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Mainou E, Ribeiro RM, Conway JM. Modeling dynamics of acute HIV infection incorporating density-dependent cell death and multiplicity of infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012129. [PMID: 38848426 PMCID: PMC11189221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of acute HIV infection can offer valuable insights into the early stages of viral behavior, potentially helping uncover various aspects of HIV pathogenesis. The standard viral dynamics model explains HIV viral dynamics during acute infection reasonably well. However, the model makes simplifying assumptions, neglecting some aspects of HIV infection. For instance, in the standard model, target cells are infected by a single HIV virion. Yet, cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI) may have considerable effects in pathogenesis and viral evolution. Further, when using the standard model, we take constant infected cell death rates, simplifying the dynamic immune responses. Here, we use four models-1) the standard viral dynamics model, 2) an alternate model incorporating cellular MOI, 3) a model assuming density-dependent death rate of infected cells and 4) a model combining (2) and (3)-to investigate acute infection dynamics in 43 people living with HIV very early after HIV exposure. We find that all models qualitatively describe the data, but none of the tested models is by itself the best to capture different kinds of heterogeneity. Instead, different models describe differing features of the dynamics more accurately. For example, while the standard viral dynamics model may be the most parsimonious across study participants by the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), we find that viral peaks are better explained by a model allowing for cellular MOI, using a linear regression analysis as analyzed by R2. These results suggest that heterogeneity in within-host viral dynamics cannot be captured by a single model. Depending on the specific aspect of interest, a corresponding model should be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Mainou
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Conway
- Department of Mathematics, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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2
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Schreurs RRCE, Koulis A, Booiman T, Boeser-Nunnink B, Cloherty APM, Rader AG, Patel KS, Kootstra NA, Ribeiro CMS. Autophagy-enhancing ATG16L1 polymorphism is associated with improved clinical outcome and T-cell immunity in chronic HIV-1 infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2465. [PMID: 38548722 PMCID: PMC10979031 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection is characterized by T-cell dysregulation that is partly restored by antiretroviral therapy. Autophagy is a critical regulator of T-cell function. Here, we demonstrate a protective role for autophagy in HIV-1 disease pathogenesis. Targeted analysis of genetic variation in core autophagy gene ATG16L1 reveals the previously unidentified rs6861 polymorphism, which correlates functionally with enhanced autophagy and clinically with improved survival of untreated HIV-1-infected individuals. T-cells carrying ATG16L1 rs6861(TT) genotype display improved antiviral immunity, evidenced by increased proliferation, revamped immune responsiveness, and suppressed exhaustion/immunosenescence features. In-depth flow-cytometric and transcriptional profiling reveal T-helper-cell-signatures unique to rs6861(TT) individuals with enriched regulation of pro-inflammatory networks and skewing towards immunoregulatory phenotype. Therapeutic enhancement of autophagy recapitulates the rs6861(TT)-associated T-cell traits in non-carriers. These data underscore the in vivo relevance of autophagy for longer-lasting T-cell-mediated HIV-1 control, with implications towards development of host-directed antivirals targeting autophagy to restore immune function in chronic HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée R C E Schreurs
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios Koulis
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Booiman
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte Boeser-Nunnink
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra P M Cloherty
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anusca G Rader
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kharishma S Patel
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla M S Ribeiro
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Liu X, Lv T, Li X, Xue J, Lin L, Lu L, Li X, Yang Y, Wu Y, Wei Q, Cao W, Li T. Comprehensive transcriptomic analyses identify the immunosuppressive effects of LLDT-8 in ART-treated SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111173. [PMID: 37984249 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic immune activation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and disease progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the existing interventions to address this issue are limited. In a phase II clinical trial, (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) demonstrated promising potential in enhancing CD4+ T cell recovery. However, the therapeutical effects of LLDT-8 remained to be systemic explored. METHODS To assess the treatment effects of LLDT-8, we conducted flow cytometry and RNA-seq analyses on eight Chinese rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Additionally, we performed comprehensive transcriptomic analyses, including cross-sectional and longitudinal differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and deconvolution analysis using peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from 14-time points. These findings were further validated with RNA-seq analysis on patients who received LLDT-8 treatment, along with in vitro cellular experiments using human PBMCs. RESULTS Flow cytometry analysis revealed that LLDT-8 treatment significantly reduced the percentage of HLA-DR+CD38+CD8+ T cells in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys (P < 0.001). The cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis identified 2531 and 1809 DEGs, respectively. GSEA analysis indicated that LLDT-8 treatment led to significant downregulation of proliferation-related pathways, such as E2F targets, G2M checkpoint, and mitotic spindle pathways. WGCNA analysis identified two modules and 202 hub genes associated with CD8 activation levels. Deconvolution analysis showed a significant decrease in the proportion of CD8+ T cells and activated CD4+ T cells during LLDT-8 treatment. Gene ontology results demonstrated that the common DEGs between LLDT-8-treated patients and rhesus monkeys were primarily enriched in cell activation and cell cycle progression. Furthermore, in vitro cellular experiments validated the consistent impact of LLDT-8 in inhibiting proliferation, activation (HLA-DR and CD38 expression), exhaustion (PD-1 expression), and IFN-γ production in human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSION LLDT-8 exhibited notable efficacy in alleviating immune activation in both an in vivo animal model and in vitro human cell experiments. These findings suggest that LLDT-8 may hold potential as a drug for managing systemic immune activation associated with SIV/HIV infection, warranting further prospective clinical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingxia Lv
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuxia Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfeng Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanni Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Taisheng Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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4
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Sponaugle A, Weideman AMK, Ranek J, Atassi G, Kuruc J, Adimora AA, Archin NM, Gay C, Kuritzkes DR, Margolis DM, Vincent BG, Stanley N, Hudgens MG, Eron JJ, Goonetilleke N. Dominant CD4 + T cell receptors remain stable throughout antiretroviral therapy-mediated immune restoration in people with HIV. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101268. [PMID: 37949070 PMCID: PMC10694675 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In people with HIV (PWH), the post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) window is critical for immune restoration and HIV reservoir stabilization. We employ deep immune profiling and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing and examine proliferation to assess how ART impacts T cell homeostasis. In PWH on long-term ART, lymphocyte frequencies and phenotypes are mostly stable. By contrast, broad phenotypic changes in natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T cells, B cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are observed in the post-ART window. Whereas CD8+ T cells mostly restore, memory CD4+ T subsets and cytolytic NK cells show incomplete restoration 1.4 years post ART. Surprisingly, the hierarchies and frequencies of dominant CD4 TCR clonotypes (0.1%-11% of all CD4+ T cells) remain stable post ART, suggesting that clonal homeostasis can be independent of homeostatic processes regulating CD4+ T cell absolute number, phenotypes, and function. The slow restoration of host immunity post ART also has implications for the design of ART interruption studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Sponaugle
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ann Marie K Weideman
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jolene Ranek
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gatphan Atassi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - JoAnn Kuruc
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancie M Archin
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia Gay
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin G Vincent
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie Stanley
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Computer Science, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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5
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Moyano A, Ndlovu B, Mbele M, Naidoo K, Khan N, Mann JK, Ndung'u T. Differing natural killer cell, T cell and antibody profiles in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 viraemic controllers with and without protective HLA alleles. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286507. [PMID: 37267224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work suggests that HIV controllers with protective human leukocyte antigen class I alleles (VC+) possess a high breadth of Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses, while controllers without protective alleles (VC-) have a different unknown mechanism of control. We aimed to gain further insight into potential mechanisms of control in VC+ and VC-. We studied 15 VC+, 12 VC- and 4 healthy uninfected individuals (UI). CD8+ T cell responses were measured by ELISpot. Flow cytometry was performed to analyse surface markers for activation, maturation, and exhaustion on natural killer (NK) cell and T cells, as well as cytokine secretion from stimulated NK cells. We measured plasma neutralization activity against a panel of 18 Env-pseudotyped viruses using the TZM-bl neutralization assay. We found no significant differences in the magnitude and breadth of CD8+ T cell responses between VC+ and VC-. However, NK cells from VC- had higher levels of activation markers (HLA-DR and CD38) (p = 0.03), and lower cytokine expression (MIP-1β and TNF-α) (p = 0.05 and p = 0.04, respectively) than NK cells from VC+. T cells from VC- had higher levels of activation (CD38 and HLA-DR co-expression) (p = 0.05), as well as a trend towards higher expression of the terminal differentiation marker CD57 (p = 0.09) when compared to VC+. There was no difference in overall neutralization breadth between VC+ and VC- groups, although there was a trend for higher neutralization potency in the VC- group (p = 0.09). Altogether, these results suggest that VC- have a more activated NK cell profile with lower cytokine expression, and a more terminally differentiated and activated T cell profile than VC+. VC- also showed a trend of more potent neutralizing antibody responses that may enhance viral clearance. Further studies are required to understand how these NK, T cell and antibody profiles may contribute to differing mechanisms of control in VC+ and VC-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moyano
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bongiwe Ndlovu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Msizi Mbele
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kewreshini Naidoo
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nasreen Khan
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jaclyn K Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Li S, Li J, Tian Y, Liu J, Zhu J, Chen N, Shang S. A potent CD8 T-cell response may be associated with partial cross-protection conferred by an attenuated Chinese HP-PRRSV vaccine against NADC30-like PRRSV challenge. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37159409 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most devastating pathogens to the global swine industry. Many commercial PRRSV vaccines, originally designed to provide homologous protection, have shown partial protection against heterologous strains. However, the protective immune mechanisms mediated by these PRRSV vaccines are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the factors responsible for partial protection conferred by an attenuated Chinese HP-PRRSV vaccine (TJM-F92) against heterologous NADC30-like PRRSV. By analysing peripheral T-cell responses induced by the TJM-F92 vaccine and local and systemic memory responses following challenge with NADC30-like PRRSV (SD17-38 strains) as well as neutralizing antibody response, we found that the TJM-F92 vaccine induced a significant expansion of CD8 T cells but not CD4 T cells or γδ T cells. The expanded CD8 T cells exhibited a phenotype of effector memory T cells and secreted IFN-γ upon restimulation with SD17-38 strains in vitro. In addition, only CD8 T cells in the prior immunized pigs rapidly expanded in the blood and spleen after heterologous challenge, with higher magnitude, compared to the unvaccinated pigs, showing a remarkable memory response. In contrast, no obvious humoral immune response was enhanced in the vaccinated and challenged pigs, and no heterologous neutralizing antibodies were detected throughout the experiment. Our results suggested that CD8 T cells elicited by the TJM-F92 vaccine may be responsible for partial heterologous protection against NADC30-like PRRSV strains and potentially recognize the conserved antigens among PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
