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Luna-Munguia H, Gasca-Martinez D, Garay-Cortes A, Coutiño D, Regalado M, de Los Rios E, Villaseñor P, Hidalgo-Flores F, Flores-Guapo K, Benito BY, Concha L. Selective Medial Septum Lesions in Healthy Rats Induce Longitudinal Changes in Microstructure of Limbic Regions, Behavioral Alterations, and Increased Susceptibility to Status Epilepticus. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04069-9. [PMID: 38443731 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Septo-hippocampal pathway, crucial for physiological functions and involved in epilepsy. Clinical monitoring during epileptogenesis is complicated. We aim to evaluate tissue changes after lesioning the medial septum (MS) of normal rats and assess how the depletion of specific neuronal populations alters the animals' behavior and susceptibility to establishing a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected into the MS with vehicle or saporins (to deplete GABAergic or cholinergic neurons; n = 16 per group). Thirty-two animals were used for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); scanned before surgery and 14 and 49 days post-injection. Fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient were evaluated in the fimbria, dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, dorso-medial thalamus, and amygdala. Between scans 2 and 3, animals were submitted to diverse behavioral tasks. Stainings were used to analyze tissue alterations. Twenty-four different animals received pilocarpine to evaluate the latency and severity of the status epilepticus 2 weeks after surgery. Additionally, eight different animals were only used to evaluate the neuronal damage inflicted on the MS 1 week after the molecular surgery. Progressive changes in DTI parameters in both white and gray matter structures of the four evaluated groups were observed. Behaviorally, the GAT1-saporin injection impacted spatial memory formation, while 192-IgG-saporin triggered anxiety-like behaviors. Histologically, the GABAergic toxin also induced aberrant mossy fiber sprouting, tissue damage, and neuronal death. Regarding the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, this agent provoked an increased mortality rate. Selective septo-hippocampal modulation impacts the integrity of limbic regions crucial for certain behavioral skills and could represent a precursor for epilepsy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiram Luna-Munguia
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico.
| | - Deisy Gasca-Martinez
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
- Unidad de Analisis Conductual, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Garay-Cortes
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Daniela Coutiño
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Mirelta Regalado
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Ericka de Los Rios
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
- Unidad de Microscopia, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Paulina Villaseñor
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Fernando Hidalgo-Flores
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Karen Flores-Guapo
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Brandon Yair Benito
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Luis Concha
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
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Blair RE, Hawkins E, Pinchbeck LR, DeLorenzo RJ, Deshpande LS. Chronic Epilepsy and Mossy Fiber Sprouting Following Organophosphate-Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:325-332. [PMID: 37643794 PMCID: PMC10801751 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) compounds are highly toxic and include pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. OP exposure inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, causing cholinergic overstimulation that can evolve into status epilepticus (SE) and produce lethality. Furthermore, OP-induced SE survival is associated with mood and memory dysfunction and spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). In male Sprague-Dawley rats, we assessed hippocampal pathology and chronic SRS following SE induced by administration of OP agents paraoxon (2 mg/kg, s.c.), diisopropyl fluorophosphate (4 mg/kg, s.c.), or O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB; sarin) (2 mg/kg, s.c.), immediately followed by atropine and 2-PAM. At 1-hour post-OP-induced SE onset, midazolam was administered to control SE. Approximately 6 months after OP-induced SE, SRS were evaluated using video and electroencephalography monitoring. Histopathology was conducted using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), while silver sulfide (Timm) staining was used to assess mossy fiber sprouting (MFS). Across all the OP agents, over 60% of rats that survived OP-induced SE developed chronic SRS. H&E staining revealed a significant hippocampal neuronal loss, while Timm staining revealed extensive MFS within the inner molecular region of the dentate gyrus. This study demonstrates that OP-induced SE is associated with hippocampal neuronal loss, extensive MFS, and the development of SRS, all hallmarks of chronic epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Models of organophosphate (OP)-induced SE offer a unique resource to identify molecular mechanisms contributing to neuropathology and the development of chronic OP morbidities. These models could allow the screening of targeted therapeutics for efficacious treatment strategies for OP toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Blair
- Departments of Neurology (R.E.B., E.H., R.J.D., L.S.D.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.J.D., L.S.D.) School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences (L.R.P.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Elisa Hawkins
- Departments of Neurology (R.E.B., E.H., R.J.D., L.S.D.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.J.D., L.S.D.) School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences (L.R.P.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lauren R Pinchbeck
- Departments of Neurology (R.E.B., E.H., R.J.D., L.S.D.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.J.D., L.S.D.) School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences (L.R.P.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Robert J DeLorenzo
- Departments of Neurology (R.E.B., E.H., R.J.D., L.S.D.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.J.D., L.S.D.) School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences (L.R.P.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laxmikant S Deshpande
- Departments of Neurology (R.E.B., E.H., R.J.D., L.S.D.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.J.D., L.S.D.) School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences (L.R.P.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Shalaby AM, Sharaf Eldin HEM, Abdelsameea AA, Abdelnour HM, Alabiad MA, Elkholy MR, Aboregela AM. Betahistine Attenuates Seizures, Neurodegeneration, Apoptosis, and Gliosis in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus in a Mouse Model of Epilepsy: A Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Biochemical Study. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-15. [PMID: 35686434 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622012107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a prevalent and chronic neurological disorder marked by recurring, uncontrollable seizures of the brain. Chronic or repeated seizures produce memory problems and induce damage to different brain regions. Histamine has been reported to have neuroprotective effects. Betahistine is a histamine analogue. The current research investigated the effects of convulsions on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of adult male albino mice and assessed the possible protective effect of betahistine. Four groups of 40 adult male mice were organized: control, betahistine (10 mg/kg/day), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (40 mg/kg/ on alternate days), and Betahistine-PTZ group received betahistine 1 h before PTZ. PTZ induced a substantial rise in glutamate level and a considerable decrease in histamine level. Structural changes in the cerebral cortex and cornu ammonis (CA1) of the hippocampus were detected in the pattern of neuron degeneration. Some neurons were shrunken with dark nuclei, and others had faintly stained ones. Focal accumulation of neuroglial cells and ballooned nerve cells of the cerebral cortex were also detected. Cleaved caspase-3, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 showed substantial increases, while synaptophysin expression was significantly reduced. Interestingly, these changes were less prominent in mice pretreated with betahistine. In conclusion, betahistine had shown neuroprotective properties against brain damage induced by convulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Heba E M Sharaf Eldin
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Hanim Magdy Abdelnour
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ramadan Elkholy
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Adel Mohamed Aboregela
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Shehata NI, Abdelsamad MA, Amin HAA, Sadik NAH, Shaheen AA. Ameliorating effect of ketogenic diet on acute status epilepticus: Insights into biochemical and histological changes in rat hippocampus. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14217. [PMID: 35543175 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effects of ketogenic diet (KD) against the neuronal disruptions induced by SE in lithium-pilocarpine rat model of status epilepticus (SE). Four groups of female rats include; groups I and III received standard diet and groups II and IV received KD for 3 weeks. Groups I and II were left untreated, while groups III and IV were injected with LiCl (127 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by pilocarpine HCl (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 18-24 h later, repeatedly, till induction of SE. 72 h post-SE, KD effectively ameliorated the balance between excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitters and the oxidative stress indices, increased adenine nucleotides and decreased immunoreactivity of iNOS, TNFα, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and synaptophysin. Thiswas in association with improvement in inflammatory response and neuronal tissue characteristics in hippocampus of SE rats. Histological changes showed preservation of neuronal integrity. These findings highlight the protective effects of KD in the acute phase post-SE via ameliorating biochemical and histological changes involved. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder that requires lifelong treatment. It stigmatizes patients and their families. The use of the ketogenic diet (KD) as a therapy for epilepsy developed from observations that fasting could reduce seizures. From 1920s, the KD was a common epilepsy treatment until it was gradually superseded by anticonvulsant drugs so that by the 1980s it was rarely used. However, there has been a resurgence of interest and usage of the KD for epilepsy since the turn of the century. Despite its long history, the mechanisms by which KD exhibits its anti-seizure action are not fully understood. Our study aims to identify the mechanism of KD which may help further studies to achieve the same benefits with a drug or supplement to overcome its unpalatability and gastrointestinal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I Shehata
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abdelsamad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebat Allah A Amin
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermin A H Sadik
