Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), and Set-ESEM: Optimal Balance Between Goodness of Fit and Parsimony

Factor Analytic Adaptation Study of the Groningen Reflection Ability Scale (GRAS) in Senior Nursing Students

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Reflection is a cyclical and iterative learning process that incorporates critically analyzing experiences, deriving lessons, establishing learning objectives, and implementing newly acquired knowledge in similar situations. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Groningen Reflection Ability Scale (GRAS) among nursing students.

METHODS

This study is a factor analytic investigation with a nested cross-sectional design. This study included 252 fourth-year nursing students and was carried out between 10 March 2024 and 10 May 2024. Data analysis was conducted using the Content Validity Index (CVI), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and item-total score correlation.

RESULTS

The Turkish version of the GRAS consists of 23 items divided into three sub-dimensions: self-reflection, empathic reflection, and reflective communication. The internal consistency and reliability of the overall scale and its three sub-dimensions were acceptable. The three-factor construct validity of the Turkish version, identified through Exploratory Factor Analysis, was successfully confirmed with Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

CONCLUSION

The Turkish version of the GRAS is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating reflective practice skills among fourth-year nursing students in Türkiye.

IMPLICATIONS

Nursing Practice: Evaluating reflective practice skills plays an important role in enhancing nursing students' critical thinking and their ability to provide patient-centered care. Policy Development and Implementation: Institutional policies should prioritize the standardized evaluation of reflective abilities within nursing education to maintain consistency and effectiveness. Education: Integrating reflection-based strategies into nursing curricula promotes self-awareness and professional growth.

FUTURE RESEARCH

Further studies should investigate the long-term influence of structured reflection on clinical competence and patient outcomes.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the father-preterm infant bonding scale

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study is to describe the development process of the Father-Preterm Infant Bonding Scale (F-PIBS) and to report the results of its psychometric evaluation.

METHODS

A methodological, correlational, comparative, and cross-sectional design was employed. The study was conducted between June 2023 and September 2024 and included 182 fathers with preterm infants hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to evaluate the reliability of the scale, and validity was tested using Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, split-half reliability, item-total correlations, and Hotelling's T-squared test.

RESULTS

The scale comprises 10 items distributed across two sub-dimensions. The content validity ratios of the scale items ranged from 0.80 to 1.00. Cronbach's alpha values for the total scale and sub-dimensions were 0.878, 0.796, and 0.845, respectively.

CONCLUSION

F-PIBS is reliable, valid, and appropriate for evaluating father-preterm newborn bonding levels in the NICU.

Developing the Short Form of the Survey on Social and Emotional Skills (SSES-SF)

Given the critical role of socio-emotional skills in students' academic success, psychological well-being, and other critical life outcomes, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) developed the Survey on Social and Emotional Skills (SSES) to measure these skills among school-age students. However, the broad conceptual scope of socio-emotional skills necessitated the use of a large number of items (i.e., 120 items) in the original SSES, which poses challenges regarding survey administration and participant fatigue. To address these issues, this study aimed to develop a short form of the SSES (i.e., SSES-SF). The sample included 29,798 15-year-old students across 10 regions. We developed a 45-item version of SSES-SF using the machine learning approach of genetic algorithm, which is 62.5% shorter than the original 120-item SSES. The reliability, construct validity, reproduced information, concurrent validity, and measurement invariance of the SSES-SF were investigated. We found that the SSES-SF demonstrated satisfactory reliability, construct validity, and concurrent validity. Furthermore, the SSES-SF was able to reproduce a substantial amount of information from the original full-form SSES and exhibited measurement invariance across genders, regions, and language groups. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Validation of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) in a Simulated Learning Environment

Background/Objectives: The complexity of modern healthcare requires teamwork. Healthcare teams must be cohesive to ensure efficient and quality care. The objective of this study was to validate the Spanish short version of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) in undergraduate nursing students undergoing clinical simulation training. Methods: The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were analyzed. We began with a statistical analysis of the items. Internal consistency was assessed using McDonald's omega coefficient. Test-retest reliability was determined using Spearman's correlation coefficient. An exploratory factor analysis was performed using the principal components analysis method with varimax rotation. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis of the proposed theoretical models was performed to select the most appropriate one using the weighted least squares method adjusted for mean and variance (WLSMV) and goodness-of-fit indices. Results: The questionnaire items showed a standard deviation higher than 1 and a negative skewness lower than 0.5. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were higher than 0.8. The item-total correlation coefficient values were above 0.44. The exploratory factor analysis confirmed the presence of four factors, each with three items. Confirmatory factor analysis determined that the four-factor cohesion model was the one that obtained the best fit. Conclusions: The Spanish short version of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) is a valid and reliable instrument for analyzing group cohesion in teams of nursing students undergoing clinical simulation training.

The Turkish validity and reliability of the Reward-Based Eating Drive (RED-13) Scale

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (number: NCT05017506).

Psychometric models of emerging adulthood: an evaluation in a Chilean university sample

This study analyzed three models of the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA): the original by Reifman et al., the version based on Arnett's proposals, and the abbreviated version by Crocetti et al. The sample included 1935 students from four Chilean universities (56% women), with an average age of 21.3 years (SD = 2.04). The 31 items of the instrument were descriptively analyzed, followed by analyses to determine the best-fitting factorial model. Confirmatory Factor Analyses and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling were utilized. Finally, reliability estimates were obtained. The results showed that Crocetti et al.'s model offered the best fit, consistent with theoretical postulations, and acceptable reliability levels, proving to be the best of the evaluated models. This version confirmed five correlated latent dimensions, providing an integrated interpretation of the Emerging Adulthood construct for use in the Chilean population.

Critical Consciousness in Sport Scale (CCSS): development and initial psychometrics properties

BACKGROUND

Critical consciousness refers to the ability to recognize and analyze the oppressive forces in society and to act against them. Researchers have emphasized that sport has the potential to help athletes develop their critical consciousness regarding the forces that shape society, as well as the systems of privilege and deprivation that influence access to sport.

OBJECTIVE

The present study describes the development of the critical consciousness in sport scale, offering initial validity evidence based on test content, internal structure, relations with other variables, and reliability.

METHODS

An initial set of 50 items was develop and reviewed by expert judges who assessed the clarity, practical relevance, and theoretical adequacy of the items using the content validity coefficient (CVC). To investigate the internal structure of the CCSS, factor retention methods such as parallel analysis and exploratory graph analysis were employed, followed by an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), along with an assessment of the internal consistency of the factors. Validity evidence based on relations with other variables was estimated using Pearson correlations. The sample was comprised of 263 Brazilian psychology and physical education students (mean age: 26.95 ± 9.69; 70.02% women).

RESULTS

Factor retention methods that included parallel analysis, exploratory graph analysis, and a categorical exploratory factor analysis demonstrated a three-dimensional structure comprised of 36 items, as theoretically hypothesized, with desirable internal consistency indices (ω = 0.868, 0.906, and 0.924, respectively). A brief version of the instrument is also presented, which adequately reproduced the psychometric properties of the initial version. Correlations with measurements of social justice and anti-racism efficacy suggested validity evidence based on relations with other variables.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that the instrument is an appropriate measure of critical consciousness in sport. It is recommended that future efforts focus on estimating further validity evidence and reliability of the CCSS in diverse samples of athletes from different competitive levels, sports coaches, fans, and other key figures within the sports context.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the quality of nursing care scale among hospital nurses: a bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling analysis

BACKGROUND

Nurses play an indispensable role in healthcare teams. The quality of nursing care reflects nurses' ability to integrate care and their overall performance in patient care, making it a core objective of clinical nursing. The Chinese version of the Quality of Nursing Care (QNC) scale is a multidimensional assessment tool used for self-evaluation of nursing care quality and holds significant importance in clinical practice. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the QNC scale among nurses.

METHODS

This was an observational, cross-sectional, methodological study conducted at three hospitals in southern Taiwan. The 25-item Chinese version of the QNC scale was employed in the study. Data were collected from 944 nurses (response rate: 65.42%) through an online survey conducted between July and August 2022. The factor structure of the QNC scale was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (unidimensional, independent cluster model, higher-order, and bifactor) and first-order, higher-order, and bifactor ESEM. Model comparisons were conducted to determine the best-fitting factor structure.

RESULTS

The bifactor ESEM provided the best fit for the QNC scale, consisting of a general QNC factor and seven specific factors: patient satisfaction, health promotion, complication prevention, well-being and self-care, functional readaptation, nursing care organization, and responsibility and rigor. Some items exhibited significant cross-loadings, highlighting the model's ability to capture the multidimensional nature of nursing care quality.