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7
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Singh KP, Pallett LJ, Singh H, Chen A, Otano I, Duriez M, Rombouts K, Pinzani M, Crane M, Fusai G, Avihingsanon A, Lewin SR, Maini MK. Pro-fibrogenic role of alarmin high mobility group box 1 in HIV-hepatitis B virus coinfection. AIDS 2023; 37:401-411. [PMID: 36384811 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver disease is accelerated in people with HIV (PWH) with hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection. We hypothesized that liver fibrosis in HIV-HBV is triggered by increased hepatocyte apoptosis, microbial translocation and/or HIV/HBV viral products. DESIGN Sera from PWH with HBV coinfection versus from those with HBV only or putative mediators were used to examine the pathogenesis of liver disease in HIV-HBV. METHODS We applied sera from PWH and HBV coinfection versus HBV alone, or putative mediators (including HMGB1), to primary human hepatic stellate cells (hHSC) and examined pro-fibrogenic changes at the single cell level using flow cytometry. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels in the applied sera were assessed according to donor fibrosis stage. RESULTS Quantitative flow cytometric assessment of pro-fibrogenic and inflammatory changes at the single cell level revealed an enhanced capacity for sera from PWH with HBV coinfection to activate hHSC. This effect was recapitulated by lipopolysaccharide, HIV-gp120, hepatocyte conditioned-media and the alarmin HMGB1. Induction of hepatocyte cell death increased their pro-fibrogenic potential, an effect blocked by HMGB1 antagonist glycyrrhizic acid. Consistent with a role for this alarmin, HMGB1 levels were elevated in sera from PWH and hepatitis B coinfection compared to HBV alone and higher in those with HIV-HBV with liver fibrosis compared to those without. CONCLUSIONS Sera from PWH and HBV coinfection have an enhanced capacity to activate primary hHSC. We identified an increase in circulating HMGB1 which, in addition to HIV-gp120 and translocated microbial products, drove pro-fibrogenic changes in hHSC, as mechanisms contributing to accelerated liver disease in HIV-HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasha P Singh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Harsimran Singh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antony Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Itziar Otano
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marion Duriez
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Crane
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Ganesan N, Ronsmans S, Hoet P. Methods to Assess Proliferation of Stimulated Human Lymphocytes In Vitro: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030386. [PMID: 36766728 PMCID: PMC9913443 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to monitor lymphocyte responses is critical for developing our understanding of the immune response in humans. In the current clinical setting, relying on the metabolic incorporation of [3H] thymidine into cellular DNA via a lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) is the only method that is routinely performed to determine cell proliferation. However, techniques that measure DNA synthesis with a radioactive material such as [3H] thymidine are intrinsically more sensitive to the different stages of the cell cycle, which could lead to over-analyses and the subsequent inaccurate interpretation of the information provided. With cell proliferation assays, the output should preferably provide a direct and accurate measurement of the number of actively dividing cells, regardless of the stimuli properties or length of exposure. In fact, an ideal technique should have the capacity to measure lymphocyte responses on both a quantitative level, i.e., cumulative magnitude of lymphoproliferative response, and a qualitative level, i.e., phenotypical and functional characterization of stimulated immune cells. There are many LPT alternatives currently available to measure various aspects of cell proliferation. Of the nine techniques discussed, we noted that the majority of these LPT alternatives measure lymphocyte proliferation using flow cytometry. Across some of these alternatives, the covalent labelling of cells with a high fluorescence intensity and low variance with minimal cell toxicity while maximizing the number of detectable cell divisions or magnitude of proliferation was achieved. Herein, we review the performance of these different LPT alternatives and address their compatibility with the [3H] thymidine LPT so as to identify the "best" alternative to the [3H] thymidine LPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha Ganesan
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Ronsmans
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Clinic for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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9
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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wu H, Li J, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zou D, Li Z, Wang S. Synthetic and Biodegradable Molybdenum (IV) Diselenide Triggers the Cascade Photo- and Immunotherapy of Tumor. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200524. [PMID: 35611682 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-decorated MoSe2 (MoSe2 -PVP) nanoparticle with excellent photothermal transforming ability and chlorin E6 (Ce6) loading capacity is designed for combined tumor photothermal therapy (PTT), tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT), and immunotherapy. The light-to-heat conversion efficiency under irradiation with an 808 nm near-infrared laser is as high as 59.28%. The MoSe2 -PVP NPs could function as an artificial catalase and catalyze the decomposition of H2 O2 . Their catalytic activity and thermal durability are higher than the native catalase, which relieve the tumor hypoxia status and sensitize the tumor PDT. The data show that the synthetic MoSe2 -PVP is biodegradable, owing to the oxidation of the Mo4+ to Mo6+ . Moreover, its degradation products could increase the proportion of mature dendritic cells and CD8+ thymus (T) cells and promote the infiltration of active CD8+ T cells in tumors. The immune checkpoint inhibitor, programmed cell death protein 1 monoclonal antibody is combined with MoSe2 -PVP and it is found that its degradation product could efficiently change the immune microenvironment of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiulong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology Changhai Hospital Naval Military Medical University No. 168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 197, Rui Jin Er Road Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Hang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology Changhai Hospital Naval Military Medical University No. 168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 197, Rui Jin Er Road Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
| | - Liying Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Duowu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 197, Rui Jin Er Road Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology Changhai Hospital Naval Military Medical University No. 168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Shige Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology Changhai Hospital Naval Military Medical University No. 168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Therapy for Tumors University of Shanghai for Science and Technology No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
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10
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Zhang M, Wang L, Liu J, Pang Y. Envelope virus-mimetic nanovaccines by hybridizing bioengineered cell membranes with bacterial vesicles. iScience 2022; 25:104490. [PMID: 35712077 PMCID: PMC9194135 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging threats of rapid spread highly lethal infectious diseases highlight the urgent need of vaccine development. Here, we describe the preparation of envelope virus-mimetic nanovaccines by hybridizing bioengineered cell membranes with bacterial vesicles. Membranes acquired from bioengineered cells overexpressing viral antigens are fused with bacterial outer membrane vesicles to develop hybrid nanovesicles. Because of the presence of intact viral antigenic proteins with natural conformation bound to lipid bilayer and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, hybrid nanovesicles can strikingly promote antigen uptake, processing and presentation by dendritic cells. Immunization with envelope virus-mimetic nanovaccines shows significantly enhanced maturation and activation of dendritic cells, which elicit robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. By virtue of their artificial characteristic and absence of loaded adjuvants, these biomimetic nanovaccines exhibit favorable biosafety. Our work demonstrates the effectiveness of envelope virus-mimetic nanovaccines to boost antigen-specific immunity and proposes a simple yet versatile platform to prepare antiviral vaccines. Nanovaccines were hybridized by bioengineered cell membranes and bacterial vesicles Nanovaccines possessed intact viral antigens with natural conformation Nanovaccines promoted antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by dendritic cells Nanovaccines elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice
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11
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Lee HJ, Gau CC, Lee WF, Lee WI, Huang JL, Chen SH, Yeh HY, Liang CJ, Fu SH. Comparison of [ 3H]-Thymidine, Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester and Ki-67 in Lymphocyte Proliferation. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:638549. [PMID: 35547552 PMCID: PMC9082031 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.638549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with T cell deficiency <10% of normal proliferation are indicated to receive immune reconstruction by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This study aimed to investigate whether non-radioactive assays can be used to quantitatively detect the lymphocyte proliferation <10% of normal as radioactive [3H]-thymidine." METHODS Radioactive [3H]-thymidine, non-radioactive carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and Ki-67 protein expressions were used to measure the lymphocyte proliferation as calculated using the stimulation index (SI), subtraction percentage, and proliferation index (FlowJo software). Normal references were established for comparison in the absence of parallel healthy controls. RESULTS Normal ranges of mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation were established as a SI of 15-267 (CSFE 47-92%, Ki-67 42-79%) with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) 5 μg/ml stimulation; 19-139 (CFSE 62-83%, 45-74% Ki-67) with concanavalin-A (ConA) 5 μg/ml stimulation; 7-53 (CFSE 6-23%, Ki-67 10-24%) with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) 0.1 ug/ml stimulation; 3-28 (CFSE 4-10%, Ki-67 5-14%) with candida 10 ug/ml stimulation; and 2-27 (CFSE 6-41%, Ki-67 6-30%) with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) 0.02 ng/ml stimulation. The normalized CFSE-proliferation index was between 2.1 and 3.0. Although there was no significant correlation between these three assays in the healthy controls, the SI value for <10% [3H]-thymidine proliferation in those with T cell deficiency was compatible with CFSE- and Ki-67-stained lymphocyte percentages, and validated in patients with IL2RG, RAG1, and ZAP70 mutations. When calculating [3H]-thymidine <10% of normal lymphocyte proliferation, the threshold of parallel controls was more reliable than previously established normal references. CONCLUSION The large quantitative value of radioactive [3H]-thymidine was more easily recognizable than that for non-radioactive CFSE and Ki-67. Even though the correlation was not significant, those identified to have <10% of normal proliferation by [3H]-thymidine could be consistently detected by CFSE and Ki-67, and consequently indicated for HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ju Lee
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chun Gau
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatric General Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Fang Lee
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-I Lee
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Yu Yeh
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jou Liang
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hang Fu
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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12
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Heidarzadeh M, Keyhanmanesh R, Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R, Rezaie J, Saberianpour S, Hasanpour M, Eslami A, Soleimanpour J, Ahmadi M. Chronic asthmatic condition modulated the onset of aging in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:821-827. [PMID: 34227133 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of an inflammatory condition such as asthma could affect the therapeutic potential of stem cells. Synopsis of previous documents yielded controversial outcomes, leading to a limitation of stem cell-based therapy in the clinical setting. This study aimed to assess the impact of asthmatic serum on the MSCs aging and dynamic growth in vitro. Rats were divided into control and asthmatic groups randomly. The asthmatic change was induced using OVA sensitization. The asthmatic structural changes are monitored by conventional Haematoxylin-Eosin staining. Thereafter, blood samples were taken and sera provided from each group. In this study, primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in culture medium supplemented with normal and asthmatic serum for 7 days. The MSCs viability was examined using the MTT assay. The expression of the aging-related gene (β-galactosidase), and stemness-related markers such as Sox2, Kfl-4 and p16INK4a were analysed by real-time PCR assay. Histological examination revealed chronic inflammatory remodelling which is identical to asthmatic changes. MTT assay showed a reduction of mesenchymal stem cell viability compared to the control group (P < .05). Real-time PCR analysis revealed a down-regulation of stemness-related markers Sox2, Kfl-4 and p16INK4a coincided with aging changes (β-galactosidase) compared to the control group (P < .05). These data show the detrimental effect of asthmatic condition on bone marrow regenerative potential by accelerating early-stage aging in different stem cells and further progenitor cell depletion. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: In such inflammatory conditions as asthma, the therapeutic potential of stem cells may be altered. We demonstrate that serum from asthmatic rats had the potential to reduce the viability of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Furthermore, we observed that the expression of the aging-related gene known β-galactosidase was statistically increased in cells co-cultured with asthmatic serum. At the same time, expression of stemness-related markers Sox2, Kfl-4 and p16INK4a down-regulated. These results support the damaging effect of asthmatic condition on bone marrow regenerative ability by inducing early-stage aging in stem cells and additional progenitor cell reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Heidarzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Tuberculosis and lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aysa Rezabakhsh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shirin Saberianpour