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira A Shaheen
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Tröscher AR, Gruber J, Wagner JN, Böhm V, Wahl AS, von Oertzen TJ. Inflammation Mediated Epileptogenesis as Possible Mechanism Underlying Ischemic Post-stroke Epilepsy. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:781174. [PMID: 34966269 PMCID: PMC8711648 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.781174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke Epilepsy (PSE) is one of the most common forms of acquired epilepsy, especially in the elderly population. As people get increasingly older, the number of stroke patients is expected to rise and concomitantly the number of people with PSE. Although many patients are affected by post-ischemic epileptogenesis, not much is known about the underlying pathomechanisms resulting in the development of chronic seizures. A common hypothesis is that persistent neuroinflammation and glial scar formation cause aberrant neuronal firing. Here, we summarize the clinical features of PSE and describe in detail the inflammatory changes after an ischemic stroke as well as the chronic changes reported in epilepsy. Moreover, we discuss alterations and disturbances in blood-brain-barrier leakage, astrogliosis, and extracellular matrix changes in both, stroke and epilepsy. In the end, we provide an overview of commonalities of inflammatory reactions and cellular processes in the post-ischemic environment and epileptic brain and discuss how these research questions should be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joachim Gruber
- Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Judith N Wagner
- Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Vincent Böhm
- Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Anna-Sophia Wahl
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tim J von Oertzen
- Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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Wu J, Wang L, Huang Y, Wu Q, Luo X, Li Y, Ren S, Wu G. Cognitive Impairment and Mossy Fiber Sprouting in a Rat Model of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Induced by Lithium-Pilocarpine. Curr Neurovasc Res 2021; 18:374-380. [PMID: 34538230 DOI: 10.2174/1567202618666210917155408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) in the dentate gyrus is a common pathological change of epilepsy. Previous studies suggested that it is associated with drug-resistant epilepsy, and mossy cells control spontaneous seizures and spatial memory. METHODS We investigated the correlations among cognitive impairment, MFS, seizure frequency and drug resistance in a rat model of epilepsy induced by lithium-pilocarpine. Phenytoin and phenobarbital were used to screen drug resistance. Cognitive function and MFS were detected through the novel object recognition (NOR) test, Morris water maze (MWM) test and Timm staining. RESULTS The results showed that object memory and spatial memory functions were both significantly impaired in rats with epilepsy, and only spatial memory impairment was more severe in rats with drug-resistant epilepsy. More frequent spontaneous seizures and more obvious MFS were observed in the drug-resistant rats. The seizure frequency was significantly associated with the MWM performance but not with the NOR performance in rats with epilepsy. The degree of MFS was significantly associated with seizure frequency and spatial memory function. CONCLUSION Taken together, these correlations among drug resistance, seizure frequency, spatial memory impairment and MFS suggested the possibility of a common pathological mechanism. More studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism behind these correlations and the detailed role of MFS in epilepsy. The mechanism of mossy cell change may be an important target for the treatment of seizures, drug resistance and cognitive dysfunction in patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang. China
| | - Likun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang. China
| | - Yuanxin Huang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang. China
| | - Qian Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang. China
| | - Xingmei Luo
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang. China
| | - Yinghui Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang. China
| | - Siying Ren
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang. China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang. China
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Pérez-Pérez D, Frías-Soria CL, Rocha L. Drug-resistant epilepsy: From multiple hypotheses to an integral explanation using preclinical resources. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106430. [PMID: 31378558 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant epilepsy affects approximately one-third of the patients with epilepsy. The pharmacoresistant condition in epilepsy is mainly explained by six hypotheses. In addition, several experimental models have been used to understand the mechanisms involved in pharmacoresistant epilepsy and to identify novel therapies to control this condition. However, the global prevalence of this disease persists without changes. Several factors can explain this situation. First of all, the pharmacoresistant epilepsy is explained by different and independent hypotheses. Each hypothesis indicates specific mechanisms to explain the drug-resistant condition in epilepsy. However, there are different findings suggesting common mechanisms between the different hypotheses. Other important situation is that the experimental models designed for the screening of drugs with potential anticonvulsant effect do not consider factors such as age, gender, type of epilepsy, and comorbid disorders. The present review focuses on indicating the limitations for each hypothesis and the relationships among them. The relevance to consider central and peripheral phenomena associated with the drug-resistant condition in different types of epilepsy is also indicated. The necessity to establish a global hypothesis that integrates all the phenomena associated with the pharmacoresistant epilepsy is proposed. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Pérez
- PECEM (MD/PhD), Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Luisa Rocha
- Pharmacobiology Department, Center of Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Tuncel H, Boellaard R, Coomans EM, de Vries EFJ, Glaudemans AWJM, Feltes PK, García DV, Verfaillie SCJ, Wolters EE, Sweeney SP, Ryan JM, Ivarsson M, Lynch BA, Schober P, Scheltens P, Schuit RC, Windhorst AD, De Deyn PP, van Berckel BNM, Golla SSV. Kinetics and 28-day test-retest repeatability and reproducibility of [ 11C]UCB-J PET brain imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1338-1350. [PMID: 34013797 PMCID: PMC8138337 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20964248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
[11C]UCB-J is a novel radioligand that binds to synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A). The main objective of this study was to determine the 28-day test-retest repeatability (TRT) of quantitative [11C]UCB-J brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and healthy controls (HCs). Nine HCs and eight AD patients underwent two 60 min dynamic [11C]UCB-J PET scans with arterial sampling with an interval of 28 days. The optimal tracer kinetic model was assessed using the Akaike criteria (AIC). Micro-/macro-parameters such as tracer delivery (K1) and volume of distribution (VT) were estimated using the optimal model. Data were also analysed for simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) with centrum semi-ovale (white matter) as reference region. Based on AIC, both 1T2k_VB and 2T4k_VB described the [11C]UCB-J kinetics equally well. Analysis showed that whole-brain grey matter TRT for VT, DVR and SRTM BPND were -2.2% ± 8.5, 0.4% ± 12.0 and -8.0% ± 10.2, averaged over all subjects. [11C]UCB-J kinetics can be well described by a 1T2k_VB model, and a 60 min scan duration was sufficient to obtain reliable estimates for both plasma input and reference tissue models. TRT for VT, DVR and BPND was <15% (1SD) averaged over all subjects and indicates adequate quantitative repeatability of [11C]UCB-J PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayel Tuncel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma M Coomans
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik FJ de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andor WJM Glaudemans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Kopschina Feltes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David V García
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander CJ Verfaillie
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma E Wolters
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Schober
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart NM van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep SV Golla
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Li S, Naganawa M, Pracitto R, Najafzadeh S, Holden D, Henry S, Matuskey D, Emery PR, Cai Z, Ropchan J, Nabulsi N, Carson RE, Huang Y. Assessment of test-retest reproducibility of [ 18F]SynVesT-1, a novel radiotracer for PET imaging of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:1327-1338. [PMID: 33416954 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Synaptic abnormalities are associated with many brain disorders. Recently, we developed a novel synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) radiotracer [18F]SynVesT-1 and demonstrated its excellent imaging and binding properties in nonhuman primates. The aim of this study was to perform dosimetry calculations in nonhuman primates and to evaluate this tracer in humans and assess its test-retest reliability in comparison with [11C]UCB-J. METHODS Three rhesus monkeys underwent whole body dynamic PET scanning to estimate the absorbed dose. PET scans in six healthy human subjects were acquired. Time-activity curves (TACs) were generated with defined regions of interest (ROI). Reproducibility of distribution volume (VT) values and its sensitivity to scan duration were assessed with the one-tissue compartment (1TC) model. Non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) was calculated using centrum semiovale as the reference region. RESULTS The dosimetry study showed high uptake in the urinary bladder and brain. In humans, [18F]SynVesT-1 displayed high uptake with maximum SUV of ~10 and appropriate kinetics with a quick rise in tracer uptake followed by a gradual clearance. Mean 1TC VT values (mL/cm3) ranged from 3.4 (centrum semiovale) to 19.6 (putamen) and were similar to those of [11C]UCB-J. Regional BPND values were 2.7-4.7 in gray matter areas, and mean BPND values across all ROIs were ~ 21% higher than those of [11C]UCB-J. The absolute test-retest variability of VT and BPND was excellent (< 9%) across all brain regions. CONCLUSIONS [18F]SynVesT-1 demonstrates outstanding characteristics in humans: fast and high brain uptake, appropriate tissue kinetics, high levels of specific binding, and excellent test-retest reproducibility of binding parameters. As such, [18F]SynVesT-1 is proved to be a favorable radiotracer for SV2A imaging and quantification in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songye Li
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA.
| | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Richard Pracitto
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Soheila Najafzadeh
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Daniel Holden
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Shannan Henry
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Paul R Emery
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA.