CONCLUSIONS

The bifactor ESEM model demonstrated the best model fit for the Chinese version of the QNC scale, offering a reliable and interpretable representation of the multidimensional nature of nursing care. The validated scale provides a valuable tool for assessing nursing care quality in clinical practice.

Nurses' Performance on the Genomic Nursing Inventory: A Cross-Sectional Study in Crete, Greece

Background/Objectives: Genomics plays a crucial role in healthcare, enhancing diagnostics, risk assessments, and therapeutic interventions. However, many healthcare professionals, including nurses, face challenges when it comes to integrating genomics into their practice. This study aims to evaluate the genomic knowledge of nurse practitioners in Greece by translating and validating the Genomic Nursing Concept Inventory (GNCI). Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 324 nurses was conducted in Crete, Greece. The GNCI, a 31-item questionnaire, was translated and validated for the Greek context to assess nurses' genomics competence. Results: The Greek version of the GNCI demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.622). The confirmatory factor analysis indicated a satisfactory fit for the one-factor model. However, the mean GNCI score revealed significant knowledge gaps, with nurses answering only 30.1% of questions correctly. Notably, nurses showed a better understanding of genomic basics and mutations compared to inheritance and genomic healthcare applications. Conclusions: The present study successfully translated and validated the GNCI in Greek and highlighted important genomic-related knowledge gaps among Greek nurses, emphasizing the urgent need for more targeted educational interventions. By enhancing genomic literacy through curriculum integration and professional development, nurses could be better prepared, leading to improved patient care and healthcare outcomes in Greece.

Self-assessment of learning outcomes in prehospital disaster response skills: instrument development and validation for mass casualty incident training

OBJECTIVE

Measuring the effectiveness of mass casualty incident (MCI) scenario training is challenging due to simultaneously assessing individual skills, team dynamics, decision-making under pressure and adaptability. Existing instruments often focus too narrowly on individual skills, overlooking the comprehensive range of skills needed for effective prehospital disaster response. This study aims to develop and validate a comprehensive self-assessment tool for prehospital disaster response skills during initial MCI scenario training.

DESIGN

The instrument was developed and validated using a comprehensive methodology. This included literature reviews to identify the construct, ensuring content validity through expert evaluation and conducting field trials in MCI scenario training to evaluate the instrument under simulated conditions that approximated real-life incidents. The instrument's psychometric properties were assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Horn's parallel analysis, as well as Cronbach's α and item-total correlation analysis.

SETTING

Two field trials conducted with participants in Sweden during 2023 and 2024.

PARTICIPANTS

75 students from a bachelor's programme at a Swedish university were recruited to participate in the field trials. The programme featured one semester of comprehensive theoretical and practical training in disaster medicine, including MCI response and management. 88 instruments were collected during the field trials.

RESULTS

Overall Cronbach's α score was 0.86, indicating high internal consistency for the instrument. EFA and Horn's parallel analysis revealed a five-factor model accounting for 52.3% of the total variance: incident control and management; systematic examination procedures; risk assessment and management; stress response and impact; and triage procedures. Cronbach's α for all factors indicated good internal consistency (range: 0.74-0.85).

CONCLUSIONS

The instrument addresses a critical gap by offering a comprehensive self-evaluation tool for disaster response skills. The robust psychometric properties indicate its potential for practical implication. Future studies should explore its application in diverse training settings and populations to enhance its utility and generalisability.A comprehensive development and validation methodology ensured the high content validity of the instrument.

Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Adaptive Coping with Disease Scale in Adult Cancer Patients

OBJECTIVES

We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Adaptive Coping with Disease Scale (ACDS) questionnaire for Turkish patients with cancer.

METHODS

A total of 175 patients with cancer aged 18 to 65 years were referred to a university hospital in Ankara, Türkiye. The patients, selected by convenience sampling in 2024, completed the Descriptive Form and Turkish versions of the ACDS questionnaire. The construct validity of the scale was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships between item-total scores and item-subscale total scores. The reliability of the scale was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In addition, the scale language validity and test-retest reliability were evaluated. The data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics and AMOS 25.

RESULTS

The scale demonstrated high validity (content validity index = 0.97, interclass coefficient = 0.721, P < .001), indicating high stability and consistency of test scores over time. The comparative fit index confirmed the six-factor structure of the ACDS scale, excluding item 13. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient was 0.738, and Bartlett's test yielded a value of 2305.623 (P < .001). Fit indices indicated a good model fit (χ²/degrees of freedom = 1.98, root mean square error of approximation = 0.074, comparative fit index = 0.815). The scale exhibited acceptable internal consistency, with an overall Cronbach's alpha of 0.78. The total explained variance ratio was 57.14%.

CONCLUSIONS

The Turkish version of ACDS in patients with cancer is a reliable and valid questionnaire that can be used in clinics and research.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

Nurses can use the ACDS to assess the level of disease-related stress experienced by patients with cancer. In addition, they can guide the patients to develop effective coping methods and a better quality of life.

Validation of the Chinese version of the perceived medical school stress (PMSS) scale and analysis of the associated factors

BACKGROUND

In recent decades, mental health and stress among medical students have become a global concern. Currently, China lacks a scale specifically designed to assess stress levels in medical school settings. This study aims to cross-culturally translate and adapt the Perceived Medical School Stress (PMSS) Scale into Chinese, evaluate its psychometric properties in medical schools, and analyze the associated factors of medical students' stress levels.

METHODS

Data collection for the Chinese version of the PMSS was conducted from October to November 2023, among medical students from selected medical schools in North and East China. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the underlying factor structure. Content validity was assessed using the Content Validity Index (CVI). Criterion validity was evaluated with the Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Internal consistency was assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's Omega coefficient, and test-retest reliability. Additionally, relationships between medical school stress and general demographic characteristics, insomnia severity, and self-efficacy were examined.

RESULTS

The final Chinese version of the PMSS supports a two-factor structure with 13 items, defined as "psychological stress and environment" and "resilience and expectations." The scale's Content Validity Index (CVI) was 0.980, with a criterion validity of 0.767. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.911, McDonald's Omega coefficient was 0.914, and the test-retest reliability was 0.794. Medical school stress levels showed significant differences based on gender and educational background (P < 0.05). Stress levels were positively correlated with insomnia severity and negatively correlated with self-efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

The Chinese version of the PMSS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing stress levels among medical students in Chinese medical schools. Female students and those pursuing graduate degrees report higher levels of medical stress. Insomnia severity and self-efficacy significantly influence stress levels among medical students.

The Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Stress Scale for Siblings of Childhood Cancer Patients

AIM

This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Turkish version of the "Stress Scale for Siblings of Childhood Cancer Patients (SCCP)".

METHODS

This study was conducted with 273 siblings aged 11-16 of childhood cancer patients (SCCPs) who were treated in a hospital in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye between March 2022 and April 2024. Data were collected with "The Sociodemographic Information Form" and "SCCP". The data were examined through descriptive statistics, as well as exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes.

RESULTS

The SCCP Turkish version is a valid and reliable scale consisting of 27 items and six sub-dimensions. The SCCP Turkish version explained 77.676% of the total variance. The SCCP Turkish version was found to be summable according to Tukey's test of additivity (p = 0.334), and the test-retest reliability of the scale was r = 0.864 (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study indicate that the Turkish version of the SCCP is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating stress levels in siblings aged 11 to 16.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

With SCCP, nurses can determine the stress levels of SCCPs and contribute to the planning of necessary interventions to cope with stress.

Assessing Preparedness for Self-Management of Oral Anticoagulation in Adults With the PERSONAE Scale: Protocol for a Development and Validation Study

BACKGROUND

Optimal anticoagulation using vitamin K antagonists prevents strokes associated with atrial fibrillation and heart valve replacements. Preparedness for self-monitoring and self-management could improve outcomes, but this remains a challenge.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to outline the methodology for developing and validating the PERSONAE scale, a self-report measure designed to assess the preparedness for self-monitoring and self-management of oral anticoagulation in adult patients.

METHODS

This study comprises 2 main phases, and it adheres to the "COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments" (COSMIN) guidelines for instrument development. The first phase involved the conceptualization of the PERSONAE scale, where a comprehensive literature review and a consensus meeting among experts were conducted to draft the initial items. Face and content validity were then established through an expert panel review. In the second phase (ongoing), a detailed sampling methodology will be used, targeting adult Italian patients on long-term oral anticoagulation. According to a performed simulation-based power analysis, the study aims to recruit a sample size of approximately 500 participants by using a combination of convenience and snowball sampling. Data collection will be facilitated through web-based surveys distributed through social media and patient networks, ensuring a wide and representative sample. Analytical procedures will include Mokken scaling analysis for item selection and confirmatory factor analysis to validate the scale's structure. In addition, internal consistency will be assessed using Molenaar Sijtsma statistics.