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hasanpour
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aysan Eslami
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimanpour
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shohada Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Mechanistic basis of post-treatment control of SIV after anti-α4β7 antibody therapy. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009031. [PMID: 34106916 PMCID: PMC8189501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating macaques with an anti-α4β7 antibody under the umbrella of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) during early SIV infection can lead to viral remission, with viral loads maintained at < 50 SIV RNA copies/ml after removal of all treatment in a subset of animals. Depletion of CD8+ lymphocytes in controllers resulted in transient recrudescence of viremia, suggesting that the combination of cART and anti-α4β7 antibody treatment led to a state where ongoing immune responses kept the virus undetectable in the absence of treatment. A previous mathematical model of HIV infection and cART incorporates immune effector cell responses and exhibits the property of two different viral load set-points. While the lower set-point could correspond to the attainment of long-term viral remission, attaining the higher set-point may be the result of viral rebound. Here we expand that model to include possible mechanisms of action of an anti-α4β7 antibody operating in these treated animals. We show that the model can fit the longitudinal viral load data from both IgG control and anti-α4β7 antibody treated macaques, suggesting explanations for the viral control associated with cART and an anti-α4β7 antibody treatment. This effective perturbation to the virus-host interaction can also explain observations in other nonhuman primate experiments in which cART and immunotherapy have led to post-treatment control or resetting of the viral load set-point. Interestingly, because the viral kinetics in the various treated animals differed—some animals exhibited large fluctuations in viral load after cART cessation—the model suggests that anti-α4β7 treatment could act by different primary mechanisms in different animals and still lead to post-treatment viral control. This outcome is nonetheless in accordance with a model with two stable viral load set-points, in which therapy can perturb the system from one set-point to a lower one through different biological mechanisms. Some macaques treated with an anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody along with antiretroviral therapy during the early stages of simian immunodeficiency virus infection had their viral load become undetectable (below 50 SIV RNA copies/ml) after all treatment was stopped, whereas animals not given the antibody all had their viral loads rebound to high levels. Using a mathematical model, we examined four potential ways in which the antibody could have altered the balance between viral growth and immune control to maintain an undetectable viral load. We show that a shift to controlled infection can occur through multiple biologically reasonable mechanisms of action of the anti-α4β7 antibody.
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14
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McCann CD, van Dorp CH, Danesh A, Ward AR, Dilling TR, Mota TM, Zale E, Stevenson EM, Patel S, Brumme CJ, Dong W, Jones DS, Andresen TL, Walker BD, Brumme ZL, Bollard CM, Perelson AS, Irvine DJ, Jones RB. A participant-derived xenograft model of HIV enables long-term evaluation of autologous immunotherapies. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212105. [PMID: 33988715 PMCID: PMC8129803 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific CD8+ T cells partially control viral replication and delay disease progression, but they rarely provide lasting protection, largely due to immune escape. Here, we show that engrafting mice with memory CD4+ T cells from HIV+ donors uniquely allows for the in vivo evaluation of autologous T cell responses while avoiding graft-versus-host disease and the need for human fetal tissues that limit other models. Treating HIV-infected mice with clinically relevant HIV-specific T cell products resulted in substantial reductions in viremia. In vivo activity was significantly enhanced when T cells were engineered with surface-conjugated nanogels carrying an IL-15 superagonist, but it was ultimately limited by the pervasive selection of a diverse array of escape mutations, recapitulating patterns seen in humans. By applying mathematical modeling, we show that the kinetics of the CD8+ T cell response have a profound impact on the emergence and persistence of escape mutations. This “participant-derived xenograft” model of HIV provides a powerful tool for studying HIV-specific immunological responses and facilitating the development of effective cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase D McCann
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.,Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | | | - Ali Danesh
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Adam R Ward
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.,PhD Program in Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Thomas R Dilling
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Talia M Mota
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth Zale
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | - Eva M Stevenson
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.,George Washington University Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Chanson J Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Winnie Dong
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Boston, MA.,Institute for Medical and Engineering Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.,George Washington University Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD.,Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.,Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
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15
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CD4 + T cell depletion does not affect the level of viremia in chronically SHIV SF162P3N-infected Chinese cynomolgus monkeys. Virology 2021; 560:76-85. [PMID: 34051477 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronically SHIVSF162P3N-infected cynomolgus monkeys were used to determine the effects of the antibody-mediated acute CD4+ T cell depletion on viral load as well as on the immunological factors associated with disease progression. Compared with the control animals, CD4+ T cell-depleted animals with SHIV infection showed (i) little alteration in plasma viral load over the period of 22 weeks after the depletion; (ii) increased CD4+ T cell proliferation and turnover of macrophages at the early phase of the depletion, but subsequent decline to the basal levels; and (iii) little impact on the expression of the inflammatory cytokines and CC chemokines associated with disease progression. These findings indicate that the antibody-mediated acute CD4+ T cell depletion had minimal impact on plasma viral load and disease progression in chronically SHIVSF162P3N-infected cynomolgus monkeys. Future investigations are necessary to identify the key factor(s) related to the immune activation and macrophage infection during the CD4 deletion in chronic viral infection.
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16
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Van de Wijer L, van der Heijden WA, Ter Horst R, Jaeger M, Trypsteen W, Rutsaert S, van Cranenbroek B, van Rijssen E, Joosten I, Joosten L, Vandekerckhove L, Schoofs T, van Lunzen J, Netea MG, Koenen HJPM, van der Ven AJAM, de Mast Q. The Architecture of Circulating Immune Cells Is Dysregulated in People Living With HIV on Long Term Antiretroviral Treatment and Relates With Markers of the HIV-1 Reservoir, Cytomegalovirus, and Microbial Translocation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661990. [PMID: 33953724 PMCID: PMC8091964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term changes in the immune system of successfully treated people living with HIV (PLHIV) remain incompletely understood. In this study, we assessed 108 white blood cell (WBC) populations in a cohort of 211 PLHIV on stable antiretroviral therapy and in 56 HIV-uninfected controls using flow cytometry. We show that marked differences exist in T cell maturation and differentiation between PLHIV and HIV-uninfected controls: PLHIV had reduced percentages of CD4+ T cells and naïve T cells and increased percentages of CD8+ T cells, effector T cells, and T helper 17 (Th17) cells, together with increased Th17/regulatory T cell (Treg) ratios. PLHIV also exhibited altered B cell maturation with reduced percentages of memory B cells and increased numbers of plasmablasts. Determinants of the T and B cell composition in PLHIV included host factors (age, sex, and smoking), markers of the HIV reservoir, and CMV serostatus. Moreover, higher circulating Th17 percentages were associated with higher plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL) 6, soluble CD14, the gut homing chemokine CCL20, and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP). The changes in circulating lymphocytes translated into functional changes with reduced interferon (IFN)- γ responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to stimulation with Candida albicans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis confirms the importance of persistent abnormalities in the number and function of circulating immune cells in PLHIV on stable treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Van de Wijer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter A van der Heijden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rob Ter Horst
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wim Trypsteen
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Rutsaert
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram van Cranenbroek
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Esther van Rijssen
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences 12 Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - André J A M van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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17
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Ujeneza EL, Ndifon W, Sawry S, Fatti G, Riou J, Davies MA, Nieuwoudt M. A mechanistic model for long-term immunological outcomes in South African HIV-infected children and adults receiving ART. eLife 2021; 10:42390. [PMID: 33443013 PMCID: PMC7857728 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term effects of the growing population of HIV-treated people in Southern Africa on individuals and the public health sector at large are not yet understood. This study proposes a novel ‘ratio’ model that relates CD4+ T-cell counts of HIV-infected individuals to the CD4+ count reference values from healthy populations. We use mixed-effects regression to fit the model to data from 1616 children (median age 4.3 years at ART initiation) and 14,542 adults (median age 36 years at ART initiation). We found that the scaled carrying capacity, maximum CD4+ count relative to an HIV-negative individual of similar age, and baseline scaled CD4+ counts were closer to healthy values in children than in adults. Post-ART initiation, CD4+ growth rate was inversely correlated with baseline CD4+ T-cell counts, and consequently higher in adults than children. Our results highlight the impacts of age on dynamics of the immune system of healthy and HIV-infected individuals. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains an ongoing global pandemic. There is currently no cure for HIV, but antiretroviral therapies can keep the virus in check and allow individuals with HIV to live longer, healthier lives. These drugs work in two ways. They block the ability of the virus to multiply and they allow numbers of an important type of infection-fighting cell called CD4+ T cells to rebound. As more patients with HIV survive and transition from one life stage to the next, it is critical to understand how long-term antiretroviral therapies will affect normal age-related changes in their immune systems. The health of an immune system can be evaluated by looking at the number of CD4+ T cells an individual has, though this will vary by age and location. Clinicians use the same metrics to assess the immune health of individuals with HIV, however, as they age, it becomes a challenge to identify if a patient’s immune system recovers normally or insufficiently. Thus, learning more about age-related differences in CD4+ T cells in people living with HIV may help improve their care. Using data from 1,616 children and 14,542 adults from South Africa, Ujeneza et al. created a simple mathematical model that can compare the immune system of person with HIV with the immune system of a similarly aged healthy individual. The model shows that among individuals with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapies, children have CD4+ T-cell numbers that are closest to the numbers seen in healthy individuals of the same age. This suggests that children may be more able to recover immune system function than adults after beginning treatment. Children also start antiretroviral therapies before their immune system has been severely damaged, while adults tend to start treatment much later when they have fewer CD4+ T cells left. Ujeneza et al. show that the fewer CD4+ T cells a person has when they start treatment, the faster the number of these cells grows after starting treatment. This suggests that the more damaged the immune system is, the harder it works to recover. This reinforces the need to identify people infected with HIV as soon as possible through testing and to begin treatment promptly. The new model may help clinicians and policy makers develop screening and treatment protocols tailored to the specific needs of children and adults living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Liliane Ujeneza
- Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation, South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS), Next Einstein Initiative, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Wilfred Ndifon
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS), Next Einstein Initiative, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Shobna Sawry
- Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey Fatti
- Kheth'Impilo AIDS Free Living, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julien Riou
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Ann Davies
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Nieuwoudt
- Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation, South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBE), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Jyoti Nath B, Dehingia K, Kumar Sarmah H. On dynamics of an HIV pathogenesis model with full logistic target cell growth and cure rate. ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND HEALTH CARE 2020. [DOI: 10.18311/ajprhc/2020/25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Modeling the role of macrophages in HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. J Math Biol 2020; 81:369-402. [PMID: 32583031 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-020-01513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV preferentially infects activated CD4+ T cells. Current antiretroviral therapy cannot eradicate the virus. Viral infection of other cells such as macrophages may contribute to viral persistence during antiretroviral therapy. In addition to cell-free virus infection, macrophages can also get infected when engulfing infected CD4+ T cells as innate immune sentinels. How macrophages affect the dynamics of HIV infection remains unclear. In this paper, we develop an HIV model that includes the infection of CD4+ T cells and macrophages via cell-free virus infection and cell-to-cell viral transmission. We derive the basic reproduction number and obtain the local and global stability of the steady states. Sensitivity and viral dynamics simulations show that even when the infection of CD4+ T cells is completely blocked by therapy, virus can still persist and the steady-state viral load is not sensitive to the change of treatment efficacy. Analysis of the relative contributions to viral replication shows that cell-free virus infection leads to the majority of macrophage infection. Viral transmission from infected CD4+ T cells to macrophages during engulfment accounts for a small fraction of the macrophage infection and has a negligible effect on the total viral production. These results suggest that macrophage infection can be a source contributing to HIV persistence during suppressive therapy. Improving drug efficacies in heterogeneous target cells is crucial for achieving HIV eradication in infected individuals.
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20
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Abstract
T-cell immunity undergoes a complex and continuous remodeling with aging. Understanding those dynamics is essential in refining immunosuppression. Aging is linked to phenotypic and metabolic changes in T-cell immunity, many resulting into impaired function and compromised effectiveness. Those changes may impact clinical immunosuppression with evidences suggesting age-specific efficacies of some (CNI and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors) but not necessarily all immunosuppressants. Metabolic changes of T cells with aging have only recently been appreciated and may provide novel ways of immunosuppression. Here, we provide an update on changes of T-cell immunity in aging.
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21
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Liu G, Li Y, Qin L, Yan Y, Ye Y, Chen Y, Huang C, Zhao S, Yao Y, Su Z, Chen X. SIV infection aggravates malaria in a Chinese rhesus monkey coinfection model. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:965. [PMID: 31718574 PMCID: PMC6852750 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The co-occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and malaria in humans in endemic areas raises the question of whether one of these infections affects the course of the other. Although epidemiological studies have shown the impact of HIV infection on malaria, the mechanism(s) are not yet fully understood. Using a Chinese rhesus macaque coinfection model with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and Plasmodium cynomolgi (Pc) malaria, we investigated the effect of concurrent SIV infection on the course of malaria and the underlying immunological mechanism(s). Methods We randomly assigned ten Chinese rhesus monkeys to two groups based on body weight and age. The SIV-Pc coinfection animals (S + P group) were infected intravenously with SIVmac251 eight weeks prior to malaria infection, and the control animals (P group) were infected intravenously with only Pc-infected red blood cells. After malaria was cured with chloroquine phosphate, we also initiated a secondary malaria infection that lasted 4 weeks. We monitored body weight, body temperature and parasitemia, measured SIV viral loads, hemoglobin and neopterin, and tracked the CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+ memory subpopulations, Ki67 and apoptosis by flow cytometry. Then, we compared these parameters between the two groups. Results The animals infected with SIV prior to Pc infection exhibited more severe malaria symptoms characterized by longer episodes, higher parasitemia, more severe anemia, greater body weight loss and higher body temperature than the animals infected with Pc alone. Concurrent SIV infection also impaired immune protection against the secondary Pc challenge infection. The coinfected animals showed a reduced B cell response to Pc malaria and produced lower levels of Pc-specific antibodies. In addition, compared to the animals subjected to Pc infection alone, the animals coinfected with SIV and Pc had suppressed total CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD28highCD95high central memory T cells, and CD4+CD28lowCD95− naïve T cells, which may result from the imbalanced immune activation and faster CD4+ T cell turnover in coinfected animals. Conclusions SIV infection aggravates malaria physiologically and immunologically in Chinese rhesus monkeys. This nonhuman primate SIV and Pc malaria coinfection model might be a useful tool for investigating human HIV and malaria coinfection and developing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Liu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youjia Li
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Qin
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yongxiang Yan
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yijian Ye
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Cuizhu Huang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Siting Zhao
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yongchao Yao
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Su
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
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22
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Increased influenza-specific antibody avidity in HIV-infected women compared with HIV-infected men on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:33-44. [PMID: 30234599 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is recommended that HIV-infected individuals receive annual influenza vaccination due to their high susceptibility to influenza infection, especially among women. However, there have been few studies investigating sex-related responses to influenza vaccine in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals. METHOD In this study, 26 aviremic ART-treated HIV-infected individuals and 16 healthy controls were enrolled in the current study. Blood was collected prior to vaccination (D0), on days 7-10 (D7) and on days 14-21 (D14) following administration of the 2013-2014 seasonal influenza vaccine. A series of analyses evaluated the serological and cellular responses following influenza vaccination. RESULTS Female HIV-infected individuals had increased influenza-specific antibody avidity relative to male HIV-infected individuals, but similar plasma levels of influenza-specific binding antibodies and neutralizing antibodies. Increased cycling B cells and follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells were observed in female HIV-infected individuals pre and postvaccination compared with male HIV-infected individuals, and cycling Tfh cells were directly correlated with influenza-specific antibody avidity. Moreover, plasma testosterone levels were inversely correlated with antibody avidity index. The magnitude of microbial translocation [plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] level was directly correlated with influenza-specific antibody avidity. Circulating 16S rDNA microbiome showed that enrichment of specific species within Proteobacteria was associated with influenza-specific antibody avidity. These results, including differences based on sex and correlations, were only observed in HIV-infected individuals but not in the healthy controls. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated sex differences in influenza-specific antibody avidity in ART-treated HIV disease, and provides valuable information on vaccination strategy in the ART-treated HIV-infected population.
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23
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Abstract
The interplay between immune response and HIV is intensely studied via mathematical modeling, with significant insights but few direct answers. In this short review, we highlight advances and knowledge gaps across different aspects of immunity. In particular, we identify the innate immune response and its role in priming the adaptive response as ripe for modeling. The latter have been the focus of most modeling studies, but we also synthesize key outstanding questions regarding effector mechanisms of cellular immunity and development of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Thus far, most modeling studies aimed to infer general immune mechanisms; we foresee that significant progress will be made next by detailed quantitative fitting of models to data, and prediction of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Conway
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Laboratorio de Biomatematica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal and Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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24
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Kimura T, Kobiyama K, Winkels H, Tse K, Miller J, Vassallo M, Wolf D, Ryden C, Orecchioni M, Dileepan T, Jenkins MK, James EA, Kwok WW, Hanna DB, Kaplan RC, Strickler HD, Durkin HG, Kassaye SG, Karim R, Tien PC, Landay AL, Gange SJ, Sidney J, Sette A, Biol.Sci., Ley K. Regulatory CD4 + T Cells Recognize Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecule-Restricted Peptide Epitopes of Apolipoprotein B. Circulation 2018; 138:1130-1143. [PMID: 29588316 PMCID: PMC6160361 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.031420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+ T cells play an important role in atherosclerosis, but their antigen specificity is poorly understood. Immunization with apolipoprotein B (ApoB, core protein of low density lipoprotein) is known to be atheroprotective in animal models. Here, we report on a human APOB peptide, p18, that is sequence-identical in mouse ApoB and binds to both mouse and human major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. METHODS We constructed p18 tetramers to detect human and mouse APOB-specific T cells and assayed their phenotype by flow cytometry including CD4 lineage transcription factors, intracellular cytokines, and T cell receptor activation. Apolipoprotein E-deficient ( Apoe-/-) mice were vaccinated with p18 peptide or adjuvants alone, and atherosclerotic burden in the aorta was determined. RESULTS In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from donors without cardiovascular disease, p18 specific CD4+ T cells detected by a new human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related-p18 tetramers were mostly Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Donors with subclinical cardiovascular disease as detected by carotid artery ultrasound had Tregs coexpressing retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t or T-bet, which were both almost absent in donors without cardiovascular disease. In Apoe-/- mice, immunization with p18 induced Tregs and reduced atherosclerotic lesions. After peptide restimulation, responding CD4+ T cells identified by Nur77-GFP (green fluorescent protein) were highly enriched in Tregs. A new mouse I-Ab-p18 tetramer identified the expansion of p18-specific CD4+ T cells on vaccination, which were enriched for interleukin-10-producing Tregs. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that APOB p18-specific CD4+ T cells are mainly Tregs in healthy donors, but coexpress other CD4 lineage transcription factors in donors with subclinical cardiovascular disease. This study identifies ApoB peptide 18 as the first Treg epitope in human and mouse atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kimura
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kevin Tse
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Melanie Vassallo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christian Ryden
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Tetramer Core Laboratory, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William W. Kwok
- Tetramer Core Laboratory, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David B. Hanna
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Howard D. Strickler
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Helen G. Durkin
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Seble G. Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roksana Karim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Phyllis C. Tien
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen J. Gange
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Biol.Sci.