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10
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Freiman TM, Häussler U, Zentner J, Doostkam S, Beck J, Scheiwe C, Brandt A, Haas CA, Puhahn-Schmeiser B. Mossy fiber sprouting into the hippocampal region CA2 in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Hippocampus 2021; 31:580-592. [PMID: 33720466 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) shows neuronal death in cornu ammonis (CA)1, CA3, and CA4. It is known that granule cells and CA2 neurons survive and their axons, the mossy fibers (MF), lose their target cells in CA3 and CA4 and sprout to the granule cell layer and molecular layer. We examined in TLE patients and in a mouse epilepsy model, whether MF sprouting is directed to the dentate gyrus or extends to distant CA regions and whether sprouting is associated with death of target neurons in CA3 and CA4. In 319 TLE patients, HS was evaluated by Wyler grade and International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) types using immunohistochemistry against neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Synaptoporin was used to colocalize MF. In addition, transgenic Thy1-eGFP mice were intrahippocampally injected with kainate and sprouting of eGFP-positive MFs was analyzed together with immunocytochemistry for regulator of G-protein signaling 14 (RGS14). In human HS Wyler III and IV as well as in ILAE 1, 2, and 3 specimens, we found synaptoporin-positive axon terminals in CA2 and even in CA1, associated with the extent of granule cell dispersion. Sprouting was seen in cases with cell death of target neurons in CA3 and CA4 (classical severe HS ILAE type 1) but also without this cell death (atypical HS ILAE type 2). Similarly, in epileptic mice eGFP-positive MFs sprouted to CA2 and beyond. The presence of MF terminals in the CA2 pyramidal cell layer and in CA1 was also correlated with the extent of granule cell dispersion. The similarity of our findings in human specimens and in the mouse model highlights the importance and opens up new chances of using translational approaches to determine mechanisms underlying TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Freiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ute Häussler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Experimental Epilepsy Research, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josef Zentner
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Soroush Doostkam
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beck
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Scheiwe
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Armin Brandt
- Epilepsy Center, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Experimental Epilepsy Research, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Puhahn-Schmeiser
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Validation of Parametric Methods for [ 11C]UCB-J PET Imaging Using Subcortical White Matter as Reference Tissue. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:444-452. [PMID: 31209780 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate different non-invasive methods for generating (R)-1-((3-([11C]methyl)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one) ([11C]UCB-J) parametric maps using white matter (centrum semi-ovale-SO) as reference tissue. PROCEDURES Ten healthy volunteers (8 M/2F; age 27.6 ± 10.0 years) underwent a 90-min dynamic [11C]UCB-J positron emission tomography (PET) scan with full arterial blood sampling and metabolite analysis before and after administration of a novel chemical entity with high affinity for presynaptic synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A). A simplified reference tissue model (SRTM2), multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM2), and reference Logan graphical analysis (rLGA) were used to generate binding potential maps using SO as reference tissue (BPSO). Shorter dynamic acquisitions down to 50 min were also considered. In addition, standard uptake value ratios (SUVR) relative to SO were evaluated for three post-injection intervals (SUVRSO,40-70min, SUVRSO,50-80min, and SUVRSO,60-90min respectively). Regional parametric BPSO + 1 and SUVRSO were compared with regional distribution volume ratios of a 1-tissue compartment model (1TCM DVRSO) using Spearman correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS For all methods, highly significant correlations were found between regional, parametric BPSO + 1 (r = [0.63;0.96]) or SUVRSO (r = [0.90;0.91]) estimates and regional 1TCM DVRSO. For a 90-min dynamic scan, parametric SRTM2 and MRTM2 values presented similar small bias and variability (- 3.0 ± 2.9 % for baseline SRTM2) and outperformed rLGA (- 10.0 ± 5.3 % for baseline rLGA). Reducing the dynamic acquisition to 60 min had limited impact on the bias and variability of parametric SRTM2 BPSO estimates (- 1.0 ± 9.9 % for baseline SRTM2) while a higher variability (- 1.83 ± 10.8 %) for baseline MRTM2 was observed for shorter acquisition times. Both SUVRSO,60-90min and SUVRSO,50-80min showed similar small bias and variability (- 2.8 ± 4.6 % bias for baseline SUVRSO,60-90min). CONCLUSION SRTM2 is the preferred method for a voxelwise analysis of dynamic [11C]UCB-J PET using SO as reference tissue, while reducing the dynamic acquisition to 60 min has limited impact on [11C]UCB-J BPSO parametric maps. For a static PET protocol, both SUVRSO,60-90min and SUVRSO,50-80min images are an excellent proxy for [11C]UCB-J BPSO parametric maps.
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12
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Gomes-Duarte A, Bauer S, Venø MT, Norwood BA, Henshall DC, Kjems J, Rosenow F, Vangoor VR, Pasterkamp RJ. Enrichment of Circular RNA Expression Deregulation at the Transition to Recurrent Spontaneous Seizures in Experimental Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Genet 2021; 12:627907. [PMID: 33584828 PMCID: PMC7876452 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.627907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a common form of epilepsy and is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures originating from the temporal lobe. The majority of mTLE patients develop pharmacoresistance to available anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) while exhibiting severe pathological changes that can include hippocampal atrophy, neuronal death, gliosis and chronic seizures. The molecular mechanisms leading to mTLE remain incompletely understood, but are known to include defects in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation, including in non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of recently rediscovered ncRNAs with high levels of expression in the brain and proposed roles in diverse neuronal processes. To explore a potential role for circRNAs in epilepsy, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on hippocampal tissue from a rat perforant pathway stimulation (PPS) model of TLE at different post-stimulation time points. This analysis revealed 218 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs. Remarkably, the majority of these circRNAs were changed at the time of the occurrence of the first spontaneous seizure (DOFS). The expression pattern of two circRNAs, circ_Arhgap4 and circ_Nav3, was further validated and linked to miR-6328 and miR-10b-3p target regulation, respectively. This is the first study to examine the regulation of circRNAs during the development of epilepsy. It reveals an intriguing link between circRNA deregulation and the transition of brain networks into the state of spontaneous seizure activity. Together, our results provide a molecular framework for further understanding the role and mechanism-of-action of circRNAs in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Gomes-Duarte
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Neurocenter, University Hospital Frankfurt and Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Morten T. Venø
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Omiics ApS, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Braxton A. Norwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Expesicor Inc., Kalispell, MT, United States
- Diagnostics Development, FYR Diagnostics, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - David C. Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Neurocenter, University Hospital Frankfurt and Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Vamshidhar R. Vangoor
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Finnema SJ, Toyonaga T, Detyniecki K, Chen MK, Dias M, Wang Q, Lin SF, Naganawa M, Gallezot JD, Lu Y, Nabulsi NB, Huang Y, Spencer DD, Carson RE. Reduced synaptic vesicle protein 2A binding in temporal lobe epilepsy: A [ 11 C]UCB-J positron emission tomography study. Epilepsia 2020; 61:2183-2193. [PMID: 32944949 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this positron emission tomography (PET) study with [11 C]UCB-J, we evaluated synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) binding, which is decreased in resected brain tissues from epilepsy patients, in subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and compared the regional binding pattern to [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. METHODS Twelve TLE subjects and 12 control subjects were examined. Regional [11 C]UCB-J binding potential (BPND ) values were estimated using the centrum semiovale as a reference region. [18 F]FDG uptake in TLE subjects was quantified using mean radioactivity values. Asymmetry in outcome measures was assessed by comparison of ipsilateral and contralateral regions. Partial volume correction (PVC) with the iterative Yang algorithm was applied based on the FreeSurfer segmentation. RESULTS In 11 TLE subjects with medial temporal lobe sclerosis (MTS), the hippocampal volumetric asymmetry was 25 ± 11%. After PVC, [11 C]UCB-J BPND asymmetry indices were 37 ± 19% in the hippocampus, with very limited asymmetry in other brain regions. Reductions in [11 C]UCB-J BPND values were restricted to the sclerotic hippocampus when compared to control subjects. The corresponding asymmetry in hippocampal [18 F]FDG uptake was 22 ± 7% and correlated with that of [11 C]UCB-J BPND across subjects (R2 = .38). Hippocampal asymmetries in [11 C]UCB-J binding were 1.7-fold larger than those of [18 F]FDG uptake. SIGNIFICANCE [11 C]UCB-J binding is reduced in the seizure onset zone of TLE subjects with MTS. PET imaging of SV2A may be a promising biomarker approach in the presurgical selection and evaluation of TLE patients and may improve the sensitivity of molecular imaging for seizure focus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kamil Detyniecki
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark Dias
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Qianyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yihuan Lu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis D Spencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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14