RESULTS

The scale's content derived from phase 1 (process completed in December 2023) is grounded in a comprehensive literature review and based on the assessments of a panel of 12 health care expert professionals. The PERSONAE scale derived from phase 1 encompasses 20 items reflecting essential behaviors needed to assess the preparedness for self-monitoring and self-management of oral anticoagulation. Each item obtained a content validity ratio higher than 0.67, which is the critical content validity ratio indicating the minimum level of agreement among the experts for an item to be considered essential beyond the level of chance at a significance level of .05 for a 1-tailed test. From January 2024 to May 2024, we conducted the initial round of data collection and use Mokken scaling analysis to select items. A second round of data collection for confirmatory factor analysis was scheduled from June 2024 to September 2024, which will validate the scale's unidimensional structure. We expect to achieve robust psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and validated constructs.

CONCLUSIONS

The PERSONAE scale will be a valuable tool to assess patients' preparedness for self-monitoring and self-management of oral anticoagulation. The study's insights into technology-assisted learning preferences will inform the design of future educational interventions to enhance preparedness in adult patients.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05973240; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05973240.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

PRR1-10.2196/51502.

Development of Children's Perceived Nursing Image Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study

AIM

Professional knowledge and awareness of children begins to create at the age of 3-5, and the professional knowledge have acquired at this age was effective in their future career decision-making. This study aimed to develop the Children's Perceived Nursing Image Scale (CPNIS) and evaluate its psychometric properties.

METHODS

The methodological study was carried out in a cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design. This study was conducted with 614 children aged 8-11 between 21 January-April 2022. The data were collected using a Child Information Form and the CPNIS. The CPNIS is a scale compatible with the deductive approach. The data were analysed using various statistical methods including descriptive statistics (numbers and percentages), t-tests, factor analysis, and correlation analysis. Item-total score analysis, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and the internal consistency were employed to evaluate the reliability of the measurements. Three-stage cross-sectional study, which followed the STROBE checklist was conducted: (1) development of items, (2) assessing content validity and (3) validity and reliability of the scale.

RESULTS

The CPNIS is a valid scale consisting of four factors as subdimensions. The total Cronbach's alpha of the scale is 0.93. The scale explained 46.4% of the total variance. The scale Test-Retest analysis, the total ICC value of the scale was found to be 0.84 and p = 0.001.

CONCLUSION

Evaluation of the children's perceived nursing image can contribute to the identification of children with negative perceptions in clinics and the planning of interventions that will lead to positive perceptions.

Translation and Validation of the Italian Version of the Team-Based Learning Student Assessment Instrument (TBL-SAI) in Nursing Students

Background/Objectives: Team-based learning is an educational strategy that promotes active learning and student engagement through structured team activities. It contrasts with traditional teaching models by emphasizing student preparation and collaboration. The TBL-SAI is a reliable and valid instrument designed to evaluate students' attitudes towards TBL, assessing dimensions such as accountability, preference for lecture or team-based learning, and satisfaction with TBL. Validating the TBL-SAI in different languages ensures its applicability and accuracy in diverse educational contexts, supporting the global adoption of TBL methodologies. Thus far, no Italian validation of this tool has been performed. The aim of this study is to validate the Italian version of the Team-Based Learning Student Assessment Instrument (TBL-SAI) among nursing students. Methods: A methodological-driven translation process and a cross-sectional study design were used. The study was conducted from November 2022 to March 2023 and involved 202 nursing students from the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy). Convenience sampling was employed to recruit participants who had experienced at least one TBL session during the academic year 2022/2023. The validation process included translation, back-translation, and expert panel review, followed by a pilot test to ensure clarity and comprehension. Data were collected using the self-administered TBL-SAI. The responses were analyzed using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) to assess the scale's validity and McDonald's ω to evaluate internal consistency. Results: The ESEM results supported the validity of the Italian TBL-SAI, maintaining the factor structure proposed in the original instrument. The model fit indices indicated a good fit (χ2(318) = 384.097, p = 0.0065; RMSEA = 0.032; CFI = 0.974; TLI = 0.957). McDonald's ω values exceeded 0.70 for all factors, confirming adequate internal consistency. Conclusions: This study successfully validated the Italian version of the TBL-SAI, demonstrating its reliability and validity for assessing perceptions of TBL among Italian undergraduate nursing students. However, future studies should employ Confirmatory Factor Analysis to further test the proposed factor structure and explore the instrument's applicability in various educational settings. The validated TBL-SAI is recommended for use in evaluating students' attitudes towards TBL, providing actionable feedback for educators to improve teaching methods and integrate TBL methodologies effectively.

Aspects of Identity Questionnaire-IV: An Examination of Structural Validity, Gender Invariance, and Relationships with Mental Health and Basic Psychological Needs Among Adolescents

The present research evaluated evidence for structural and convergent validity and measurement invariance across gender of the Aspects of Identity Questionnaire-IV (AIQ-IV), which is designed to measure four identity orientations: Personal, Relational, Public, and Collective. We recruited two independent samples of Serbian adolescents aged 15-19 years (n1 = 436, n2 = 452). Both exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were applied to examine the factor structure of the AIQ-IV. The ESEM model with four factors demonstrated a superior fit to the data in both samples and resulted in well-defined factors and deflated latent factor correlations compared to the CFA model. Multiple-group analysis supported the scalar invariance of the four-factor ESEM model across gender. The evidence for the convergent validity of the ESEM AIQ-IV factors was supported by meaningful correlations with various mental health indicators (life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, internalizing behaviors, and externalizing behaviors) and basic psychological needs (autonomy, relatedness, and competence) satisfaction and frustration. Our findings support the use of AIQ-IV as a multidimensional measure of identity orientations among adolescents and confirm the usefulness of applying the ESEM framework to evaluate the validity aspects of this scale.

The development of sudden infant death syndrome awareness scale-mother form and examination of its psychometric properties

PURPOSE

This study aimed to develop the "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Awareness Scale-Mother Form" (SIDSAS-MF) and assess its psychometric properties.

DESIGN AND METHODS

The methodological study involved mothers (n = 450) with infants aged 0-12 months. Data were collected using a socio-demographic information form and the draft of the SIDSAS-MF. Factor analysis and reliability analyses were conducted to assess the data.

RESULTS

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the scale revealed a structure consisting of six items and two sub-dimensions. The factor loadings of the scale were found to be above 0.30. Fit indices following CFA were achieved at excellent levels. Both McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha values for each sub-dimension of the scale exceeded 0.6. Furthermore, the correlation values of the items with the total factor score ranged from 0.661 to 0.839.

CONCLUSIONS

The study concluded that the six-item form of the SIDSAS-MF is a valid and reliable measurement tool for mothers with infants aged 0-12 months in the Turkish population.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

Midwives and nurses can use this scale in their clinical training to determine the level of awareness mothers have towards SIDS. It is also recommended that the developed scale should be adapted to different cultures.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the self-care of informal caregivers inventory

Background

In recent years, a growing body of literature on informal caregivers' health and well-being has emerged, highlighting the need for a tool to measure their self-care practices.

Objective

The aim of the study was to develop a theory-based instrument measuring the self-care behaviors of informal caregivers and test its psychometric properties.

Design

The initial phase of instrument development entailed a detailed, six-step process (conceptualization, theoretical adaptation, back-translation and cultural adaptation, cognitive interviewing, item enhancement, and content validity), followed by formal psychometric testing (participant engagement, validity, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability).

Setting

Study conducted at a hospital located in Tehran, Iran.

Participants

A sample of 234 informal caregivers of cancer outpatients receiving treatment in oncology wards was enrolled. Caregivers had to be 18 years or older, recognized as the primary caregiver by the patient, and willing to provide informed consent.

Methods

The Self-Care of Informal Caregivers Inventory items comprise three dimensions: self-care maintenance (11 items), self-care monitoring (7 items), and self-care management (9 items), which achieved a content validity index rating of 100 % in a panel of experts. Data were collected from caregivers during routine clinic visits. Construct validity was verified through exploratory structural equation modelling and reliability was verified using Cronbach's α and multidimensional model-based reliability. Test-retest reliability was evaluated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient.

Results

All three dimensions showed good model fit indices (self-care maintenance: Comparative Fit Index = 1.00, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.99, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.044; self-care monitoring: Comparative Fit Index = 1.00, Tucker-Lewis Index = 1.00, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.027; self-care management: Comparative Fit Index = 0.99, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.99, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.048) and Cronbach's α of 0.88, 0.88, and 0.91, respectively. The overall multidimensional model-based reliability was 0.93. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient values for the three dimensions were 0.94, 0.60, and 0.51, respectively.