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Vardi N, Chaturvedi S, Weinberger LS. Feedback-mediated signal conversion promotes viral fitness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8803-E8810. [PMID: 30150412 PMCID: PMC6140503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802905115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental signal-processing problem is how biological systems maintain phenotypic states (i.e., canalization) long after degradation of initial catalyst signals. For example, to efficiently replicate, herpesviruses (e.g., human cytomegalovirus, HCMV) rapidly counteract cell-mediated silencing using transactivators packaged in the tegument of the infecting virion particle. However, the activity of these tegument transactivators is inherently transient-they undergo immediate proteolysis but delayed synthesis-and how transient activation sustains lytic viral gene expression despite cell-mediated silencing is unclear. By constructing a two-color, conditional-feedback HCMV mutant, we find that positive feedback in HCMV's immediate-early 1 (IE1) protein is of sufficient strength to sustain HCMV lytic expression. Single-cell time-lapse imaging and mathematical modeling show that IE1 positive feedback converts transient transactivation signals from tegument pp71 proteins into sustained lytic expression, which is obligate for efficient viral replication, whereas attenuating feedback decreases fitness by promoting a reversible silenced state. Together, these results identify a regulatory mechanism enabling herpesviruses to sustain expression despite transient activation signals-akin to early electronic transistors-and expose a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Vardi
- Gladstone-University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Sonali Chaturvedi
- Gladstone-University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Leor S Weinberger
- Gladstone-University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158;
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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26
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Vaidya NK, Ribeiro RM, Liu P, Haynes BF, Tomaras GD, Perelson AS. Correlation Between Anti-gp41 Antibodies and Virus Infectivity Decay During Primary HIV-1 Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1326. [PMID: 29973924 PMCID: PMC6019451 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments have suggested that the infectivity of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in plasma decreases over time during primary infection. Because anti-gp41 antibodies are produced early during HIV-1 infection and form antibody-virion complexes, we studied if such early HIV-1 specific antibodies are correlated with the decay in HIV-1 infectivity. Using a viral dynamic model that allows viral infectivity to decay and frequent early viral load data obtained from 6 plasma donors we estimate that HIV-1 infectivity begins to decay after about 2 weeks of infection. The length of this delay is consistent with the time before antibody-virion complexes were detected in the plasma of these donors and is correlated (p = 0.023, r = 0.87) with the time for antibodies to be first detected in plasma. Importantly, we identify that the rate of infectivity decay is significantly correlated with the rate of increase in plasma anti-gp41 IgG concentration (p = 0.046, r = 0.82) and the increase in IgM+IgG anti-gp41 concentration (p = 8.37 × 10−4, r = 0.98). Furthermore, we found that the viral load decay after the peak did not have any significant correlation with the rate of anti-gp41 IgM or IgG increase. These results indicate that early anti-gp41 antibodies may cause viral infectivity decay, but may not contribute significantly to controlling post-peak viral load, likely due to insufficient quantity or affinity. Our findings may be helpful to devise strategies, including antibody-based vaccines, to control acute HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Vaidya
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, MS K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States.,Laboratório de Biomatemática, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, MS K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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27
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Ciupe SM, Miller CJ, Forde JE. A Bistable Switch in Virus Dynamics Can Explain the Differences in Disease Outcome Following SIV Infections in Rhesus Macaques. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1216. [PMID: 29930544 PMCID: PMC6001289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies have shown that the size and infectious-stage of viral inoculum influence disease outcomes in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. The possible contribution to disease outcome of antibody developed after transmission and/or present in the inoculum in free or bound form is not understood. In this study, we develop a mathematical model of virus-antibody immune complex formation and use it to predict their role in transmission and protection. The model exhibits a bistable switch between clearance and persistence states. We fitted it to temporal virus data and estimated the parameter values for free virus infectivity rate and antibody carrying capacity for which the model transitions between virus clearance and persistence when the initial conditions (in particular the ratio of immune complexes to free virus) vary. We used these results to quantify the minimum virus amount in the inoculum needed to establish persistent infections in the presence and absence of protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanca M Ciupe
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Christopher J Miller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Comparative Medicine and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan E Forde
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hobart and Williams Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, United States
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28
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Hu Z. Temporal trends of biomarkers and between‐biomarker associations. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Hu
- National Institutes of Health Rockville USA
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29
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Rallón N, García M, García-Samaniego J, Cabello A, Álvarez B, Restrepo C, Nistal S, Górgolas M, Benito JM. Expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 markers of T-cell exhaustion is associated with CD4 dynamics during the course of untreated and treated HIV infection. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518102 PMCID: PMC5843247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction T-cell exhaustion has been involved in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. We have longitudinally analyzed PD1 and Tim3 surrogate markers of T-cells exhaustion, in parallel with other markers of HIV progression, and its potential association with CD4 changes in treated and untreated infection. Patients and methods 96 HIV patients, 49 of them followed in the absence of cART (cART-naïve group) and 47 after initiation of cART (cART group) were included and followed for a median of 43 [IQR: 31–60] months. PD1 and Tim3 expression, CD8 T-cells activation, recent thymic emigrants, activation/apoptosis and turnover of CD4 cells were assessed at baseline and during follow up. Univariate and multivariate associations with CD4 evolution were explored. Results Parameters significantly associated with CD4 depletion in cART-naïve group were: baseline level (p = 0.02) and variation (p = 0.002) of PD1 and Tim3 co-expression on CD8, and variation of CD95 expression on CD4 (p = 0.007). Parameters significantly associated with CD4 restoration in cART group were: baseline level of CD38+HLADR- subset of CD8 (p = 0.01), variation of PD1 expression on CD8 (p = 0.036), variation of Tim3 expression on CD4 (p = 0.039) and variation of CD95 expression on CD4 (p = 0.035). Conclusions Our results suggest that PD1 and Tim3 markers of exhaustion have a pivotal role in CD4 dynamics in HIV patients and its down-regulation would be a desirable effect of immunotherapies aimed to restore CD4 T-cell pool during progression of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Rallón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcial García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Cabello
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Álvarez
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Restrepo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Sara Nistal
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Miguel Górgolas
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Benito
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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30
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Abstract
Abnormal immune activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells, especially of memory and effector phenotypes, take place during HIV-1 infection, and these abnormal features persist during administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to infected patients. The molecular mechanisms for CD8+ T-cell expansion remain poorly characterized. In this article, we review the literature addressing features of CD8+ T-cell immune pathology and present an integrated view on the mechanisms leading to abnormal CD8+ T-cell expansion during HIV-1 infection. The expression of molecules important for directing the homing of CD8+ T cells between the circulation and lymphoid tissues, in particular CCR5 and CXCR3, is increased in CD8+ T cells in circulation and in inflamed tissues during HIV-1 infection; these disturbances in the homing capacity of CD8+ T cells have been linked to increased CD8+ T-cell proliferation. The production of IL-15, a cytokine responsible for physiological proliferation of CD8+ T cells, is increased in lymphoid tissues during HIV-1 infection as result of microbial translocation and severe inflammation. IL-15, and additional inflammatory cytokines, may lead to deregulated proliferation of CD8+ T cells and explain the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in circulation. The decreased capacity of CD8+ T cells to localize to gut-associated lymphoid tissue also contributes to the accumulation of these cells in blood. Control of inflammation, through ART administration during primary HIV-1 infection or therapies aimed at controlling inflammation during HIV-1 infection, is pivotal to prevent abnormal expansion of CD8+ T cells during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nasi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Zaunders J, Xu Y, Kent SJ, Koelsch KK, Kelleher AD. Divergent Expression of CXCR5 and CCR5 on CD4 + T Cells and the Paradoxical Accumulation of T Follicular Helper Cells during HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:495. [PMID: 28553284 PMCID: PMC5427074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection sets in motion a cascade of immune responses, including both CXCR5+CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that regulate humoral immunity and CCR5+CD4+ T cells that mediate cell-mediated immunity. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the majority of memory CD4+ T cells appear to fall into either of these two lineages, CCR5−CXCR5+ or CCR5+CXCR5−. Very high titers of anti-HIV IgG antibodies are a hallmark of infection, strongly suggesting that there is significant HIV-specific CD4+ T cell help to HIV-specific B cells. We now know that characteristic increases in germinal centers (GC) in lymphoid tissue (LT) during SIV and HIV-1 infections are associated with an increase in CXCR5+PD-1high Tfh, which expand to a large proportion of memory CD4+ T cells in LT, and are presumably specific for SIV or HIV epitopes. Macaque Tfh normally express very little CCR5, yet are infected by CCR5-using SIV, which may occur mainly through infection of a subset of PD-1intermediateCCR5+Bcl-6+ pre-Tfh cells. In contrast, in human LT, a subset of PD-1high Tfh appears to express low levels of CCR5, as measured by flow cytometry, and this may also contribute to the high rate of infection of Tfh. Also, we have found, by assessing fine-needle biopsies of LT, that increases in Tfh and GC B cells in HIV infection are not completely normalized by antiretroviral therapy (ART), suggesting a possible long-lasting reservoir of infected Tfh. In contrast to the increase of CXCR5+ Tfh, there is no accumulation of proliferating CCR5+ CD4 T HIV Gag-specific cells in peripheral blood that make IFN-γ. Altogether, CXCR5+CCR5− CD4 T cells that regulate humoral immunity are allowed greater freedom to operate and expand during HIV-1 infection, but at the same time can contain HIV DNA at levels at least as high as in other CD4 subsets. We argue that early ART including a CCR5 blocker may directly reduce the infected Tfh reservoir in LT and also interrupt cycles of antibody pressure driving virus mutation and additional GC responses to resulting neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Zaunders
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kersten K Koelsch
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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32
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Rallón N, García M, García-Samaniego J, Rodríguez N, Cabello A, Restrepo C, Álvarez B, García R, Górgolas M, Benito JM. HCV coinfection contributes to HIV pathogenesis by increasing immune exhaustion in CD8 T-cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173943. [PMID: 28323897 PMCID: PMC5360268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are several contributors to HIV-pathogenesis or insufficient control of the infection. However, whether HIV/HCV-coinfected population exhibits worst evolution of HIV-pathogenesis remains unclear. Recently, some markers of immune exhaustion have been proposed as preferentially upregulated on T-cells during HIV-infection. Herein, we have analyzed T-cell exhaustion together with several other contributors to HIV-pathogenesis that could be affected by HCV-coinfection. Patients and methods Ninety-six patients with chronic HIV-infection (60 HIV-monoinfected and 36 HIV/HCV-coinfected), and 20 healthy controls were included in the study. All patients were untreated for both infections. Several CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets involved in HIV-pathogenesis were investigated. Non-parametric tests were used to establish differences between groups and associations between variables. Multivariate linear regression was used to ascertain the variables independently associated with CD4 counts. Results HIV-patients presented significant differences compared to healthy controls in most of the parameters analyzed. Both HIV and HIV/HCV groups were comparable in terms of age, CD4 counts and HIV-viremia. Compared to HIV group, HIV/HCV group presented significantly higher levels of exhaustion (Tim3+PD1- subset) in total CD8+ T-cells (p = 0.003), and higher levels of exhaustion in CD8+HLADR+CD38+ (p = 0.04), CD8+HLADR-CD38+ (p = 0.009) and CD8+HLADR-CD38- (p = 0.006) subsets of CD8+ T-cells. Interestingly these differences were maintained after adjusting by CD4 counts and HIV-viremia. Conclusions We show a significant impact of HCV-coinfection on CD8 T-cells exhaustion, an important parameter associated with CD8 T-cell dysfunction in the setting of chronic HIV-infection. The relevance of this phenomenon on immunological and/or clinical HIV progression prompts HCV treatment to improve management of coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Rallón