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Ke J, Foley LM, Hitchens TK, Richardson RM, Modo M. Ex vivo mesoscopic diffusion MRI correlates with seizure frequency in patients with uncontrolled mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4529-4548. [PMID: 32691978 PMCID: PMC7555080 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of hippocampal connectivity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) remains poorly understood. The use of ex vivo hippocampal samples excised from patients with mTLE affords mesoscale diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify individual cell layers, such as the pyramidal (PCL) and granule cell layers (GCL), which are thought to be impacted by seizure activity. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of control (n = 3) and mTLE (n = 7) hippocampi on an 11.7 T MRI scanner allowed us to reveal intra‐hippocampal connectivity and evaluate how epilepsy affected mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD), as well as fractional anisotropy (FA). Regional measurements indicated a volume loss in the PCL of the cornu ammonis (CA) 1 subfield in mTLE patients compared to controls, which provided anatomical context. Diffusion measurements, as well as streamline density, were generally higher in mTLE patients compared to controls, potentially reflecting differences due to tissue fixation. mTLE measurements were more variable than controls. This variability was associated with disease severity, as indicated by a strong correlation (r = 0.87) between FA in the stratum radiatum and the frequency of seizures in patients. MD and RD of the PCL in subfields CA3 and CA4 also correlated strongly with disease severity. No correlation of MR measures with disease duration was evident. These results reveal the potential of mesoscale diffusion MRI to examine layer‐specific diffusion changes and connectivity to determine how these relate to clinical measures. Improving the visualization of intra‐hippocampal connectivity will advance the development of novel hypotheses about seizure networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ke
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lesley M Foley
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R Mark Richardson
- Centre for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michel Modo
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Centre for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Han CL, Liu YP, Guo CJ, Du TT, Jiang Y, Wang KL, Shao XQ, Meng FG, Zhang JG. The lncRNA H19 binding to let-7b promotes hippocampal glial cell activation and epileptic seizures by targeting Stat3 in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12856. [PMID: 32648622 PMCID: PMC7445408 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Glial cell activation contributes to the inflammatory response and occurrence of epilepsy. Our preliminary study demonstrated that the long non‐coding RNA, H19, promotes hippocampal glial cell activation during epileptogenesis. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Materials and methods H19 and let‐7b were overexpressed or silenced using an adeno‐associated viral vector in vivo. Their expression in a kainic acid‐induced epilepsy model was evaluated by real‐time quantitative PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA isolation. A dual‐luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the direct binding of let‐7b to its target genes and H19. Western blot, video camera monitoring and Morris water maze were performed to confirm the role of H19 and let7b on epileptogenesis. Results H19 was increased in rat hippocampus neurons after status epilepticus, which might be due to epileptic seizure‐induced hypoxia. Increased H19 aggravated the epileptic seizures, memory impairment and mossy fibre sprouting of the epileptic rats. H19 could competitively bind to let‐7b to suppress its expression. Overexpression of let‐7b inhibited hippocampal glial cell activation, inflammatory response and epileptic seizures by targeting Stat3. Moreover, overexpressed H19 reversed the inhibitory effect of let‐7b on glial cell activation. Conclusions LncRNA H19 could competitively bind to let‐7b to promote hippocampal glial cell activation and epileptic seizures by targeting Stat3 in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lei Han
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Peng Liu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Jia Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Du
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Liang Wang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Shao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan-Gang Meng
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Laser microdissection-based microproteomics of the hippocampus of a rat epilepsy model reveals regional differences in protein abundances. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4412. [PMID: 32157145 PMCID: PMC7064578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is a chronic neurological disorder affecting almost 40% of adult patients with epilepsy. Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a common histopathological abnormality found in patients with MTLE. HS is characterised by extensive neuronal loss in different hippocampus sub-regions. In this study, we used laser microdissection-based microproteomics to determine the protein abundances in different regions and layers of the hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) in an electric stimulation rodent model which displays classical HS damage similar to that found in patients with MTLE. Our results indicate that there are differences in the proteomic profiles of different layers (granule cell and molecular), as well as different regions, of the DG (ventral and dorsal). We have identified new signalling pathways and proteins present in specific layers and regions of the DG, such as PARK7, RACK1, and connexin 31/gap junction. We also found two major signalling pathways that are common to all layers and regions: inflammation and energy metabolism. Finally, our results highlight the utility of high-throughput microproteomics and spatial-limited isolation of tissues in the study of complex disorders to fully appreciate the large biological heterogeneity present in different cell populations within the central nervous system.
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17
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Milicevic Sephton S, Miklovicz T, Russell JJ, Doke A, Li L, Boros I, Aigbirhio FI. Automated radiosynthesis of [ 11 C]UCB-J for imaging synaptic density by positron emission tomography. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:151-158. [PMID: 32027052 PMCID: PMC7155065 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An automated radiosynthesis of carbon-11 positron emission tomography radiotracer [11 C]UCB-J for imaging the synaptic density biomarker synaptic vesicle glycoprotein SV2A was established using Synthra RNPlus synthesizer. Commercially available trifluoroborate UCB-J analogue was used as a radiolabelling precursor, and the desired radiolabelled product was isolated in 11 ± 2% (n = 7) nondecay corrected radiochemical yield and formulated as a 10% EtOH solution in saline with molar activities of 20 to 100 GBq/μmol. The method was based upon the palladium(0)-mediated Suzuki cross-coupling reaction and [11 C]CH3 I as a radiolabelling synthon. The isolated product was cGMP compliant as demonstrated by the results of quality control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Milicevic Sephton
- Radiopharmaceutical Unit, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Tunde Miklovicz
- Radiopharmaceutical Unit, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine H‐4032 Nagyerdei krt. 98University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Joseph J. Russell
- Radiopharmaceutical Unit, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Aniruddha Doke
- Radiopharmaceutical Unit, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lei Li
- Radiopharmaceutical Unit, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Istvan Boros
- Radiopharmaceutical Unit, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Franklin I. Aigbirhio
- Radiopharmaceutical Unit, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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18
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Kobylarek D, Iwanowski P, Lewandowska Z, Limphaibool N, Szafranek S, Labrzycka A, Kozubski W. Advances in the Potential Biomarkers of Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:685. [PMID: 31312171 PMCID: PMC6614180 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by recurrent, spontaneous, and unpredictable seizures. It is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. Comprehensive studies on epilepsy in recent decades have revealed the complexity of epileptogenesis, in which immunological processes, epigenetic modifications, and structural changes in neuronal tissues have been identified as playing a crucial role. This review discusses the recent advances in the biomarkers of epilepsy. We evaluate the possible molecular background underlying the clinical changes observed in recent studies, focusing on therapeutic investigations, and the evidence of their safety and efficacy in the human population. This article reviews the pathophysiology of epilepsy, including recent reports on the effects of oxidative stress and hypoxia, and focuses on specific biomarkers and their clinical implications, along with further perspectives in epilepsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kobylarek
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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19
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Influence of Tacrolimus on Depressive-Like Behavior in Diabetic Rats Through Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Regulation in the Hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:396-410. [PMID: 31201731 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of immunosuppressive agents and diabetes mellitus are known risk factors of neurological complications in kidney transplant recipients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of tacrolimus on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the critical protein for maintenance of neuronal functions, in the hippocampus in a diabetic condition. A diabetic rat model was established by a single streptozotocin injection (60 mg/kg). Control and diabetic rats then received daily tacrolimus (1.5 mg/kg per day) injections for 6 weeks. BDNF expression in the hippocampus was examined in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 region using immunohistochemistry. There was a significant decrease of BDNF expression in the DG and CA3 region in tacrolimus-treated and diabetic rats compared with that of the control group injected with vehicle only. However, there was no difference in BDNF expression between the two experimental groups. Tacrolimus treatment in diabetic rats further decreased the BDNF expression level in the DG and CA3 region. Interestingly, mossy fiber sprouting, demonstrated by prominent punctate immunolabeling of BDNF with synaptoporin, was observed in the diabetic group treated with tacrolimus, which localized at the stratum oriens of the CA3 region. These data suggest that tacrolimus treatment or a diabetic condition decreases BDNF expression in the hippocampus, and that tacrolimus treatment in the diabetic condition further injures the CA3 region of the hippocampus. In addition to BDNF expression, decreased locomotor activity and evident depressive behavior were observed in tacrolimus-treated diabetic rats. Moreover, there were significant decreases of the mRNA levels of γ-aminobutyric acid and serotonin receptors in the diabetic hippocampus with tacrolimus treatment. This finding suggests that tacrolimus treatment may cause further psychiatric and neurological complications for patients with diabetes, and should thus be used with caution.