Conclusion

Preliminary testing provides support for use of the Self-Care of Informal Caregivers Inventory in research. Using this theory-based instrument to assess the self-care practices of informal caregivers can assist in identifying topics to discuss and opportunities for guidance.

Tweetable Abstract

The Self-Care of Informal Caregivers Inventory: A validated tool for informal caregivers is useful for research. #Informalcaregivers #SelfCare.

Development and validation of an Arabic tool for assessment of post-vaccination confidence in COVID-19 vaccines (ARAB-VAX-CONF)

BACKGROUND

Vaccine confidence is described as a belief that vaccines are effective, safe, and part of a trustworthy health system. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an Arabic tool to evaluate confidence in the received coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines (ARAB-VAX-CONF).

METHODS

The research team developed the ARAB-VAX-CONF based on three areas specified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): confidence in vaccine effectiveness, confidence in vaccine safety, and confidence in the healthcare system. The analysis includes data from 406 eligible vaccinated persons (≥ 18 years). Cronbach's alpha was used to measure internal consistency, while convergent, discriminant, exploratory, and confirmatory factor analyses were used to verify construct validity.

RESULTS

A total of 406 adults were recruited, with a mean age of 33.0 ± 12.2 years. A total of 63.1% were males, 56.7% were married, 21.9% had chronic conditions, 93.3% were nonsmokers, and 39.6% were obligated to obtain vaccines. The three domains of the scale met the criterion of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.7). Convergent validity was identified by the significant inter-item and item-mean score of the domain correlation (P < 0.001). Discriminant validity was reported as the inter-factor correlation matrix (< 0.7). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling adequacy measure was 0.80, and Bartlett's sphericity test was significant (P < 0.001). Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the scale could be summarized into three factors. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the adequate psychometric properties and fit with observed data (root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.08, comparative fit index = 0.945, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.924, standardized root-mean-square residual = 0.086, normed fit index = 0.918, and goodness-of-fit index = 0.909).

CONCLUSIONS

The ARAB-VAX-CONF developed in this study is valid and reliable for assessing confidence in vaccine effectiveness, safety, and confidence in the healthcare system. The ARAB-VAX-CONF can support decision-makers in addressing the gap in vaccine confidence among various populations.

Healthcare Top Management's Transformational Leadership Behaviors and Nurses' Occupational and Organizational Turnover Intention: On the Role of Work Engagement and Autonomous Motivation

Aims: This study examines the contribution of top management's transformational leadership behaviors on two targets of nurses' turnover intention (organization and occupation) by focusing on the indirect (through vigor and dedication) and conditional indirect associations (involving autonomous motivation as a moderator). Background: Although the issue of nurse turnover has received growing scientific attention, the research is currently silent about the specific targets of turnover intention and more importantly, the potential pathways through which top management's transformational leadership behaviors relate to each target. Method: Cross-sectional data from a sample of 426 French-Canadian nurses and structural equation modeling were used to test the proposed model. Results: Top management's transformational leadership behaviors distinctly predicted organizational and occupational turnover intention through specific nurses' states of engagement. While perceived transformational leadership positively predicted vigor, its indirect associations (via dedication) with organizational and occupational turnover intention depend on nurses' level of autonomous motivation at work. Conclusion: In times of nurse shortage, the present findings provide insights into how and when top management's transformational leadership behaviors relate to nurses' organizational and occupational turnover intention. Implications for Nursing Management: Healthcare organizations are advised to foster top management transformational leadership behaviors and autonomous motivation to sustain the nursing workforce.

Epilepsy knowledge scale for parents (EKS-P): Development and psychometric evaluation in Turkish sample

BACKGROUND

Epilepsy is the most prevalent chronic neurological condition in childhood, affecting approximately 0.5%-1% of children worldwide.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to (1) develop an "Epilepsy Knowledge Scale for Parents", (2) evaluate the content validity of the scale, and (3) assess its psychometric properties.

METHODS

This methodological study was conducted in a tertiary hospital's pediatric neurology outpatient clinic in Turkey. The study comprised two stages involving 500 parents of children with epilepsy. The first stage included validity and reliability analyses, while the second stage involved the calculation of the scale scoring.

RESULTS

Exploratory Factor Analysis for the preliminary scale development with 36 items based on expert opinions yielded 29 items and three dimensions. The factors explained 62.83% of the total variance, and the scale exhibited high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.885). Confirmatory Factor Analysis, it was determined that the fit indices were at acceptable (CFI = 0.957, NFI = 0.932) or good level (χ2/df = 2.32, RMSEA = 0.048, GFI = 0.951). Consequently, a final structure comprising 29 items and three dimensions was obtained. The scale score's cutoff value was set at 15.50 points, with scores above this value indicating diagnostic value with 55.6% sensitivity and 80.2% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

The study demonstrated that the "Epilepsy Knowledge Scale for Parents (EKS-P)", designed to assess parents' knowledge of epilepsy, is a reliable and valid measurement tool for the Turkish population.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

This scale (EKS-P) developed for parents is recommended to be used in clinical settings and both experimental and non-experimental research.

Turkish validity and reliability study of the Baby-Led Weaning Scale

AIM

The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Baby-Led Weaning Scale for parents with babies/children aged from 6 to 30 months.

METHODS

The sample for this methodological research consisted of parents with babies aged 6 to 30 months between March and June 2024 in a city in eastern Turkey. The data were collected from 354 parents for exploratory factor analysis, from 213 parents for confirmatory factor analysis, and from 70 for the test-retest reliability study. The data were collected using the "Descriptive Information Form", the "Baby-Led Weaning Scale" and the "Transition to Complementary Feeding Behaviors Scale" (TCFBS).

RESULTS

The total content validity index score of the Baby Led Weaning Scale was 0.92 and the content validity rate score was 0.92. The TCBFS was used for the concordance of the scale with similar scales. During the measurements, the intra-observer reliability of the Baby Led Weaning Scale was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed a three-factor structure, explaining 611.5 % of the variance. The fix index values were χ2/df = 3.036, RMSEA = 0.069, GFI = 0.902, CFI = 0.907 and AGFI = 0.857, IFI = 0.928, and TLI = 0.921.The Cronbach alpha values of the scale were in the range of 0.706 and 0.831.

CONCLUSION

As a result, the Turkish adaptation of the Baby Led Weaning Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

The Baby-Led Weaning Scale can be used as a simple and objective tool to measure the knowledge level of parents with babies/children aged 6 to 30 months.

When and how to use set-exploratory structural equation modelling to test structural models: A tutorial using the R package lavaan

Exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) is an alternative to the well-known method of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). ESEM is mainly used to assess the quality of measurement models of common factors but can be efficiently extended to test structural models. However, ESEM may not be the best option in some model specifications, especially when structural models are involved, because the full flexibility of ESEM could result in technical difficulties in model estimation. Thus, set-ESEM was developed to accommodate the balance between full-ESEM and CFA. In the present paper, we show examples where set-ESEM should be used rather than full-ESEM. Rather than relying on a simulation study, we provide two applied examples using real data that are included in the OSF repository. Additionally, we provide the code needed to run set-ESEM in the free R package lavaan to make the paper practical. Set-ESEM structural models outperform their CFA-based counterparts in terms of goodness of fit and realistic factor correlation, and hence path coefficients in the two empirical examples. In several instances, effects that were non-significant (i.e., attenuated) in the CFA-based structural model become larger and significant in the set-ESEM structural model, suggesting that set-ESEM models may generate more accurate model parameters and, hence, lower Type II error rate.

Translating and validating the Ghosting Questionnaire into Arabic: results from classical test theory and item response theory analyses : Short title: the arabic version of the Ghosting Questionnaire

BACKGROUND

Ghosting refers to the sudden cessation of communication in interpersonal relationships. Ghosting has gained attention as a phenomenon commonly encountered in the context of digital communication. Earlier studies on ghosting mostly focused on Western societies while, in Arab societies, research into this practice has yet to be initiated. The current study aimed to address this gap by translating and validating the commonly used Ghosting Questionnaire (GHOST) into Arabic.

METHODS

The translation process involved forward and back translation, expert review, and pilot testing to ensure linguistic and cultural equivalence. A convenience sample of 607 participants from Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Oman, and Tunisia completed the Arabic version of the GHOST. Statistical analyses, including reliability testing and confirmatory factor analysis, were conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the instrument.

RESULTS

The Arabic version of the GHOST demonstrated high reliability. The Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.87) and McDonald's omega (ω = 0.87) coefficients indicated strong internal consistency. Test-retest reliability coefficients confirmed the stability of the responses over time (ICC 0.89, p < 0.001). CFA supported a single-factor structure in alignment with the conceptual framework of the original English version.