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcial García
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - Noelia Rodríguez
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cabello
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Restrepo
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Beatriz Álvarez
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa García
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Górgolas
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Benito
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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33
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Human T Cell Memory: A Dynamic View. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5010005. [PMID: 28165397 PMCID: PMC5371741 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term T cell-mediated protection depends upon the formation of a pool of memory cells to protect against future pathogen challenge. In this review we argue that looking at T cell memory from a dynamic viewpoint can help in understanding how memory populations are maintained following pathogen exposure or vaccination. For example, a dynamic view resolves the apparent paradox between the relatively short lifespans of individual memory cells and very long-lived immunological memory by focussing on the persistence of clonal populations, rather than individual cells. Clonal survival is achieved by balancing proliferation, death and differentiation rates within and between identifiable phenotypic pools; such pools correspond broadly to sequential stages in the linear differentiation pathway. Each pool has its own characteristic kinetics, but only when considered as a population; single cells exhibit considerable heterogeneity. In humans, we tend to concentrate on circulating cells, but memory T cells in non-lymphoid tissues and bone marrow are increasingly recognised as critical for immune defence; their kinetics, however, remain largely unexplored. Considering vaccination from this viewpoint shifts the focus from the size of the primary response to the survival of the clone and enables identification of critical system pinch-points and opportunities to improve vaccine efficacy.
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34
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Becerra JC, Bildstein LS, Gach JS. Recent Insights into the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2016; 3:451-475. [PMID: 28357381 PMCID: PMC5354571 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.09.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Etiology, transmission and protection: Transmission of HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, occurs predominantly through bodily fluids. Factors that significantly alter the risk of HIV transmission include male circumcision, condom use, high viral load, and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases. Pathology/Symptomatology: HIV infects preferentially CD4+ T lymphocytes, and Monocytes. Because of their central role in regulating the immune response, depletion of CD4+ T cells renders the infected individual incapable of adequately responding to microorganisms otherwise inconsequential. Epidemiology, incidence and prevalence: New HIV infections affect predominantly young heterosexual women and homosexual men. While the mortality rates of AIDS related causes have decreased globally in recent years due to the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) treatment, a vaccine remains an elusive goal. Treatment and curability: For those afflicted HIV infection remains a serious illness. Nonetheless, the use of advanced therapeutics have transformed a dire scenario into a chronic condition with near average life spans. When to apply those remedies appears to be as important as the remedies themselves. The high rate of HIV replication and the ability to generate variants are central to the viral survival strategy and major barriers to be overcome. Molecular mechanisms of infection: In this review, we assemble new details on the molecular events from the attachment of the virus, to the assembly and release of the viral progeny. Yet, much remains to be learned as understanding of the molecular mechanisms used in viral replication and the measures engaged in the evasion of immune surveillance will be important to develop effective interventions to address the global HIV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Becerra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Johannes S. Gach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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35
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Vaidya NK, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS, Kumar A. Modeling the Effects of Morphine on Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005127. [PMID: 27668463 PMCID: PMC5036892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications of HIV-1 infection in individuals who utilize drugs of abuse is a significant problem, because these drugs have been associated with higher virus replication and accelerated disease progression as well as severe neuropathogenesis. To gain further insight it is important to quantify the effects of drugs of abuse on HIV-1 infection dynamics. Here, we develop a mathematical model that incorporates experimentally observed effects of morphine on inducing HIV-1 co-receptor expression. For comparison we also considered viral dynamic models with cytolytic or noncytolytic effector cell responses. Based on the small sample size Akaike information criterion, these models were inferior to the new model based on changes in co-receptor expression. The model with morphine affecting co-receptor expression agrees well with the experimental data from simian immunodeficiency virus infections in morphine-addicted macaques. Our results show that morphine promotes a target cell subpopulation switch from a lower level of susceptibility to a state that is about 2-orders of magnitude higher in susceptibility to SIV infection. As a result, the proportion of target cells with higher susceptibility remains extremely high in morphine conditioning. Such a morphine-induced population switch not only has adverse effects on the replication rate, but also results in a higher steady state viral load and larger CD4 count drops. Moreover, morphine conditioning may pose extra obstacles to controlling viral load during antiretroviral therapy, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis and post infection treatments. This study provides, for the first time, a viral dynamics model, viral dynamics parameters, and related analytical and simulation results for SIV dynamics under drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K. Vaidya
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
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36
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Ortiz AM, Carnathan DG, Yu J, Sheehan KM, Kim P, Reynaldi A, Vanderford TH, Klatt NR, Brenchley JM, Davenport MP, Silvestri G. Analysis of the In Vivo Turnover of CD4+ T-Cell Subsets in Chronically SIV-Infected Sooty Mangabeys. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156352. [PMID: 27227993 PMCID: PMC4881966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant turnover of memory CD4+ T-cells is central to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) progression. Understanding the relationship between the turnover of CD4+ subsets and immunological homeostasis during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in natural hosts may provide insight into mechanisms of immune regulation that may serve as models for therapeutic intervention in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected persons. Sooty mangabeys (SMs) have naturally evolved with SIV to avoid AIDS progression while maintaining healthy peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts and thus represent a model by which therapeutic interventions for AIDS progression might be elucidated. To assess the relationship between the turnover of CD4+ subsets and immunological homeostasis during SIV infection in non-progressive hosts, we treated 6 SIV-uninfected and 9 SIV-infected SMs with 2’-bromo-5’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) for 14 days and longitudinally assessed CD4+ T-cell subset turnover by polychromatic flow cytometry. We observed that, in SIV-infected SMs, turnover of CD4+ T-cell naïve and central, transitional, and effector memory subsets is comparable to that in uninfected animals. Comparable turnover of CD4+ T-cell subsets irrespective of SIV-infection status likely contributes to the lack of aberrant immune activation and disease progression observed after infection in non-progressive hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Ortiz
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joana Yu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Sheehan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peter Kim
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas H. Vanderford
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Kishore A, Neelambike SM. Application of Radial Basis Function Network Tool for Correlation of CD4+ Count with Plasma Viral Load in HIV-Seropositive Individuals. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:DC05-8. [PMID: 27190799 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17745.7604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects and cripples the immune system of the body. The two important marker CD4+T cells and Plasma viral load are crucial not only in understanding the disease progression but also in starting the antiretroviral therapy. A lot of research is going on in understanding the dynamic nature of HIV. AIM To find the correlation between CD4+ count and Plasma Viral Load (PVL) measured by two different technologies; with the help of correlation technique in conjunction with the three dimensional HIV model with a purpose of establishing a mathematical model between the CD4+ cells and PVL using a sinusoidal function as well as Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma Viral Load were determined by two different methods viz Exavir Cavidi(TM) and Abbott Real time HIV-1 assay and then they were correlated with the CD4+ count with the help of computational intelligence in predicting viral load. RESULTS It was found that there exists a positive correlation between the CD4+ cells and viral loads. A correlation value of 0.4082 and 0.3652 was observed between CD4+ cells and viral measured using Exavir Cavidi(TM) and Abbott Real time HIV-1 assay respectively. CONCLUSION The existence of positive correlation had helped us to understand the nature and dynamic of the existence of HIV and how the CD4 + and PVL act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaw Kishore
- Senior Research Fellow, Department of Microbiology, J.S.S Medical College and Hospital, J.S.S University , Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumana M Neelambike
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, J.S.S Medical College and Hospital, J.S.S University , Mysore, Karnataka, India
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38
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Abstract
Mathematical and statistical methods enable multidisciplinary approaches that catalyse discovery. Together with experimental methods, they identify key hypotheses, define measurable observables and reconcile disparate results. We collect a representative sample of studies in T-cell biology that illustrate the benefits of modelling–experimental collaborations and that have proven valuable or even groundbreaking. We conclude that it is possible to find excellent examples of synergy between mathematical modelling and experiment in immunology, which have brought significant insight that would not be available without these collaborations, but that much remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Castro
- Universidad Pontificia Comillas , E28015 Madrid , Spain
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Theoretical Biology and Biophysics , Los Alamos, NM 87545 , USA
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39
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In HIV infection, the homeostasis of CD4 and CD8 T cells is dramatically disturbed, and several studies have pointed out that T-cell turnover rates are increased. To understand how the CD4 and CD8 T-cell pools are affected, it is important to have quantitative insights into the lifespans of the cells constituting the different T-lymphocyte populations. METHODS We used long-term in-vivo H2O labeling and mathematical modeling to estimate the average lifespans of naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in untreated (n = 4) and combination antiretroviral therapy-treated (n = 3) HIV-1-infected individuals. RESULTS During untreated chronic HIV-1 infection, naive CD4 and CD8 T cells lived on average 618 and 271 days, whereas memory CD4 and CD8 T cells had average lifespans of 53 and 43 days, respectively. These lifespans were at least three-fold shorter than those in healthy controls (n = 5). In patients on effective combination antiretroviral therapy with total CD4 T-cell counts in the normal range, we found that naive CD4 and CD8 T-cell lifespans had not completely normalized and were still two-fold shortened. CONCLUSION The average lifespan of both naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells decreased during untreated chronic HIV-1 infection. Although the turnover of the memory T-cell populations nearly normalized during effective treatment, the turnover of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells did not seem to normalize completely.