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Deng J, Xu T, Yang J, Zhang KM, Li Q, Yu XY, Li R, Fu J, Jiang Q, Ma JX, Chen YM. Sema7A, a brain immune regulator, regulates seizure activity in PTZ-kindled epileptic rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:101-116. [PMID: 31179640 PMCID: PMC6930824 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Semaphorin7A (Sema7A) plays an important role in the immunoregulation of the brain. In our study, we aimed to investigate the expression patterns of Sema7A in epilepsy and further explore the roles of Sema7A in the regulation of seizure activity and the inflammatory response in PTZ‐kindled epileptic rats. Methods First, we measured the Sema7A expression levels in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in rats of a PTZ‐kindled epilepsy rat model. Second, to explore the role of Sema7A in the regulation of seizure activity, we conducted epilepsy‐related behavioral experiments after knockdown and overexpression of Sema7A in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Possible Sema7A‐related brain immune regulators (eg, ERK phosphorylation, IL‐6, and TNF‐α) were also investigated. Additionally, the growth of mossy fibers was visualized by anterograde tracing using injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the DG region. Results Sema7A expression was markedly upregulated in the brain tissues of TLE patients and rats of the epileptic model after PTZ kindling. After knockdown of Sema7A, seizure activity was suppressed based on the latency to the first epileptic seizure, number of seizures, and duration of seizures. Conversely, overexpression of Sema7A promoted seizures. Overexpression of Sema7A increased the expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, ERK phosphorylation, and growth of mossy fibers in PTZ‐kindled epileptic rats. Conclusion Sema7A is upregulated in the epileptic brain and plays a potential role in the regulation of seizure activity in PTZ‐kindled epileptic rats, which may be related to neuroinflammation. Sema7A promotes the inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐6 as well as the growth of mossy fibers through the ERK pathway, suggesting that Sema7A may promote seizures by increasing neuroinflammation and activating pathological neural circuits. Sema7A plays a critical role in epilepsy and could be a potential therapeutic target for this neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chonqing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Ke-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Jing-Xi Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chonqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
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21
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Song P, Hu J, Liu X, Deng X. Increased expression of the P2X7 receptor in temporal lobe epilepsy: Animal models and clinical evidence. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:5433-5439. [PMID: 31059094 PMCID: PMC6522874 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive homomeric P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role and exhibits therapeutic potential in a number of brain disorders, including temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of P2X7R, glutamate (GLU) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the temporal neocortex and hippocampus of rats with lithium-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy as well as in patients with intractable TLE. The results demonstrated that the levels of P2X7R, GLU and GFAP were significantly upregulated in rats with spontaneous recurrent seizures, whereas they were reduced in rats that were treated with brilliant blue G (BBG), a P2X7R antagonist. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is also the first to demonstrate that P2X7R expression was elevated in patients with intractable TLE. These findings suggest that P2X7R plays a key role in the development of TLE and that BBG treatment may be a promising therapeutic strategy for TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Song
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Xijin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ordos Center Hospital, Ordos, The Nei Mongol Autonomous Region 017000, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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22
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Li S, Cai Z, Wu X, Holden D, Pracitto R, Kapinos M, Gao H, Labaree D, Nabulsi N, Carson RE, Huang Y. Synthesis and in Vivo Evaluation of a Novel PET Radiotracer for Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) in Nonhuman Primates. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1544-1554. [PMID: 30396272 PMCID: PMC6810685 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural disruption and alterations of synapses are associated with many brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression, and schizophrenia. We have previously developed the PET radiotracer 11C-UCB-J for imaging and quantification of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) and synaptic density in nonhuman primates and humans. Here we report the synthesis of a novel radiotracer 18F-SDM-8 and its in vivo evaluation in rhesus monkeys. The in vitro binding assay of SDM-8 showed high SV2A binding affinity ( Ki = 0.58 nM). 18F-SDM-8 was prepared in high molar activity (241.7 MBq/nmol) and radiochemical purity (>98%). In the brain, 18F-SDM-8 displayed very high uptake with peak standardized uptake value (SVU) greater than 8 and fast and reversible kinetics. A displacement study with levetiracetam and blocking studies with UCB-J and levetiracetam demonstrated its binding reversibility and specificity toward SV2A. Regional binding potential values were calculated and ranged from 0.8 in the brainstem to 4.5 in the cingulate cortex. By comparing to 11C-UCB-J, 18F-SDM-8 displayed the same attractive imaging properties: very high brain uptake, appropriate tissue kinetics, and high levels of specific binding. Given the longer half-life of F-18 and the feasibility for central production and multisite distribution, 18F-SDM-8 holds promise as an excellent radiotracer for SV2A and as a biomarker for synaptic density measurement in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songye Li
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Daniel Holden
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Richard Pracitto
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Michael Kapinos
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hong Gao
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David Labaree
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Richard E. Carson
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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23
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Quantifying SV2A density and drug occupancy in the human brain using [11C]UCB-J PET imaging and subcortical white matter as reference tissue. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 46:396-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Koyama R, Ikegaya Y. The Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Axon Guidance in Mossy Fiber Sprouting. Front Neurol 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 29896153 PMCID: PMC5986954 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of whether mossy fiber sprouting is epileptogenic has not been resolved; both sprouting-induced recurrent excitatory and inhibitory circuit hypotheses have been experimentally (but not fully) supported. Therefore, whether mossy fiber sprouting is a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy remains under debate. Moreover, the axon guidance mechanisms of mossy fiber sprouting have attracted the interest of neuroscientists. Sprouting of mossy fibers exhibits several uncommon axonal growth features in the basically non-plastic adult brain. For example, robust branching of axonal collaterals arises from pre-existing primary mossy fiber axons. Understanding the branching mechanisms in adulthood may contribute to axonal regeneration therapies in neuroregenerative medicine in which robust axonal re-growth is essential. Additionally, because granule cells are produced throughout life in the neurogenic dentate gyrus, it is interesting to examine whether the mossy fibers of newly generated granule cells follow the pre-existing trajectories of sprouted mossy fibers in the epileptic brain. Understanding these axon guidance mechanisms may contribute to neuron transplantation therapies, for which the incorporation of transplanted neurons into pre-existing neural circuits is essential. Thus, clarifying the axon guidance mechanisms of mossy fiber sprouting could lead to an understanding of central nervous system (CNS) network reorganization and plasticity. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms of axon guidance in mossy fiber sprouting by discussing mainly in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Reyes-Garcia SZ, Scorza CA, Araújo NS, Ortiz-Villatoro NN, Jardim AP, Centeno R, Yacubian EMT, Faber J, Cavalheiro EA. Different patterns of epileptiform-like activity are generated in the sclerotic hippocampus from patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7116. [PMID: 29740014 PMCID: PMC5940759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hippocampal slice preparations from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) are excellent material for the characterization of epileptiform-like activity. However, it is still unknown if hippocampal regions as cornu Ammonis (CA) 1, CA3 and CA4, generate population epileptiform-like activity. Here, we investigated epileptiform activities of the subiculum, CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4 (induced by elevation of extracellular potassium concentration) and the dentate gyrus (induced with hilar stimulation and elevation of potassium concentration) from sclerotic hippocampi of patients with drug-resistant TLE. Five types of epileptiform-like activity were observed: interictal-like events; periodic ictal spiking; seizure-like events; spreading depression-like events; tonic seizure-like events and no activity. Different susceptibilities to generate epileptiform activity among hippocampal regions were observed; the dentate gyrus was the most susceptible region followed by the subiculum, CA4, CA1, CA2 and CA3. The incidence of epileptiform activity pattern was associated with specific regions of the hippocampal formation. Moreover, it was observed that each region of the hippocampal formation exhibits frequency-specific ranges in each subfield of the sclerotic human tissue. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that epileptiform-like activity may be induced in different regions of the hippocampal formation, including regions that are severely affected by neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin Z Reyes-Garcia
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Carla A Scorza
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noemi S Araújo
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nancy N Ortiz-Villatoro
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anaclara Prada Jardim
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Centeno
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elza Márcia Targas Yacubian
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Faber
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper A Cavalheiro
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Kitaura H, Shirozu H, Masuda H, Fukuda M, Fujii Y, Kakita A. Pathophysiological Characteristics Associated With Epileptogenesis in Human Hippocampal Sclerosis. EBioMedicine 2018; 29:38-46. [PMID: 29478873 PMCID: PMC5925580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most frequent focal epileptic syndrome in adults, and the majority of seizures originate primarily from the hippocampus. The resected hippocampal tissue often shows severe neuronal loss, a condition referred to as hippocampal sclerosis (HS). In order to understand hippocampal epileptogenesis in MTLE, it seems important to clarify any discrepancies between the clinical and pathological features of affected patients. Here we investigated epileptiform activities ex vivo using living hippocampal tissue taken from patients with MTLE. Flavoprotein fluorescence imaging and local field potential recordings revealed that epileptiform activities developed from the subiculum. Moreover, physiological and morphological experiments revealed possible impairment of K+ clearance in the subiculum affected by HS. Stimulation of mossy fibers induced recurrent trans-synaptic activity in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, suggesting that mossy fiber sprouting in HS also contributes to the epileptogenic mechanism. These results indicate that pathophysiological alterations involving the subiculum and dentate gyrus could be responsible for epileptogenesis in patients with MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kitaura
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8585, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Shirozu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, 1 Masago, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2085, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, 1 Masago, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2085, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, 1 Masago, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2085, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
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27
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Jarero-Basulto JJ, Gasca-Martínez Y, Rivera-Cervantes MC, Ureña-Guerrero ME, Feria-Velasco AI, Beas-Zarate C. Interactions Between Epilepsy and Plasticity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11010017. [PMID: 29414852 PMCID: PMC5874713 DOI: 10.3390/ph11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Undoubtedly, one of the most interesting topics in the field of neuroscience is the ability of the central nervous system to respond to different stimuli (normal or pathological) by modifying its structure and function, either transiently or permanently, by generating neural cells and new connections in a process known as neuroplasticity. According to the large amount of evidence reported in the literature, many stimuli, such as environmental pressures, changes in the internal dynamic steady state of the organism and even injuries or illnesses (e.g., epilepsy) may induce neuroplasticity. Epilepsy and neuroplasticity seem to be closely related, as the two processes could positively affect one another. Thus, in this review, we analysed some neuroplastic changes triggered in the hippocampus in response to seizure-induced neuronal damage and how these changes could lead to the establishment of temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common type of focal human epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Jarero-Basulto
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, 45220 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Yadira Gasca-Martínez
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, 45220 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Martha C Rivera-Cervantes
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, 45220 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Mónica E Ureña-Guerrero
- Neurotransmission Biology Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, 45220 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo I Feria-Velasco
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, 45220 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Development and Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, 45220 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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28
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Hippocampal Pathophysiology: Commonality Shared by Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Psychiatric Disorders. NEUROSCIENCE JOURNAL 2018; 2018:4852359. [PMID: 29610762 PMCID: PMC5828345 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4852359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to the association of epilepsy, particularly, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), with psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Among these illnesses, the hippocampus is considered the regional focal point of the brain, playing an important role in cognition, psychosis, and seizure activity and potentially suggesting common etiologies and pathophysiology of TLE and schizophrenia. In the present review, we overview abnormal network connectivity between the dentate gyrus (DG) and the Cornus Ammonis area 3 (CA3) subregions of the hippocampus relative to the induction of epilepsy and schizophrenia. In light of our recent finding on the misguidance of hippocampal mossy fiber projection in the rodent model of schizophrenia, we discuss whether ectopic mossy fiber projection is a commonality in order to evoke TLE as well as symptoms related to schizophrenia.