CONCLUSIONS

The successful translation and validation of the GHOST into Arabic provide researchers with a reliable tool for investigating ghosting behavior within Arab societies. Future research endeavors can build upon these findings to explore the psychological implications of ghosting. Researchers can now also develop culturally sensitive understanding of online dating and related practices in Arab communities.

Turkish validity and reliability of the universal mental health literacy scale for adolescents (10-14 years): A methodological study

RATIONALE

Mental health literacy enables adolescents to acquire information that will accompany them in their future lives and to define their attitudes and behaviors.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This study evaluated the Turkish validity and reliability of the Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale for Adolescents (10-14 years).

METHODS

This is a methodological, correlational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study. The study was conducted with 223 adolescents. Data were collected by 'Information Form' and 'Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale for Adolescents.' Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and Pearson Correlation analysis were used to assess the validity and reliability of the UMHL-A.

RESULTS

Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI) scores ranged from 0.94 to 0.96, while the Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was 0.95. For 'Help-seeking and Stigma dimensions' χ2/df = 3.347, NFI = 0.804, IFI = 0.854, TLI = 0.778, CFI = 0.849, RMSEA = 0.103. For 'Knowledge of Mental Health and Knowledge of Mental Illnesses dimensions' χ2/df = 1.959, NFI = 0.731, IFI = 0.847, TLI = 0.774, CFI = 0.837, RMSEA = 0.066. The internal consistency and time stability were affirmed by a Hotelling T-square value of 15.241 and an F-test result of 27.793.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals that the Turkish validity and reliability of the Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale for Adolescents is a valid and reliable tool for assessing mental health literacy among adolescents. The UMHL-A scale is a valid tool to evaluate critical aspects of mental health literacy in adolescent populations and can be used in both research and clinical practice in mental health education and intervention. It is recommended that the Turkish version of the Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale should be used to determine resilience in adolescents.

Mental health professionals' perceptions and attitudes towards seclusion: The ambivalent relationship between safety and therapeutic considerations

BACKGROUND

Frequency of seclusion in acute psychiatric units varies greatly worldwide. In Switzerland, its use is authorised under strict conditions. However, this coercive measure is not implemented in every psychiatric hospital in the country. The use of coercion is associated with a number of patient characteristics as well as organisational, contextual and professional's aspects. Nevertheless, the role of these factors remain inconsistent across studies and different coercive measures are often studied together. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess mental health professionals' perceptions and attitudes towards seclusion according to their experience with this type of measure and their personal and professional background.

METHOD

Nurses and physicians working in acute adult and geriatric psychiatric units in the Swiss Cantons of Vaud and Valais were invited to participate to an online survey exploring their socio-demographic characteristics, professional background, current position and activity, as well as their perceptions and attitudes towards seclusion. Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM) was then used to determine the structure of the participants perceptions and attitudes towards seclusion to identify which socio-demographic and professionals' aspects could predict their underlying dimensions.

RESULTS

116 mental health professionals agreed to participate in the study. A majority considered that seclusion had a therapeutic impact, while believing that it could also have negative effects or be dangerous for the patient. The majority also thought that seclusion increased the general feeling of safety. Lastly, a substantial proportion felt that the Swiss legal framework regulating seclusion was not sufficiently clear. Mental health professionals' perceptions and attitudes towards seclusion could be described by four dimensions: "Negative consequences", "Safety", "Legitimacy/legal aspect of seclusion" and "Organisational aspects". Analyses revealed a tendency to normalize seclusion as its use increases.

CONCLUSION

Seclusion poses complex challenges for mental health professionals. The competent authorities should therefore provide careful guidance to help them maintain a high level of quality of care in the use of this coercive measure.

The translation and validation of the surgical anxiety questionnaire into the modern standard Arabic language: results from classical test theory and item response theory analyses

BACKGROUND

Preoperative anxiety is commonly found in patients who are waiting for surgery and can lead to negative surgical outcomes. Understanding the sources of surgical anxiety allows healthcare providers to identify at-risk patients and implement psychosocial interventions such as counseling, relaxation techniques, and cognitive‒behavioral therapy to minimize anxiety. Few comprehensive psychiatric measures are available to assess preoperative anxiety in Arabic.

OBJECTIVE

Our study aimed to translate, adapt, and validate the Surgical Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ) into the modern standard Arabic language, also known as Fusha al-Asr Arabic.

METHODS

To translate the questionnaire, the research team used the gold standard process of forward translation by two independent translators along with back translation evaluation by four trained medical doctors. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey completed by 208 Arabic speakers (mean age 38 years, 44% women) from four countries. Psychometric analyses, which included internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, confirmatory factor analysis, and item response analysis, were performed. Convergent validity tests were performed against the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item Scale (GAD-2), Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-2), Perceived Stress Scale 4 (PSS-4), and Arabic version of the Visual Analog Scale for anxiety (VAS-A).

RESULTS

The mean SAQ of our sample was 19.38 ± 12.63 (possible range 0-68). The Arabic SAQ translation demonstrated excellent internal consistency, with McDonald's omega and a Cronbach's alpha of approximately 0.90. The test-retest reliability was also high, with an intraclass coefficient of 0.94. The SAQ showed strong convergent validity against the GAD-2 (r = 0.94, p < 0.01). The SAQ also showed weak-moderate correlations with the PHQ-2 (r = 0.26, p < 0.01), PSS-4 (r = 43, p < 0.01), and VAS-A (r = 0.36, p < 0.01) scores. The original three-factor structure was supported by confirmatory factor analysis, confirming the original structure reported in the original English language version. The results for fitness indices showed acceptable preliminary results (CFI/TLI approximately 0.90), and deleting some items improved the model fit (CFI/TLI > 0.90, RMSEA < 0.08). We suggest retaining the original factorial solution until further validation studies can be conducted. The item response theory (IRT) results identified no items that were excessively difficult or subject to guessing. The multidimensional IRT provided evidence that the SAQ items form a multidimensional scale assessing surgical anxiety that fits the classical model reasonably well.

CONCLUSION

The SAQ has demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity; thus, it is a trustworthy and valid tool for evaluating preoperative anxiety in Arabic speakers. Future research could benefit from using the SAQ in both surgical and psychiatric research.

A Psychometric Evaluation of the Achievement Emotion Questionnaire - Short Version in the Context of Italian Physical Education

Emotional states are fundamentally related to cognitive processes such as attention, perception, memory and learning, and they play a very important role in helping to assess daily challenges. Thus, we need tools that measure emotions in the context of Physical Education. In this study, we adapted and tested the factor structure of the Achievement Emotion Questionnaire - Short Version (AEQ-SV) in the Italian physical education context. We administered the AEQ-SV to 867 participants (M age = 16.43 years, SD = 1.23) enrolled in Italian physical education classes to analyze the questionnaire's psychometric properties using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), an internal reliability analysis, and a criterion validity analysis. The AEQ-SV subscales consisted of eight emotions and 32 items. Reliability analyses revealed acceptable fit indices and adequate temporal stability. Linear regression analysis showed that positive emotions positively predicted academic performance, while negative emotions negatively predicted academic performance. These results are in line with research on the original scale, and these data support the use of the AEQ-SV in the Italian educational context.

Validation of the Spanish Version of the Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk Scale (NGAR) in Nonclinical Settings

AIM

To validate the Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk (NGASR) in Spanish for an early detection identification of the risk of suicide.

DESIGN

A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used for this work through face-to-face clinical interviews with each participant.

METHOD

Following EQUATOR TRIPOD checklist, the index was translated and administered to a sample of 30 mental health experts and 151 university students. To examine the psychometric properties of the NGASR, the questionnaires also included other standardised scales such as BDI, SBQ and SEEQ. The research was conducted between 2022 and 2023.

RESULTS

The content validity index-scale (CVI-S) was 81% and the NGASR presented high reliability with a Kuder-Richardson coefficient of 0.83. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) returned a six-factor structure for the NGASR items. The results showed that 21.7% of the students assessed had an intermediate to very high suicide risk. This study also revealed that people with mental health problems and depression had a higher risk of suicide.

PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

Beyond the sociolinguistic Spanish validation of the scale, it should be noted that it is carried out on a young population in a nonclinical environment, something that many authors have been requesting in their previous validations. The NGASR is a useful prevention tool in university educational settings.