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40
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Younas M, Psomas C, Reynes J, Corbeau P. Immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection: Causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy. HIV Med 2015; 17:89-105. [PMID: 26452565 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immune activation is a striking consequence of HIV-1 infection. Even in virologically suppressed patients, some hyperactivity of the immune system and even of the endothelium and of the coagulation pathway may persist. Apart from immune deficiency, this chronic activation may contribute to various morbidities including atherothrombosis, neurocognitive disorders, liver steatosis and osteoporosis, which are currently main challenges. It is therefore of major importance to better understand the causes and the phenotypes of immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection. In this review we will discuss the various causes of immune activation in HIV-1 infected organisms: the presence of the virus together with other microbes, eventually coming from the gut, CD4+ T cell lymphopenia, senescence and dysregulation of the immune system, and/or genetic factors. We will also describe the activation of the immune system: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, NKT and NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages, and neutrophils of the inflammation cascade, as well as of the endothelium and the coagulation system. Finally, we will see that antiretroviral therapy reduces the hyperactivity of the immune and coagulation systems and the endothelial dysfunction, but often does not abolish it. A better knowledge of this phenomenon might help us to identify biomarkers predictive of non AIDS-linked comorbidities, and to define new strategies aiming at preventing their emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Younas
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - C Psomas
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,UMI 233, IRD-Montpellier University, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - J Reynes
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,UMI 233, IRD-Montpellier University, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - P Corbeau
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Immunology Department, University Hospital, Nîmes Cedex, France
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41
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Impact of hepatitis C virus coinfection on T-cell dynamics in long-term HIV-suppressors under combined antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2015; 29:1505-10. [PMID: 26244390 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) serostatus on the evolution of CD8 cells and CD4 : CD8 ratio in HIV-infected patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) who achieve sustained undetectable viral load (HIV-pVL). DESIGN AND METHODS A longitudinal study performed in an outpatient HIV-unit following 1495 HIV-infected patients. Data of patients on cART achieving undetectable HIV-pVL for at least 3 years were collected retrospectively from our medical e-database NADIS from January 1997 to April 2005, a period defined in order to select patients who were naive of hepatitis treatment. T-cell counts were assessed every 6 months from HIV-suppression over the study period. RESULTS Two hundred and twenty-six HIV mono-infected (group 1) and 130 HCV-coinfected patients (group 2; genotype prevalence: 42% HCV-G1, 26% HCV-G3, 11% HCV-G4 and 21% HCV-G2) fulfilled the selection criteria. cART regimens were comparable between the groups, as were CD4 and CD8 cell counts at the first undetectable HIV-pVL. After 3 years, both groups displayed similar CD4 cell reconstitution, although CD4 percentage was higher in group 1 (30.3 ± 1.1 vs. 27 ± 1.1%; P < 0.001). HIV suppression led to a significant drop of median CD8 cell counts in group 1 (P = 0.027), but not in group 2, which displayed higher CD8 cell counts all through the follow-up (mean diff. = 135.71 ± 26.89 cells/μl, P < 0.001). Moreover, the fraction of patients reaching CD4 : CD8 ratio ≥ 1 was lower in group 2 (14 vs. 27.7%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Despite sustained HIV suppression under cART, HCV coinfection was found to hamper CD8 downregulation. Further studies will determine the impact of treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents on the CD8 pool, and the advantage of systematic HCV-targeted therapy for HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.
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Chachage M, Geldmacher C. Immune system modulation by helminth infections: potential impact on HIV transmission and disease progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 828:131-49. [PMID: 25253030 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mkunde Chachage
- Department of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Hospital Hill road, Mbeya, Tanzania,
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Phetsouphanh C, Xu Y, Zaunders J. CD4 T Cells Mediate Both Positive and Negative Regulation of the Immune Response to HIV Infection: Complex Role of T Follicular Helper Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 5:681. [PMID: 25610441 PMCID: PMC4285174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in chronic activation of cells in lymphoid tissue, including T cells, B-cells, and myeloid lineage cells. The resulting characteristic hyperplasia is an amalgam of proliferating host immune cells in the adaptive response, increased concentrations of innate response mediators due to viral and bacterial products, and homeostatic responses to inflammation. While it is generally thought that CD4 T cells are greatly depleted, in fact, two types of CD4 T cells appear to be increased, namely, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). These cells have opposing roles, but may both be important in the pathogenic process. Whether Tregs are failing in their role to limit lymphocyte activation is unclear, but there is no doubt now that Tfh are associated with B-cell hyperplasia and increased germinal center activity. Antiretroviral therapy may reduce the lymphocyte activation, but not completely, and therefore, there is a need for interventions that selectively enhance normal CD4 function without exacerbating Tfh, B-cell, or Treg dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - John Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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Liao KL, Bai XF, Friedman A. Mathematical modeling of Interleukin-35 promoting tumor growth and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110126. [PMID: 25356878 PMCID: PMC4214702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-35 (IL-35), a cytokine from the Interleukin-12 cytokine family, has been considered as an anti-inflammatory cytokine which promotes tumor progression and tumor immune evasion. It has also been demonstrated that IL-35 is secreted by regulatory T cells. Recent mouse experiments have shown that IL-35 produced by cancer cells promotes tumor growth via enhancing myeloid cell accumulation and angiogenesis, and reducing the infiltration of activated CD8[Formula: see text] T cells into tumor microenvironment. In the present paper we develop a mathematical model based on these experimental results. We include in the model an anti-IL-35 drug as treatment. The extended model (with drug) is used to design protocols of anti-IL-35 injections for treatment of cancer. We find that with a fixed total amount of drug, continuous injection has better efficacy than intermittent injections in reducing the tumor load while the treatment is ongoing. We also find that the percentage of tumor reduction under anti-IL-35 treatment improves when the production of IL-35 by cancer is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ling Liao
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Avner Friedman
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Althaus CL, Joos B, Perelson AS, Günthard HF. Quantifying the turnover of transcriptional subclasses of HIV-1-infected cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003871. [PMID: 25340797 PMCID: PMC4207463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected cells in peripheral blood can be grouped into different transcriptional subclasses. Quantifying the turnover of these cellular subclasses can provide important insights into the viral life cycle and the generation and maintenance of latently infected cells. We used previously published data from five patients chronically infected with HIV-1 that initiated combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Patient-matched PCR for unspliced and multiply spliced viral RNAs combined with limiting dilution analysis provided measurements of transcriptional profiles at the single cell level. Furthermore, measurement of intracellular transcripts and extracellular virion-enclosed HIV-1 RNA allowed us to distinguish productive from non-productive cells. We developed a mathematical model describing the dynamics of plasma virus and the transcriptional subclasses of HIV-1-infected cells. Fitting the model to the data allowed us to better understand the phenotype of different transcriptional subclasses and their contribution to the overall turnover of HIV-1 before and during cART. The average number of virus-producing cells in peripheral blood is small during chronic infection. We find that a substantial fraction of cells can become defectively infected. Assuming that the infection is homogenous throughout the body, we estimate an average in vivo viral burst size on the order of 104 virions per cell. Our study provides novel quantitative insights into the turnover and development of different subclasses of HIV-1-infected cells, and indicates that cells containing solely unspliced viral RNA are a good marker for viral latency. The model illustrates how the pool of latently infected cells becomes rapidly established during the first months of acute infection and continues to increase slowly during the first years of chronic infection. Having a detailed understanding of this process will be useful for the evaluation of viral eradication strategies that aim to deplete the latent reservoir of HIV-1. Gaining a quantitative understanding of the development and turnover of different HIV-1-infected subpopulations of cells is crucial to improve the outcome of patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The population of latently infected cells is of particular interest as they represent the major barrier to a cure of HIV-1 infection. We developed a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of different transcriptionally active subclasses of HIV-1-infected cells and the viral load in peripheral blood. The model was fitted to previously published data from five chronically HIV-1-infected patients starting cART. This allowed us to estimate critical parameters of the within-host dynamics of HIV-1, such as the the number of virions produced by a single infected cell. The model further allowed investigation of HIV-1 dynamics during the acute phase. Computer simulations illustrate that latently infected cells become rapidly established during the first months of acute infection and continue to increase slowly during the first years of chronic infection. This illustrates the opportunity for strategies that aim to eradicate the virus during early cART as the pool of HIV-1 infected cells is substantially smaller during acute infection than during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Althaus
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beda Joos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL, Mabaso ML, Walzl G. Proliferative capacity and cytokine production by cells of HIV-infected and uninfected adults with different helminth infection phenotypes in South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:499. [PMID: 25209883 PMCID: PMC4262143 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that the proliferative capacity of cells from individuals with HIV or both HIV and helminth infections is attenuated and cytokine production is dysregulated. This study describes peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation capacity and cytokine profile from individuals with HIV or both HIV and helminth infections in South Africa. Methods Forty HIV-infected and 22 HIV-uninfected participants were randomly selected and stratified into different helminth infection phenotypes by egg excretion and Ascaris lumbricoides specific –immunoglobulin-E (IgE) levels. Five day cell cultures of participants, unstimulated or stimulated with Phytohaemaglutinnin, Streptokinase, HIV-1 p24 and Ascaris lumbricoides worm antigens were stained with monoclonal antibody-fluorochrome conjugates (Ki67-FITC and CTLA-APC-4). Percentage expression of Ki67 and CTLA-4 was measured to determine cell proliferation and regulation, respectively. Culture supernatants were analysed for the expression of 13 cytokines using the Bioplex (BioRad) system. Kruskal Wallis was used to test for differences in variables between helminth infected subgroups who were either having eggs in stool and high IgE (egg+IgEhi); or eggs in stool and low IgE (egg+IgElo); or no eggs in stool and high IgE (egg-IgEhi) and those without helminth infection (egg-IgElo). Results Individuals excreting eggs in stool with high serum IgE (egg+IgEhi phenotype) had potent mitogen responses but consistently produced low, but statistically non-significant antigen–specific (HIV-1 p24 (p = 0.41) and Ascaris (p = 0.19) and recall antigen (Streptokinase; p = 0.31) Ki67 responses. The group also had reduced type 1 cytokines. Individuals excreting eggs in stool with low serum IgE( egg+IgElo phenotype) had a more favourable antiviral profile, characterized by higher IFNγ, IL-2, lower IL-4 and higher IL-10 production. Conclusion The findings suggest that dual HIV/helminth infection with egg excretion and/or high Ascaris IgE phenotye may be linked with poor proliferative capacity and deleterious cytokine profile with regards to HIV control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-499) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilungile L Mkhize-Kwitshana
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P,O, Box 7, Congella 4001, South Africa.