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29
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Finnema SJ, Nabulsi NB, Eid T, Detyniecki K, Lin SF, Chen MK, Dhaher R, Matuskey D, Baum E, Holden D, Spencer DD, Mercier J, Hannestad J, Huang Y, Carson RE. Imaging synaptic density in the living human brain. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:348ra96. [PMID: 27440727 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synapses are the predominant neuron-to-neuron contact in the central nervous system. Presynaptic boutons of neurons contain hundreds of vesicles filled with neurotransmitters, the diffusible signaling chemicals. Changes in the number of synapses are associated with numerous brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. However, all current approaches for measuring synaptic density in humans require brain tissue from autopsy or surgical resection. We report the use of the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) radioligand [(11)C]UCB-J combined with positron emission tomography (PET) to quantify synaptic density in the living human brain. Validation studies in a baboon confirmed that SV2A is an alternative synaptic density marker to synaptophysin. First-in-human PET studies demonstrated that [(11)C]UCB-J had excellent imaging properties. Finally, we confirmed that PET imaging of SV2A was sensitive to synaptic loss in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Thus, [(11)C]UCB-J PET imaging is a promising approach for in vivo quantification of synaptic density with several potential applications in diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Finnema
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kamil Detyniecki
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Evan Baum
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel Holden
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dennis D Spencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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30
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Schmeiser B, Li J, Brandt A, Zentner J, Doostkam S, Freiman TM. Different mossy fiber sprouting patterns in ILAE hippocampal sclerosis types. Epilepsy Res 2017; 136:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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31
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Xiao Z, Peng J, Wu L, Arafat A, Yin F. The effect of IL-1β on synaptophysin expression and electrophysiology of hippocampal neurons through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in a rat model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurol Res 2017; 39:640-648. [PMID: 28372486 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1312070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center of Children, Changsha, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ahmed Arafat
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center of Children, Changsha, China
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Inhibition of Calcineurin A by FK506 Suppresses Seizures and Reduces the Expression of GluN2B in Membrane Fraction. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2154-2166. [PMID: 28299629 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
FK506, a calcineurin inhibitor, shows neuroprotective effects and has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Calcineurin A (CaNA), a catalytic subunit of calcineurin, mediates the dephosphorylation of various proteins. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (GluN) is closely related to epileptogenesis, and various phosphorylation sites of GluN2B, a regulatory subunit of the GluN complex, have different functions. Thus, we hypothesized that one of the potential anti-epileptic mechanisms of FK506 is mediated by its ability to promote the phosphorylation of GluN2B and reduce the expression of GluN2B in membrane fraction by down-regulating CaNA. CaNA expression was increased in the cortex of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic models. CaNA was shown to be expressed in neurons using immunofluorescence staining. According to our behavioral observations, epileptic rats exhibited less severe seizures and were less sensitive to PTZ after a systemic injection of FK506. The levels of phosphorylated GluN2B were decreased in epileptic rats but increased after the FK506 treatment. Moreover, there was no difference in the total GluN2B levels before and after FK506 treatment. However, the expression of GluN2B in membrane fraction was suppressed after FK506 treatment. Based on these results, FK506 may reduce the severity and frequency of seizures by reducing the expression of GluN2B in membrane fraction.
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Extent of mossy fiber sprouting in patients with mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy correlates with neuronal cell loss and granule cell dispersion. Epilepsy Res 2017; 129:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Opačić M, Ristić AJ, Savić D, Šelih VS, Živin M, Sokić D, Raičević S, Baščarević V, Spasojević I. Metal maps of sclerotic hippocampi of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Metallomics 2017; 9:141-148. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00293e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cai X, Long L, Yang L, Chen Z, Ni G, Qin J, Zhou J, Zhou L. Association between mossy fiber sprouting and expression of semaphorin-3f protein in dentate gyrus of hippocampus in lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus mouse model. Neurol Res 2016; 38:1035-1040. [PMID: 27745527 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1243639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mossy fiber sprouting is involved in the pathogenesis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. But the exact mechanism of formation of mossy fiber sprouting is still unclear. Semaphorin-3f protein could inhibit the growth of neuron axons. The aim of this research is to evaluate the association between semaphorin-3f expression and mossy fiber sprouting. METHODS We established pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PISE) models firstly. Then, mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of PISE models was examined by Timm staining. Expression of semaphorin-3f was evaluated by western blot analysis and immunohistochemical examination. Expression of semaphorin-3f protein in different subregions of hippocampus and its relationship with mossy fiber sprouting were studied. RESULTS We found that in PISE group, mossy fiber sprouting appeared in dentate gyrus (DG) region. It started to develop in the latent phase of PISE group and increased significantly in the chronic phase. Expression of semaphorin-3f protein in DG region started to decrease in the latent phase, and stayed at low level in the chronic phase. No such change was found in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the decrease in semaphorin-3f expression in DG region was in parallel to the change of mossy fiber sprouting in PISE models, suggesting that mossy fiber sprouting is closely associated with reduced expression of semaphorin-3f in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cai
- a Department of Neurology , the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ling Long
- c Department of Neurology , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Libai Yang
- b Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,d Department of Neurology , Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Shanxi Dayi Hospital , Taiyuan , China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- b Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Guanzhong Ni
- b Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiaming Qin
- b Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jueqian Zhou
- b Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Liemin Zhou
- b Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Zhang Y, Gao B, Xiong Y, Zheng F, Xu X, Yang Y, Hu Y, Wang X. Expression of SHANK3 in the Temporal Neocortex of Patients with Intractable Temporal Epilepsy and Epilepsy Rat Models. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:857-867. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sharma AK, Reams RY, Jordan WH, Miller MA, Thacker HL, Snyder PW. Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Pathogenesis, Induced Rodent Models and Lesions. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:984-99. [PMID: 18098044 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701748305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), the most common epilepsy in adults, is generally intractable and is suspected to be the result of recurrent excitation or inhibition circuitry. Recurrent excitation and the development of seizures have been associated with aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus. Of the animal models developed to investigate the pathogenesis of MTLE, post-status epilepticus models have received the greatest acceptance because they are characterized by a latency period, the development of spontaneous motor seizures, and a spectrum of lesions like those of MTLE. Among post-status epilepticus models, induction of systemic kainic acid or pilocarpine-induced epilepsy is less labor-intensive than electrical-stimulation models and these models mirror the clinicopathologic features of MTLE more closely than do kindling, tetanus toxin, hyperthermia, post-traumatic, and perinatal hypoxia/ischemia models. Unfortunately, spontaneous motor seizures do not develop in kindling or adult hyperthermia models and are not a consistent finding in tetanus toxin-induced or perinatal hypoxia/ischemia models. This review presents the mechanistic hypotheses for seizure induction, means of model induction, and associated pathology, especially as compared to MTLE patients. Animal models are valuable tools not only to study the pathogenesis of MTLE, but also to evaluate potential antiepileptogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K. Sharma
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Pathology, Covance Laboratories Inc., Madison, WI, 53704, USA
| | - Rachel Y. Reams
- Department of Pathology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Co., Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - William H. Jordan
- Department of Pathology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Co., Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Margaret A. Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - H. Leon Thacker
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Apoptosis through Death Receptors in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy-Associated Hippocampal Sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8290562. [PMID: 27006531 PMCID: PMC4781997 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8290562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizure models have demonstrated that neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are preponderant characteristics of epilepsy. Considering the lack of clinical studies, our aim is to investigate the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) patients, TLE(HS). By a specific death receptor-mediated apoptosis array plate, 31 upregulated targets were revealed in the sclerotic hippocampus from TLE(HS) patients. Amongst them are the encoding genes for ligands (FASLG, TNF, and TNFSF10) and death receptors (FAS, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF10A, and TNFRSF10B). In addition, we evaluated the hippocampal relative mRNA expression of the two TNF receptors, TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B, in patients, being both upregulated (n = 14; P < 0.01 and P < 0.04, resp.) when compared to the post mortem control group (n = 4). Our results have clearly suggested that three different death receptor apoptotic systems may be associated with the maintenance and progression of TLE-associated HS: (1) TNF-TNFRSF1A, (2) FASLG-FAS, and (3) TNFSF10-TNFRSF10A/B. Their effects on epilepsy are still scarcely comprehended. Our study points out to TNF and TNF receptor superfamily pathways as important targets for pharmacological studies regarding the benefits of an anti-inflammatory therapy in these patients.