Development and validation of the climate change health protection behaviors scale for adolescents: a methodological study

This study aimed to develop and validate the Climate Change Health Protection Behaviors Scale for adolescents. A total of 1036 adolescents were recruited from middle and high schools. The development of the assessment scale was carried out in three steps: item generation, content validity evaluation, and psychometric evaluation. Psychometric testing was conducted to determine the relationship between the resulting factors and the Healthy Lifestyle Belief Scale and Climate Change Awareness Scale. A 28-item scale was developed, consisting of four factors that account for 65.0% of the variance. The Cronbach's alpha value was 0.874. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between the Climate Change Health Protection Behaviors Scale and both the Climate Change Awareness Scale and the Healthy Lifestyle Belief Scale for adolescents. These results suggest that the Climate Change Health Protection Behaviors Scale is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating health protection behaviors related to climate change in adolescents.

Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the developmental care scale for neonates with congenital heart disease

OBJECTIVE

Developmental care for newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD) improves cardiac and respiratory patterns. According to the American Heart Association, developmental care in newborns with CHD is important for improving neurodevelopmental outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Developmental Care Scale for Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease.

METHODS

This was a methodological, descriptive study conducted with 169 nurses from a tertiary-level NICU. The Demographical Information Form and the Developmental Care Scale for Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease were used to collect the data. The scales' language and content validity, construct validity, and internal consistency were also assessed.

RESULTS

The scale consists of 31 items and four subscales. Factor loadings ranged from 0.44 to 0.82 and explained 65% of the total variance. Fit indices indicate that the model is acceptable. Cronbach's α was 0.95 for the entire instrument, 0.91 for developing the external environment subscale, 0.94 for assessing family well-being, 0.86 for the caregiver activities toward the neonate, and 0.82 for the basic need subscale. Item-total correlations ranged between 0.34 and 0.75, according to the item analysis results.

CONCLUSIONS

The Turkish version of the Developmental Care Scale for Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease is valid and reliable. The use of this scale could improve the performance of neonatal intensive care nurses in providing developmental care to newborns with CHD as well as the quality of care.

Development and validation of a higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) scale for major students in the interior design discipline for blended learning

Assessing and cultivating students' HOTS are crucial for interior design education in a blended learning environment. However, current research has focused primarily on the impact of blended learning instructional strategies, learning tasks, and activities on the development of HOTS, whereas few studies have specifically addressed the assessment of these skills through dedicated scales in the context of blended learning. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive scale for assessing HOTS in interior design major students within the context of blended learning. Employing a mixed methods design, the research involved in-depth interviews with 10 education stakeholders to gather qualitative data, which informed the development of a 66-item soft skills assessment scale. The scale was administered to a purposive sample of 359 undergraduate students enrolled in an interior design program at a university in China. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also conducted to evaluate the underlying factor structure of the scale. The findings revealed a robust four-factor model encompassing critical thinking skills, problem-solving skills, teamwork skills, and practical innovation skills. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.948-0.966) and satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity. This scale provides a valuable instrument for assessing and cultivating HOTS among interior design major students in blended learning environments. Future research can utilize a scale to examine the factors influencing the development of these skills and inform instructional practices in the field.

Factor structure and measurement invariance of the University Demand-Resource Questionnaire: further evidence from Hungarian university students

Purpose

The present study aimed to further examine the factor structure and measurement invariance of the UDRQ among a sample of Hungarian university students.

Methods

Firstly, the factor structure of the UDRQ was examined among 837 Hungarian university students. Specifically, two measurement models (first-order model and second-order model) were constructed and compared. Secondly, the internal consistency reliability of the UDRQ was examined. Thirdly, measurement invariance of the UDRQ was evaluated across genders. Finally, measurement invariance of the UDRQ was evaluated across two different samples.

Results

It was found that the first-order model outperformed the second-order model and better represented the factor structure of the UDRQ subscales. Results of Cronbach's alpha and Composite Reliability suggested that the internal consistency reliabilities of the two UDRQ subscales were satisfactory. Measurement invariance analysis revealed that the UDRQ measurement model was strict invariant across genders and samples.

Conclusion

The findings of the present study indicated that the UDRQ displayed satisfactory reliability and validity and could be used to assess demands and resources of Hungarian university students.

Dimensionality of instructional quality in physical education. Obtaining students' perceptions using bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling and multilevel confirmatory factor analysis

Background

In research on instructional quality, the generic model of the three basic dimensions is an established framework, which postulates that the three dimensions of classroom management, student support and cognitive activation represent quality characteristics of instruction that can be generalized across subjects. However, there are hardly any studies that examine if the three basic dimensions model could represent a suitable approach to measure instructional quality in physical education. Based on an extended model of the basic dimensions, a measurement model of instructional quality for physical education is presented, which integrates different theoretical approaches from the fields of educational and psychological research as well as different subfields of sports science in order to test the factorial structure of the corresponding measurement model.

Methods

1,047 students from 72 seventh to ninth grade classes from different German-speaking Swiss cantons participated in the study. The conceptualization of the instrument is based on a hybrid approach that integrates generic and subject-specific characteristics. The simultaneous analysis at the individual and class level using MCFA was supplemented by more complex methodological techniques within the relatively new B-ESEM framework at the individual level.

Results

The postulated five-factor structure was initially tested using ICM-CFA and showed a good model fit (e.g., χ2/df = 2.32, RMSEA = 0.03, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.97, SRMR = 0.04). MCFA revealed a differential factorial structure at both levels of analysis with five factors at the individual level and four factors at the class level (e.g., χ2/df = 2.23, RMSEA = 0.03, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.96, SRMR within = 0.04, SRMR between = 0.10). ESEM and B-ESEM outperformed the ICM-CFA and showed an excellent model fit (B-ESEM: χ2/df = 1.19, RMSEA = 0.01, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.00, SRMR = 0.01). Inter-factor correlations and factor loadings are largely in line with expectations, indicating arguments for construct validity.

Discussion

The study represents a substantial contribution in linking physical education and the generic research on instructional quality. Overall, strong arguments for the factorial structure of the measurement model were demonstrated. The study can be interpreted as a first step in a multi-step procedure in terms of further validity arguments.

High-performing teams: Is collective intelligence the answer?

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The concept of a general factor of collective intelligence, proposed by Woolley et al. in 2010, has spurred interest in understanding collective intelligence within small groups. This study aims to extend this investigation by examining the validity of a general collective intelligence factor, assessing its underlying factor structure, and evaluating its utility in predicting performance on future group problem-solving tasks and academic outcomes.

METHODS

Employing a correlational study design, we engaged 85 university students in a series of complex cognitive tasks designed to measure collective intelligence through individual, group, and predictive phases.

RESULTS

Contrary to the hypothesized single-factor model, our findings favor a two-factor model influenced by Cattell's theory of crystalized and fluid intelligence. These two factors accounted for substantial variance in group performance outcomes, challenging the prevailing single-factor model. Notably, the predictive validity of these factors on group assignments was statistically significant, with both individual and collective intelligence measures correlating moderately with group assignment scores (rs = .40 to .47, p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our research suggests that collective intelligence in small group settings may not be uniformly governed by a single factor but rather by multiple dimensions that reflect established theories of individual intelligence. This nuanced understanding of collective intelligence could have significant implications for enhancing group performance in both educational and organizational contexts. Future research should explore these dimensions and their independent contributions to group dynamics and outcomes.

Turkish Cross-cultural Adaptation of the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire for Ambulatory Surgery (PHBQ-AS)

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study is to cross-culturally adapt the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire for Ambulatory Surgery (PHBQ-AS) to Turkish and test its validity and reliability.

DESIGN

This is a methodological study.

METHODS

This study was conducted with 121 children aged 1 to 12 years who underwent ambulatory surgery. The data of the study were collected using a Descriptive Information Form, PHBQ-AS, and the Parents' Postoperative Pain Measure. Data analysis and evaluation were performed using factor analysis, Cronbach's α analysis, item-total score correlation analysis, content validity, construct validity, and concurrent validity.

FINDINGS

PHBQ-AS showed a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.801). The item-total correlation values of PHBQ-AS were found to be 0.458 to 0.753. PHBQ-AS was determined to be a single-factor scale explaining 66% of the variance in the examined variable. PHBQ-AS and Parents' Postoperative Pain Measure scores were moderately correlated.

CONCLUSIONS

The Turkish version of PHBQ-AS was highly valid and reliable for the Turkish population. A recommendation for health care professionals in Turkey is to use the PHBQ-AS scale to evaluate posthospitalization behavioral changes in children who are admitted for ambulatory surgery.

Psychometric Properties of a Turkish Version of The Psychosocial Needs Inventory; Sampling from Oncology Patients

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Psychosocial Needs Inventory (PNI) among Turkish oncology patients.

METHODS

A methodological study was conducted with 1,547 oncology patients. This validation study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 included translation of the PNI according to World Health Organization recommendations, investigation of content validity by experts, and a pilot study involving 136 participants. Phase 2 included a validity and reliability analysis of the PNI. Data analysis comprised exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability, Hotelling's T2 test and item-total score correlation, and the Content Validity Index (CVI).

