shirihai O. Cell culture models of fatty acid overload: Problems and solutions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1863:143-151. [PMID: 29155055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High plasma levels of fatty acids occur in a variety of metabolic diseases. Cellular effects of fatty acid overload resulting in negative cellular responses (lipotoxicity) are often studied in vitro, in an attempt to understand mechanisms involved in these diseases. Fatty acids are poorly soluble, and thus usually studied when complexed to albumins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA). The conjugation of fatty acids to albumin requires care pertaining to preparation of the solutions, effective free fatty acid concentrations, use of different fatty acid species, types of BSA, appropriate controls and ensuring cellular fatty acid uptake. This review discusses lipotoxicity models, the potential problems encountered when using these cellular models, as well as practical solutions for difficulties encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Alsabeeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Bruno Chausse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pamela A Kakimoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Orian Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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