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Jongbloets BC, van Gassen KLI, Kan AA, Olde Engberink AHO, de Wit M, Wolterink-Donselaar IG, Groot Koerkamp MJA, van Nieuwenhuizen O, Holstege FCP, de Graan PNE. Expression Profiling after Prolonged Experimental Febrile Seizures in Mice Suggests Structural Remodeling in the Hippocampus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145247. [PMID: 26684451 PMCID: PMC4684321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures are the most prevalent type of seizures among children up to 5 years of age (2–4% of Western-European children). Complex febrile seizures are associated with an increased risk to develop temporal lobe epilepsy. To investigate short- and long-term effects of experimental febrile seizures (eFS), we induced eFS in highly febrile convulsion-susceptible C57BL/6J mice at post-natal day 10 by exposure to hyperthermia (HT) and compared them to normotherm-exposed (NT) mice. We detected structural re-organization in the hippocampus 14 days after eFS. To identify molecular candidates, which entrain this structural re-organization, we investigated temporal changes in mRNA expression profiles eFS 1 hour to 56 days after eFS. We identified 931 regulated genes and profiled several candidates using in situ hybridization and histology at 3 and 14 days after eFS. This is the first study to report genome-wide transcriptome analysis after eFS in mice. We identify temporal regulation of multiple processes, such as stress-, immune- and inflammatory responses, glia activation, glutamate-glutamine cycle and myelination. Identification of the short- and long-term changes after eFS is important to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart C Jongbloets
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Koen L I van Gassen
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne A Kan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke H O Olde Engberink
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marina de Wit
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inge G Wolterink-Donselaar
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marian J A Groot Koerkamp
- Molecular Cancer Research, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Onno van Nieuwenhuizen
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank C P Holstege
- Molecular Cancer Research, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre N E de Graan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Wu XM, Wang GL, Miao J, Feng JC. Effect of connexin 36 blockers on the neuronal cytoskeleton and synaptic plasticity in kainic acid-kindled rats. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:252-258. [PMID: 28123810 PMCID: PMC4936636 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the potential anti-epileptogenic effect of neuronal connexin Cx36 gap junction blockage via inhibition of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) and synaptophysin (SYP) overexpression. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (six animals per group): control, sham, carbenoxolone (CBX), quinine (QN), and quinidine (QND). An epilepsy model was produced by injecting kainic acid (KA) into the rat amygdala. Broad-spectrum and selective blockers of the Cx36 channel (CBX, QN, and QND) were administered via intraperitoneal injection. Expression of MAP-2 and SYP was assessed by immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical examination. Expression of MAP-2 and SYP was significantly increased after KA administration in the sham group compared with the control group. Expression of MAP-2 and SYP was significantly decreased in the CBX, QN, and QND groups compared with the sham group. The results provide new evidence regarding the key role of MAP-2 and SYP overexpression in three important mechanisms: the modulation of neuronal plasticity, hyperexcitability of the hippocampal neuronal network, and persistent seizure discharge. Furthermore, the reversal of MAP-2 and SYP overexpression following administration of Cx36 channel blockers indicates a potential role for Cx36 channel blockers in anti-epileptogenic treatment and in doing so, highlights a critical need for further investigation of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Wu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Liang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University International Hospital, Peking, P.R. China
| | - Jing Miao
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Chun Feng
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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Modo M, Hitchens TK, Liu JR, Richardson RM. Detection of aberrant hippocampal mossy fiber connections: Ex vivo mesoscale diffusion MRI and microtractography with histological validation in a patient with uncontrolled temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 37:780-95. [PMID: 26611565 PMCID: PMC4718824 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiology and functional connectivity of hippocampal structures is essential for improving the treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. At the macroscale, in vivo MRI often reveals hippocampal atrophy and decreased fractional anisotropy, whereas at the microscopic scale, there frequently is evidence of neuronal loss and gliosis. Mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus (DG), with evidence of glutamatergic synapses in the stratum moleculare (SM) putatively originating from granule cell neurons, may also be observed. This aberrant connection between the DG and SM could produce a reverberant excitatory circuit. However, this hypothesis cannot easily be evaluated using macroscopic or microscopic techniques. We here demonstrate that the ex vivo mesoscopic MRI of surgically excised hippocampi can bridge the explanatory and analytical gap between the macro‐ and microscopic scale. Specifically, diffusion‐ and T2‐weighted MRI can be integrated to visualize a cytoarchitecture that is akin to immunohistochemistry. An appropriate spatial resolution to discern individual cell layers can then be established. Processing of diffusion tensor images using tractography detects extra‐ and intrahippocampal connections, hence providing a unique systems view of the hippocampus and its connected regions. Here, this approach suggests that there is indeed an aberrant connection between the DG and SM, supporting the sprouting hypothesis of a reverberant excitatory network. Mesoscopic ex vivo MR imaging hence provides an exciting new avenue to study hippocampi from treatment‐resistant patients and allows exploration of existing hypotheses, as well as the development of new treatment strategies based on these novel insights. Hum Brain Mapp 37:780–795, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Centre for the Neural Basis of Behavior, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessie R Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - R Mark Richardson
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Centre for the Neural Basis of Behavior, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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42
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Reinhard SM, Razak K, Ethell IM. A delicate balance: role of MMP-9 in brain development and pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:280. [PMID: 26283917 PMCID: PMC4518323 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a critical regulator of neural network development and plasticity. As neuronal circuits develop, the ECM stabilizes synaptic contacts, while its cleavage has both permissive and active roles in the regulation of plasticity. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is a member of a large family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that can cleave ECM and several cell surface receptors allowing for synaptic and circuit level reorganization. It is becoming increasingly clear that the regulated activity of MMP-9 is critical for central nervous system (CNS) development. In particular, MMP-9 has a role in the development of sensory circuits during early postnatal periods, called ‘critical periods.’ MMP-9 can regulate sensory-mediated, local circuit reorganization through its ability to control synaptogenesis, axonal pathfinding and myelination. Although activity-dependent activation of MMP-9 at specific synapses plays an important role in multiple plasticity mechanisms throughout the CNS, misregulated activation of the enzyme is implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Growing evidence also suggests a role for MMP-9 in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including Fragile X Syndrome. This review outlines the various actions of MMP-9 during postnatal brain development, critical for future studies exploring novel therapeutic strategies for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Reinhard
- Psychology Department, University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Khaleel Razak
- Psychology Department, University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Biomedical Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA, USA
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Thom M. Review: Hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:520-43. [PMID: 24762203 PMCID: PMC4265206 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a common pathology encountered in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) as well as other epilepsy syndromes and in both surgical and post-mortem practice. The 2013 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification segregates HS into typical (type 1) and atypical (type 2 and 3) groups, based on the histological patterns of subfield neuronal loss and gliosis. In addition, granule cell reorganization and alterations of interneuronal populations, neuropeptide fibre networks and mossy fibre sprouting are distinctive features of HS associated with epilepsies; they can be useful diagnostic aids to discriminate from other causes of HS, as well as highlighting potential mechanisms of hippocampal epileptogenesis. The cause of HS remains elusive and may be multifactorial; the contribution of febrile seizures, genetic susceptibility, inflammatory and neurodevelopmental factors are discussed. Post-mortem based research in HS, as an addition to studies on surgical samples, has the added advantage of enabling the study of the wider network changes associated with HS, the long-term effects of epilepsy on the pathology and associated comorbidities. It is likely that HS is heterogeneous in aspects of its cause, epileptogenetic mechanisms, network alterations and response to medical and surgical treatments. Future neuropathological studies will contribute to better recognition and understanding of these clinical and patho-aetiological subtypes of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thom
- Departments of Neuropathology and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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van der Hel WS, Hessel EVS, Bos IWM, Mulder SD, Verlinde SAMW, van Eijsden P, de Graan PNE. Persistent reduction of hippocampal glutamine synthetase expression after status epilepticus in immature rats. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3711-9. [PMID: 25350774 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesiotemporal sclerosis (MTS), the most frequent form of drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, often develops after an initial precipitating injury affecting the immature brain. To analyse early processes in epileptogenesis we used the juvenile pilocarpine model to study status epilepticus (SE)-induced changes in expression of key components in the glutamate-glutamine cycle, known to be affected in MTS patients. SE was induced by Li(+) /pilocarpine injection in 21-day-old rats. At 2-19 weeks after SE hippocampal protein expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry and neuron damage by FluoroJade staining. Spontaneous seizures occurred in at least 44% of animals 15-18 weeks after SE. As expected in this model, we did not observe loss of principal hippocampal neurons. Neuron damage was most pronounced in the hilus, where we also detected progressive loss of parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons. Hilar neuron loss (or end-folium sclerosis), a common feature in patients with MTS, was accompanied by a progressively decreased glutamine synthetase (GS)-immunoreactivity from 2 (-15%) to 19 weeks (-33.5%) after SE. Immunoreactivity for excitatory amino-acid transporters, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein was unaffected. Our data show that SE elicited in 21-day-old rats induces a progressive reduction in hilar GS expression without affecting other key components of the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Reduced expression of glial enzyme GS was first detected 2 weeks after SE, and thus clearly before spontaneous recurrent seizures occurred. These results support the hypothesis that reduced GS expression is an early event in the development of hippocampal sclerosis in MTS patients and emphasize the importance of astrocytes in early epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Saskia van der Hel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kandratavicius L, Hallak JE, Leite JP. What are the similarities and differences between schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy? A neuropathological approach to the understanding of schizophrenia spectrum and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 38:143-7. [PMID: 24508393 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and psychosis coexist more frequently than chance would predict. In this short review, clinical and neuropathological findings of schizophrenia, TLE, and psychosis of epilepsy are described to enhance our understanding of the noncoincidental association between these conditions. In addition, psychosis of epilepsy was included for the first time in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), in the recently launched 5th edition, and improvement in diagnostic criteria was highlighted. Since the hippocampus has long been considered an anatomical area involved in the pathophysiology of TLE and schizophrenia, neuropathological studies of psychoses of epilepsy may contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of psychosis in general. The discovery of shared mechanisms and/or affected neurochemicals in TLE and schizophrenia might disclose important clues on the vulnerability of patients with TLE to psychotic symptoms and be an opportunity for new treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmyla Kandratavicius
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), USP, Brazil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Hallak
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), USP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Medicine (INCT-TM-CNPq), Brazil
| | - Joao Pereira Leite
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), USP, Brazil.