RESULTS

For the phase 1, the CVI for items and scale were >.75 and .883, respectively. Cronbach's alpha values of the subdimensions ranged between 0.84 and 0.94. The test-retest analyses of the subdimensions showed correlation coefficients based on the pilot test (p < .001). For the phase 2, based on the fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis, the structures of the dimensions "Importance" and "Satisfaction" were acceptable. Cronbach's alpha values of the subdimensions ranged between 0.84 to 0.94 in the "Importance" dimension and 0.86 to 0.94 in the "Satisfaction" dimension. As a result of EFA, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, Bartlett's test (p < 0.001) and PNI Importance explained at 68.46% and PNI Satisfaction at 70.15% of the total variance by the six-factor structure. CFA showed that the indices and validity, including content validity, convergent validity were satisfactory.

CONCLUSION

The PNI, which was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool, can be used to determine the psychosocial needs of cancer patients.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

Health professionals need to use the PNI to measure their importance to cancer patients' psychosocial needs and assess their satisfaction with meeting them to improve holistic care and support.

Development and validation of the Environmental Confinement Stressors Scale (ECSS-20)

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a global crisis with severe consequences for public health. There have been negative impacts on people's quality of life and mental health due to various stressors arising in this context, such as physical, social, economic, and psychological challenges. Noteworthy among these are the indirect effects of health measures, especially social distancing and confinement, which have significantly altered people's daily lives and social activities, producing high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. This study proposes developing and validating a cross-sectional scale called the "Environmental Stressors Scale (ECSS-20)" to address the need to measure the impact of environmental stressors during confinement. The scale, which has been validated following ethical and methodological guidelines, consists of four dimensions: economic stressors (EE), social activities (SA), habitability (H), and exposure to virtual media (EMV). A pilot study (n = 113) and a main study (n = 314) were applied. The results showed that the instrument has a reliable and valid structure, with satisfactory internal consistency and factorial validity. Likewise, gender invariance tests supported its suitability for its applicability to women and men. Overall, the ECSS-20 is a valuable instrument for assessing the impact of confinement and improving the understanding of people's subjective experiences in this situation. Future research could further develop its applicability in different contexts and populations to better understand its usefulness and psychometric properties.

Pediatric renal caregiver burden scale: Psychometric properties of the Turkish version

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

As treatment increasingly shifts from hospital settings to home environments, the burden on caregivers of chronic kidney disease patients has the potential to increase further. It is essential to assess the experience and burdens of caregivers of children with chronic kidney disease to identify caregivers' needs and provide targeted interventions when necessary. Hence, this study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Pediatric Renal Caregiver Burden Scale (PR-CBS).

METHODS

This methodological study involved 215 parents with children aged 5-18 and was conducted between December 5, 2021, and August 15, 2022. The Content Validity Index, Explanatory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses, Cronbach's alpha, Test-retest reliability, and item-total score correlation were used in the data analysis. The Turkish version of PR-CBS test-retest reliability analysis was performed with 30 parents after four weeks.

RESULTS

PR-CBS consists of 20 items and five sub-dimensions (illness worries, impact on self, impact on child, responsibility, institutional burden). The Turkish version of the PR-CBS and its five dimensions demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency and reliability. The construct validity of the Turkish version of the PR-CBS was confirmed by Explanatory Factor Analyses and was validated with Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

PR-CBS is a valid and reliable tool to assess the burden of caregivers of children with chronic kidney disease in Turkish society.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

By assessing the care burden of families, pediatric nurses can enhance the opportunity to provide quality care and support to caregivers and their patients.

How Does the Breastfeeding Environment Affect Satisfaction? A Scale Development Study

BACKGROUND

Women need a safe and comfortable environment to breastfeed their babies. The quality of breastfeeding environments in social areas is important for women's breastfeeding satisfaction.

AIM

The aim of this study was to develop a measurement tool for the evaluation of breastfeeding environments and to examine the impact of the quality of breastfeeding environments in social areas on breastfeeding satisfaction.

METHOD

The first phase of the study was conducted in methodological design and the second phase in cross-sectional design. The draft scale was applied to 365 women who had breastfeeding experiences in social environments during the postpartum 6 months-3 years period. In the first stage, scale development analyses were applied. In the second stage, the developed scale was applied to 255 women. Frequency, percentage, Cronbach's α coefficient, and correlation analysis were used in the analysis of the data.

RESULTS

The Ideal Breastfeeding Environment Assessment Scale, consisting of 23 items and four subdimensions, was obtained in the study. As a result of the application of the scale in the second stage, the mean score of the breastfeeding environments evaluated by the women was 23.43 ± 8.36. A statistically significant moderate-weak correlation was found between the ideality of breastfeeding environments and the satisfaction levels of women (p < .001).

CONCLUSION

It was determined that the developed scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to evaluate breastfeeding environments. As the quality of breastfeeding environments increases, women's breastfeeding satisfaction increases.

Integrating "Lumpers" versus "Splitters" Perspectives: Toward a Hierarchical Dimensional Taxonomy of Eating Disorders from Clinician Ratings

This study describes a hierarchical dimensional model of eating-disorder (ED) classification based on the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Participants were community-recruited adults with an ED (N=252; 81.9% female). We used a modified version of Goldberg's (2006) method, which involved sequentially extracting latent factors using exploratory structural equation modeling, resulting in a 10-factor hierarchical-dimensional model. Dimensions predicted 92.4% and 58.7% of the variance in recovery outcomes at six-month and one-year, respectively. Compared to other illness indicators (e.g., DSM diagnoses, dimensional ED impairment scores, weight/shape overvaluation, and DSM ED severity specifiers), hierarchical dimensions predicted .88 to 334 times more variance in ED behaviors at baseline and 1.95 to 80.8 times more variance in psychiatric impairment at one-year follow-up. Results suggest that reducing within-disorder heterogeneity for EDs within the broader context of internalizing symptoms provides a powerful framework from which to predict outcomes and understand symptoms experienced by those with EDs.

Psychometric properties of the Turkish Version General Self-Efficacy Scale in children and adolescents with cancer

OBJECTIVES

The study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale in children and adolescents aged 8-18 undergoing cancer treatment.

METHODS

The sample of this methodological and descriptive study consisted of 128 children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 in the pediatric hematology-oncology wards and outpatient units of a university hospital. The study was implemented in a university hospital in Turkey between March 2023 and November 2023. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with children and adolescents attending the clinic or outpatient clinic. Data were collected using the information form and General Self-Efficacy Scale psychometric tests, Cronbach's alpha, Test-retest, validity and reliability analysis). Item-total score correlation was used.

RESULTS

In the exploratory factor analysis, Kaiser Meyer Olkin was p 0.77, for which Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (p < 0.001). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a ten-item unidimensional structure with satisfactory representation. Item-total score correlations of the scale ranged between 0.32 and 0.52. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the model fit indices of this scale were obtained as follows: χ2/sd = 1.36, Goodness-of-Fit Index = 0.94, Comparative Fit Index = 0.92, Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index = 0.90, and Cronbach alpha value, indicating the internal consistency of the entire scale, was 0.76.

CONCLUSIONS

The scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing self-efficacy in children and adolescents between the ages of eight and eighteen undergoing cancer treatment.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

The study will provide precious information for experimental interventions and follow-up studies to assess the self-efficacy of children and adolescents with cancer.

Exploratory Procedure for Component-Based Structural Equation Modeling for Simple Structure by Simultaneous Rotation

Generalized structured component analysis (GSCA) is a structural equation modeling (SEM) procedure that constructs components by weighted sums of observed variables and confirmatorily examines their regressional relationship. The research proposes an exploratory version of GSCA, called exploratory GSCA (EGSCA). EGSCA is analogous to exploratory SEM (ESEM) developed as an exploratory factor-based SEM procedure, which seeks the relationships between the observed variables and the components by orthogonal rotation of the parameter matrices. The indeterminacy of orthogonal rotation in GSCA is first shown as a theoretical support of the proposed method. The whole EGSCA procedure is then presented, together with a new rotational algorithm specialized to EGSCA, which aims at simultaneous simplification of all parameter matrices. Two numerical simulation studies revealed that EGSCA with the following rotation successfully recovered the true values of the parameter matrices and was superior to the existing GSCA procedure. EGSCA was applied to two real datasets, and the model suggested by the EGSCA's result was shown to be better than the model proposed by previous research, which demonstrates the effectiveness of EGSCA in model exploration.