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Mathematical model of multivalent virus-antibody complex formation in humans following acute and chronic HIV infections. J Math Biol 2014; 71:513-32. [PMID: 25190279 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-014-0826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies that bind viral surface proteins can limit the spread of the infection through neutralizing and non-neutralizing functions. During both acute and chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection, antibody-virion immune complexes are formed, but fail to ensure protection. In this study, we develop a mathematical model of multivalent antibody binding and use it to determine the dynamical interactions that lead to immune complexes formation and the role of complexes with increased numbers of bound antibodies in the pathogenesis of the disease. We compare our predictions with published temporal virus and immune complex data from acute infected patients. Finally, we derive quantitative and qualitative conditions needed for antibody-induced protection.
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Cha L, de Jong E, French MA, Fernandez S. IFN-α exerts opposing effects on activation-induced and IL-7-induced proliferation of T cells that may impair homeostatic maintenance of CD4+ T cell numbers in treated HIV infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2178-86. [PMID: 25063872 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether IFN-α is a cause of the T cell hyperactivation and IL-7 signaling pathway defects that are observed in some HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, we have investigated the effect of IFN-α on the proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from healthy donors (n = 30) and treated HIV(+) donors (n = 20). PBMC were cultured for 7 d with staphylococcal enterotoxin B or IL-7 in the absence or presence of 100 U/ml IFN-α8. Total and naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were assessed for proliferation (via Ki67 expression), CD127 expression, and phosphorylated STAT5 levels using flow cytometry. IFN-α significantly enhanced activation-induced proliferation (via staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulation) but inhibited homeostatic proliferation (IL-7 induced) of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Both of these effects may adversely affect CD4(+) T cell homeostasis in HIV patients. CD127 expression was increased in both healthy and HIV(+) donors following culture with IFN-α8, and levels of IL-7-induced phosphorylated STAT5 were increased by IFN-α8 in healthy donors only. Hence, the inhibitory effects of IFN-α on IL-7-induced proliferation of CD4(+) T cells are unlikely to be mediated by downregulation of CD127 expression or inhibition of STAT5 phosphorylation. These data suggest that increased IFN-α activity may promote the loss of T cells by accelerating cell turnover and activation-induced cell death while decreasing the renewal of T cells by inhibiting the proliferative effect of IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cha
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and
| | - Emma de Jong
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital and PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and
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Tinago W, Coghlan E, Macken A, McAndrews J, Doak B, Prior-Fuller C, Lambert JS, Sheehan GJ, Mallon PWG. Clinical, immunological and treatment-related factors associated with normalised CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio: effect of naïve and memory T-cell subsets. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97011. [PMID: 24816636 PMCID: PMC4016205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although effective antiretroviral therapy(ART) increases CD4+ T-cell count, responses to ART vary considerably and only a minority of patients normalise their CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Although retention of naïve CD4+ T-cells is thought to predict better immune responses, relationships between CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets and CD4+/CD8+ ratio have not been well described. Methods A cross-sectional study in a cohort of ambulatory HIV+ patients. We used flow cytometry on fresh blood to determine expanded CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets; CD45RO+CD62L+(central memory), CD45RO+CD62L-(effector memory) and CD45RO-CD62L+(naïve) alongside routine T-cell subsets(absolute, percentage CD4+ and CD8+ counts), HIVRNA and collected demographic and treatment data. Relationship between CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio and expanded T-cell subsets was determined using linear regression analysis. Results are median[IQR] and regression coefficients unless stated. Results We recruited 190 subjects, age 42(36–48) years, 65% male, 65.3% Caucasian, 91% on ART(52.6% on protease inhibitors), 78.4% with HIVRNA<40cps/ml and median ART duration 6.8(2.6–10.2) years. Nadir and current CD4+ counts were 200(112–309) and 465(335–607) cells/mm3 respectively. Median CD4+/CD8+ ratio was 0.6(0.4–1.0), with 26.3% of subjects achieving CD4+/CD8+ ratio>1. Of the expanded CD4+ T-cell subsets, 27.3(18.0–38.3)% were naïve, 36.8(29.0–40.0)% central memory and 27.4(20.0–38.5)% effector memory. Of the CD8+ T-cells subsets, 16.5(10.2–25.5)% were naïve, 19.9(12.7–26.6)% central memory and 41.0(31.8–52.5)% effector memory. In the multivariable adjusted analysis, total cumulative-ART exposure(+0.15,p = 0.007), higher nadir CD4+ count(+0.011,p<0.001) and higher %CD8+ naive T-cells(+0.0085,p<0.001) were associated with higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio, higher absolute CD8+ T-cell(-0.0044,p<0.001) and higher %CD4+ effector memory T-cells(-0.004,p = 0.0036) were associated with lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Those with CD4+/CD8+ ratio>1 had significantly higher median %CD8+ naive T-cells; 25.4(14.0–36.0)% versus 14.4(9.4–21.6)%, p<0.0001, but significantly lower absolute CD8+ count; 464(384.5–567) versus 765(603–1084) cells/mm3, p<0.001. Conclusions Study suggests important role for naïve CD8+ T-cell populations in normalisation of the immune response to HIV-infection. How these findings relate to persistent immune activation on ART requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard Tinago
- HIV Molecular Research Group, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
- * E-mail:
| | - Elizabeth Coghlan
- HIV Molecular Research Group, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Macken
- HIV Molecular Research Group, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie McAndrews
- Department of Immunology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenda Doak
- Department of Immunology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - John S. Lambert
- HIV Molecular Research Group, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard J. Sheehan
- HIV Molecular Research Group, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick W. G. Mallon
- HIV Molecular Research Group, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Factors associated with siman immunodeficiency virus transmission in a natural African nonhuman primate host in the wild. J Virol 2014; 88:5687-705. [PMID: 24623416 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03606-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED African green monkeys (AGMs) are naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) at high prevalence levels and do not progress to AIDS. Sexual transmission is the main transmission route in AGM, while mother-to-infant transmission (MTIT) is negligible. We investigated SIV transmission in wild AGMs to assess whether or not high SIV prevalence is due to differences in mucosal permissivity to SIV (i.e., whether the genetic bottleneck of viral transmission reported in humans and macaques is also observed in AGMs in the wild). We tested 121 sabaeus AGMs (Chlorocebus sabaeus) from the Gambia and found that 53 were SIV infected (44%). By combining serology and viral load quantitation, we identified 4 acutely infected AGMs, in which we assessed the diversity of the quasispecies by single-genome amplification (SGA) and documented that a single virus variant established the infections. We thus show that natural SIV transmission in the wild is associated with a genetic bottleneck similar to that described for mucosal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in humans. Flow cytometry assessment of the immune cell populations did not identify major differences between infected and uninfected AGM. The expression of the SIV coreceptor CCR5 on CD4+ T cells dramatically increased in adults, being higher in infected than in uninfected infant and juvenile AGMs. Thus, the limited SIV MTIT in natural hosts appears to be due to low target cell availability in newborns and infants, which supports HIV MTIT prevention strategies aimed at limiting the target cells at mucosal sites. Combined, (i) the extremely high prevalence in sexually active AGMs, (ii) the very efficient SIV transmission in the wild, and (iii) the existence of a fraction of multiparous females that remain uninfected in spite of massive exposure to SIV identify wild AGMs as an acceptable model of exposed, uninfected individuals. IMPORTANCE We report an extensive analysis of the natural history of SIVagm infection in its sabaeus monkey host, the African green monkey species endemic to West Africa. Virtually no study has investigated the natural history of SIV infection in the wild. The novelty of our approach is that we report for the first time that SIV infection has no discernible impact on the major immune cell populations in natural hosts, thus confirming the nonpathogenic nature of SIV infection in the wild. We also focused on the correlates of SIV transmission, and we report, also for the first time, that SIV transmission in the wild is characterized by a major genetic bottleneck, similar to that described for HIV-1 transmission in humans. Finally, we report here that the restriction of target cell availability is a major correlate of the lack of SIV transmission to the offspring in natural hosts of SIVs.
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