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Electroacupuncture at ST36-ST37 and at ear ameliorates hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting in kainic acid-induced epileptic seizure rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:756019. [PMID: 25045697 PMCID: PMC4090572 DOI: 10.1155/2014/756019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that mossy fiber sprouting can occur in the hippocampus region in rats 6 wk after kainic acid-induced epileptic seizure, and this mossy fiber sprouting can facilitate epileptogenesis. Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), which is similar to cervical VNS, can reduce the occurrence of epileptic seizure in intractable epilepsy patients. Greater parasympathetic nerve activity can be caused by 2 Hz electroacupuncture (EA). Therefore, we investigated the effect of 2 Hz EA at ST-36-ST37 and at the ear on mossy fiber sprouting in kainic-treated Sprague-Dawley rats. The results indicated that applying 2 Hz EA at ST36-ST37 and at the ear for 3 d per week over 6 consecutive weeks can ameliorate mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus region of rats. These results indicated that applying 2 Hz EA at ST36-ST37 and at the ear might be beneficial for the treatment and prevention of epilepsy in humans.
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Ying Z, Najm I, Nemes A, Pinheiro-Martins AP, Alexopoulos A, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Bingaman W. Growth-associated protein 43 and progressive epilepsy in cortical dysplasia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:453-61. [PMID: 25356416 PMCID: PMC4184774 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), a marker for axonal growth and synaptic plasticity, as potential substrate for progressive epilepsy and potential predictor of postsurgical seizure outcome in patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Methods GAP-43 immunohistochemistry was performed on cortical specimens from 21 patients with FCD: 12 with FCD type II (IIA or IIB) and nine with FCD type IA. Twenty normal anterior temporal lobe specimens from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE/HS) were used as controls. Semiquantitative analysis of GAP-43 staining patterns was performed. Additionally, GAP-43 immunoblotting was performed on resected tissue from three patients with FCD type IIA/B; GAP-43 protein levels in electroencephalography-verified epileptic, and distal nonepileptic, areas were compared within each patient. Two outcome categories were used: completely seizure free (Engel IA) versus not seizure free. We examined the relationship of GAP-43 scores with epilepsy duration and seizure-free outcome for each of the three pathologies. Results Within-patient GAP-43 expression is selectively increased in the epileptic as compared to nonepileptic cortex. GAP-43 immunoreactivity (IRs) patterns were seen on the cell surface and tubular punctate structures intercellularly only in FCD cortex. Higher GAP-43 scores were correlated (P < 0.0001) with longer epilepsy duration only in FCD IIA/B. Lower GAP-43 scores were associated with better surgical outcome in the same group. No such relationship was observed in FCD IA. Interpretation GAP-43 proteins are not only associated with intrinsic epileptogenicity but may be markers of progressive epilepsy and predictors of postoperative seizure outcome in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy due to FCD IIA/B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Ying
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Imad Najm
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ashley Nemes
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Andreas Alexopoulos
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - William Bingaman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
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Yang JJ, Li WH, Liu BJ, Tang RH, Zhang YH. Influence of pentylenetetrazol and NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides on p38 expression in neuron-like cells. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:395-400. [PMID: 25009589 PMCID: PMC4079441 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on p38 expression in neuron-like PC12 cells. In addition, the role of NF-κB activation in the pathogenesis of epilepsy was explored. p38 expression levels in control and PTZ-treated neuron-like PC12 cells were examined using western blotting. NF-κB decoy ODNs were transfected into the neuron-like PC12 cells using Lipofectamine 2000. NF-κB activation was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and p38 expression levels were assessed using western blotting prior to and following transfection of decoy ODNs. Western blot analysis revealed that p38 levels in PTZ-treated neuron-like PC12 cells were significantly higher than those in control cells. CLSM demonstrated that the decoy ODNs inhibited NF-κB activation in neuron-like PC12 cells, and western blotting indicated that the decoy ODNs did not reduce p38 levels. The results of this study indicate that PTZ enhances p38 expression levels and activates NF-κB in PC12 cells. However, NF-κB does not modulate p38 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, P.R. China
| | - Bang-Jian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Hua Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Aberrant functional connectivity in dissociable hippocampal networks is associated with deficits in memory. J Neurosci 2014; 34:4920-8. [PMID: 24695711 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4281-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the healthy human brain, evidence for dissociable memory networks along the anterior-posterior axis of the hippocampus suggests that this structure may not function as a unitary entity. Failure to consider these functional divisions may explain diverging results among studies of memory adaptation in disease. Using task-based and resting functional MRI, we show that chronic seizures disrupting the anterior medial temporal lobe (MTL) preserve anterior and posterior hippocampal-cortical dissociations, but alter signaling between these and other key brain regions. During performance of a memory encoding task, we found reduced neural activity in human patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy relative to age-matched healthy controls, but no upregulation of fMRI signal in unaffected hippocampal subregions. Instead, patients showed aberrant resting fMRI connectivity within anterior and posterior hippocampal-cortical networks, which was associated with memory decline, distinguishing memory-intact from memory-impaired patients. Our results highlight a critical role for intact hippocampo-cortical functional communication in memory and provide evidence that chronic injury-induced functional reorganization in the diseased MTL is behavioral inefficient.
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Smith GR, Brenneman DE, Zhang Y, Du Y, Reitz AB. Small-molecule anticonvulsant agents with potent in vitro neuroprotection and favorable drug-like properties. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 52:446-58. [PMID: 24277343 PMCID: PMC3945118 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe seizure activity is associated with reoccurring cycles of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress that result in progressive neuronal damage and death. Intervention with these pathological processes is a compelling disease-modifying strategy for the treatment of seizure disorders. We have optimized a series of small molecules for neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activity as well as altered their physical properties to address potential metabolic liabilities, to improve CNS penetration, and to prolong the duration of action in vivo. Utilizing phenotypic screening of hippocampal cultures with nutrient medium depleted of antioxidants as a disease model, cell death and decreased neuronal viability produced by acute treatment with glutamate or hydrogen peroxide were prevented. Modifications to our previously reported proof of concept compounds have resulted in a lead which has full neuroprotective action at <1 nM and antiseizure activity across six animal models including the kindled rat and displays excellent pharmacokinetics including high exposure to the brain. These modifications have also eliminated the requirement for a chiral molecule, removing the possibility of racemization and making large-scale synthesis more easily accessible. These studies strengthen our earlier findings which indicate that potent, multifunctional neuroprotective anticonvulsants are feasible within a single molecular entity which also possesses favorable CNS-active drug properties in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry R Smith
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA,
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