The Experience of Embodiment Scale: An examination of its psychometric properties in women from the Republic of Cyprus

The Experience of Embodiment Scale (EES) is a recently developed instrument that assesses experiences of living in the body. Here, we prepared a novel Greek translation of the EES and examined its psychometric properties. We initially prepared a Greek translation of the EES using a 5-step procedure recommended for test adaptation studies. Next, in a cross-sectional study, we asked a sample of 933 women from Cyprus to complete the Greek EES, alongside additional, previously validated measures assessing body appreciation, psychological well-being (self-esteem, life satisfaction), eating restriction, perfectionism, and internalisation of appearance ideals. Our analyses showed that EES factorial models based on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) roundly had poor fit. Conversely, models based on exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM)-which accounts for the fact that EES items cross-load across factors-had adequate fit to the data. Additionally, we found that both higher-order and bifactor-ESEM models that controlled for the uniqueness of negatively worded items had adequate fit. The bifactor-ESEM model had the best fit of all the models tested, and was invariant across ethnicity (Greeks and Greek-Cypriots) and was unaffected by differential item functioning based on age and body mass index. Additionally, construct validity of the final, optimal model was adequate, especially for its G-factor, as indicated by significant associations with additional constructs in expected directions. These results suggest that a bifactor-ESEM model of the Greek EES has adequate psychometric properties. Our work highlights important psychometric issues relating to the manner in which the EES should (or could) be conceptualised and modelled, which should be considered more fully in future work.

The Ergonomic Behaviors Evaluation Tool (EBET) based on social cognitive theory for the assembly line workers: development and psychometric assessment

BACKGROUND

Ergonomic behaviors play a crucial role in preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). To measure these behaviors, this research aimed to develop and evaluate an ergonomic behaviors tool (EBET) based on the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) among women workers on assembly lines (WwAL).

METHODS

The study was conducted from December 2022 to January 2023 with a focus on the psychometric assessment of EBET. Initially, a literature review and interviews were carried out to identify crucial concepts and primary items. The questionnaire's validity was evaluated using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the Content Validity Index (CVI). To determine the domains of the tool, construct validity was examined by administering the items to 270 eligible women. The reliability of the tool was assessed using McDonald's Omega coefficient.

RESULTS

From a total of 67 primary items, 50 were confirmed. The study demonstrated good validity with CVR = 0.92 and CVI = 0.97, along with reliable results indicated by McDonald's Omega coefficient of 0.74. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed ten distinct dimensions: outcome expectations, outcome expectancies, normative beliefs, perceived barriers, social support, observational learning, reinforcement, behavioral skills, self-efficacy, and intention. Together, these dimensions accounted for 66.25% of the variance in the data. Additionally, the confirmatory factor analysis results supported the presence of these ten constructs and demonstrated a satisfactory fit.

CONCLUSIONS

EBET is a dependable and valid instrument for evaluating the ergonomic behaviors of workers, utilizing the principles of SCT. Researchers can employ EBET to gather data and implement suitable training interventions to enhance ergonomic behavior among WwAL. However, it is crucial to recognize that EBET may not encompass all facets of ergonomic behaviors. Therefore, it is imperative for future research to prioritize the evaluation of EBET's suitability among diverse worker populations and to consider additional dimensions of ergonomics to ensure its wider applicability and effectiveness.

Dimensionality, Invariance, and Nomological Network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS): An Extensive Psychometric Investigation in a Swedish Work Cohort

The present study evaluated the dimensionality, measurement invariance, and nomological network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS) in a sample of Swedish workers. Using confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, and bifactor modeling, 30 different measurement models were evaluated cross-sectionally (n = 2123) and longitudinally (n = 1506). Measurement invariance was tested across gender and time. The nomological network of the NSFS was examined through its relations with life satisfaction and cognitive weariness. The findings supported a first-order six-factor ESEM model and measurement invariance of the Swedish version of the NSFS. Need satisfaction was positively related to life satisfaction and unrelated to cognitive weariness. Need frustration was negatively related to life satisfaction and positively related to cognitive weariness. The present study supported a six-factor structure of the Swedish NSFS, which appears suitable for assessing changes over time and gender differences in ratings.

Development and psychometric analysis of a pediatric cancer survivors Psychosocial Late Effects Scale (PCSLES)

PURPOSE

Although the physiological late effects of childhood cancer survivors are more obvious, appropriate assessment of psychosocial effects is needed. Therefore, it was aimed to develop a scale to evaluate psychosocial late effects in cancer survivors and to test its validity and reliability.

DESIGN AND METHODS

This methodological study was conducted with 100 children and adolescents who survived were collected at the oncology center in the south of Türkiye in 2022. Data were collected with the "Personal Information Form" and "Pediatric Cancer Survivors Psychosocial Late Effects Scale (PCSLES)" IBM SPSS 24.0 and IBM AMOS 24.0 software programs were used for data analysis, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze numeric variables. Exploration and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to determine the scale's factorial structure.

RESULTS

The factorial analysis was used to test the structural validity of the scale. A four-factor structure consisting of 17 items was developed. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for "1" was 0.89, "2" was 0.87, "3" was 0.80, "4" was 0.82 and the total score was 0.92. Fit indices resulting from the study were χ2/SD: 1.497, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA): 0.071, goodnessof-fit index (GFI): 0.85, comparative-of-fit index (CFI): 0.94, and normed fit index (NFI): 0.85.

CONCLUSION

The scale is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to determine psychosocial late effects in pediatric cancer patients.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Utilizing the PCSLES can assist in identifying the psychosocial symptoms of child survivors/adolescents and facilitate the planning of appropriate interventions.

Developing a responsive model to societal needs in medical education

BACKGROUND

Responsiveness is relevant in the context of treatment and the provision of medical services. However, if we delve deeper into the subject, we must establish and develop responsiveness within the medical sciences education system. This study aims to identify the dimensions that significantly impact responsiveness in the medical education system based on a comprehensive review and expert opinions in healthcare.

METHODS

The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of its objective and follows a mixed-method approach. This study was conducted in three stages. Initially, we utilized relevant keywords related to education in databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, OVID, CINHAL, EBSCO, Google Scholar, Iranmedex, SID, and Irandoc. Subsequently, in the expert panel session stage, the factors influencing responsiveness were identified in the comprehensive review stage, and with this thematic background, they were conceptualized. Finally, the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) technique was employed to coherently examine the relationships between variables and present the final model.

RESULTS

We obtained 32 articles from the comprehensive review of studies. Four components in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and intersectoral cooperation were identified based on expert panel opinions. Based on the standardized coefficients, the components of research-based educational planning, community-oriented education evaluation indicators, and utilization of modern educational methods are statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

The establishment and development of responsiveness in the medical sciences education system involve training specialized and responsive human resources through innovative educational methods that have sufficient familiarity with the multidimensional concepts of health and how to achieve them. This approach allows for practical and responsible steps toward training competent and committed physicians in line with the needs of society. On the other hand, responsiveness in the medical sciences education system can be improved by enhancing research-based educational planning and developing community-oriented evaluation indicators that can assess the number of revised educational programs based on societal needs. Therefore, understanding the critical elements in revising medical education programs, which play the most significant role in addressing societal needs and responding to changing disease patterns and new health priorities, is both a necessity and an important priority.

When the Confounding Effect of Optimism Meets the Collider Effect of Motivation: Prospective teachers' Moral Motives and Moral Stances

Previous studies clearly indicate the importance of exploring factors that influence teachers'/prospective teachers' moral stances on teaching-related ethical concerns. However, none of these studies have specifically examined the moral motives of teachers/prospective teachers based on the activation of their moral regulation systems in personal, interpersonal, and social settings, while considering both the collider effect of motivation strength and the confounding effect of dispositional optimism. Such an investigation could provide deeper insights into teachers' moral stances regarding critical incidents that give rise to ethical concerns within educational environments, particularly during the initial stages of their teaching careers (i.e., teacher education). Therefore, in the current study, prospective teachers' moral motives were examined as predictors of their perceptions regarding unethical teacher behaviors, considering the collider effect of motivation strength and the confounding effect of dispositional optimism. 701 prospective teachers participated in the study. Comprehensive analyses, including preliminary exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and a main analysis (i.e., set-ESEM), were implemented to investigate the relationships between the research variables thoroughly. The results revealed that the moral motives of 'self-restraint' and 'not harming' had a significant negative effect on the moral stances of prospective teachers regarding the adoption of unethical teacher behaviors. In contrast, the 'social order' moral motive had a significant positive effect on their moral stances toward adopting unethical teacher behaviors. In particular, these effects were not due to the collider effect of motivation strength or the confounding effect of dispositional optimism. Theoretical and practical implications were also discussed in the study.